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Fallahasghari EZ, Højgaard Lynge M, Espholin Gudnason E, Munkerup K, Mendes AC, Chronakis IS. Carbohydrate Core-Shell Electrosprayed Microcapsules for Enhanced Oxidative Stability of Vitamin A Palmitate. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2633. [PMID: 38004611 PMCID: PMC10675355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that is readily oxidized. In this study, the encapsulation of vitamin A palmitate (AP) within a core-shell carbohydrate matrix by co-axial electrospray and its oxidative stability was evaluated. The electrosprayed core-shell microcapsules consisted of a shell of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified corn starch, maltose (Hi-Cap), and a core of ethyl cellulose-AP (average diameter of about 3.7 µm). The effect of different compounds (digestion-resistant maltodextrin, soy protein hydrolysate, casein protein hydrolysate, and lecithin) added to the base core-shell matrix formulation on the oxidative stability of AP was investigated. The oxidative stability of AP was evaluated using isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The core-shell carbohydrate matrix minimizes the amount of AP present at the microparticle surface, thus protecting AP from oxidation. Furthermore, the most effective oxidation protection was achieved when casein protein hydrolysate was added to the core of the microcapsule due to hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions with AP and by the resistant maltodextrin in the shell, which acted as a filler. The utilization of ethanol as a solvent for the dispersion of the core compounds increased the hydrophobicity of the hydrolyzed proteins and contributed to the enhancement of their antioxidant ability. Both the carbohydrate core-shell microcapsule prepared by co-axial electrospray and the addition of oxidation protection compounds enhance the oxidative stability of the encapsulated AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Z. Fallahasghari
- DTU-Food, Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (E.E.G.)
| | - Marie Højgaard Lynge
- DTU-Food, Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (E.E.G.)
| | - Emma Espholin Gudnason
- DTU-Food, Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (E.E.G.)
| | | | - Ana C. Mendes
- DTU-Food, Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (E.E.G.)
| | - Ioannis S. Chronakis
- DTU-Food, Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (E.E.G.)
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Gauthier M, Daniele G, Giroud B, Lafay F, Vulliet E, Jumarie C, Garric J, Boily M, Geffard O. The retinoid metabolism of Gammarus fossarum is disrupted by exogenous all-trans retinoic acid, citral, and methoprene but not by the technical formulation of glyphosate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114602. [PMID: 36773439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, fluctuations of retinoids (RETs), also known as vitamin A and derivatives, have proved to be useful biomarkers to assess the environmental chemical pressure on a wide variety of non-target vertebrates. This use of RET-based biomarkers is of particular interest in the non-target sentinel species Gammarus fossarum in which RETs were shown to influence crucial physiological functions. To study and probe this metabolism in this crustacean model, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to 1) identify and 2) monitor several endogenous RETs in unexposed females throughout their reproductive cycle. Then, females were exposed in controlled conditions to exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and citral (CIT), a RA synthesis inhibitor, to simulate an excess or deficiency in RA. Perturbation of vitamin A metabolism by pesticides was further studied in response to methoprene (MET), a juvenile hormone analog as well as glyphosate (GLY). The developed method allowed, for the first time in this model, the identification of RA metabolites (all-trans 4-oxo and 13-cis 4-oxo RA), RA isomers (all-trans and 13-cis RA) as well as retinaldehyde (RALD) isomers (all-trans, 11-cis, and 13-cis RALD) and showed two distinct phases in the reproductive cycle. Retinoic acid successfully increased the tissular concentration of both RA isomers and CIT proved to be efficient at perturbating the conversion from RALD to RA. Methoprene perturbed the ratios between RA isomers whereas GLY had no observed effects on the RET system of G. fossarum females. We were able to discriminate different dynamics of RET perturbations by morphogens (atRA or CIT) or MET which highlights the plausible mediation of RETs in MET-induced disorders. Ultimately, our study shows that RETs are influenced by exposure to MET and strengthen their potential to assess aquatic ecosystem chemical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Unité de recherche RiverLy, INRAE, 5, Rue de la Doua C.S. 20244, Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Département des sciences biologiques, 141, Avenue du Président-Kennedy, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Daniele
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Giroud
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Lafay
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine Jumarie
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Département des sciences biologiques, 141, Avenue du Président-Kennedy, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeanne Garric
- Unité de recherche RiverLy, INRAE, 5, Rue de la Doua C.S. 20244, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Monique Boily
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Département des sciences biologiques, 141, Avenue du Président-Kennedy, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Geffard
- Unité de recherche RiverLy, INRAE, 5, Rue de la Doua C.S. 20244, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Sroy S, Servent A, Sriwichai W, In S, Avallone S. Use of an experimental design to optimise the saponification reaction and the quantification of vitamins A 1 and A 2 in whole fish. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021. [PMID: 34542320 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In ASEAN countries, small freshwater fish species contribute to the nutritional needs of people with few livelihoods by providing them with significant amounts of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Some species are eaten whole (with their organs, skin, bones, head and eyes). To estimate the vitamin A content of these foods, conventional saponification has been applied but has not been able to fully release the retinol. Our objective was to optimise the conditions of vitamin A saponification in whole fish to have a reliable estimate of their contribution to intakes. The effects of temperature and saponification time on the retinol quantification of whole fish were evaluated using a two-factor experimental design. Reaction time had a significant effect on the saponification of standard retinyl palmitate and whole fish (p≤0.05). For whole fish, the best conditions for the saponification were to heat the samples to 80 °C for 43 minutes. Under these conditions, the retinol is well liberated from the matrix and protected from degradation and isomerisation reactions. The time-temperature couple used is more intense than that recommended for quantifying vitamin A in milk or enriched margarines. The protective effect of the food matrix against the release of retinol is evident. Vitamin A2 alcohol (3,4-didehydroretinol) was detected in five species and the overall vitamin A contents ranged from 9.6 to 737.5 μg RE/100 g in species frequently consumed in Cambodia. The two species of small fish consumed whole were the ones that contained significantly more vitamin A among the ten tested (p≤0.05). Highlights: Vitamin A2 alcohol was quantified in five fish species. The official saponification partially released retinol in whole fish. The optimised reaction required heating the sample to 80 °C for 43 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengly Sroy
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Université d'Avignon, Université de la Réunion, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Adrien Servent
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Université d'Avignon, Université de la Réunion, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
| | - Wichien Sriwichai
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Department of Innovation and Technology of Product Development, Prachinburi, Thailand
| | - Sokneang In
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sylvie Avallone
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Université d'Avignon, Université de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Fish nutrient composition: a review of global data from poorly assessed inland and marine species. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:476-486. [PMID: 33308365 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our understanding of the nutrient contribution of fish and other aquatic species to human diets relies on nutrient composition data for a limited number of species. Yet particularly for nutritionally vulnerable aquatic food consumers, consumption includes a wide diversity of species whose nutrient composition data are disparate, poorly compiled or unknown. DESIGN To address the gap in understanding fish and other aquatic species' nutrient composition data, we reviewed the literature with an emphasis on species of fish that are under-represented in global databases. We reviewed 164 articles containing 1370 entries of all available nutrient composition data (e.g. macronutrients, micronutrients and fatty acids) and heavy metals (e.g. Pb and Hg) for 515 species, including both inland and marine species of fish, as well as other aquatic species (e.g. crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) when those species were returned by our searches. RESULTS We highlight aquatic species that are particularly high in nutrients of global importance, including Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamin A and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and demonstrate that, in many cases, a serving can fill critical nutrient needs for pregnant and lactating women and young children. CONCLUSIONS By collating the available nutrient composition data on species of fish and other aquatic species, we provide a resource for fisheries and nutrition researchers, experts and practitioners to better understand these critical species and include them in fishery management as well as food-based programmes and policies.
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Hasselberg AE, Wessels L, Aakre I, Reich F, Atter A, Steiner-Asiedu M, Amponsah S, Pucher J, Kjellevold M. Composition of nutrients, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbiological quality in processed small indigenous fish species from Ghana: Implications for food security. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242086. [PMID: 33180860 PMCID: PMC7660496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple burden of malnutrition is an incessant issue in low- and middle-income countries, and fish has the potential to mitigate this burden. In Ghana fish is a central part of the diet, but data on nutrients and contaminants in processed indigenous fish species, that are often eaten whole, are missing. Samples of smoked, dried or salted Engraulis encrasicolus (European anchovy), Brachydeuterus auritus (bigeye grunt), Sardinella aurita (round sardinella), Selene dorsalis (African moonfish), Sierrathrissa leonensis (West African (WA) pygmy herring) and Tilapia spp. (tilapia) were collected from five different regions in Ghana. Samples were analyzed for nutrients (crude protein, fat, fatty acids, several vitamins, minerals, and trace elements), microbiological quality (microbial loads of total colony counts, E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella), and contaminants (PAH4 and heavy metals). Except for tilapia, the processed small fish species had the potential to significantly contribute to the nutrient intakes of vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. High levels of iron, mercury and lead were detected in certain fish samples, which calls for further research and identification of anthropogenic sources along the value chains. The total cell counts in all samples were acceptable; Salmonella was not detected in any sample and E. coli only in one sample. However, high numbers of coliform bacteria were found. PAH4 in smoked samples reached high concentrations up to 1,300 μg/kg, but in contrast salted tilapia samples had a range of PAH4 concentration of 1 μg/kg to 24 μg/kg. This endpoint oriented study provides data for the nutritional value of small processed fish as food in Ghana and also provides information about potential food safety hazards. Future research is needed to determine potential sources of contamination along the value chains in different regions, identify critical points, and develop applicable mitigation strategies to improve the quality and safety of processed small fish in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Wessels
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Felix Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Atter
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Matilda Steiner-Asiedu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Amponsah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Johannes Pucher
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Reksten AM, Somasundaram T, Kjellevold M, Nordhagen A, Bøkevoll A, Pincus LM, Rizwan AAM, Mamun A, Thilsted SH, Htut T, Aakre I. Nutrient composition of 19 fish species from Sri Lanka and potential contribution to food and nutrition security. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Nordhagen A, Rizwan AAM, Aakre I, Moxness Reksten A, Pincus LM, Bøkevoll A, Mamun A, Haraksingh Thilsted S, Htut T, Somasundaram T, Kjellevold M. Nutrient Composition of Demersal, Pelagic, and Mesopelagic Fish Species Sampled Off the Coast of Bangladesh and Their Potential Contribution to Food and Nutrition Security-The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060730. [PMID: 32503114 PMCID: PMC7353586 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is a major part of the Bangladeshi diet, but data on the nutrient composition of marine fish species are sparse. Mesopelagic fish may be a new potential resource of food and nutrients; however, nutrient composition data are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide nutrient composition data of fish species sampled off the coast of Bangladesh and determine their potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes (RNI). Seven species from the pelagic, mesopelagic, and demersal zones were sampled from the coast of Bangladesh with Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in 2018. Three pooled samples containing 15-840 individuals from each species were analysed at the Institute of Marine Research, Norway. The demersal species contained substantially lower concentrations of nearly all nutrients, whereas the mesopelagic species generally were more nutrient dense. All species, except for the demersal species Bombay duck (9% dry matter), were found to contribute ≥100% to the RNI of vitamin B12, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and selenium. All species, except for the demersal fish species, contributed ≥25% to the RNI of six or more nutrients. The data presented in this paper are an important contribution to the Bangladeshi food composition table and contribute to the understanding of fish as an important source of micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordhagen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Abu Ansar Md. Rizwan
- Health and Nutrition, Social Assistance and Rehabilitation for the Physically Vulnerable (SARPV), Cox’s Bazar 4700, Bangladesh;
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Amalie Moxness Reksten
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-975-83-269
| | - Lauren Michelle Pincus
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Penang 11960, Malaysia; (L.M.P.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Annbjørg Bøkevoll
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Al Mamun
- Marine Fisheries Survey Management Unit, Department of Fisheries, CGO Building-2, Agrabad, Chattogram 4100, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Thaung Htut
- Wildlife Conservation Society-Myanmar Program, P.O. Box Kamayut, Yangon 11041, Myanmar;
| | - Thiruchenduran Somasundaram
- Institute of Postharvest Technology, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), P.O. Box Colombo 01500, Sri Lanka;
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
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Sheftel J, Bresnahan KA, Fadjarwati T, Tanumihardjo SA. Modified relative dose response values differ between lactating women in the United States and Indonesia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:797-804. [PMID: 32326757 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220921550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a major health issue globally, and lactating women are particularly vulnerable due to increased needs for milk production. Accurate detection of VA deficiency is important; however, most population surveys measure VA status using serum retinol, which is affected by inflammation and lacks sensitivity. The modified relative dose response (MRDR) test qualitatively distinguishes between VA deficiency and sufficiency and could improve population surveys if completed in a randomly selected subsample of individuals in surveys. The original relative dose response test required two blood samples, while MRDR requires only one, a significant improvement in accessibility of the technique by decreasing burden on subjects and investigators. This work demonstrates significant deficiency in Indonesian women compared with US women. In combination with previous research using lactating sows, these human data support milk as a surrogate for blood in the MRDR, which may be less invasive, but requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kara A Bresnahan
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tetra Fadjarwati
- National Institute for Health Research and Development (Badan Litbang Kesehatan), Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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How Dietary Deficiency Studies Have Illuminated the Many Roles of Vitamin A During Development and Postnatal Life. Subcell Biochem 2020; 95:1-26. [PMID: 32297294 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42282-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency studies have been carried out since the early 1900s. Initially, these studies led to the identification of fat soluble A as a unique and essential component of the diet of rodents, birds, and humans. Continuing work established that vitamin A deficiency produces biochemical and physiological dysfunction in almost every vertebrate organ system from conception to death. This chapter begins with a review of representative historical and current studies that used the nutritional vitamin A deficiency research model to gain an understanding of the many roles vitamin A plays in prenatal and postnatal development and well-being. This is followed by a discussion of recent studies that show specific effects of vitamin A deficiency on prenatal development and postnatal maintenance of the olfactory epithelium, brain, and heart. Vitamin A deficiency studies have helped define the necessity of vitamin A for the health of all vertebrates, including farm animals, but the breadth of deficient states and their individual effects on health have not been fully determined. Future work is needed to develop tools to assess the complete vitamin A status of an organism and to define the levels of vitamin A that optimally support molecular and systems level processes during all ages and stages of life.
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Abstract
Vitamin A and derivatives, the natural retinoids, underpin signaling pathways of cellular differentiation, and are key chromophores in vision. These functions depend on transfer across membranes, and carrier proteins to shuttle retinoids to specific cell compartments. Natural retinoids, ultimately derived from plant carotenoids by metabolism to all-trans retinol, are lipophilic and consist of a cyclohexenyl (β-ionone) moiety linked to a polyene chain. This structure constrains the orientation of retinoids within lipid membranes. Cis-trans isomerization at double bonds of the polyene chain and s-cis/s-trans rotational isomerization at single bonds define the functional dichotomy of retinoids (signaling/vision) and specificities of interactions with specific carrier proteins and receptors. Metabolism of all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinal, transfer to photoreceptors, and removal and recycling of all-trans retinal generated by photoreceptor irradiation, is the key process underlying vision. All-trans retinol transferred into cells is metabolized to all-trans retinoic acid and shuttled to the cell nucleus to regulate gene expression controlling organ, tissue and cell differentiation, and cellular homeostasis. Research methods need to address the potential of photoisomerization in vitro to confound research results, and data should be interpreted in the context of membrane-association properties of retinoids and physiological concentrations in vivo. Despite a century of research, there are many fundamental questions of retinoid cellular biochemistry and molecular biology still to be answered. Computational modeling techniques will have an important role for understanding the nuances of vitamin A signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P F Redfern
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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