1
|
When Cockroaches Replace Ants in Trophobiosis: A New Major Life-Trait Pattern of Hemiptera Planthoppers Behaviour Disclosed When Synthesizing Photographic Data. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic interspecific relationships of trophobiosis between trophobiont planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) providing food to the host called xenobiont, are reviewed. The degree of interspecific relationships between these symbionts varies from occasional or short time duration (a few hours to a few days) to longer ones, with trophobionts left free to escape (optobiotic type) by the xenobiont, or maintained enclosed in nests or ant shelters (cryptobiotic type). Of 267 collected cases, 126 are new illustrated observations. Occasional trophobiosis is documented in 13 families of planthoppers and appears to be quite general in Fulgoromorpha, although it is reported for the first time for Dictyopharidae, Eurybrachidae, and Nogodinidae. Xenobionts associated with planthoppers are reported from ants and other Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Blattodea, but also from Mollusca and even small gekkonid vertebrates. Tettigometridae appear to be exclusively tended by ants, while Fulgoridae significantly more often by cockroaches (40%) than by ants (27%). Long-time trophobiosis occurs always with ants, cryptobiotic ones reported in Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Tettigometridae, Meenoplidae, Flatidae and Hypochthonellidae, while optobiotic ones remain restricted to tettigometrids. A particular focus on Tettigometridae attended by ants is provided with new etho-ecological observations. of 92 currently described tettigometrids species, 32 different species (35%) are now known to be able to be ant-attended. In Bulgaria, where fourteen species occur, trophobiosis occurs with at least five species of them (36%). In tettigometrids, subsociality, sessility, and underground life appear to be key factors allowing more complex relationships with ants. However, the planthopper size and thus the amount of food (drops of honeydew) is probably also an important factor. This might explain many new observations in large-sized and often isolated fulgorids with cockroaches. Tapping of trophobiont forewings by cockroaches, moths, or of the bark subtrate by geckos has been observed, but antennal palpation behaviours by ants are the most commonly observed with tettigometrids, although not with larger planthoppers. In tettigometrids, specific tegumentary glands secretions (allomones) of the abdomen pleurites might also mediate their long-term mutualistic associations, even possibly completing honeydew kairomones actions mediating planthopper trophobiosis in general.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogy P, Hammill E, Smith MA, Rost-Komiya B, Srivastava DS. Bromeliads affect the interactions and composition of invertebrates on their support tree. Oecologia 2020; 192:879-891. [PMID: 32067120 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual species can have profound effects on ecological communities, but, in hyperdiverse systems, it can be challenging to determine the underlying ecological mechanisms. Simplifying species' responses by trophic level or functional group may be useful, but characterizing the trait structure of communities may be better related to niche processes. A largely overlooked trait in such community-level analyses is behaviour. In the Neotropics, epiphytic tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) harbour a distinct fauna of terrestrial invertebrates that is mainly composed of predators, such as ants and spiders. As these bromeliad-associated predators tend to forage on the bromeliads' support tree, they may influence the arboreal invertebrate fauna. We examined how, by increasing associated predator habitat, bromeliads may affect arboreal invertebrates. Specifically, we observed the trophic and functional group composition, and the behaviour and interspecific interactions of arboreal invertebrates in trees with and without bromeliads. Bromeliads modified the functional composition of arboreal invertebrates, but not the overall abundance of predators and herbivores. Bromeliads did not alter the overall behavioural profile of arboreal invertebrates, but did lead to more positive interactions in the day than at night, with a reverse pattern on trees without bromeliads. In particular, tending behaviours were influenced by bromeliad-associated predators. These results indicate that detailed examination of the functional affiliations and behaviour of organisms can reveal complex effects of habitat-forming species like bromeliads, even when total densities of trophic groups are insensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rogy
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, NR 210, Logan, UT, 84322-5210, USA
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Beatrice Rost-Komiya
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of forest fragmentation on Ficus adhatodifolia Schott ex Spreng phenology and on its interactions with wasps. Trop Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-019-00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Penn HJ, Crist TO. From dispersal to predation: A global synthesis of ant-seed interactions. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9122-9138. [PMID: 30377488 PMCID: PMC6194306 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ant-seed interactions take several forms, including dispersal, predation, and parasitism, whereby ants consume seed appendages without dispersal of seeds. We hypothesized that these interaction outcomes could be predicted by ant and plant traits and habitat, with outcomes falling along a gradient of cost and benefit to the plant. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a global literature review and classified over 6,000 pairs of ant-seed interactions from 753 studies across six continents. Linear models showed that seed and ant size, habitat, and dispersal syndrome were the most consistent predictors. Predation was less likely than parasitism and seed dispersal among myrmecochorous plants. A classification tree of the predicted outcomes from linear models revealed that dispersal and predation formed distinct categories based on habitat, ant size, and dispersal mode, with parasitism outcomes forming a distinct subgroup of predation based on seed size and shape. Multiple correspondence analysis indicated some combinations of ant genera and plant families were strongly associated with particular outcomes, whereas other ant-seed combinations were much more variable. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ant and plant traits are important overall predictors of potential seed fates in different habitat types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Penn
- Department of EntomologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lange D, Calixto ES, Del-Claro K. Variation in Extrafloral Nectary Productivity Influences the Ant Foraging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169492. [PMID: 28046069 PMCID: PMC5207748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrafloral nectar is the main food source offered by plants to predatory ants in most land environments. Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) to plant defense against herbivores, the influence of EFNs secretory activity pattern on predatory ants remains yet not fully understood. Here, we verified the relation between the extrafloral nectar production of a plant community in Cerrado in different times of the day, and its attractiveness to ants. The extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of seven plant species showed higher productivity overnight. Ant abundance was higher in times of large extrafloral nectar production, however, there was no positive relation between ant richness on plants and EFNs productivity. There was temporal resource partitioning among ant species, and it indicates strong resource competition. The nectar productivity varied among plant species and time of the day, and it influenced the visitation patterns of ants. Therefore, EFNs are a key ant-plant interaction driver in the studied system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lange
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Soares Calixto
- Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Del-Claro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações (LECI), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Snell RS, Addicott JF. Direct and indirect effects of ants on seed predation in moth/yucca mutualisms. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/15-3-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Segraves KA. FLORIVORES LIMIT COST OF MUTUALISM IN THE YUCCA–YUCCA MOTH ASSOCIATION. Ecology 2008; 89:3215-3221. [DOI: 10.1890/07-1993.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 130 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Styrsky JD, Eubanks MD. Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:151-64. [PMID: 17148245 PMCID: PMC1685857 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between ants and honeydew-producing hemipteran insects are abundant and widespread in arthropod food webs, yet their ecological consequences are very poorly known. Ant-hemipteran interactions have potentially broad ecological effects, because the presence of honeydew-producing hemipterans dramatically alters the abundance and predatory behaviour of ants on plants. We review several studies that investigate the consequences of ant-hemipteran interactions as 'keystone interactions' on arthropod communities and their host plants. Ant-hemipteran interactions have mostly negative effects on the local abundance and species richness of several guilds of herbivores and predators. In contrast, out of the 30 studies that document the effects of ant-hemipteran interactions on plants, the majority (73%) shows that plants actually benefit indirectly from these interactions. In these studies, increased predation or harassment of other, more damaging, herbivores by hemipteran-tending ants resulted in decreased plant damage and/or increased plant growth and reproduction. The ecological consequences of mutualistic interactions between honeydew-producing hemipterans and invasive ants relative to native ants have rarely been studied, but they may be of particular importance owing to the greater abundance, aggressiveness and extreme omnivory of invasive ants. We argue that ant-hemipteran interactions are largely overlooked and underappreciated interspecific interactions that have strong and pervasive effects on the communities in which they are embedded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Styrsky
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
BLÜTHGEN NICO, STORK NIGELE. Ant mosaics in a tropical rainforest in Australia and elsewhere: A critical review. AUSTRAL ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Schatz B, Proffit M, Rakhi BV, Borges RM, Hossaert-McKey M. Complex interactions on fig trees: ants capturing parasitic wasps as possible indirect mutualists of the fig-fig wasp interaction. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.13986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
BLUTHGEN NICO, GOTTSBERGER GERHARD, FIEDLER KONRAD. Sugar and amino acid composition of ant-attended nectar and honeydew sources from an Australian rainforest. AUSTRAL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Blüthgen N, E. Stork N, Fiedler K. Bottom-up control and co-occurrence in complex communities: honeydew and nectar determine a rainforest ant mosaic. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Dejean A, Gibernau M, Bourgoin T. A new case of trophobiosis between ants and Heteroptera. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2000; 323:447-54. [PMID: 10879292 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)00156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the large specific diversity of equatorial rainforests, Caternaultiella rugosa (Heteroptera; Plataspidae) was only noted on two euphorbiaceous trees (Bridelia micrantha and B. grandis) and was attended by two ant species, Camponotus brutus (Formicinae) and Myrmicaria opaciventris (Myrmicinae). We recorded semiochemical (attending workers palpated the dorsal abdominal glands of the nymphs) and semantic signals (nymphs ready to excrete honeydew raised their bodies; they alternated the extrusion and withdrawal of the first honeydew droplet when the workers did not immediately absorb the honeydew). Cat. rugosa was recorded in carton pavilions built by the ants at the base of the tree trunks. During proliferations of the population, clusters of nymphs and adults developed outside pavilions. In the latter case, M. opaciventris workers did not modify their rhythm of activity in order to attend these clusters, while Camp. brutus workers, normally nocturnal, attended them day and night.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dejean
- Laboratoire d'écologie terrestre (UMR CNRS n(o) 5552), université Toulouse-III, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dejean A, Bourgoin T, Orivel J. Ant Defense of Euphyonarthex phyllostoma (Homoptera: Tettigometridae) during Trophobiotic Associations1. Biotropica 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Dejean A, Bourgoin T, Orivel J. Ant Defense of Euphyonarthex phyllostoma (Homoptera: Tettigometridae) during Trophobiotic Associations1. Biotropica 2000. [DOI: 10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0112:adoeph]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|