1
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Liu R, Su S, Xing J, Liu K, Zhao Y, Stangis M, Jacho DP, Yildirim-Ayan ED, Gatto-Weis CM, Chen B, Li X. Tumor removal limits prostate cancer cell dissemination in bone and osteoblasts induce cancer cell dormancy through focal adhesion kinase. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:264. [PMID: 37821954 PMCID: PMC10566127 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) can enter a dormant state and cause no symptoms in cancer patients. On the other hand, the dormant DTCs can reactivate and cause metastases progression and lethal relapses. In prostate cancer (PCa), relapse can happen after curative treatments such as primary tumor removal. The impact of surgical removal on PCa dissemination and dormancy remains elusive. Furthermore, as dormant DTCs are asymptomatic, dormancy-induction can be an operational cure for preventing metastases and relapse of PCa patients. METHODS We used a PCa subcutaneous xenograft model and species-specific PCR to survey the DTCs in various organs at different time points of tumor growth and in response to tumor removal. We developed in vitro 2D and 3D co-culture models to recapitulate the dormant DTCs in the bone microenvironment. Proliferation assays, fluorescent cell cycle reporter, qRT-PCR, and Western Blot were used to characterize the dormancy phenotype. We performed RNA sequencing to determine the dormancy signature of PCa. A drug repurposing algorithm was applied to predict dormancy-inducing drugs and a top candidate was validated for the efficacy and the mechanism of dormancy induction. RESULTS We found DTCs in almost all mouse organs examined, including bones, at week 2 post-tumor cell injections. Surgical removal of the primary tumor reduced the overall DTC abundance, but the DTCs were enriched only in the bones. We found that osteoblasts, but not other cells of the bones, induced PCa cell dormancy. RNA-Seq revealed the suppression of mitochondrial-related biological processes in osteoblast-induced dormant PCa cells. Importantly, the mitochondrial-related biological processes were found up-regulated in both circulating tumor cells and bone metastases from PCa patients' data. We predicted and validated the dormancy-mimicking effect of PF-562,271 (PF-271), an inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in vitro. Decreased FAK phosphorylation and increased nuclear translocation were found in both co-cultured and PF-271-treated C4-2B cells, suggesting that FAK plays a key role in osteoblast-induced PCa dormancy. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first insights into how primary tumor removal enriches PCa cell dissemination in the bones, defines a unique osteoblast-induced PCa dormancy signature, and identifies FAK as a PCa cell dormancy gatekeeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Liu
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Shang Su
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jing Xing
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Mary Stangis
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Diego P Jacho
- Bioengineering Department, the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | | | - Cara M Gatto-Weis
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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2
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DeMarino C, Cowen M, Khatkar P, Cotto B, Branscome H, Kim Y, Sharif SA, Agbottah ET, Zhou W, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA, Gelber C, Liotta LA, Langford D, Kashanchi F. Cannabinoids Reduce Extracellular Vesicle Release from HIV-1 Infected Myeloid Cells and Inhibit Viral Transcription. Cells 2022; 11:723. [PMID: 35203372 PMCID: PMC8869966 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 37.9 million individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), approximately 50% exhibit HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We and others previously showed that HIV-1 viral RNAs, such as trans-activating response (TAR) RNA, are incorporated into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and elicit an inflammatory response in recipient naïve cells. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary cannabinoids present in cannabis, are effective in reducing inflammation. Studies show that cannabis use in people living with HIV-1 is associated with lower viral load, lower circulating CD16+ monocytes and high CD4+ T-cell counts, suggesting a potentially therapeutic application. Here, HIV-1 infected U1 monocytes and primary macrophages were used to assess the effects of CBD. Post-CBD treatment, EV concentrations were analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Changes in intracellular and EV-associated viral RNA were quantified using RT-qPCR, and changes in viral proteins, EV markers, and autophagy proteins were assessed by Western blot. Our data suggest that CBD significantly reduces the number of EVs released from infected cells and that this may be mediated by reducing viral transcription and autophagy activation. Therefore, CBD may exert a protective effect by alleviating the pathogenic effects of EVs in HIV-1 and CNS-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Bianca Cotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (B.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz, University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (W.Z.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | | | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (W.Z.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (B.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
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3
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Ross EC, Olivera GC, Barragan A. Early passage of Toxoplasma gondii across the blood–brain barrier. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:450-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Olivera GC, Ross EC, Peuckert C, Barragan A. Blood-brain barrier-restricted translocation of Toxoplasma gondii from cortical capillaries. eLife 2021; 10:69182. [PMID: 34877929 PMCID: PMC8700292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular barriers of the central nervous system proficiently protect the brain parenchyma from infectious insults. Yet, the single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii commonly causes latent cerebral infection in humans and other vertebrates. Here, we addressed the role of the cerebral vasculature in the passage of T. gondii to the brain parenchyma. Shortly after inoculation in mice, parasites mainly localized to cortical capillaries, in preference over post-capillary venules, cortical arterioles or meningeal and choroidal vessels. Early invasion to the parenchyma (days 1-5) occurred in absence of a measurable increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, perivascular leukocyte cuffs or hemorrhage. However, sparse focalized permeability elevations were detected adjacently to replicative parasite foci. Further, T. gondii triggered inflammatory responses in cortical microvessels and endothelium. Pro- and anti-inflammatory treatments of mice with LPS and hydrocortisone, respectively, impacted BBB permeability and parasite loads in the brain parenchyma. Finally, pharmacological inhibition or Cre/loxP conditional knockout of endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a BBB intercellular junction regulator, facilitated parasite translocation to the brain parenchyma. The data reveal that the initial passage of T. gondii to the central nervous system occurs principally across cortical capillaries. The integrity of the microvascular BBB restricts parasite transit, which conversely is exacerbated by the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily C Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Delery EC, MacLean AG. Culture Model for Non-human Primate Choroid Plexus. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:396. [PMID: 31555096 PMCID: PMC6724611 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are murine and rat choroid plexus epithelial cell cultures, a translationally relevant model for choroid plexus activation and function is still lacking. The rhesus macaque is the gold standard for modeling viral infection and activation of CNS, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. We have developed a rhesus macaque choroid plexus epithelial cell culture model which we believe to be suitable for studies of inflammation associated with viral infection of the CNS. Epithelial morphology and function were assessed using vimentin, phalloidin, the tight junction protein zonula-occludens-1 (ZO-1), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Choroid plexus epithelial cell type was confirmed using immunofluorescence with two proteins highly expressed in the choroid plexus: transthyretin and α-klotho. Finally, barrier properties of the model were monitored using pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, the TLR2 agonist PamCys3K, and dexamethasone). When pro-inflammatory TNF-α was added to the xCelligence wells, there was a decrease in barrier function, which decreased in a step-wise fashion with each additional administration. This barrier function was repaired upon addition of the steroid dexamethasone. The TLR2 agonist PAM3CysK increased barrier functions in TNF-α treated wells. We have presented a model of the blood-CSF barrier that will allow study into pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions in the brain, while simultaneously measuring real time changes to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Delery
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, United States
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6
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Delery E, Bohannon DG, Irons DL, Allers C, Sugimoto C, Cai Y, Merino KM, Amedee AM, Veazey RS, MacLean A, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Lack of susceptibility in neonatally infected rhesus macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:578-588. [PMID: 31119711 PMCID: PMC6751025 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite combination antiretroviral therapies making HIV a chronic rather than terminal condition for many people, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is increasing. This is especially problematic for children living with HIV. Children diagnosed HAND rarely display the hallmark pathology of HIV encephalitis in adults, namely infected macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in the brain. This finding has also been documented in rhesus macaques infected perinatally with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the extent and mechanisms of lack of susceptibility to encephalitis in perinatally HIV-infected children remain unclear. In the current study, we compared brains of macaques infected with pathogenic strains of SIV at different ages to determine neuropathology, correlates of neuroinflammation, and potential underlying mechanisms. Encephalitis was not found in the macaques infected within 24 h of birth despite similar high plasma viral load and high monocyte turnover. Macaques developed encephalitis only when they were infected after 4 months of age. Lower numbers of CCR5-positive cells in the brain, combined with a less leaky blood-brain barrier, may be responsible for the decreased virus infection in the brain and consequently the absence of encephalitis in newborn macaques infected with SIV.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/virology
- Brain Stem/immunology
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Brain Stem/virology
- Capillary Permeability/immunology
- Disease Resistance
- Encephalitis, Viral/genetics
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Frontal Lobe/immunology
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Frontal Lobe/virology
- Gene Expression
- Macaca mulatta/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Macrophages/virology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delery
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Derek L Irons
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - Chie Sugimoto
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Angela M Amedee
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Andrew MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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7
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Ross EC, Olivera GC, Barragan A. Dysregulation of focal adhesion kinase upon
Toxoplasma gondii
infection facilitates parasite translocation across polarised primary brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13048. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gabriela C. Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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8
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Labus J, Wöltje K, Stolte KN, Häckel S, Kim KS, Hildmann A, Danker K. IL-1β promotes transendothelial migration of PBMCs by upregulation of the FN/α 5β 1 signalling pathway in immortalised human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:99-111. [PMID: 30342992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is often associated with pathological changes in the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused by disassembly of tight and adherens junctions that under physiological conditions are important for the maintenance of the BBB integrity. Consequently, in inflammation the BBB becomes dysfunctional, facilitating leukocyte traversal of the barrier and accumulation of immune cells within the brain. The extracellular matrix (ECM) also contributes to BBB integrity but the significance of the main ECM receptors, the β1 integrins also expressed on endothelial cells, is less well understood. To evaluate whether β1 integrin function is affected during inflammation and impacts barrier function, we used a transformed human brain microvascular endothelial cell (THBMEC)-based Interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory in vitro BBB model. We demonstrate that IL-1β increases cell-matrix adhesion and induces a redistribution of active β1 integrins to the basal surface. In particular, binding of α5β1 integrin to its ligand fibronectin is enhanced and α5β1 integrin-dependent signalling is upregulated. Additionally, localisation of the tight junction protein claudin-5 is altered. Blockade of the α5β1 integrin reduces the IL-1β-induced transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These data imply that IL-1β-induced inflammation not only destabilizes tight junctions but also increases α5β1 integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion to fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Labus
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wöltje
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Natalie Stolte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 North Wolfe Street, 21287 Baltimore, USA
| | - Annette Hildmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Van Itallie CM, Tietgens AJ, Aponte A, Gucek M, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Chadwick RS, Anderson JM. MARCKS-related protein regulates cytoskeletal organization at cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210237. [PMID: 29222109 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of epithelial cells with interferon-γ and TNF-α (IFN/TNF) results in increased paracellular permeability. To identify relevant proteins mediating barrier disruption, we performed proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) of occludin and found that tagging of MARCKS-related protein (MRP; also known as MARCKSL1) increased ∼20-fold following IFN/TNF administration. GFP-MRP was focused at the lateral cell membrane and its overexpression potentiated the physiological response of the tight junction barrier to cytokines. However, deletion of MRP did not abrogate the cytokine responses, suggesting that MRP is not required in the occludin-dependent IFN/TNF response. Instead, our results reveal a key role for MRP in epithelial cells in control of multiple actin-based structures, likely by regulation of integrin signaling. Changes in focal adhesion organization and basal actin stress fibers in MRP-knockout (KO) cells were reminiscent of those seen in FAK-KO cells. In addition, we found alterations in cell-cell interactions in MRP-KO cells associated with increased junctional tension, suggesting that MRP may play a role in focal adhesion-adherens junction cross talk. Together, our results are consistent with a key role for MRP in cytoskeletal organization of cell contacts in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amber Jean Tietgens
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard S Chadwick
- Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James M Anderson
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 4525, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Song HB, Jun HO, Kim JH, Lee YH, Choi MH, Kim JH. Disruption of outer blood-retinal barrier by Toxoplasma gondii-infected monocytes is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175159. [PMID: 28406972 PMCID: PMC5390985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is mediated by monocytes infected with Toxoplasma gondii that are disseminated to target organs. Although infected monocytes can easily access to outer blood-retinal barrier due to leaky choroidal vasculatures, not much is known about the effect of T. gondii-infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier. We prepared human monocytes, THP-1, infected with T. gondii and human retinal pigment epithelial cells, ARPE-19, grown on transwells as an in vitro model of outer blood-retinal barrier. Exposure to infected monocytes resulted in disruption of tight junction protein, ZO-1, and decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance of retinal pigment epithelium. Supernatants alone separated from infected monocytes also decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and disrupted tight junction protein. Further investigation revealed that the supernatants could activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in retinal pigment epithelium and the disruption was attenuated by FAK inhibitor. The disrupted barrier was partly restored by blocking CXCL8, a FAK activating factor secreted by infected monocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that monocytes infected with T. gondii can disrupt outer blood-retinal barrier, which is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. FAK signaling can be a target of therapeutic approach to prevent negative influence of infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Oh Jun
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
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11
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Chen FQ, Li Q, Pan CS, Liu YY, Yan L, Sun K, Mao XW, Mu HN, Wang MX, Wang CS, Fan JY, Cui YC, Zhang YP, Yang JY, Bai W, Han JY. Kudiezi Injection®Alleviates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption After Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Microcirculation 2016; 23:426-37. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Hou J, Baker LA, Zhou L, Klein RS. Viral interactions with the blood-brain barrier: old dog, new tricks. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1142492. [PMID: 27141421 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells form a unique cellular structure known as the tight junction to regulate the exchanges between the blood and the parenchyma by limiting the paracellular diffusion of blood-borne substance. Together with the restricted pathway of transcytosis, the tight junction in the brain endothelial cells provides the central nervous system (CNS) with effective protection against both the foreign pathogens and the host immune cells, which is also termed the "blood-brain barrier." The blood-brain barrier is particularly important for defending against neurotropic viral infections that have become a major source of diseases worldwide. Many neurotropic viruses are able to cross the BBB and infect the CNS through very poorly understood processes. This review focuses upon the structural and functional changes of the brain endothelial tight junction in response to viral infections in the CNS and how the tight junction changes may be studied with advanced imaging and recording approaches to reveal novel processes used by the viruses to cross the barrier system. Additional emphasis is placed upon new countermeasures that can act directly upon the tight junction to improve the pathogen clearance and minimize the inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Hou
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
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13
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Atluri VSR, Hidalgo M, Samikkannu T, Kurapati KRV, Jayant RD, Sagar V, Nair MPN. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on blood-brain barrier integrity and function: an update. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:212. [PMID: 26113810 PMCID: PMC4461820 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier that has an important role in maintaining a precisely regulated microenvironment protecting the neural tissue from infectious agents and toxins in the circulating system. Compromised BBB integrity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of retroviral associated neurological diseases. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in the Central Nervous System (CNS) is an early event even before the serodiagnosis for HIV positivity or the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in neurological complications in many of the infected patients. Macrophages, microglia and astrocytes (in low levels) are the most productively/latently infected cell types within the CNS. In this brief review, we have discussed about the effect of HIV infection and viral proteins on the integrity and function of BBB, which may contribute to the progression of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Hidalgo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kesava Rao Venkata Kurapati
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
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14
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Ramesh G, MacLean AG, Philipp MT. Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:480739. [PMID: 23997430 PMCID: PMC3753746 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the development of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in conditions of neuropathic pain. Pathological states within the nervous system can lead to activation of microglia. The latter may mediate neuronal and glial cell injury and death through production of proinflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines. These then help to mobilize the adaptive immune response. Although inflammation may induce beneficial effects such as pathogen clearance and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, uncontrolled inflammation can result in detrimental outcomes via the production of neurotoxic factors that exacerbate neurodegenerative pathology. In states of prolonged inflammation, continual activation and recruitment of effector cells can establish a feedback loop that perpetuates inflammation and ultimately results in neuronal injury. A critical balance between repair and proinflammatory factors determines the outcome of a neurodegenerative process. This review will focus on how cytokines and chemokines affect neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis in bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses, Lyme neuroborreliosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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15
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Paul D, Cowan AE, Ge S, Pachter JS. Novel 3D analysis of Claudin-5 reveals significant endothelial heterogeneity among CNS microvessels. Microvasc Res 2012; 86:1-10. [PMID: 23261753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) feature critically in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and undergo significant disruption during neuroinflammatory diseases. Accordingly, the expression and distribution of CLN-5, a prominent TJ protein in central nervous system (CNS) microvessels and BBB determinant, has been shown to parallel physiological and pathophysiological changes in microvascular function. However, efforts to quantify CLN-5 within the CNS microvasculature in situ, by using conventional two-dimensional immunohistochemical analysis of thin sections, are encumbered by the tortuosity of capillaries and distorted diameters of inflamed venules. Herein, we describe a novel contour-based 3D image visualization and quantification method, employing high-resolution confocal z-stacks from thick immunofluorescently-stained thoraco-lumbar spinal cord cryosections, to analyze CLN-5 along the junctional regions of different-sized CNS microvascular segments. Analysis was performed on spinal cords of both healthy mice, and mice experiencing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis. Results indicated that, under normal conditions, the density of CLN-5 staining (CLN-5 intensity/ endothelial surface area) was greatest in the capillaries and smaller venules, and least in the larger venules. This heterogeneity in junctional CLN-5 staining was exacerbated during EAE, as spinal venules revealed a significant loss of junctional CLN-5 staining that was associated with focal leukocyte extravasation, while adjacent capillaries exhibited neither CLN-5 loss nor infiltrating leukocytes. However, despite only venules displaying these behaviors, both capillaries and venules evidenced leakage of IgG during disease, further underscoring the heterogeneity of the inflammatory response in CNS microvessels. This method should be readily adaptable to analyzing other junctional proteins of the CNS and peripheral microvasculature, and serve to highlight their role(s) in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayon Paul
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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16
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Focal adhesion kinase-Tyr407 and -Tyr397 exhibit antagonistic effects on blood-testis barrier dynamics in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12562-7. [PMID: 22797892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202316109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, displays phosphorylation-dependent localization in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes. FAK is an integrated component of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) involved in regulating Sertoli cell adhesion via its effects on the occludin-zonula occludens-1 complex. Herein, we report that p-FAK-Tyr(407) and p-FAK-Tyr(397) display restricted spatiotemporal and almost mutually exclusive localization in the epithelium, affecting BTB dynamics antagonistically, with the former promoting and the latter disrupting the Sertoli cell tight junction-permeability barrier function. Using primary cultured Sertoli cells as an in vitro model that mimics the BTB in vivo both functionally and ultrastructurally, effects of FAK phosphorylation on BTB function were studied by expressing nonphosphorylatable and phosphomimetic mutants, with tyrosine replaced by phenylalanine (F) and glutamate (E), respectively. Compared with WT FAK, Y407E and Y397F mutations each promoted barrier function, and the promoting effect of the Y407E mutant was abolished in the Y397E-Y407E double mutant, demonstrating antagonism between Tyr(407) and Tyr(397). Furthermore, Y407E mutation induced the recruitment of actin-related protein 3 to the Sertoli cell-cell interface, where it became more tightly associated with neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, promoting actin-related protein 2/3 complex activity. Conversely, Y407F mutation reduced the rate of actin polymerization at the Sertoli cell BTB. In summary, FAK-Tyr(407) phosphorylation promotes BTB integrity by strengthening the actin filament-based cytoskeleton. FAK serves as a bifunctional molecular "switch" to direct the cyclical disassembly and reassembly of the BTB during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis, depending on its phosphorylation status, to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB.
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17
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Contribution of a single host genetic locus to mouse adenovirus type 1 infection and encephalitis. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00131-12. [PMID: 22647790 PMCID: PMC3372963 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00131-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) is mouse strain dependent; susceptible mice die from hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. The MAV-1 susceptibility quantitative trait locus Msq1 accounts for ~40% of the phenotypic (brain viral load) variance that occurs between resistant BALB/c and susceptible SJL mice after MAV-1 infection. Using an interval-specific congenic mouse strain (C.SJL-Msq1SJL), in which the SJL-derived allele Msq1SJL is present in a BALB/c background, we demonstrate that Msq1SJL controls the development of high brain viral titers in response to MAV-1 infection, yet does not account for the total extent of brain pathology or mortality in SJL mice. C.SJL-Msq1SJL mice had disruption of the blood-brain barrier and increased brain water content after MAV-1 infection, but these effects occurred later and were not as severe, respectively, as those noted in infected SJL mice. As expected, BALB/c mice showed minimal pathology in these assays. Infection of SJL- and C.SJL-Msq1SJL-derived primary mouse brain endothelial cells resulted in loss of barrier properties, whereas BALB/c-derived cells retained their barrier properties despite being equally capable of supporting MAV-1 infection. Finally, we provide evidence that organ pathology and inflammatory cell recruitment to the brain following MAV-1 infection were both influenced by Msq1. These results validate Msq1 as an important host factor in MAV-1 infection and refine the major role of the locus in development of MAV-1 encephalitis. They further suggest that additional host factors or gene interactions are involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis in MAV-1-infected SJL mice. A successful viral infection requires both host and viral factors; identification of host components involved in viral replication and pathogenesis is important for development of therapeutic interventions. A genetic locus (Msq1) controlling mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) brain infection was previously identified. Genes in Msq1 belong to the same family of genes associated with susceptibility to other encephalitic viruses, HIV-1 and West Nile virus. We constructed an interval-specific congenic mouse strain to examine the contribution of Msq1 to MAV-1 susceptibility and brain morbidity. We compared infected resistant, susceptible, and congenic mice regarding known MAV-1 disease manifestations in the brain (survival, viral loads, blood-brain barrier disruption, edema, mouse brain endothelial cell barrier properties, pathology, and inflammatory cell recruitment) to determine the extent to which Msq1 influences MAV-1 infection outcome. Our results showed that Msq1 is a critical host genetic factor that controls many aspects of MAV-1 infection.
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18
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Spindler KR, Hsu TH. Viral disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:282-90. [PMID: 22564250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides significant protection against microbial invasion of the brain. However, the BBB is not impenetrable, and mechanisms by which viruses breach it are becoming clearer. In vivo and in vitro model systems are enabling identification of host and viral factors contributing to breakdown of the unique BBB tight junctions. Key mechanisms of tight junction damage from inside and outside cells are disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and matrix metalloproteinase activity, respectively. Viral proteins acting in BBB disruption are described for HIV-1, currently the most studied encephalitic virus; other viruses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Spindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, USA.
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19
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Renner NA, Sansing HA, Morici LA, Inglis FM, Lackner AA, MacLean AG. Microglia activation by SIV-infected macrophages: alterations in morphology and cytokine secretion. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:213-21. [PMID: 22535448 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection in the brain and the resultant encephalitis affect approximately one third of individuals infected with HIV, regardless of treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Microglia are the resident phagocytic cell type in the brain, serving as a "first responder" to neuroinvasion by pathogens. The early events of the microglial response to productively infected monocyte/macrophages entering the brain can best be investigated using in vitro techniques. We hypothesized that activation of microglia would be specific to the presence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macrophages as opposed to responses to macrophages in general. Purified microglia were grown and stimulated with control or SIV-infected macrophages. After 6 h, aliquots of the supernatant were analyzed for 23 cytokines using Millipore nonhuman primate-specific kit. In parallel experiments, morphologic changes and cytokine expression by individual microglia were examined by immunofluorescence. Surprisingly, the presence of macrophages was more important to the microglial response rather than whether the macrophages were infected with SIV. None of the cytokines examined were unique to co-incubation with SIV-infected macrophages compared with control macrophages, or their supernatants. Media from SIV-infected macrophages, however, did induce secretion of higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 than the other treatments. As resident macrophages in the brain, microglia would be expected to have a strong response to infiltrate innate immune cells such as monocyte/macrophages. This response is triggered by incubation with macrophages, irrespective of whether or not they are infected with SIV, indicating a rapid, generalized immune response when infiltrating macrophages entering the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Renner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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20
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Sansing HA, Renner NA, MacLean AG. An inverted blood-brain barrier model that permits interactions between glia and inflammatory stimuli. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 207:91-6. [PMID: 22484463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is increasingly being recognized as a site of special scientific importance. Numerous models of the BBB have been constructed over the past years with increasingly mechanistic studies of fundamental questions of cell biology and neuroimmunology. However, there has been a limiting factor of not being able to perform real-time studies of BBB function utilizing 3D models. Equally, real-time models have been limited mainly to 2D models comprised solely of endothelial cells (ECs). To measure changes in the electrical resistance across a BBB model, when adding inflammatory or stem cells which will interact with co-cultured glial cells has, to date, been beyond the capabilities of models. We have cultured an inverted BBB model with ECs on electrodes which are on the lower surface of xCELLigence Cell Invasion Migration plates. Glial cells were cultured in the basal well with foot processes extending through the filters to make contact with the ECs. SIV-infected macrophages decreased electrical resistance of the EC monolayer when added to the "parenchymal" face of the model. We present a novel inverted blood-brain barrier model that allow real time analyses of endothelial cell adhesion during modeled neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Sansing
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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21
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MCP-3/CCL7 production by astrocytes: implications for SIV neuroinvasion and AIDS encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:146-52. [PMID: 21279498 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages and activated lymphocytes traffic through normal brain, and this trafficking is increased in inflammatory conditions such as HIV encephalitis (HIVE). HIVE is characterized in part by perivascular accumulations of macrophages. The earliest events in this process are poorly understood and difficult or impossible to address in humans. The SIV-infected macaque model of neuroAIDS has demonstrated migration of monocytes into the brain early in disease, coincident with peak SIV viremia. The chemotactic signals that initiate the increased emigration of mononuclear cells into the CNS have not been described. Here, we describe astrocytes as a primary source of chemokines to facilitate basal levels of monocyte trafficking to CNS and that increased chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) production may be responsible for initiating the increased trafficking in neuroAIDS. We have previously published complementary in vivo work demonstrating the presence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3)/CCL7 within the brain of SIV-infected macaques. Here, we demonstrate that MCP-3/CCL7 is a significant chemokine produced by astrocytes, that basal monocyte migration may be facilitated by astrocyte-derived CCL7, that production of CCL7 is rapidly increased by TNF-α and thus likely plays a critical role in initiating neuroinvasion by SIV/HIV.
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Gras G, Kaul M. Molecular mechanisms of neuroinvasion by monocytes-macrophages in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2010; 7:30. [PMID: 20374632 PMCID: PMC2864195 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders and their histopathological correlates largely depend on the continuous seeding of the central nervous system with immune activated leukocytes, mainly monocytes/macrophages from the periphery. The blood-brain-barrier plays a critical role in this never stopping neuroinvasion, although it appears unaltered until the late stage of HIV encephalitis. HIV flux that moves toward the brain thus relies on hijacking and exacerbating the physiological mechanisms that govern blood brain barrier crossing rather than barrier disruption. This review will summarize the recent data describing neuroinvasion by HIV with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gras
- Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Division of Immuno-Virology, CEA, 18 Route du Panorama, F92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France.
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