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Anthony K, Wong HK, Lim A, Sow F, Janssen SMJ. Examining the roles of visual imagery and working memory in the retrieval of autobiographical memories using a dual-task paradigm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:447-460. [PMID: 37649149 PMCID: PMC10880419 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The retrieval of autobiographical memories involves the construction of mental representations of past personal events. Many researchers examining the processes underlying memory retrieval argue that visual imagery plays a fundamental role. Other researchers, however, have argued that working memory is an integral component involved in memory retrieval. The goal of this study was to resolve these conflicting arguments by comparing the relative contributions of visual imagery and working memory during the retrieval of autobiographical memories in a dual-task paradigm. While following a moving dot, viewing a dynamic visual noise (DVN), or viewing a blank screen, 95 participants recalled their memories and subsequently rated them on different memory characteristics. The results suggest that inhibiting visual imagery by having participants view DVN merely delayed memory retrieval but did not affect the phenomenological quality of the memories retrieved. Taxations to the working memory by having participants follow a moving dot, on the contrary, resulted in only longer retrieval latencies and no reductions in the specificity, vividness, or the emotional intensity of the memories retrieved. Whereas the role of visual imagery during retrieval is clear, future studies could further examine the role of working memory during retrieval by administering a task that is less difficult or by recruiting a larger sample than this study. The results of this study seem to suggest that both visual imagery and working memory play a role during the retrieval of autobiographical memory, but more research needs to be conducted to determine their exact roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Anthony
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Hoo Keat Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Alfred Lim
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Farrah Sow
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Steve MJ Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Devitt AL, Roberts R, Metson A, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Neural substrates of specific and general autobiographical memory retrieval in younger and older adults. Neuropsychologia 2024; 193:108754. [PMID: 38092333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a shift away from the retrieval of specific episodic autobiographical memories (AMs), towards more general and semanticized memories. Younger adults modulate activity in the default mode network according to the episodic specificity of AM retrieval. However, little is known about whether aging disrupts this neural modulation. In the current study we examine age-related changes in the modulation of whole-brain networks in response to three tasks falling along a gradient of episodic specificity. Younger and older adults retrieved specific (unique) AMs, general (routine) AMs, and semantic (general knowledge) memories. We found that both younger and older adults modulated default mode regions in response to varying episodic specificity. In addition, younger adults upregulated activity in several default mode regions with increasing episodic specificity, while older adults either did not modulate these regions, or downregulated activity in these regions. In contrast, older adults upregulated activity in the left temporal pole for tasks with higher episodic specificity. These brain activation patterns converge with prior findings that specific AMs are diminished in episodic richness with age, but are supplemented with conceptual and general information. Age-related reductions in the modulation of default mode regions might contribute to the shift away from episodic retrieval and towards semantic retrieval, resulting in reduced episodic specificity of personal memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleea L Devitt
- School of Psychology, The University of Waikato, New Zealand.
| | - Reece Roberts
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - Abby Metson
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
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Herold CJ, Duval CZ, Schröder J. Autobiographical memory in chronic schizophrenia: A follow-up study. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108707. [PMID: 37890662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic schizophrenia is a very disabling disease and patient's social integration remains difficult. One important aspect is autobiographical memory (AM) as it is impaired in schizophrenia and highly correlated to patient's outcome, since its closely linked to self and identity. Reduced specificity and lack of details are characteristics of patients' AM, but its longitudinal course in schizophrenia remains unclear. We examined 21 patients who underwent our protocol twice with an interval of 7 years. AM was assessed using a semi-structured interview, covering four periods of life and addressing semantic knowledge and autobiographical episodes as well as their details. The results can be divided into three parts, separating semantic memories, specific autobiographical memories and details describing the latter. While a significant deterioration of semantic AM over time could be revealed, the specificity of the free recalled autobiographical episodes remained rather stable - albeit on a low level. In contrast, unique events were remembered with significantly less details at follow-up than at the first examination. While floor-effects given a relatively small number of unique events have to be considered, semantic AM and episodic details seem to be a valuable target for AM remediation given their further deterioration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Herold
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Céline Z Duval
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rueda AV, Cabaco AS, Mejía-Ramírez MA, Afonso RM, Castillo-Riedel E. Cross-cultural effects of reminiscence therapy on life satisfaction and autobiographical memory of older adults: a pilot study across Mexico and Spain. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:204. [PMID: 37993885 PMCID: PMC10664501 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are increasing reports on the cognitive and emotional benefits of positive reminiscence therapy in older people. The objective of this study is to assess the differential improvement of the quality of life for older people in different vital situations (three different types of aging) and from different countries by implementing a positive reminiscence therapy program (REMPOS). METHODS The participants were 144 older adults above the age of 65, 77 participants from Spain (45 experimental groups, 32 control groups) and 67 from Mexico (34 experimental groups, 33 control groups). The participants were recruited from nursing and retirement homes. A factorial randomized design with pre-post measurement with three independent variables: country (Mexico, Spain), condition (experimental, control), and types of aging (healthy aging, HA., mild cognitive impairment, MCI., Alzheimer's disease, AD). The experimental groups received REMPOS therapy and control groups received standard cognitive stimulation program. The quality of life was measured with the Life Satisfaction Inventory for adults (LSI-A) and autobiographical memory test (AMT) before and after REMPOS therapy. RESULTS The REMPOS intervention showed significantly higher positive effects than the control condition on the recall of specific positive memories across countries and types of aging, except for the Spanish MCI group. Life satisfaction in the Alzheimer's and MCI group only improved with REMPOS in the Mexican sample. CONCLUSIONS The REMPOS effects showed generalizable effects across countries, but the cross-cultural differences shown highlight the necessity of running studies to test those differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Villasán Rueda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Ávila, Calle de los Canteros, s/n, 05005, Ávila, Spain.
| | | | | | - Rosa Marina Afonso
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Castillo-Riedel
- School of Psychology, CETYS University, Campus Tijuana, 22210, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
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Jung D, Choi J, Park S, Choi KH. Improving older adults' autobiographical memory through video-conferencing intervention during COVID-19. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e5973. [PMID: 37526311 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autobiographical memory (AM) is valuable not only as an indicator of mental health and cognitive function, but also as a target of therapeutic intervention for older adults. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for online psychosocial interventions and assessment services has sharply increased. Thus, the present study examined the effectiveness of videoconferencing AM (vAM) intervention using the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method in addition to the traditional paper-and-pencil assessment among samples of community dwelling older adults. METHODS Twenty-seven older adults (aged 66-86 years) participated in a vAM intervention composed of 4 weekly 90-min sessions. The primary outcome was AM specificity, with secondary outcomes as depressive symptom and cognitive function, measured before and after the intervention. In addition, daily emotions were measured through EMA over 4 weeks of intervention. The EMA data were analyzed using a multilevel analysis. RESULTS The results showed low dropout rates (7%) and high EMA response rates (85%). Autobiographical memory specificity increased (Cohen's d = 0.678), and the level of depression declined significantly (Cohen's d = 0.375) after the program. Additionally, measures assessing cognitive function, such as Seoul Verbal Learning Test and DSC (Digit Symbol Coding), showed significant improvements. The EMA results indicated a decrease in the intensity and proportion of negative emotions experienced during the program. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to utilize videoconferencing and EMA to deliver an AM intervention targeting older adults. The intervention was effective in improving mental health and cognitive function, including AM in older adults. Additionally, EMA was found to be a feasible tool for use in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Jung
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hong Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU Mind Health Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mindeep Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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King MJ, Girard TA, Benjamin AS, Christensen BK. Strategic regulation of memory in dsyphoria: a quantity-accuracy profile analysis. Memory 2023; 31:948-961. [PMID: 37189256 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2212429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying a tendency among individuals with depression to report personal episodic memories with low specificity remain to be understood. We assessed a sample of undergraduate students with dysphoria to determine whether depression relates to a broader dysregulation of balancing accuracy and informativeness during memory reports. Specifically, we investigated metamnemonic processes using a quantity-accuracy profile approach. Recall involved three phases with increasing allowance for more general, or coarse-grained, responses: (a) forced-precise responding, requiring high precision; (b) free-choice report with high and low penalty incentives on accuracy; (c) a lexical description phase. Individuals with and without dysphoria were largely indistinguishable across indices of retrieval, monitoring, and control aspects of metamemory. The results indicate intact metacognitive processing in young individuals with dysphoria and provide no support for the view that impaired metacognitive control underlies either memory deficits or bias in memory reports that accompany dysphoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J King
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron S Benjamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bruce K Christensen
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Keeler JL, Peters-Gill G, Treasure J, Himmerich H, Tchanturia K, Cardi V. Difficulties in retrieving specific details of autobiographical memories and imagining positive future events in individuals with acute but not remitted anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:172. [PMID: 36401319 PMCID: PMC9675114 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The factors that contribute to the maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN) are not fully understood, although it is generally accepted that depression is a core feature and contributes to poor prognosis. Individuals with depression tend to have difficulties in producing specific details of autobiographical memories and future episodes. Our aim was to investigate autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking (EFT) in individuals with AN (n = 46), people recovered from AN (recAN; n = 40), and non-affected controls (n = 35). METHOD Using a remotely administered computerised version of the autobiographical memory test and episodic future thinking task, we measured six aspects of memory retrieval and EFT generation: specificity, detailedness, difficulty in remembering/imagining, positivity, vividness and realism. Memory and EFT cue valence was manipulated; cues were either positive, neutral, or disorder-related/negative. As the production of EFTs is theoretically linked to the ability to retrieve autobiographical memories, the relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and EFT specificity was explored. To investigate whether autobiographical memory and EFT performance were independent of performance on other forms of cognition, working memory, verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility were measured. RESULTS People with AN had difficulties retrieving specific details of autobiographical memories and rated autobiographical memories as less positive overall, and less vivid when primed by positive cues. People with a lifetime diagnosis (currently ill or recovered) reported greater difficulty in retrieving memories. The AN group generated less positive EFTs, particularly to positive and neutral cues. Comorbid depressive symptoms had some contribution to the observed findings. Lastly, in all groups autobiographical memory specificity predicted EFT specificity. DISCUSSION Problems with retrieving specific details of autobiographical memories and simulating positive EFTs may be a state feature of AN. Treatments targeted at alleviating depressive symptoms, as well those targeted towards facilitating memory retrieval or reconsolidation, and the construction of positive EFTs, may contribute to hope for recovery and strengthen the sense of self beyond the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Louise Keeler
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | | | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK.,Illia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Psychological Set Research and Correction Center, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Masumoto K, Sato K, Harada K, Yamamoto K, Shiozaki M. Emotional valence of self-defining memories in older adults: A longitudinal study. Conscious Cogn 2022; 106:103431. [PMID: 36335808 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the pleasantness bias and fading affect bias in self-defining memories (SDMs) and to examine the relationship between their emotional valence of SDMs and cognitive function and serotonin transporter polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR) with a prospective longitudinal method. Ninety-two older adults recalled SDMs twice at an interval of one year (T1 and T2). The results showed a pleasantness bias and a fading affect bias in SDMs. The higher the working memory was, the higher the vividness of SDMs and the higher the concordance rate of SDMs between T1 and T2. Meanwhile, cognitive performance had no effect on the emotional valence of SDMs. Additionally, the repeatedly recalled SDMs in the S/S allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism changed with a lower negative valence at T2 than at T1. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be a plasticity factor that predicts positive outcomes in positive situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Masumoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Koji Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Harada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Mariko Shiozaki
- Department of Applied Sociology, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502 Japan.
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Fenerci C, Gurguryan L, Spreng RN, Sheldon S. Comparing neural activity during autobiographical memory retrieval between younger and older adults: An ALE meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 119:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Parker A, Parkin A, Dagnall N. Eye-closure effects and the influence of short-term storage and processing capacity on episodic memory. Memory 2022; 30:1018-1030. [PMID: 35546129 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2072894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated differences in short-term storage and processing capacity on the magnitude of eye-closure effects on episodic memory. Experiment 1 compared individuals with high (vs. low) forward and backward spans in the free-recall of words retrieved under both eyes closed and open conditions. Main effects of both forward and backward span capacity (greater recall for the high span group) and eye-closure (higher recall with eyes closed) were found. Eye-closure was also associated with more "remember" responses. Experiment 2 compared individuals with high (vs. low) reading spans and found both main effects for reading span and eye-closure (greater recall for the high span group and with eyes closed). Remember responses were associated with both high reading span and eye-closure. The absence of interactions is discussed in terms of explanations of eye-closure effects that differentiate between modality-general and modality-specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Parker
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Parkin
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Martins-Klein B, Orlovsky I, Heideman K. Remembering past challenges to feel better today: Role of neural dedifferentiation and autobiographical integration in late-life reappraisal. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:599-619. [PMID: 35225156 PMCID: PMC9879066 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2044011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Socioemotional theories suggest that surviving a lifetime of life experiences enhances older adult emotional resilience, yet the role of past emotional challenges in current models of emotion regulation is overlooked. In this paper, we propose how integration of memories and hippocampal dedifferentiation may together benefit the reappraisal of novel stressors across the lifespan. First, we review mood benefits of generating positive narratives, and more integrated memories of adverse life events with age. Second, we review neural mechanisms of narrative integration and meaning-making. We propose a framework in which narrative integration and neural dedifferentiation of hippocampal memory representations may facilitate late-life reappraisal via shared positive meaning-making in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). While current evidence supporting this model is limited, we conclude by discussing future directions for testing its components in multivariate neuroimaging studies, and briefly review clinical implications of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Martins-Klein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Irina Orlovsky
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Heideman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Mair A, Poirier M, Conway MA. Age effects in autobiographical memory depend on the measure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259279. [PMID: 34714869 PMCID: PMC8555790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies examining age effects in autobiographical memory have produced inconsistent results. This study examined whether a set of typical autobiographical memory measures produced equivalent results in a single participant sample. Five memory tests (everyday memory, autobiographical memory from the past year, autobiographical memory from age 11-17, word-cued autobiographical memory, and word-list recall) were administered in a single sample of young and older adults. There was significant variance in the tests' sensitivity to age: word-cued autobiographical memory produced the largest deficit in older adults, similar in magnitude to word-list recall. In contrast, older adults performed comparatively well on the other measures. The pattern of findings was broadly consistent with the results of previous investigations, suggesting that (1) the results of the different AM tasks are reliable, and (2) variable age effects in the autobiographical memory literature are at least partly due to the use of different tasks, which cannot be considered interchangeable measures of autobiographical memory ability. The results are also consistent with recent work dissociating measures of specificity and detail in autobiographical memory, and suggest that specificity is particularly sensitive to ageing. In contrast, detail is less sensitive to ageing, but is influenced by retention interval and event type. The extent to which retention interval and event type interact with age remains unclear; further research using specially designed autobiographical memory tasks could resolve this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mair
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Poirier
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Conway
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom
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Contractor AA, Slavish DC, Weiss NH, Alghraibeh AM, Alafnan AA, Taylor DJ. Moderating effects of sleep difficulties on relations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive memory count. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:2057-2076. [PMID: 33871878 PMCID: PMC8405540 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity relates to positive memory retrieval difficulties. One variable potentially influencing this relation is sleep difficulties. We examined moderating effects of sleep difficulties (duration and quality) on relations between PTSD severity and count of specific positive memories covarying for age, gender, and depression. METHODS Participants were an Amazon Mechanical Turk-recruited trauma-exposed community sample of 205 respondents (M age = 35.44; 61.40% women). RESULTS Moderated regression analyses indicated significant interaction effects between sleep quality (b = 0.03; p = 0.036) and PTSD severity on specific positive memory count. Among individuals reporting better sleep quality, there were negative associations between PTSD severity and specific positive memory count (b = -0.04, SE = 0.02, p = 0.010). Similar results were obtained for PTSD's intrusion and arousal clusters. CONCLUSION Results support targeting sleep quality and PTSD severity to improve positive memory retrieval in PTSD and memory interventions, and the importance of considering sleep when examining links between PTSD and positive memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica C Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ahmad M Alghraibeh
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alafnan
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Bendstrup G, Simonsen E, Kongerslev MT, Jørgensen MS, Petersen LS, Thomsen MS, Vestergaard M. Narrative coherence of autobiographical memories in women with borderline personality disorder and associations with childhood adversity. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2021; 8:18. [PMID: 34099064 PMCID: PMC8183034 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-021-00159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) seem to have incoherent autobiographical narratives. Tentative evidence suggests that reduced narrative coherence of autobiographical memories is associated with insecure attachment. However, it remains unknown whether incoherent autobiographical narratives in people with BPD are coupled to experiences of childhood trauma, which is highly prevalent in BPD. METHOD We examined if written autobiographical memories in 26 female participants with BPD had reduced narrative coherence relative to 28 healthy female controls and whether more incoherent narratives were associated with childhood trauma. RESULTS As hypothesized, results showed that compared to controls, the autobiographical memories in participants with BPD had reduced narrative coherence, specifically inadequate orientation about the narrative and lack of narrative structure. More self-reported childhood adversity was coupled to lower orientation across groups whereas increased childhood adversity showed a specific relationship to lowered narrative structure in BPD participants. CONCLUSION Women with BPD had incoherent autobiographical narratives, and reduced narrative coherence was associated with more self-reported childhood adversity, which appeared to explain the group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Bendstrup
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Erik Simonsen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mickey T Kongerslev
- Psychiatric Clinic Roskilde, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mie S Jørgensen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Lea S Petersen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
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15
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Holland CA, Boukouvalas A, Clarkesmith D, Cooke R. Specific Autobiographical Recall Mediates Impact of Cognition and Depression on Independence Function and Well-Being in Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:652600. [PMID: 33959079 PMCID: PMC8095394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory specificity has been associated with cognitive function, depression, and independence in older adults. This longitudinal study of 162 older adults moving to active supported living environments tracks changes in the role of the ability to recall specific autobiographical memory as a mediator between underlying cognitive function, or depression, and outcome perceived health or independence (e.g., Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IADLs), across 18 months, as compared with controls not moving home. Clear improvements across time in autobiographical specificity were seen for residents but not controls, supporting the role of a socially active environment, and confirmed by correlation with number of activities reported in diaries, although the impact of diary activities on the effect of time on autobiographical specificity was not found. The role of autobiographical specificity in mediating general cognition and outcome functional limitations was clear for social limitations at 12 and 18 months, but its role in mediating effects of executive function and perceived health persisted throughout. The role of specificity in mediating between depression and perceived health, IADLs, and Functional Limitations persisted throughout. Analysis examining autobiographical specificity and depression as joint mediators between cognition and independence showed a forward effect such that higher specificity scores reduced the negative mediation effect of depression on independence. Finally, data showed the reduction of many of these mediations over time, supporting the role of autobiographical memory in times of change in a person's social situation. Data support potential autobiographical memory intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Holland
- Division of Health Research, Centre for Ageing Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Boukouvalas
- Molecular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Clarkesmith
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Cooke
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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16
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Maldonado T, Orr JM, Goen JRM, Bernard JA. Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e31-e55. [PMID: 31943092 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Across the life span, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are associated with poor behavioral control and failure to achieve goals. Though EF is often discussed as one broad construct, a prominent model of EF suggests that it is composed of three subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating. These subdomains are seen in both younger (YA) and older adults (OA), with performance deficits across subdomains in OA. Therefore, our goal was to investigate whether subdomains of EF might be differentially affected by age, and how these differences may relate to broader global age differences in EF. METHODS To assess these age differences, we conducted a meta-analysis at multiple levels, including task level, subdomain level, and of global EF. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that there would be overall differences in EF in OA. RESULTS Using 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles, we found overall differences in EF with age. Results suggested that differences in performance are not uniform, such that variability in age effects emerged at the task level, and updating was not as affected by age as other subdomains. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of age differences in EF, and stand to inform early detection of EF decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - James R M Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station
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17
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Quigley L, Horne SJ, Dobson KS. Does self-focus orientation influence recall of autobiographical memories and subsequent mood in dysphoria? Memory 2021; 29:396-405. [PMID: 33706668 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1896736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that depressed individuals are less likely than non-depressed individuals to engage in mood-incongruent recall in response to negative mood and do not experience associated mood reparative effects. The present study examined the effects of adopting a reflective versus ruminative self-focus orientation towards one's mood on the valence of autobiographical memories recalled following a negative mood induction and the extent of mood repair following memory recall among individuals with varying depressive symptomatology. Participants underwent a negative mood induction and either a ruminative (n = 69) or reflective (n = 49) self-focus manipulation, and then recalled five specific autobiographical memories. Depression symptoms were associated with recall of less positive memories and reduced mood repair. The valence of recalled memories was associated with the extent of mood improvement, and depressive symptoms did not moderate this association. Contrary to our hypothesis, a reflective self-focus was not associated with recall of more positive memories or greater mood improvement than a ruminative self-focus. The results suggest that more depressed individuals are less likely to spontaneously engage in mood-incongruent recall in a negative mood state; however, recall of positive memories is associated with similar mood reparative effects regardless of depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Horne
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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18
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Response styles to sad mood and self-esteem as predictors of autobiographical memory: Distinctions between memory specificity and detail. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Frankenberg C, Knebel M, Degen C, Siebert JS, Wahl HW, Schröder J. Autobiographical Memory in Healthy Aging: a Decade-long Longitudinal Study. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2021; 29:158-179. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1859082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maren Knebel
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Degen
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jelena Sophie Siebert
- Network Aging Research, Institute of Psychology, Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Network Aging Research, Institute of Psychology, Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Robinson SR, Jobson LA. Brief report: The relationship between post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and overgeneral autobiographical memory in older adults. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Robinson
- Psychology Department, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Laura A. Jobson
- Norwich UK and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of East Anglia, Cambridge, UK,
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21
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Searching for the past: Exploring the dynamics of direct and generative autobiographical memory reconstruction among young and cognitively normal older adults. Mem Cognit 2020; 49:422-437. [PMID: 32965620 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Episodic autobiographical memories (EAMs) can come to mind through two retrieval routes, one direct (i.e., an EAM is retrieved almost instantaneously) and the other generative (i.e., by using autobiographical/general knowledge to cue an EAM). It is well established that normal cognitive aging is associated with a reduction in the retrieval of EAMs, but the contributions of direct or generative reconstruction to the age-related shift toward general memories remain unknown. Prior studies also have not clarified whether similar cognitive mechanisms facilitate the ability to successfully reconstruct EAMs and elaborate them in event-specific detail. To address these gaps in knowledge, young and older participants were asked to reconstruct EAMs using a "think-aloud" paradigm and then describe in detail a subset of retrieved memories. An adapted scoring procedure was implemented to categorize memories accessed during reconstruction, and the Autobiographical Interview (AI) scoring procedure was utilized for elaboration scoring. Results indicated that in comparison with young adults, older adults not only engaged in direct retrieval less often than young adults but they also more often ended generative retrieval at general events instead of EAMs. The ability to elaborate EAMs with internal details was positively associated with the ability to use generative retrieval to reconstruct EAMs in both young and older adults, but there was no relationship between internal detail elaboration and direct retrieval in either age group. Taken together, these results indicate age-related differences in direct and generative retrieval contribute to overgeneral autobiographical memory and they support a connection between generative retrieval and elaboration.
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22
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Jordão M, Pinho MS, St. Jacques PL. The effects of aging and an episodic specificity induction on spontaneous task-unrelated thought. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237340. [PMID: 32776948 PMCID: PMC7416953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When voluntarily describing their past or future, older adults typically show a reduction in episodic specificity (e.g., including fewer details reflecting a specific event, time and/or place). However, aging has less impact on other types of tasks that place minimal demands on strategic retrieval such as spontaneous thoughts. In the current study, we investigated age-related differences in the episodic specificity of spontaneous thoughts using experimenter-based coding of thought descriptions. Additionally, we tested whether an episodic specificity induction, which increases episodic detail during deliberate retrieval of events in young and older adults, has the same effect under spontaneous retrieval. Twenty-four younger and 24 healthy older adults performed two counterbalanced sessions including a video, the episodic specificity or control induction, and a vigilance task. In the episodic specificity induction, participants recalled the details of the video while in the control they solved math exercises. The impact of this manipulation on the episodic specificity of spontaneous thoughts was assessed in the subsequent vigilance task, in which participants were randomly stopped to describe their thoughts and classify them as deliberate/spontaneous. We found no differences in episodic specificity between age groups in spontaneous thoughts, supporting the prediction that automatic retrieval attenuates the episodic specificity decrease in aging. The lack of age differences was present regardless of the induction, showing no interactions. For the induction, we also found no main effect, indicating that automatic retrieval bypasses event construction and accesses pre-stored events. Overall, our evidence suggests that spontaneous retrieval is a promising strategy to support episodic specificity in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Jordão
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Pinho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Episodic memory contributions to autobiographical memory and open-ended problem-solving specificity in younger and older adults. Mem Cognit 2020; 47:1592-1605. [PMID: 31215008 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-019-00953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that episodic memory processes are required to access specific autobiographical events and the details encompassed by a single event for several functions, including remembering and personal problem solving. Since healthy cognitive aging is associated with episodic memory decline, we hypothesized that older adults would be impaired at producing specific autobiographical events and details in service of these two functions. To test this hypothesis, younger and older adults completed two tasks (generation and elaboration) across two experiments (autobiographical memory and problem solving). The generation task required participants to produce multiple specific event memories or solutions to cues within a 90-s time period. The elaboration task required participants to select a single memory or solution to describe in detail. We quantified the number of specific and non-specific responses provided during the generation task and scored the descriptions from the elaboration task for the number of episodic (internal) and non-episodic (external) details. Across experiment, older adults produced fewer specific responses (generation task) and fewer internal details (elaboration task) than younger adults. In addition, older adults generated more non-specific responses and external details than younger adults for the memory but not the problem-solving experiment. A correlational analysis showed that the number of specific responses (generation) and internal details (elaboration) correlated for the memory but not for the problem-solving experiment. These results show that age-related episodic memory decline impairs access to specific autobiographical events and detail information when remembering and problem solving, but that additional cognitive factors impact how these age declines present when solving problems.
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24
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Hallford DJ, Takano K, Raes F, Austin DW. Psychometric Evaluation of an Episodic Future Thinking Variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test – Episodic Future Thinking-Test (EFT-T). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Future-oriented variants of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) are often used to assess the generation of specific episodic future thoughts, however, as yet the underlying factor structure of items in this modified test has not been examined. Therefore, over two studies we examined the factor structure and validity of an episodic future thinking variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test (Episodic Future Thinking-Test; EFT-T). In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis ( N = 466) showed a one-factor structure underlying responses to positive, negative, and concrete noun cue words on the EFT-T. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis with a different sample ( N = 304) and using different cue words showed a good fit for a single-factor structure. In both studies, good convergent validity was found with scores on the EFT-T correlating with autobiographical memory specificity scores, with support for divergent factors also. Mixed support was found for associations with measures of mental imagery, and the implications for measurement are discussed. These studies provide the first evidence that the EFT-T unidimensionally assesses specificity in episodic future thinking across two cue word sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Raes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - David W. Austin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Wank AA, Mehl MR, Andrews-Hanna JR, Polsinelli AJ, Moseley S, Glisky EL, Grilli MD. Eavesdropping on Autobiographical Memory: A Naturalistic Observation Study of Older Adults' Memory Sharing in Daily Conversations. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:238. [PMID: 32676016 PMCID: PMC7333665 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrieval of autobiographical memories is an integral part of everyday social interactions. Prior laboratory research has revealed that older age is associated with a reduction in the retrieval of autobiographical episodic memories, and the ability to elaborate these memories with episodic details. However, how age-related reductions in episodic specificity unfold in everyday social contexts remains largely unknown. Also, constraints of the laboratory-based approach have limited our understanding of how autobiographical semantic memory is linked to older age. To address these gaps in knowledge, we used a smartphone application known as the Electronically Activated Recorder, or “EAR,” to unobtrusively capture real-world conversations over 4 days. In a sample of 102 cognitively normal older adults, we extracted instances where memories and future thoughts were shared by the participants, and we scored the shared episodic memories and future thoughts for their make-up of episodic and semantic detail. We found that older age was associated with a reduction in real-world sharing of autobiographical episodic and semantic memories. We also found that older age was linked to less episodically and semantically detailed descriptions of autobiographical episodic memories. Frequency and level of detail of shared future thoughts yielded weaker relationships with age, which may be related to the low frequency of future thoughts in general. Similar to laboratory research, there was no correlation between autobiographical episodic detail sharing and a standard episodic memory test. However, in contrast to laboratory studies, episodic detail production while sharing autobiographical episodic memories was weakly related to episodic detail production while describing future events, unrelated to working memory, and not different between men and women. Overall, our findings provide novel evidence of how older age relates to episodic specificity when autobiographical memories are assessed unobtrusively and objectively “in the wild.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey A Wank
- Human Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Matthias R Mehl
- Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica R Andrews-Hanna
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Thought Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Cognitive Science Program, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angelina J Polsinelli
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth L Glisky
- Aging and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- Human Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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26
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The effect of increasing state anxiety on autobiographical memory specificity and future thinking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101488. [PMID: 31136879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Impairments in the specificity of autobiographical memory (AM) and future thinking are associated with a range of affective and psychopathological states, however, whether these deficits also occur in the context of state anxiety is not well known. We examined the effects of increasing state anxiety on the specificity of AM and future thoughts, as well as whether changes in rumination and executive functioning mediate any observed effects. METHODS Sixty-four participants (M age = 29.1, SD = 11.5) were randomized to either an anxiety or neutral mood induction and completed pre and post-measures of the constructs of interest. RESULTS There were significant decreases observed in AM specificity in the anxiety induction group, relative to the neutral group. No changes were observed for future thinking specificity. Rumination was increased as a result of the anxiety induction, but only a non-significant trend was observed with respect to its association with changes in AM and future thinking specificity. Verbal fluency and working memory were not affected by the induction. LIMITATIONS Physiological measures of anxiety were not used. State anxiety, although increased, was not high in severity. Future research might use a clinical sample to assess generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, these findings provide first evidence of the causal impact of an anxiety induction on the ability to retrieve specific AM.
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27
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Acevedo-Molina MC, Matijevic S, Grilli MD. Beyond episodic remembering: elaborative retrieval of lifetime periods in young and older adults. Memory 2019; 28:83-93. [PMID: 31665972 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1686152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Relative to young adults, cognitively normal older adults commonly generate more semantic details and fewer episodic details in their descriptions of unique life events. It remains unclear whether this reflects a specific change to episodic memory or a broader alteration to autobiographical narration. To explore age differences across different types of autobiographical narration, we created a lifetime period narrative task that involves describing extended events. For comparison, participants also described unique life events. All autobiographical narratives were scored for episodic, semantic, and other detail generation. Relative to young adults, older adults generated more detailed narratives for remote and recent lifetime periods, which was driven by their increased retrieval of personal and general semantic details. Older adults also generated more semantic details for unique life event narratives, along with reduced episodic detail. More broadly, in both groups lifetime period narratives were largely based on semantic details, whereas episodic details were more prominent in the descriptions of unique life events. These findings indicate that the elevated generation of semantic details associated with normal cognitive aging is reflected in multiple types of autobiographical narration. We suggest that lifetime period narration is a spared aspect of autobiographical memory among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew D Grilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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28
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Autobiographical memory deficits in remitted patients with bipolar disorder I: The effect of impaired memory retrieval. Psychiatry Res 2019; 278:281-288. [PMID: 31254877 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) has been studied extensively in different psychiatric disorders. However, less is known about AM in bipolar disorder (BD). Aim of the present study was to investigate BD patients' ability to recall episodic and semantic autobiographical memories after controlling for the effect of other possible neurocognitive deficits. Participants included 30 clinically remitted outpatients with BD type I and 30 healthy controls, matched for age, gender and educational level. Autobiographical memory was examined by the Questionnaire of Autobiographical Memory. Premorbid intellectual functioning, verbal memory, verbal fluency, attention and working memory were also assessed. Bipolar patients were impaired in both episodic and semantic AM, compared with healthy individuals. Deficits involved recall of memories from childhood-adolescence, early adulthood and recent life. Additionally, patients were impaired in verbal memory compared with controls. Differences between study groups in both episodic and semantic AM remained significant even after controlling for the effect of verbal memory deficits. Remitted BD-I patients showed deficits in recalling personal episodic memories and facts dating to three different life periods. These deficits were independent of patients' lower verbal memory performance. Additional research is required to gain a better understanding of the pattern and the mechanisms underlying AM impairment in BD.
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29
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Direct and generative autobiographical memory retrieval: How different are they? Conscious Cogn 2019; 74:102793. [PMID: 31351342 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Theories of autobiographical memory have emphasised effortful generative retrieval, but recent research indicates that subjectively effortless direct retrieval is common. We compared the processes of direct and generative retrieval. Sixty-five participants retrieved 24 autobiographical memories across three cue types: concrete, emotional, and personal. We recorded retrieval latency, and participants judged direct versus generative retrieval and rated memory specificity, vividness, significance, rehearsal, and emotionality. Overall, direct retrieval was common, especially for personal cues. Directly retrieved memories were recalled faster, were less likely to be specific, and were rated more significant, rehearsed, and emotional than generatively retrieved memories. The speed of both direct and generative retrieval varied similarly according to cue type, suggesting they did not involve fundamentally different cognitive processes. These findings challenge theories that assume direct retrieval bypasses constructive processes. Instead we suggest that both direct and generative retrieval involve construction that is similarly affected by cue concreteness and relevance.
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30
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Martens K, Takano K, Barry TJ, Goedleven J, Van den Meutter L, Raes F. Remediating Reduced Autobiographical Memory in Healthy Older Adults With Computerized Memory Specificity Training (c-MeST): An Observational Before-After Study. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e13333. [PMID: 31094362 PMCID: PMC6538238 DOI: 10.2196/13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to retrieve specific autobiographical memories decreases with cognitive aging. This decline is clinically relevant due to its association with impairments in problem solving, daily functioning, and depression. A therapist-delivered group training protocol, Memory Specificity Training (MeST), has been shown to enhance the retrieval of specific memories while ameliorating the impairments and negative outcomes associated with reduced specificity. The therapist-delivered nature of this intervention means it is relatively expensive to deliver and difficult for people with mobility impairments, such as older people, to receive. Objective The objective of this study was to test if a novel, Web-based computerized version of a group training protocol called Memory Specificity Training, has the potential to increase autobiographical memory specificity and impact associated secondary psychological processes. Methods A total of 21 participants (13 female; mean age 67.05, SD 6.55) who experienced a deficit in retrieving specific autobiographical memory were trained with c-MeST. We assessed memory specificity at preintervention and postintervention, as well as secondary processes such as depressive symptoms, rumination, and problem-solving skills. Results Memory specificity increased significantly after participants completed c-MeST (r=.57). Session-to-session scores indicated that autobiographical memory specificity improved most from the online baseline assessment to the first Web-based session. Symptoms or secondary processes such as problem-solving skills did not change significantly. Conclusions A Web-based automated individual version of MeST is a feasible, low-cost intervention for reduced memory specificity in healthy older adults. Future studies should clarify the preventive impact of c-MeST in other at-risk sample populations with longer follow-up times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Martens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom J Barry
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychology, The Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jolien Goedleven
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Filip Raes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Nieto M, Latorre JM, García‐Rico MA, Hernández‐Viadel JV, Ros L, Ricarte JJ. Autobiographical memory specificity across life periods in people with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1011-1021. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nieto
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | - José Miguel Latorre
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Ros
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
| | - Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La ManchaAlbacete Spain
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32
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Nieto M, Romero D, Ros L, Zabala C, Martínez M, Ricarte JJ, Serrano JP, Latorre JM. Differences in Coping Strategies Between Young and Older Adults: The Role of Executive Functions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2019; 90:28-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415018822040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) have been identified as processes in the ability to select and apply adaptive strategies for coping with stress. This study compares executive functioning, short-term memory, and coping in a sample of young and older adults with no prior diagnosis of depression and with normal cognitive function ( N = 216). The study collected measures of depression, EFs, short-term memory, and coping. Young participants scored higher than older adults on EFs and short-term memory. Moreover, in young adults, there was a prevalence of avoidance coping strategies. Scores on depressive symptomatology were found to be related to avoidant coping strategies. Older adults with higher score on inhibition used less avoidant coping. Thus, it seems that executive deficits might contribute to depression, as they affect processes for coping with stress. This finding may have implications for the role of EFs and coping in psychological well-being and successful adaptation of individuals to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Dulce Romero
- Occupational Therapy Division, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Zabala
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuela Martínez
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan P. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose M. Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Faculty of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
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33
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Matsumoto N, Mochizuki S. Retrieval process of overgeneral memory and the capture and executive control hypothesis: using Autobiographical Memory Test with thought sampling. Memory 2018; 27:673-685. [PMID: 30489212 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1552708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The retrieval process for underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory remains unclear. In this study, we identified what leads to self-referential and categoric thoughts and examined the influence error-monitoring ability has on the reporting of categoric memories. We also examined whether cue self-relevance and/or executive control task performance are related to the number of specific memories reported. Using thought sampling, 94 college students completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, as well as a verbal fluency task and a depression scale. The results indicated that depressive symptoms and negative highly self-relevant cues were associated with self-referential/categoric thoughts during memory retrieval. Further, preceding self-referential/categoric thoughts and low error-monitoring ability predicted immediate after-reporting of categoric memories. Simultaneously, highly self-relevant cues and executive control task performance predicted the reporting of many specific memories. Subdividing the retrieval process and examining the process involved in depression are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Matsumoto
- a Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan.,b Graduate School of Informatics , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochizuki
- c Faculty of Social Policy and Administration , Hosei University , Tokyo , Japan
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34
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Sansom-Daly UM, Wakefield CE, Robertson EG, McGill BC, Wilson HL, Bryant RA. Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors' memory and future thinking processes place them at risk for poor mental health. Psychooncology 2018; 27:2709-2716. [PMID: 30109738 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identity formation is a key developmental milestone for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Autobiographical memory and future-thinking are crucial cognitive processes underpinning this, which may be impacted by cancer experiences. We know little about how these processes might be related to AYAs' adjustment to cancer, quality of life (QoL), and mental health outcomes. METHODS We examined autobiographical memory and future-thinking processes, and their relationship with mental health outcomes, among 77 AYA cancer survivors (Mage = 22.3 years, 59.7% female), compared with 62 community-based controls (Mage = 23.3 years, 50% female). Participants completed the Life Narratives Interview, Future Imaginings Task, measures assessing depression, anxiety, QoL, and cancer-related identity. We coded two facets of autobiographical thinking: thematic content and specificity. RESULTS Relative to controls, survivors recounted more negative life narratives (P = .000). Survivors' memories and future lives were more health/illness-focused (P = .000) and they remembered past events with greater specificity (P = .007) than controls. In contrast, survivors imagined their future lives with less specificity than controls (P = .000). Regression analyses highlighted that being female, greater identification as a "cancer survivor," worse depression, and recent cancer treatment-completion significantly predicted maladaptive autobiographical thinking processes. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to key modifiable cognitive processes relevant to AYAs' cancer-related adjustment and future mental health. To bolster resilience into longer-term survivorship, clinicians could adapt existing evidence-based, cognitive-behavioural interventions to assist AYAs to imagine future events in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Sansom-Daly
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, L1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St., Randwick, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's/Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Youth Cancer Service, Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire E Wakefield
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, L1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St., Randwick, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's/Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eden G Robertson
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, L1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St., Randwick, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's/Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brittany C McGill
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, L1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St., Randwick, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's/Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen L Wilson
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, L1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St., Randwick, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's/Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Guler OE, Mackovichova S. The role of executive function in autobiographical memory retrieval: does the type of cue word matter? Memory 2018; 27:423-430. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1513040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Evren Guler
- Department of Psychology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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36
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Leahy F, Ridout N, Holland C. Memory flexibility training for autobiographical memory as an intervention for maintaining social and mental well-being in older adults. Memory 2018; 26:1310-1322. [PMID: 29733760 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1464582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory specificity (AMS) reduces with increasing age and is associated with depression, social problem-solving and functional limitations. However, ability to switch between general and specific, as well as between positive and negative retrieval, may be more important for the strategic use of autobiographical information in everyday life. Ability to switch between retrieval modes is likely to rely on aspects of executive function. We propose that age-related deficits in cognitive flexibility impair AMS, but the "positivity effect" protects positively valenced memories from impaired specificity. A training programme to improve the ability to flexibly retrieve different types of memories in depressed adults (MemFlex) was examined in non-depressed older adults to determine effects on AMS, valence and the executive functions underlying cognitive flexibility. Thirty-nine participants aged 70+ (MemFlex, n = 20; control, n = 19) took part. AMS and the inhibition aspect of executive function improved in both groups, suggesting these abilities are amenable to change, although not differentially affected by this type of training. Lower baseline inhibition scores correlated with increased negative, but not positive AMS, suggesting that positive AMS is an automatic process in older adults. Changes in AMS correlated with changes in social problem-solving, emphasising the usefulness of AMs in a social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Leahy
- a Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Nathan Ridout
- a Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Carol Holland
- b Centre for Ageing Research, Division of Health Research , Lancaster University , Lancaster , UK
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37
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Wilson FCL, Gregory JD. Overgeneral autobiographical memory and depression in older adults: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:575-586. [PMID: 28541754 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1326461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is a well-researched phenomenon in working age adults with depression. However, the relevance and importance of OGM in older adult depression is not well established. The aim of this review was to synthesise existing literature on OGM and depressive symptoms in older adults under the framework of the Capture and Rumination, Functional Avoidance and Impaired Executive Control (CaR-FA-X) model. METHOD Literature searches were conducted using PsychINFO, PubMed and Web of Knowledge. Eighteen articles were reviewed. RESULTS OGM is elevated in healthy older adults compared to adults of working age, and further elevated in older adults with depression. Evidence supports the role of impaired executive function as a mechanism for OGM in older adults with depression, but no studies measured other components of the CaR-FA-X model (i.e. functional avoidance and rumination). CONCLUSION OGM is prevalent in older adults and more so for those with depression; however, there is no clear understanding of the underpinning mechanisms. It is recommended that future research looks at the role of functional avoidance and rumination, and at the use of memory specificity interventions being developed in the working age adult literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C L Wilson
- a Cossham Memorial Hospital , North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - J D Gregory
- b Department of Psychology , University of Bath , Bath , United Kingdom
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38
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Ros L, Romero D, Ricarte JJ, Serrano JP, Nieto M, Latorre JM. Measurement of overgeneral autobiographical memory: Psychometric properties of the autobiographical memory test in young and older populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196073. [PMID: 29672583 PMCID: PMC5908191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) is the most widely used measure of overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM). The AMT appears to have good psychometric properties, but more research is needed on the influence and applicability of individual cue words in different languages and populations. To date, no studies have evaluated its usefulness as a measure of OMG in Spanish or older populations. This work aims to analyze the applicability of the AMT in young and older Spanish samples. We administered a Spanish version of the AMT to samples of young (N = 520) and older adults (N = 155). We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory-based analysis (IRT) and differential item functioning (DIF). Results confirm the one-factor structure for the AMT. IRT analysis suggests that both groups find the AMT easy given that they generally perform well, and that it is more precise in individuals who score low on memory specificity. DIF analysis finds three items differ in their functioning depending on age group. This differential functioning of these items affects the overall AMT scores and, thus, they should be excluded from the AMT in studies comparing young and older samples. We discuss the possible implications of the samples and cue words used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Dulce Romero
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan P. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose M. Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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39
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Allen AP, Doyle C, Commins S, Roche RA. Autobiographical memory, the ageing brain and mechanisms of psychological interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:100-111. [PMID: 29246541 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the impact of healthy cognitive ageing and dementia on autobiographical memory (AM) may help deepen our theoretical understanding of memory and underlying neural changes. The distinction between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory is particularly informative in this regard. Psychological interventions, particularly those involving reminiscence or music, have led to differential effects on episodic and semantic autobiographical memory. We propose that executive function is a key mediator of psychological therapies on autobiographical memory. We also highlight that interventions that alleviate stress and improve mood, including in major depression, can enhance autobiographical memory. Future research employing more longitudinal approaches and examining moderating factors such as gender and education level will deepen our understanding of changes in AM in later life, enhance our theoretical understanding of the neuroscience of AM and ageing, and help to develop better targeted interventions for preserving AM in older adults.
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40
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Leahy F, Ridout N, Mushtaq F, Holland C. Improving specific autobiographical memory in older adults: impacts on mood, social problem solving, and functional limitations. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 25:695-723. [PMID: 28825508 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1365815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Older adults have difficulty recalling specific autobiographical events. This over-general memory style is a vulnerability factor for depression. Two groups receiving interventions that have previously been successful at reducing over-general memory in depressed populations were compared to a control group. Participants were healthy older adults aged ≥70 years: memory specificity training (MEST; n = 22), life review (n = 22), and control group (n = 22). There were significant improvements in autobiographical memory specificity in the MEST and life review groups at post-training, relative to the control group, suggesting that over-general memory can be reduced in older adults. Change in social problem solving ability and functional limitations were related to change in autobiographical memory specificity, supporting the suggested role of specific retrieval in generating solutions to social problems and maintaining independence. Qualitative analysis of participants' feedback revealed that life review may be more appropriate for older adults, possibly because it involves integrating specific memories into a positive narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Leahy
- a School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Nathan Ridout
- a School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Faizah Mushtaq
- b National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK.,c Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Carol Holland
- a School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
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41
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Silvestre D, Cláudio V. A relação entre a sintomatologia depressiva e a evocação de memórias autobiográficas em pessoas idosas. PSYCHOLOGY, COMMUNITY & HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.5964/pch.v6i1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo
É evidente o envelhecimento da população e a prevalência elevada da depressão nos idosos. Propõe-se, nesta investigação, compreender a relação entre a sintomatologia depressiva e a evocação de memórias autobiográficas nos idosos, pois estudos nesta área têm mostrado que a sobregeneralização das memórias autobiográficas apresenta-se como uma característica estável que funciona como marcador e preditor da depressão.
Método
A amostra é constituída por 50 idosos, com idades entre os 65 e os 92 anos. Foram divididos por dois grupos: Sem Sintomatologia Depressiva (n = 32) e Com Sintomatologia Depressiva (n = 18). Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, o Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), o Inventário da Depressão de Beck (BDI), o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado e Traço (STAI) e a Tarefa de Memória Autobiográfica.
Resultados
Constata-se a inexistência de uma sobregeneralização das memórias autobiográficas nas pessoas com sintomatologia depressiva. Os idosos sem sintomatologia depressiva não diferem significativamente dos idosos com sintomatologia depressiva na evocação de memórias autobiográficas específicas, categóricas e alargadas, de valência emocional positiva e negativa e nos tempos de latência.
Conclusão
Levanta-se a hipótese da inexistência de diferenças significativas poderem ser explicadas pela severidade ligeira dos sintomas depressivos apresentados pela maioria dos idosos com sintomatologia depressiva. Sugere-se a expansão do conhecimento nesta área que permita a prevenção e o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais adequadas aos idosos.
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42
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Luchetti M, Sutin AR. Age differences in autobiographical memory across the adult lifespan: older adults report stronger phenomenology. Memory 2017; 26:117-130. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1335326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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43
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McDonnell CG, Valentino K, Diehl JJ. A developmental psychopathology perspective on autobiographical memory in autism spectrum disorder. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Mair A, Poirier M, Conway MA. Supporting older and younger adults’ memory for recent everyday events: A prospective sampling study using SenseCam. Conscious Cogn 2017; 49:190-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Takano K, Mori M, Nishiguchi Y, Moriya J, Raes F. Psychometric properties of the written version of the autobiographical memory test in a japanese community sample. Psychiatry Res 2017; 248:56-63. [PMID: 28013087 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The autobiographical memory test (AMT) is a widely used measure to assess the specificity of autobiographical memories. Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity (AMS) or increased overgeneralization of memories is considered as a cognitive hallmark of depression. Therefore, reduced AMS is the subject of much psychopathological research, and is a promising target for psychological interventions. Although considerable evidence has been gathered on the clinical relevance of reduced AMS over the past decades, studies on AMS have been mainly conducted in Western populations, and few have been conducted in Asian populations. This could be because of the unknown psychometric properties of the AMT given cultural and language differences. Therefore, the present study examined the psychometric properties of the AMT in a Japanese community sample (N=1240). Our data replicated that (a) the AMT has a uni-factorial structure; (b) AMS has a small but statistically significant negative correlation with depressive symptoms; (c) AMS shows a significant declining trend as a function of age, which influences the magnitude of the association between AMS and depressive symptoms in older adults. These findings suggest that the AMT has robust psychometric properties across different languages and cultural backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Masaki Mori
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishiguchi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Jun Moriya
- Department of Sociology, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Filip Raes
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ricarte J, Ros L, Serrano JP, Martínez-Lorca M, Latorre JM. Age differences in rumination and autobiographical retrieval. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:1063-9. [PMID: 26134094 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher well-being in older adults compared to young adults is a well-known phenomenon. However, the variables associated with this effect are still uncertain. Negative repetitive thinking (rumination) is a transdiagnostic variable related to psychopathology. It is strongly associated with depression and a lack of specificity in autobiographical retrieval. This research explores age differences in the association of rumination with mood, autobiographical memories and working memory. METHOD Two groups of participants (older adults versus young adults), recruited through a public announcement, were compared in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Older adults ruminated less than young participants. Rumination was positively associated with depression scores but not with working memory scores in both samples. More importantly, the interaction between brooding rumination and negative autobiographical memories was the only significant variable to explain the variance of mood scores in young participants. However, in older participants, the interaction between brooding and positive autobiographical memories significantly explained the variance of mood scores. Digit span forward and the interaction of brooding by negative autobiographical memories also significantly explained mood scores in older adults. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a different interaction between brooding rumination and the valence of autobiographical memories may be a relevant variable associated with mood differences by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ricarte
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain.,b Research Institute of Neurological Disabilities (INIDE) , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain.,b Research Institute of Neurological Disabilities (INIDE) , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain
| | - Juan P Serrano
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain.,b Research Institute of Neurological Disabilities (INIDE) , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain
| | - Manuela Martínez-Lorca
- c Department of Psychology, Facultuy of Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy and Nursing , University of Castilla La Mancha , Talavera de la Reina , Spain
| | - José M Latorre
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain.,b Research Institute of Neurological Disabilities (INIDE) , University of Castilla La Mancha , Albacete , Spain
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Ricarte JJ, Ros L, Latorre JM, Muñoz MD, Aguilar MJ, Hernandez JV. Role of anxiety and brooding in specificity of autobiographical recall. Scand J Psychol 2016; 57:495-500. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Latorre
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Vicente Hernandez
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Mental Health Service of Castilla La Mancha; Cuenca Spain
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Benjamin MJ, Cifelli A, Garrard P, Caine D, Jones FW. The role of working memory and verbal fluency in autobiographical memory in early Alzheimer's disease and matched controls. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:115-21. [PMID: 26443928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval of autobiographical memories (AMs) is important for "sense of self". Previous research and theoretical accounts suggest that working memory (WM) and semantic and phonemic fluency abilities facilitate the hierarchical search for, and reliving of past, personal events in the mind's eye. However, there remains a lack of consensus as to the nature of the relationships between these cognitive functions and the truly episodic aspects of AM. The present study therefore aimed to explore the associations between these variables in a sample with a wide range of cognitive abilities. The study incorporated a between-groups component, and a correlational component with multiple regression. Participants with Alzheimer's disease (n=10) and matched healthy controls (n=10) were assessed on measures of semantic and episodic AM search and retrieval, auditory and spatial WM, and semantic and phonemic fluency. The AD group produced less episodic AM content compared to controls. Semantic fluency predicted episodic AM retrieval independent of age effects but there were no significant relationships between measures of phonemic fluency, WM and episodic AM. The results suggest that the ability to maintain hierarchical search of the semantic knowledge-base is important for truly episodic reliving, and interventions for people with AM impairment might therefore benefit from incorporating structured, individualised external memory-aids to facilitate AM search and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Benjamin
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alberto Cifelli
- Department of Neurology, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Neurology, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Neuroscience Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, UK
| | - Diana Caine
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Fergal W Jones
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK.
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Aizpurua A, Koutstaal W. A matter of focus: Detailed memory in the intentional autobiographical recall of older and younger adults. Conscious Cogn 2015; 33:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Latorre JM, Serrano JP, Ricarte J, Bonete B, Ros L, Sitges E. Life review based on remembering specific positive events in active aging. J Aging Health 2014; 27:140-57. [PMID: 25005172 DOI: 10.1177/0898264314541699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of life review (LR) based on specific positive events in non-depressed older adults taking part in an active aging program. METHOD Fifty-five older adults were randomly assigned to an experimental group or an active control (AC) group. A six-session individual training of LR based on specific positive events was carried out with the experimental group. The AC group undertook a "media workshop" of six sessions focused on learning journalistic techniques. Pre-test and post-test measures included life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, experiencing the environment as rewarding, and autobiographical memory (AM) scales. RESULTS LR intervention decreased depressive symptomatology, improved life satisfaction, and increased specific memories. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that practice in AM for specific events is an effective component of LR that could be a useful tool in enhancing emotional well-being in active aging programs, thus reducing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Latorre
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute (IDINE), Albacete, Spain University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan P Serrano
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute (IDINE), Albacete, Spain University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Ricarte
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute (IDINE), Albacete, Spain University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ros
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute (IDINE), Albacete, Spain University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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