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Ricciotti E, Haines PG, Chai W, FitzGerald GA. Prostanoids in Cardiac and Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:558-583. [PMID: 38269585 PMCID: PMC10922399 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Prostanoids are biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid by the action of the COX (cyclooxygenase) isozymes. NSAIDs, which reduce the biosynthesis of prostanoids by inhibiting COX activity, are effective anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drugs. However, their use is limited by cardiovascular adverse effects, including myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, and heart failure. While it is well established that NSAIDs increase the risk of atherothrombotic events and hypertension by suppressing vasoprotective prostanoids, less is known about the link between NSAIDs and heart failure risk. Current evidence indicates that NSAIDs may increase the risk for heart failure by promoting adverse myocardial and vascular remodeling. Indeed, prostanoids play an important role in modulating structural and functional changes occurring in the myocardium and in the vasculature in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. This review will summarize current knowledge of the role of the different prostanoids in myocardial and vascular remodeling and explore how maladaptive remodeling can be counteracted by targeting specific prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Philip G Haines
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence (P.G.H.)
| | - William Chai
- Health and Human Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI (W.C.)
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Department of Medicine (G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Guha Ray A, Odum OP, Wiseman D, Weinstock A. The diverse roles of macrophages in metabolic inflammation and its resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147434. [PMID: 36994095 PMCID: PMC10041730 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most functionally diverse immune cells, indispensable to maintain tissue integrity and metabolic health. Macrophages perform a myriad of functions ranging from promoting inflammation, through inflammation resolution to restoring and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Metabolic diseases encompass a growing list of diseases which develop from a mix of genetics and environmental cues leading to metabolic dysregulation and subsequent inflammation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of macrophages to four metabolic conditions-insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegeneration. The role of macrophages is complex, yet they hold great promise as potential therapies to address these growing health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Gurung AB, Laso A, Bhattacharjee A. Identification of potential drug-like molecules for inhibition of the inflammatory activity of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:5293-5306. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1698465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Bahadur Gurung
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Aibanjiedlang Laso
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
- Bioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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4
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Negre-Salvayre A, Guerby P, Gayral S, Laffargue M, Salvayre R. Role of reactive oxygen species in atherosclerosis: Lessons from murine genetic models. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 149:8-22. [PMID: 31669759 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic and inflammatory disease of medium and large arteries, and the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves a number of risk factors and complex events including hypercholesterolemia, endothelial dysfunction, increased permeability to low density lipoproteins (LDL) and their sequestration on extracellular matrix in the intima of lesion-prone areas. These events promote LDL modifications, particularly by oxidation, which generates acute and chronic inflammatory responses implicated in atherogenesis and lesion progression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (which include both free radical and non-free radical oxygen intermediates), play a key-role at each step of atherogenesis, in endothelial dysfunction, LDL oxidation, and inflammatory events involved in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis lesions. Most advanced knowledge supporting the "oxidative theory of atherosclerosis" i.e. the nature and the cellular sources of ROS and antioxidant defences, as well as the mechanisms involved in the redox balance, is based on the use of genetically engineered animals, i.e. transgenic, genetically modified, or altered for systems producing or neutralizing ROS in the vessels. This review summarizes the results obtained from animals genetically manipulated for various sources of ROS or antioxidant defences in the vascular wall, and their relevance (advance or limitation), for understanding the place and role of ROS in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Guerby
- Inserm U-1048, Université de Toulouse, France; Pôle de gynécologie obstétrique, Hôpital Paule-de-Viguier, CHU de Toulouse, France
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5
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Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used therapeutic class in clinical medicine. These are sub-divided based on their selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) into: (1) non-selective (ns-NSAIDs), and (2) selective NSAIDs (s-NSAIDs) with preferential inhibition of COX-2 isozyme. The safety and pathophysiology of NSAIDs on the renal and cardiovascular systems have continued to evolve over the years following short- and long-term treatment in both preclinical models and humans. This review summarizes major learnings on cardiac and renal complications associated with pharmaceutical inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 with focus on preclinical to clinical translatability of cardio-renal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, USA
| | - K Nasir Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, USA
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6
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Papageorgiou N, Zacharia E, Briasoulis A, Charakida M, Tousoulis D. Celecoxib for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:619-33. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1161756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Praticò D. Prostanoids, Their Receptors, and Atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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COX-2 protects against atherosclerosis independently of local vascular prostacyclin: identification of COX-2 associated pathways implicate Rgl1 and lymphocyte networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98165. [PMID: 24887395 PMCID: PMC4041570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyxlo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, including traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with increased cardiovascular side effects, including myocardial infarction. We and others have shown that COX-1 and not COX-2 drives vascular prostacyclin in the healthy cardiovascular system, re-opening the question of how COX-2 might regulate cardiovascular health. In diseased, atherosclerotic vessels, the relative contribution of COX-2 to prostacyclin formation is not clear. Here we have used apoE(-/-)/COX-2(-/-) mice to show that, whilst COX-2 profoundly limits atherosclerosis, this protection is independent of local prostacyclin release. These data further illustrate the need to look for new explanations, targets and pathways to define the COX/NSAID/cardiovascular risk axis. Gene expression profiles in tissues from apoE(-/-)/COX-2(-/-) mice showed increased lymphocyte pathways that were validated by showing increased T-lymphocytes in plaques and elevated plasma Th1-type cytokines. In addition, we identified a novel target gene, rgl1, whose expression was strongly reduced by COX-2 deletion across all examined tissues. This study is the first to demonstrate that COX-2 protects vessels against atherosclerotic lesions independently of local vascular prostacyclin and uses systems biology approaches to identify new mechanisms relevant to development of next generation NSAIDs.
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Zhao L, Grosser T, Fries S, Kadakia L, Wang H, Zhao J, Falotico R. Lipoxygenase and prostaglandin G/H synthase cascades in cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:649-58. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.4.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Regulation of inflammation by extracellular acidification and proton-sensing GPCRs. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2263-71. [PMID: 23917207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Under ischemic and inflammatory circumstances, such as allergic airway asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and tumors, extracellular acidification occurs due to the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis. An acidic microenvironment has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin synthesis, and cytokine expression, in a variety of cell types, and thereby to exacerbate or ameliorate inflammation. However, molecular mechanisms underlying extracellular acidic pH-induced actions have not been fully understood. Recent studies have shown that ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1)-family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can sense extracellular pH or protons, which in turn stimulates intracellular signaling pathways and subsequent diverse cellular responses. In the present review, I discuss extracellular acidic pH-induced inflammatory responses and related responses in inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and non-inflammatory cells, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, focusing especially on proton-sensing GPCRs.
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Roghair RD, Volk KA, Lamb FS, Segar JL. Impact of maternal dexamethasone on coronary PGE(2) production and prostaglandin-dependent coronary reactivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R513-9. [PMID: 22832534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00658.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with increased fetal glucocorticoid exposure and an increased risk of adult coronary artery disease. Coronary arteries from sheep exposed to early gestation dexamethasone (Dex) have increased constriction to angiotensin II (ANG II). Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) helps maintain coronary dilation, but PGE(2) production is acutely decreased by Dex administration. We hypothesized early gestation Dex exposure impairs adult coronary PGE(2) production with subsequent increases in coronary reactivity. Dex was administered to ewes at 27-28 days gestation (term 145 days). Coronary reactivity was assessed by wire myography in offspring at 4 mo of age (N = 5 to 7). Coronary smooth muscle cells were cultured and prostaglandin production was measured after 90 min incubation with radiolabeled arachidonate. Coronary myocytes from Dex-exposed lambs had a significant decrease in PGE(2) production that was reversed with ANG II incubation. Dex-exposed coronary arteries had increased constriction to ANG II and attenuated dilatation to arachidonic acid, with the greatest difference seen after the endothelium was inactivated by rubbing. Preincubation with the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin altered control responses and recapitulated the heightened coronary tone seen following Dex exposure. We conclude that impaired coronary smooth muscle COX-mediated PGE(2) production contributes to the coronary dysfunction elicited by early gestation Dex. Programmed inhibition of vasodilatory prostanoid production may link an adverse intrauterine environment with adult coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Roghair
- Department of Pediatrics, 1270 CBRB, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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12
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Kaber G, Kaiser B, Baumgärtel-Allekotte D, Rauch B, Nossmann S, Heim K, Weber A, Nagy N, Fischer J, Schrör K. Antagonism of the antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic actions of aspirin by rofecoxib in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:561-9. [PMID: 21457221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Most patients at elevated cardiovascular risk receive long-term aspirin (ASA) anti-platelet treatment. The present study specifically addresses the pharmacological interactions between selective COX-2 inhibitors and ASA and the possible consequences for the thrombotic risk during long-term treatment. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH New Zealand white rabbits were fed a standard laboratory diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol (CON) for 12 weeks. Age-matched control rabbits were fed the same standard diet without addition of cholesterol (SD). Rabbits were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: rofecoxib (ROFE, 25 mg·kg⁻¹, bid), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 5 mg·kg⁻¹, bid) or a combination of both (ASA + ROFE). At the end of the feeding period, the severity of atherosclerotic plaque formation was assessed in the aorta. Thrombus formation was assessed in the left carotid artery using a modified Folts procedure. KEY RESULTS Treatment of cholesterol-fed rabbits with ASA significantly reduced plaque formation. This reduction in lesion size was not observed in animals treated with the combination of rofecoxib and ASA. In the modified Folts model, treatment with either rofecoxib or ASA increased the total blood flow above that of untreated animals. This increase was statistically significant in the case of ASA, while cotreatment with rofecoxib abolished this ASA effect completely and reduced the total flow rate to the levels seen in untreated hypercholesterolaemic controls. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 inhibition by rofecoxib attenuates the antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic effects of ASA during long-term treatment in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaber
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Liu JP, Komachi M, Tomura H, Mogi C, Damirin A, Tobo M, Takano M, Nochi H, Tamoto K, Sato K, Okajima F. Ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1-dependent and -independent vascular actions to acidic pH in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H731-42. [PMID: 20622109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00977.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation disease characterized by acidic micromilieu and the accumulation of numerous bioactive lipid mediators, such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and prostaglandins, in the atherosclerotic lesion. Chronic acidification induced various effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. In this study, we examine the role of proton-sensing ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) in extracellular acidification-induced regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 induction, PGI(2) production, MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 expression, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression and proliferation in human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs). Experiments with knockdown with small interfering RNA specific to OGR1 and specific inhibitors for G proteins showed that acidification-induced COX-2 expression, PGI(2) production, and MKP-1 expression, but not PAI-1 expression and inhibition of proliferation, were dependent on OGR1 and mainly mediated by G(q/11) protein. LPA remarkably enhanced, through the LPA(1) receptor/G(i) protein, the OGR1-mediated vascular actions to acidic pH. In conclusion, acidic pH-induced vascular actions of AoSMCs can be dissected to OGR1-dependent and -independent pathways: COX-2 expression, PGI(2) production, and MKP-1 expression are mediated by OGR1, but PAI-1 expression and inhibition of proliferation are not. LPA, which is usually thought to be a proatherogenic lipid mediator, may exert antiatherogenic actions under acidic micromilieu through cross-talk between LPA(1)/G(i) protein and OGR1/G(q/11) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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14
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Bacigaluppi M, Comi G, Hermann DM. Animal models of ischemic stroke. Part one: modeling risk factors. Open Neurol J 2010; 4:26-33. [PMID: 20802809 PMCID: PMC2928914 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01004020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability and death in developed and developing countries. As emerging disease, stroke related mortality and morbidity is going to step up in the next decades. This is both due to the poor identification of risk factors and persistence of unhealthy habits, as well as to the aging of the population. To counteract the estimated increase in stroke incidence, it is of primary importance to identify risk factors, study their effects, to promote primary and secondary prevention, and to extend the therapeutic repertoire that is currently limited to the very first hours after stroke. While epidemiologic studies in the human population are essential to identify emerging risk factors, adequate animal models represent a fundamental tool to dissect stroke risk factors to their molecular mechanism and to find efficacious therapeutic strategies for this complex multi- factorial disorder. The present review is organized into two parts: the first part deals with the animal models that have been developed to study stroke and its related risk factors and the second part analyzes the specific stroke models. These models represent an indispensable tool to investigate the mechanisms of cerebral injury and to develop novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bacigaluppi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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Sellers RS, Radi ZA, Khan NK. Pathophysiology of cyclooxygenases in cardiovascular homeostasis. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:601-13. [PMID: 20418470 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810364389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)), which is subsequently converted to the prostanoids PGE(2), PGI(2), PGF(2alpha), and thromboxane A(2). COX has 2 distinct membrane-anchored isoenzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most normal tissues; COX-2 is highly induced by proinflammatory mediators in the setting of inflammation, injury, and pain. Inhibitors of COX activity include conventional nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as COX-2 inhibitors. The adverse effects of COX inhibitors on the cardiovascular system have been addressed in the last few years. In general, COX inhibitors have many effects, but those most important to the cardiovascular system can be direct (through the effects of prostanoids) and indirect (through alterations in fluid dynamics). Despite reports of detrimental human cardiovascular events associated with COX inhibitors, short, long, and lifetime preclinical toxicology studies in rodents and nonrodents have failed to identify these risks. This article focuses on the expression and function of COX enzymes in normal and pathologic conditions of the cardiovascular system and discusses the cardiovascular pathophysiologic complications associated with COX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sellers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine Cancer Center, Histology and Comparative Pathology Facility, 158 Price Center, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Raval M, Frank PG, Laury-Kleintop L, Yan G, Lanza-Jacoby S. Celecoxib combined with atorvastatin prevents progression of atherosclerosis. J Surg Res 2010; 163:e113-22. [PMID: 20538289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) contributes to atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest that COX-2 inhibitors prevent early plaque development but their effects on established lesions are less clear, while the statins promote plaque stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether administering a combination of a COX-2 inhibitor with a statin drug alters plaque progression in apo E-/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apo E-/- mice were fed a Western diet from 6 to 26 wk of age. At 26 wk, the Western diets supplemented with atorvastatin, celecoxib, or atorvastatin plus celecoxib were given for an additional 12 wk. RESULTS When the mice were 38 wk of age, the total area occupied by the atherosclerotic lesion was 53% less in the mice fed the combination of atorvastatin + celecoxib P ≤ 0.05) than that of the apo E-/- mice fed the Western diet alone, atorvastatin alone, or celecoxib alone. The decreased extent of atherosclerosis observed in the apo E-/- mice fed the combination of drugs was associated with reduced levels of prostaglandin (PG) E(2,) decreased protein expression of metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP-1), and COX 2, and decreased staining for MMP-9, F4-80 (a marker for macrophages), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM). CONCLUSION This study indicates that using statins with a COX-2 inhibitor reduced the extent of atherosclerosis and inflammatory/cell adhesion molecule levels in the apo E-/- mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Raval
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19017, USA
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive inflammatory vascular disease that is characterized by a complex interplay between some components of the bloodstream and the arterial wall. The lipid derivatives eicosanoids have been identified as important mediators that contribute to mechanisms of atherogenesis. Prostaglandins and thromboxane A2 are members of the eicosanoid family synthesized from arachidonic acid by the combined action of cyclooxygenases and prostaglandins and thromboxane A2 synthase. Thromboxane A2, a potent platelet activator and vasoconstrictor and prostacyclin, a platelet inhibitor and vasodilator, are the most important in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Several pro-atherogenic biological effects have also been attributed to isoprostanes, a class of eicosanoid isomers formed via a free radical-mediated oxidation of fatty acids esterified in membrane phospholipids. Both groups of lipids manifest their biological activities by binding to specific receptors in target cells. In this article, we will describe the biological roles of prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 and isoprostanes in atherogenesis and discuss the latest pharmacological studies assessing the therapeutic effects of drugs that specifically target their biosynthesis and/or biological activities on vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Praticò
- Temple University, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Narasimha AJ, Watanabe J, Ishikawa TO, Priceman SJ, Wu L, Herschman HR, Reddy ST. Absence of myeloid COX-2 attenuates acute inflammation but does not influence development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:260-8. [PMID: 19926832 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of myeloid cell cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the progression of atherosclerosis has not been clearly defined. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the role of COX-2 expressed in the myeloid lineage in the development of atherosclerosis using a myeloid-specific COX-2(-/-) (COX-2(-M/-M)) mouse on a hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-) background (COX-2(-M/-M)/apoE(-/-)). Myeloid COX-2 depletion resulted in significant attenuation of acute inflammation corresponding with decreased PGE(2) levels in an air pouch model. COX-2 depletion in myeloid cells did not influence development of atherosclerosis in COX-2(-M/-M)/apoE(-/-) when compared to apoE(-/-) littermates fed either chow or western diets. The unanticipated lack of contribution of myeloid COX-2 to the development atherosclerosis is not attributable to altered maintenance, differentiation, or mobilization of myeloid and lymphoid populations. Moreover, myeloid COX-2 depletion resulted in unaltered serum prostanoid levels and cellular composition of atherosclerotic lesions of COX-2(-M/-M)/apoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that COX-2 expression in myeloid cells, including macrophages, does not influence the development of atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay J Narasimha
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif 90095, USA
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Prostanoid and isoprostanoid pathways in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases in atherosclerosis: Recent insights and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:161-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Macrae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Jacob S, Laury-Kleintop L, Lanza-Jacoby S. The select cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib reduced the extent of atherosclerosis in apo E-/- mice. J Surg Res 2007; 146:135-42. [PMID: 17950326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many investigators have suggested that immune activation may trigger the atherosclerotic process. The benefits of aspirin in preventing myocardial infarction have been attributed, in part, to its anti-inflammatory effects. Several reports have documented that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is up-regulated in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. To clarify the role of COX-2 in atherosclerosis, we conducted a study to test whether the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, prevents the development and progression of the atherosclerotic process. We have used the apo E-/- mouse, a relevant animal model of atherosclerosis that develops fibrofatty lesions similar to human atherosclerosis. Treatment of 4-wk old apo E-/- mice with a standard rodent no. 5020 diet supplemented with 900 ppm of celecoxib for 16 wk led to an 81% reduction in lesion size. The mean lesion area per section (mean +/- SD) of proximal aorta from the apo E-/- mice fed the diet with celecoxib (33,991 +/- 7863 microm2, P < 0.001) was significantly less than that of the untreated apo E-/- mice (183,401 +/- 36,212 microm2). There were no lesions detected in the C57B1/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry of the ileum revealed that there was 80% reduction in staining for intercellular adhesion molecule and 60% reduction in staining for vascular cell adhesion molecule in the celecoxib treated mice. The protective effect of celecoxib was not maintained when the mice were switched after feeding the celecoxib-supplemented diet to the control 5020 diet for an additional 10 wk. These findings demonstrate that selective inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme with celecoxib prevented the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the proximal aortas from apo E-/- mice. One of the possible mechanisms is reduction in expression of the endothelial cell adhesion cell molecules intercellular adhesion molecule and vascular cell adhesion molecule, which plays a key role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the early stages of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Jacob
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 115:1634-42. [PMID: 17325246 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Metzner J, Popp L, Marian C, Schmidt R, Manderscheid C, Renne C, Fisslthaler B, Fleming I, Busse R, Geisslinger G, Niederberger E. The effects of COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:623-33. [PMID: 17318614 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of prolonged administration of the selective COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib and the non-selective NSAID naproxen on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. ApoE(-/-) mice, as well as corresponding wild-type mice, were fed either a normal chow or a high fat Western diet with or without addition of the respective drugs over a period of 16 weeks. Thereafter, aortic lesion size, plasma lipid levels, and COX-2 expression in the plaques were determined. The results showed that neither the COX-2 selective inhibitors nor naproxen had a significant impact on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in diet-fed ApoE(-/-) mice, although both celecoxib and rofecoxib showed a tendency to reduce plaque size. This slight effect may be due to selective inhibition of COX-2 activity because the COX-2 expression was not altered in the plaque. Plasma lipid levels were also not significantly influenced by these drugs. Interestingly, in ApoE(-/-) mice that have been fed with normal chow, we found an increased incidence of plaque formation after treatment with celecoxib and rofecoxib, indicating that coxibs may promote the initiation of atherosclerosis. This effect was probably masked in diet-fed mice by the more pronounced effects of the high cholesterol diet. In conclusion, the reduction in diet-induced plaque size in animals fed a high fat diet and the promotion of atherosclerosis in mice on a normal diet indicate a dual role of the coxibs. In advanced stages of atherosclerosis, they may exert antithrombotic properties due to their COX-2 inhibiting activity, whereas in very early stages they may favor the initiation of atherogenesis. However, because these results were only observed in ApoE(-/-) and not in wild-type animals, coxibs may increase the risk of thrombosis in patients with a predisposition for thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Metzner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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26
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Moncada S. Adventures in vascular biology: a tale of two mediators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:735-59. [PMID: 16627292 PMCID: PMC1609404 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
I would like to thank the Royal Society for inviting me to deliver the Croonian Lecture. In so doing, the Society is adding my name to a list of very distinguished scientists who, since 1738, have preceded me in this task. This is, indeed, a great honour. For most of my research career my main interest has been the understanding of the normal functioning of the blood vessel wall and the way this is affected in pathology. During this time, our knowledge of these subjects has grown to such an extent that many people now believe that the conquering of vascular disease is a real possibility in the foreseeable future. My lecture concerns the discovery of two substances, prostacyclin and nitric oxide. I would like to describe the moments of insight and some of the critical experiments that contributed significantly to the uncovering of their roles in vascular biology. The process was often adventurous, hence the title of this lecture. It is the excitement of the adventure that I would like to convey in the text that follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moncada
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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27
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Páramo JA, Beloqui O, Orbe J. Ciclooxigenasa 2: ¿una nueva diana terapéutica en la aterosclerosis? Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 126:782-6. [PMID: 16792983 DOI: 10.1157/13089104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder of the arterial tree associated with several risk factors. From the initial phases to eventual rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, a low-grade inflammation, also termed microinflammation, appears to play a key pathogenetic role. Systemic inflammatory markers (C reactive protein, cytokines adhesion molecules) also play a role in this process. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme which catalyzes the generation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, also contributes to lesion formation. Recent reports by our group have demonstrated increased monocyte COX-2 activity and the production of prostaglandin E2 in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects. Our findings support the notion that the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 axis may have a role, raising the question as to whether its selective inhibition might be an attractive therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. COX-2 inhibitors, collectively called "coxibs" (celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib, etc), held a promise as anti-inflammatory drugs without the some of the side effects of aspirin or non steroidal antiinflammatory agents. However, clinical studies raise several clinically relevant questions as to their beneficial role in atherosclerosis prevention, because of increased thrombogenicity and cardiovascular risk, and therefore coxibs should be restricted in atherosclerosis-prone patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Páramo
- Servicio de Hematología, Laboratorio de Aterosclerosis,Centro para la Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Clínica Universitaria,Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España.
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28
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Cipollone F, Fazia ML. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition: Vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:245-51. [PMID: 16640962 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a role in pathophysiologic processes like inflammation and pain but is also constitutively expressed in tissues such as the kidney or vascular endothelium, where it exerts important physiologic functions. Although much evidence exists that implicates COX-2 in atherosclerosis, its role in this setting remains substantially uncertain. This observation is also confirmed by the results of clinical trials of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Treatment with these drugs, developed with the assumption that they would be as effective as nonselective COX inhibitors but without their gastrointestinal side effects, has been reported to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. In this article, we review the pattern of expression of COX-2 in the cellular players of atherothrombosis, its role as a determinant of plaque vulnerability, and the vascular effects on prostanoid inhibition by COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cipollone
- Centro Regionale per la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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29
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Soumian S, Gibbs R, Davies A, Albrecht C. mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid efflux and matrix degradation in occlusive and ectatic atherosclerotic disease. J Clin Pathol 2006; 58:1255-60. [PMID: 16311343 PMCID: PMC1770805 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic plaque behaviour is influenced by intra-plaque inflammation, matrix turnover, and the lipid core volume. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) modulates atherosclerosis by its anti-inflammatory and anti-protease activity. PPARgamma promotes lipid efflux through the liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) are implicated in plaque instability. AIMS To assess the expression of these genes in occlusive and ectatic atherosclerotic disease to determine the relation between genes involved in lipid efflux and matrix degradation. METHODS Carotid endarterectomy specimens from 16 patients and aneurysm tissue from 16 patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were used. Inferior mesenteric arteries from colectomy specimens from 12 patients served as controls. Total RNA was extracted from pulverised tissue and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using fluorescently labelled probes for ABCA1, LXRalpha, PPARgamma, COX-2, and MMP-9. RESULTS PPARgamma expression was significantly lower in both occlusive and ecstatic atherosclerotic disease (p<0.001), whereas LXRalpha and ABCA1 expression was significantly increased (p<0.01). MMP-9 expression was significantly increased in diseased tissues (p<0.0001), and values were highest in occlusive disease (p<0.01). The increases in ABCA1 and MMP-9 mRNA were significantly correlated in diseased tissues (p<0.01, r=0.71 and r=0.78). COX-2 expression was increased in ectatic but low in occlusive disease (p<0.01). CONCLUSION This observational study suggests a role for therapeutic upregulation of PPARgamma, which could potentially upregulate lipid efflux through ABCA1 and inhibit matrix degradation through inhibition of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soumian
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, Charing Cross Hospital, fulham Palace Road, London W68RF, UK.
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30
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Chen YL, Hu CS, Lin FY, Chen YH, Sheu LM, Ku HH, Shiao MS, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Salvianolic acid B attenuates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro in LPS-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse aorta. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:618-31. [PMID: 16440326 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis and the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines from vascular smooth muscle cells is an important contributor to these pathologies. It is assumed that drugs that prevent the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines may inhibit cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, the effects of a water-soluble antioxidant, salvianolic acid B (Sal B), derived from a Chinese herb, on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and in the aortas of cholesterol-fed apoE deficient mice were investigated. In unstimulated HASMCs, COX-2 mRNA and protein were almost undetectable, but were strongly upregulated in response to LPS. In contrast, HASMCs with or without LPS treatment showed constitutive expression of COX-1 mRNA and protein. The activation of COX-2 protein synthesis in LPS-stimulated HASMCs was shown to involve the activation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Incubation of HASMCs with Sal B before LPS stimulation resulted in pronounced downregulation of COX-2 expression. Sal B treatment suppressed ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in prostaglandin E(2) production and NADPH oxidase activity in LPS-treated HASMCs. When apoE-deficient mice were fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet with or without supplementation with 0.3% Sal B for 12 weeks, the intima/media area ratio in the thoracic aortas was significantly reduced in the Sal B group (0.010 +/- 0.009%) compared to the apoE-deficient group (0.114 +/- 0.043%) and there was a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression in the thickened intima. These results demonstrate that Sal B has anti-inflammatory properties and may explain its anti-atherosclerotic properties. This new mechanism of action of Sal B, in addition to its previously reported inhibition of LDL oxidation, may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Dogné JM, Hanson J, Pratico D. Thromboxane, prostacyclin and isoprostanes: therapeutic targets in atherogenesis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26:639-44. [PMID: 16243403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the vasculature that is influenced by multiple factors that involve a complex interplay between some components of the blood and the arterial wall. Inflammation and oxidative stress have key roles in atherogenesis. The production of F2-isoprostanes (F2-IPs), thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) increases in atherosclerosis, and recent studies show that pharmacological modulation of their biosynthesis and biological activities are important therapeutic targets for managing atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight recent breakthroughs in the roles of F2-IPs, TxA2 and PGI2 in atherogenesis, and identify pertinent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott M Antman
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Burleigh ME, Babaev VR, Patel MB, Crews BC, Remmel RP, Morrow JD, Oates JA, Marnett LJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin phenethylamide reduces atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:334-42. [PMID: 15950196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) has been reported to reduce atherosclerosis in both rabbit and murine models. In contrast, selective inhibition of COX-2 has been shown to suppress early atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor null mice but not more advanced lesions in apoE deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. We investigated the efficacy of the novel COX inhibitor indomethacin phenethylamide (INDO-PA) on the development of different stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation in female apoE(-/-) mice. INDO-PA, which is highly selective for COX-2 in vitro, reduced platelet thromboxane production by 61% in vivo, indicating partial inhibition of COX-1 in vivo. Treatment of female apoE(-/-) mice with 5mg/kg INDO-PA significantly reduced early to intermediate aortic atherosclerotic lesion formation (44 and 53%, respectively) in both the aortic sinus and aorta en face compared to controls. Interestingly, there was no difference in the extent of atherosclerosis in the proximal aorta in apoE(-/-) mice treated from 11 to 21 weeks of age with INDO-PA, yet there was a striking (76%) reduction in lesion size by en face analysis in these mice. These studies demonstrate the ability of non-selective COX inhibition with INDO-PA to reduce early to intermediate atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE(-/-) mice, supporting a role for anti-inflammatory approaches in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Burleigh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
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34
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Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Herrington D, Greenland P, Roberts H, Taubert KA. The Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Circulation 2005; 111:1713-6. [PMID: 15781731 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000160005.90598.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Egan KM, Wang M, Fries S, Lucitt MB, Zukas AM, Puré E, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenases, Thromboxane, and Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2005; 111:334-42. [PMID: 15655126 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000153386.95356.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Antagonism or deletion of the receptor (the TP) for the cyclooxygenase (COX) product thromboxane (Tx)A
2
, retards atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. Although inhibition or deletion of COX-1 retards atherogenesis in ApoE and LDL receptor (LDLR) KOs, the role of COX-2 in atherogenesis remains controversial. Other products of COX-2, such as prostaglandin (PG) I
2
and PGE
2
, may both promote inflammation and restrain the effects of TxA
2
. Thus, combination with a TP antagonist might reveal an antiinflammatory effect of a COX-2 inhibitor in this disease. We addressed this issue and the role of TxA
2
in the promotion and regression of diffuse, established atherosclerosis in Apobec-1/LDLR double KOs (DKOs).
Methods and Results—
TP antagonism with S18886, but not combined inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 with indomethacin or selective inhibition of COX-2 with Merck Frosst (MF) tricyclic, retards significantly atherogenesis in DKOs. Although indomethacin depressed urinary excretion of major metabolites of both TxA
2
, 2,3-dinor TxB
2
(Tx-M), and PGI
2
, 2,3-dinor 6-keto PGF
1α
(PGI-M), only PGI-M was depressed by the COX-2 inhibitor. None of the treatments modified significantly the increase in lipid peroxidation during atherogenesis, reflected by urinary 8,12-iso-iPF
2α
-VI. Combination with the COX-2 inhibitor failed to augment the impact of TP antagonism alone on lesion area. Rather, analysis of plaque morphology reflected changes consistent with destabilization of the lesion coincident with augmented formation of TxA
2
. Despite a marked effect on disease progression, TP antagonism failed to induce regression of established atherosclerotic disease in this model.
Conclusions—
TP antagonism is more effective than combined inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in retarding atherogenesis in Apobec-1/LDLR DKO mice, which perhaps reflects activation of the receptor by multiple ligands during disease initiation and early progression. Despite early intervention, selective inhibition of COX-2, alone or in combination with a TP antagonist, failed to modify disease progression but may undermine plaque stability when combined with the antagonist. TP antagonism failed to induce regression of established atherosclerotic disease. TP ligands, including COX-1 (but not COX-2)–derived TxA
2
, promote initiation and early progression of atherogenesis in Apobec-1/LDLR DKOs but appear unimportant in the maintenance of established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine M Egan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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36
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Michelsen KS, Wong MH, Shah PK, Zhang W, Yano J, Doherty TM, Akira S, Rajavashisth TB, Arditi M. Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10679-84. [PMID: 15249654 PMCID: PMC489994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403249101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the downstream adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) play an essential role in the innate immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that genetic deficiency of TLR4 or MyD88 is associated with a significant reduction of aortic plaque areas in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, despite persistent hypercholesterolemia, implying an important role for the innate immune system in atherogenesis. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice that also lacked TLR4 or MyD88 demonstrated reduced aortic atherosclerosis that was associated with reductions in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, plaque lipid content, numbers of macrophage, and cyclooxygenase 2 immunoreactivity in their plaques. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion in response to minimally modified low-density lipoprotein was reduced in aortic endothelial cells derived from MyD88-deficient mice. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for TLR4 and MyD88 signaling in atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model, providing a pathophysiologic link between innate immunity, inflammation, and atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/pathology
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipids/chemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Phenotype
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Michelsen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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37
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Meir KS, Leitersdorf E. Atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse: a decade of progress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1006-14. [PMID: 15087308 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000128849.12617.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arguably the most critical advancement in the elucidation of factors affecting atherogenesis has been the development of mouse models of atherosclerosis. Among available models, the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mouse is particularly popular because of its propensity to spontaneously develop atherosclerotic lesions on a standard chow diet. A Medline search reveals over 645 articles dedicated to studies using this reliable and convenient "super" animal model since its inception (Piedrahita JA et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4471-4475; Plump AS et al, Cell 1992;71:343-353) with a more or less steady increase from year to year. This review will examine our present understanding of the pathology and progression of plaques in this animal and highlight some of the nutritional, pharmacological, and genetic studies that have enhanced this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Meir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah University Hospital, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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Cipollone F, Rocca B, Patrono C. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Inhibition in Atherothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:246-55. [PMID: 14592854 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000104005.92603.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism plays an important role in acute ischemic syndromes affecting the coronary or cerebrovascular territory, as reflected by biochemical measurements of eicosanoid biosynthesis and the results of inhibitor trials in these settings. Two cyclooxygenase (COX)-isozymes have been characterized, COX-1 and COX-2, that differ in terms of regulatory mechanisms of expression, tissue distribution, substrate specificity, preferential coupling to upstream and downstream enzymes, and susceptibility to inhibition by the extremely heterogeneous class of COX-inhibitors. Although the role of platelet COX-1 in acute coronary syndromes and ischemic stroke is firmly established through ≈20 years of thromboxane metabolite measurements and aspirin trials, the role of COX-2 expression and inhibition in atherothrombosis is substantially uncertain, because the enzyme was first characterized in 1991 and selective COX-2 inhibitors became commercially available only in 1998. In this review, we discuss the pattern of expression of COX-2 in the cellular players of atherothrombosis, its role as a determinant of plaque “vulnerability,” and the clinical consequences of COX-2 inhibition. Recent studies from our group suggest that variable expression of upstream and downstream enzymes in the prostanoid biosynthetic cascade may represent important determinants of the functional consequences of COX-2 expression and inhibition in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cipollone
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy
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39
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FitzGerald GA. COX-2 and beyond: Approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 2:879-90. [PMID: 14668809 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garret A FitzGerald
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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