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Taylor J, Majeed T, Remond M, Bagade T, Edwards L, Austin K, Smith E, Howard M, Sullivan E. A rapid review of the evidence on models of service delivery for correctional centre-based mothers and children's units: does our approach need to change? BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e012979. [PMID: 38770813 PMCID: PMC11085710 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated mothers are a marginalised group who experience substantial health and social disadvantage and routinely face disruption of family relationships, including loss of custody of their children. To support the parenting role, mothers and children's units (M&Cs) operate in 97 jurisdictions internationally with approximately 19 000 children reported to be residing with their mothers in custody-based settings. AIM This rapid review aims to describe the existing evidence regarding the models of service delivery for, and key components of, custodial M&Cs. METHOD A systematic search was conducted of four electronic databases to identify peer-reviewed literature published from 2010 onwards that reported quantitative and qualitative primary studies focused on custody-based M&Cs. Extracted data included unit components, admission and eligibility criteria, evaluations and recommendations. RESULTS Of 3075 records identified, 35 met inclusion criteria. M&Cs accommodation was purpose-built, incorporated elements of domestic life and offered a family-like environment. Specific workforce training in caring for children and M&Cs evaluations were largely absent. Our systematic synthesis generated a list of key components for M&C design and service delivery. These components include timely and transparent access to information and knowledge for women, evaluation of the impact of the prison environment on M&C, and organisational opportunities and limitations. CONCLUSION The next generation of M&Cs requires evidence-based key components that are implemented systematically and is evaluated. To achieve this, the use of codesign is a proven method for developing tailored programmes. Such units must offer a net benefit to both mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Taylor
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tazeen Majeed
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc Remond
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanmay Bagade
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Layla Edwards
- University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelly Austin
- Corrective Services New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Smith
- Corrective Services New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Howard
- Corrective Services New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Sullivan
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor J, Majeed T, Remond M, Bagade T, Edwards L, Sullivan E. Are custodial-based mothers and children's units evaluated, effective and aligned with a human rights-based approach? - A systematic review of the evidence. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 69:102496. [PMID: 38384336 PMCID: PMC10878864 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Special considerations are warranted for incarcerated mothers and their children, as both experience substantial health and social disadvantage. Children residing in custodial settings are at risk of not having access to the equivalence of education, healthcare and socialisation commensurate to that of children living in the community. This systematic review describes the existing evidence regarding underpinning theories, accessibility, and the effectiveness of custody-based Mothers and children's units (M&Cs) globally. Methods A systematic database search was conducted on May 1, 2023, of PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociology Ultimate and Web of Science (January 1, 2010, and May 1, 2023). Findings Our systematic synthesis reveals evidence gaps related to best practice guidelines that align with a human right-based approach, and evaluations of the impact of the prison environment on mothers and their children. Interpretation These findings support re-design of M&Cs using co-design to develop units that are evidence-based, robustly evaluated, and underpinned by the 'best interest of the child'. Funding This systematic review was conducted as part of a broader review into M&C programs commissioned and funded by Corrective Services NSW, Australia (CSNSW), a division of the Department of Communities and Justice, as part of the NSW Premier's Priority to Reduce Recidivism within the Women as Parents workstream. No funding was received for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Taylor
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Marc Remond
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Layla Edwards
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Sullivan
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
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İşcanoğlu Z, Uçanok Z. Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment between Incarcerated Mothers and Their Co-residing Children. TURK PSIKIYATRI DERGISI = TURKISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2023; 34:173-180. [PMID: 37724643 PMCID: PMC10645021 DOI: 10.5080/u26647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal attachment representations and children's attachment to their mothers have been shown to be related while this association varies according to socioeconomic risk factors that these mother-child dyads are experiencing. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the intergenerational transmission of attachment between highly disadvantaged incarcerated mothers and their co-residing children and the mediating role of maternal sensitivity in the relationship between maternal and children's attachment representations. METHOD The study sample consists of 84 incarcerated mothers and their co-residing children. The maternal attachment was evaluated using the Doll Story Completion Task. Children's attachment and maternal sensitivity were assessed based on a 45-minute semi-structured mother-child interaction observation and rated through structured coding instruments. RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that mothers' anxious and avoidant attachment positively predicted children's disorganized attachment behaviors. Moreover, analyses showed that maternal sensitivity did not mediate the relationship between maternal and child attachment representations. CONCLUSION Findings partially supported the discussion emphasizing that attachment transmission, as well as the mediating role of maternal sensitivity on this transmission, appeared to be weaker for disadvantaged mother-child dyads. Implications for future intervention programs aiming to support the attachment security and reduce the disorganization of children co-residing with their incarcerated mothers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal İşcanoğlu
- Assis. Prof., Cappadocia University, Department of Psychology, Nevşehir
| | - Zehra Uçanok
- Psychologist Prof., Hacettepe University, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey
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Kirubarajan A, Tsang J, Dong S, Hui J, Sreeram P, Mohmand Z, Leung S, Ceccacci A, Sobel M. Pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration: A qualitative systematic review of lived experiences. BJOG 2022; 129:1460-1472. [PMID: 35274810 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated individuals who experience pregnancy or childbirth in correctional facilities face unique considerations for obstetric care and consequently are at greater risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVES To characterise patient experiences regarding pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration via qualitative synthesis. SEARCH STRATEGY Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Social Work Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycInfo were systematically searched from inception to 24 December 2020. Supplementary searches were performed using the Scopus database. SELECTION CRITERIA Only original, peer-reviewed literature was examined. Eligible studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. RESULTS After screening 4173 original database citations, 24 studies that met inclusion criteria were included and analysed via thematic analysis. The 24 studies included perspectives from 645 female patients who had experienced incarceration, 69 healthcare providers and 70 prison staff. Key patient-reported concerns for the well-being of pregnant individuals during incarceration included mental health challenges, dehumanisation of prenatal care and delivery, lack of privacy, stigma, psychological trauma, lack of emotional support and shackle usage during pregnancy and/or labour. The studies reported a lack of support for patients to access female correctional officers or guards, privacy during intimate examinations, timely medical care and support for breastfeeding. Above all, the psychological trauma of separation from one's newborn after birth was of utmost devastation. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review highlights the dire need for accountability and interventions to improve pregnancy and childbirth care for incarcerated individuals. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT This systematic review describes lived experiences of pregnancy & childbirth during incarceration, including dehumanisation, psychological trauma, and use of shackles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kirubarajan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jackie Tsang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Dong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeanette Hui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Padmaja Sreeram
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuhal Mohmand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Leung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mara Sobel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lai C, Rossi LE, Scicchitano F, Ciacchella C, Valentini M, Longo G, Caroppo E. Motherhood in Alternative Detention Conditions: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106000. [PMID: 35627538 PMCID: PMC9140378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many women in detention are mothers and often the sole caregivers of their children. Italy, as most European countries, allows mothers to keep their children with them in detention, with the aim of preserving the fundamental bond between mother and child. Since prison does not seem to provide a good environment for the child’s growth, there are different alternative residential solutions, such as Group Homes. The aim of this preliminary study was to explore the differences between mothers living in detention through alternative measures with their children and mothers who are not detained regarding parenting stress, child behavior from the parent’s perspective, and maternal attachment. Twelve mothers were enrolled in this study, divided equally between the detained and the control groups. Both groups’ participants completed a three-questionnaire battery in order to assess parenting stress, child’s behavior, and maternal attachment. The analyses of variance showed significant differences between the two groups, with the detained group reporting higher scores than the control group in almost all the subscales of parenting stress. The results highlighted that imprisoned mothers might experience more stress than the general population. There is a need to design intervention programs to support parenting in detention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lai
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.E.R.); (F.S.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linda Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.E.R.); (F.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Federica Scicchitano
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.E.R.); (F.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Ciacchella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.E.R.); (F.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Mariarita Valentini
- Research Center Health Human Care and Social Intercultural Assessment-He.R.A, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Satis-Centre for Clinical Psychology, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Associazione A Roma, Insieme Leda Colombini, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Caroppo
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Unit Roma 2, 00159 Rome, Italy;
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Gerra ML, Gerra MC, Tadonio L, Pellegrini P, Marchesi C, Mattfeld E, Gerra G, Ossola P. Early parent-child interactions and substance use disorder: An attachment perspective on a biopsychosocial entanglement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:560-580. [PMID: 34606823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to elucidate environmental and genetic factors, as well as their epigenetic and neuroendocrine moderators, that may underlie the association between early childhood experiences and Substance Use Disorders (SUD), through the lens of parental attachment. Here we review those attachment-related studies that examined the monoaminergic systems, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress response system, the oxytoninergic system, and the endogenous opioid system from a genetic, epigenetic, and neuroendocrine perspective. Overall, the selected studies point to a moderating effect of insecure attachment between genetic vulnerability and SUD, reasonably through epigenetic modifications. Preliminary evidence suggests that vulnerability to SUDs is related with hypo-methylation (e.g. hyper-expression) of high-risk polymorphisms on the monoaminergic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system and hyper-methylation (e.g. hypo-expressions) of protective polymorphisms on the opioid and oxytocin system. These epigenetic modifications may induce a cascade of neuroendocrine changes contributing to the subclinical and behavioural manifestations that precede the clinical onset of SUD. Protective and supportive parenting could hence represent a key therapeutic target to prevent addiction and moderate insecure attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Carla Gerra
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Carlo Marchesi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elizabeth Mattfeld
- Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gilberto Gerra
- Department of Mental Health, AUSL of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ossola
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Dargis M, Mitchell-Somoza A. Challenges Associated with Parenting While Incarcerated: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9927. [PMID: 34574849 PMCID: PMC8469117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Of the 2.5 million people who are incarcerated in the United States, over half are parents. While it is well-established that incarceration has a detrimental impact on the children of incarcerated parents, less is known regarding the psychological impact of incarceration on parents themselves. The present review summarizes existing literature on the impact of incarceration on parents retrieved via online databases. Published articles were classified according to their overall themes and summarized. Pertinent studies include the psychological and emotional consequences of incarceration on parents, the experience of parenting while incarcerated, including barriers to parenting, the utility of parenting program interventions during periods of incarceration, and how these results differ for mothers and fathers. While the existing evidence introduces these issues, there is a need for additional research on the impact of incarceration on parents. These areas for future research as well as clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dargis
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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İşcanoğlu Z, Uçanok Z. Associations between Turkish incarcerated mothers' sensitivity and their co-residing children's attachment: The moderating role of children's temperament. Attach Hum Dev 2021; 24:439-460. [PMID: 34541992 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2021.1976446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the associations between incarcerated mothers' sensitivity and their co-residing children's attachment security. Furthermore, the moderating role of children's temperament on the associations between maternal sensitivity and children's attachment security was examined. The study sample consisted of 84 incarcerated mothers (Mage = 29.9, SD = 5.6) and their 12- to 43-month-old (M = 25.3, SD = 8.3) children who co-resided with them in prison facilities. Maternal sensitivity and child's attachment were assessed by observation of mother-child interaction using the Maternal Sensitivity Scale and the Turkish Toddler Attachment Sort-60, respectively. Mothers reported their children's temperamental features (i.e. negative emotionality and effortful control) using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that maternal sensitivity was related positively to children's secure attachment and negatively to children's disorganized attachment. Furthermore, children's negative emotionality and effortful control moderated the associations between maternal sensitivity and children's attachment. Specifically, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children's avoidant attachment only for children with low negative emotionality and with high effortful control. Additionally, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children's anxious attachment only for children with low effortful control. Results are discussed in terms of sample-specific experiences, contextual factors, and the differential susceptibility hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal İşcanoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Cappadocia University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Zehra Uçanok
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Brown S, Resko S, Dayton CJ, Barron C. Trauma Symptoms and Social Support Mediate the Impact of Violence Exposure on Parenting Competence Among Substance-Dependent Mothers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:4570-4592. [PMID: 30079793 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518791234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Women with substance use disorders (SUDs) experience high rates of violence exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are associated with parenting anxiety and lower parenting satisfaction among mothers. Although social support may buffer the impact of violence and PTSD on parenting, violence exposure and PTSD may impair mothers' ability to create, perceive, and utilize social support. We examined the impact of violence exposure, trauma symptoms, and interpersonal support on parenting competence among 291 mothers with substance dependence, using ordinary least squares regression and path analysis. Greater violence exposure and trauma symptoms were associated with lower parenting competence. Greater interpersonal support was associated with greater parenting competence. Trauma symptoms and interpersonal support sequentially mediated the impact of violence exposure on parenting competence, suggesting one pathway through which violence exposure may affect parenting among substance-dependent mothers. Implications for practice include the need to utilize trauma-informed interventions that modify social support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella Resko
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carolyn J Dayton
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carla Barron
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Stanton AE, Rose SJ. The Mental Health of Mothers Currently and Formerly Incarcerated in Jails and Prisons: An Integrative Review on Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, and Traumatic Experiences. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2020; 16:224-231. [PMID: 32947439 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most incarcerated women in the United States are mothers who report high rates of mental health issues and traumatic experiences, yet their needs are often overlooked because they comprise a smaller proportion of the incarcerated population compared with men. OBJECTIVE This integrative review aimed to synthesize the literature on the mental health, mental health treatment, and traumatic experiences of currently and formerly incarcerated mothers. METHODS We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Criminal Justice Abstracts for all research articles that were written in English; included adult mothers who were incarcerated or incarcerated and released; and contained findings related to mental health, mental health treatment, or traumatic experiences. RESULTS Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Mothers had high rates of moderate-to-severe mental health problems and high childhood and adult trauma rates, especially intimate partner violence. Mothers faced barriers to treatment yet showed psychological resilience and active coping skills. IMPLICATIONS Nurses can recognize risk factors for women's incarceration and assess mental health symptoms and trauma, especially interpersonal violence. Nurses can use assessment findings to refer mothers to treatment and community resources and support their reuniting with their children. Nurses can also provide trauma-informed care and education about mental health topics and advocate for mental health treatment prerelease and postrelease. Staff education and organizational interventions to reduce burnout may remove additional barriers to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Stanton
- Author Affiliations: Adult Crisis Mobile Team, Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division
| | - Susan J Rose
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
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11
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An Alternative to Mother and Infants Behind Bars: How One Prison Nursery Program Impacted Attachment and Nurturing for Mothers Who Gave Birth While Incarcerated. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2019; 33:116-125. [PMID: 31021936 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of women in United States prisons has increased, with the most rapid growth among women of childbearing age. Detrimental effects on maternal-infant attachment have been shown to exist when mothers and infants are separated at birth. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the impact of an out-of-prison nursery program, Baby and Mother Bonding Initiative (BAMBI), on maternal-infant attachment and nurturing competencies among women who gave birth while incarcerated. A sample of 41 participants was recruited through a "Closed" BAMBI Alumni Facebook page and nonprobability snowball sampling. Participants were surveyed, and responses were submitted online or via mail. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, multiple regression, and logistic regression. Results indicated that the number of children living in the mother's household was a significant predictor of positive maternal nurturance. Inversely, the high number of children in the household was the most significant predictor of increased risk for infants to have insecure attachment to mothers. As the number of women giving birth in prisons continues to trend upward, the need for more programs to promote best outcomes for both mother and infants is crucial.
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12
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Dagan O, Facompré CR, Bernard K. Adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 236:274-290. [PMID: 29751243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment theory has long argued that insecure and disorganized attachment representations are associated with vulnerability to psychopathology in general, and depressive symptoms in particular. However, studies assessing the link between insecure and disorganized attachment and depressive symptoms report inconsistent results. The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the extent to which adult attachment representations are associated with depressive symptoms. METHODS We conducted a literature search for published studies using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and ProQuest in March 2017, identifying 55 samples (N = 4,386). Eligible studies assessed depression using a well-validated self-report or clinical diagnostic measure of depression and attachment using the Adult Attachment Interview. RESULTS Results demonstrated that insecure individuals had higher levels of depression than secure-autonomous individuals (d = 0.21, 95% CI [0.08-0.33]). Specifically, insecure-preoccupied individuals (d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.30-0.65]), but not insecure-dismissing individuals (d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.03-0.22]), exhibited significantly more depressive symptoms than the secure-autonomous individuals. Additionally, unresolved adults had higher levels of depression than adults with organized attachment classifications (d = 0.29, 95% CI [0.13-0.44]). LIMITATIONS Due to the nature of the studies reviewed, causal inferences regarding the links found between adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms may not be drawn. Further, the aggregate effect sizes do not solely reflect the magnitude of the association between attachment representations and clinically-diagnosed major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis have important conceptual and practical implications for attachment-based prevention and intervention efforts, as they suggest that attachment representations, specifically insecure-preoccupied and unresolved, are associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood. Future research using longitudinal and intervention-based designs should examine the extent to which insecure-preoccupied and unresolved attachment lead to increased depressive symptoms, as well as the mechanisms by which these attachment patterns across the life span may increase vulnerability to depressive symptoms in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dagan
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Christopher R Facompré
- Department of Psychology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kristin Bernard
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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13
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Kearney JA, Byrne MW. Reflective functioning in criminal justice involved women enrolled in a mother/baby co-residence prison intervention program. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:517-523. [PMID: 30029742 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan A Kearney
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States.
| | - Mary W Byrne
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Laquale MG, Coppola G, Cassibba R, Pasceri M, Pietralunga S, Taurino A, Semeraro C, Grattagliano I. Confidence in Attachment Relationships and Marital Status as Protective Factors for Self-Perceived Parental Role and In-Person Visitation with Children Among Incarcerated Fathers. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1761-1768. [PMID: 29660111 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the role of confidence in attachment relationships and marital status as protective factors for incarcerated fathers' self-perceived parental role and in-person contacts with their children. Participants included 150 inmate fathers and 145 nonincarcerated control fathers who provided background sociodemographic information and completed two self-reports, the Attachment Style Questionnaire and the Self-Perception of Parental Role. A two-phased cluster analytic plan allowed us to highlight two profiles of self-perceived parental roles, with incarceration and low confidence in attachment relationships increasing the risk of the less optimal of the two profiles. Higher confidence in attachment relationships and having a stable romantic relationship increased the likelihood of incarcerated fathers engaging in frequent contacts with their children, while the profile of self-perceived parental role had no effect. Implications for practice are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Giovanni Laquale
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabrielle Coppola
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Cassibba
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Pasceri
- Department for Penitentiary Administration, Penitentiary Institutes of Reggio Emilia, via L. Settembrini, 9, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Pietralunga
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, viale A. Allegri, 9, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Taurino
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Cristina Semeraro
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Grattagliano
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano via Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy
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Shoemaker J. Development and Implementation of the Health Education and Promotion Module for Incarcerated Mothers. SAGE Open Nurs 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2377960817699623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Shoemaker
- Department of Nursing, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, USA
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16
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Dishon-Brown A, Golder S, Renn T, Winham K, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Childhood Victimization, Attachment, Coping, and Substance Use Among Victimized Women on Probation and Parole. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2017; 32:431-451. [PMID: 28516830 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved women report high rates of victimization across their life span, and these experiences contribute to their involvement in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Within this population, research has identified an overlap among victimization and substance use, a high-risk coping mechanism. Furthermore, research indicates attachment style is related to coping and high-risk behaviors. Research is needed to understand the relationship among these mechanisms as they relate to intimate partner violence (IPV). To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between attachment, coping, childhood victimization, substance use, and IPV among 406 victimized women on probation/parole. Results of 6 multivariate regression analyses were statistically significant, accounting for 8%-13% of the variance in IPV. Particularly, childhood sexual victimization and negative coping were significant in all analyses. Findings provide practitioners, administrators, and policymakers information about the specific needs of justice-involved women.
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Chambers RA, Wallingford SC. On Mourning and Recovery: Integrating Stages of Grief and Change Toward a Neuroscience-Based Model of Attachment Adaptation in Addiction Treatment. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2017; 45:451-473. [PMID: 29244621 PMCID: PMC6383361 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal attachment and drug addiction share many attributes across their behavioral and neurobiological domains. Understanding the overlapping brain circuitry of attachment formation and addiction illuminates a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of trauma-related mental illnesses and comorbid substance use disorders, and the extent to which ending an addiction is complicated by being a sort of mourning process. Attention to the process of addiction recovery-as a form of grieving-in which Kubler-Ross's stages of grief and Prochaska's stages of change are ultimately describing complementary viewpoints on a general process of neural network and attachment remodeling, could lead to more effective and integrative psychotherapy and medication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew Chambers
- Director, Addiction Psychiatry Training Program & Lab for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sue C. Wallingford
- Chair, Division of Transpersonal Counseling and Psychology, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Counseling & Psychology, Naropa University, Boulder, CO
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Bard E, Knight M, Plugge E. Perinatal health care services for imprisoned pregnant women and associated outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:285. [PMID: 27680206 PMCID: PMC5041517 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women are an increasing minority of prisoners worldwide, and most are of childbearing age. Prisons offer unique opportunities for improving the pregnancy outcomes of these high-risk women, and no systematic review to date has looked at their care. This systematic review identified studies describing models of perinatal health care for imprisoned women which report maternal and child health and care outcomes. Methods We systematically searched for literature published between 1980 and April 2014. Studies were eligible if they included a group of imprisoned pregnant women, a description of perinatal health care and any maternal or infant health or care outcomes. Two authors independently extracted data. We described relevant outcomes in prisons (including jails) under models of care we termed PRISON, PRISON+ and PRISON++, depending on the care provided. Where outcomes were available on a comparison group of women, we calculated odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals. Results Eighteen studies were reported, comprising 2001 imprisoned pregnant women. Fifteen were in the US, two in the UK and one in Germany. Nine contained a comparison group of women comprising 849 pregnant women. Study quality was variable and outcome reporting was inconsistent. There was some evidence that women in prisons receiving enhanced prison care, PRISON+, were less likely to have inadequate prenatal care (15.4 % vs 30.7 %, p < 0 · 001), preterm delivery (6.4 % vs 19.0 %, p = 0 · 001) or caesarean delivery (12.9 % vs 26.5 %, p = 0 · 005) compared to women in prisons receiving usual care (PRISON). Women participating in two PRISON++ interventions, that is, interventions which included not only enhanced care in prisons but also coordination of community care on release, demonstrated reductions in long term recidivism rates (summary OR 0 · 37, 95 % CI 0 · 19–0 · 70) compared to pregnant women in the same prisons who did not participate in the intervention. Conclusions Enhanced perinatal care can improve both short and long-term outcomes but there is a lack of data. Properly designed programmes with rigorous evaluation are needed to address the needs of this vulnerable population. The cost to mothers, children and to society of failing to address these important public health issues are likely to be substantial. Trial registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42012002384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust/Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Marian Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
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Parolin M, Simonelli A. Attachment Theory and Maternal Drug Addiction: The Contribution to Parenting Interventions. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 27625612 PMCID: PMC5004230 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's emotional and relational development can be negatively influenced by maternal substance abuse, particularly through a dysfunctional caregiving environment. Attachment Theory offers a privileged framework to analyze how drug addiction can affect the quality of adult attachment style, parenting attitudes and behaviors toward the child, and how it can have a detrimental effect on the co-construction of the attachment bond by the mother and the infant. Several studies, as a matter of fact, have identified a prevalence of insecure patterns among drug-abusing mothers and their children. Many interventions for mothers with Substance Use Disorders have focused on enhancing parental skills, but they have often overlooked the emotional and relational features of the mother-infant bond. Instead, in recent years, a number of protocols have been developed in order to strengthen the relationship between drug-abusing mothers and their children, drawing lessons from Attachment Theory. The present study reviews the literature on the adult and infant attachment style in the context of drug addiction, describing currently available treatment programs that address parenting and specifically focus on the mother-infant bond, relying on Attachment Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Parolin
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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20
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Brown S, Hicks LM, Tracy EM. Parenting Efficacy and Support in Mothers With Dual Disorders in a Substance Abuse Treatment Program. J Dual Diagn 2016; 12:227-237. [PMID: 27739932 PMCID: PMC5173330 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2016.1247998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 73% of women entering treatment for substance use disorders are mothers of children younger than 18, and the high rate of mental health disorders among mothers with substance use disorders increases their vulnerability to poor parenting practices. Parenting efficacy and social support for parenting have emerged as significant predictors of positive parenting practices among families at risk for child maltreatment. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of parenting support and parenting efficacy on the likelihood of out-of-home placement and custody status among the children of mothers with dual substance use and mental health disorders. METHODS This study examined the impact of parenting efficacy and assistance with childcare on the likelihood of child out-of-home placement and custody status among 175 mothers with diagnosed dual substance and mental health disorder and in treatment for substance dependence. Logistic regression was utilized to assess the contributions of parenting efficacy and the number of individuals in mothers' social networks who assist with childcare to the likelihood of out-of-home placement and custody loss of children. Parenting efficacy was also examined as a mediator using bootstrapping in PROCESS for SPSS. RESULTS Greater parenting efficacy was associated with lower likelihood of having at least one child in out-of-home placement (B = -.064, SE = .029, p = .027) and lower likelihood of loss of child custody (B = -.094, SE = .034, p = .006). Greater number of children in the 6 to 18 age range predicted greater likelihood of having at least one child in the custody of someone else (B = .409, SE = .171, p = .017) and in out-of-home placement (B = .651, SE = .167, p < .001). In addition, mothers who identified as African American were less likely to have a child in out-of-home placement (B = .927, SE = .382, p = .015) or to have lost custody of a child (B = -1.31, SE = .456, p = .004). Finally, parenting efficacy mediated the relationship between parenting support and likelihood of out-of-home placement (effect = -.0604, SE = .0297, z = 2.035, p = .042) and between parenting support and likelihood of custody loss (effect = -.0332, SE = .0144, z = -2.298, p = .022). CONCLUSIONS Implications for practice include the utilization of personal network interventions, such as increased assistance with childcare, and increased attention to efficacy among mothers with dual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Brown
- Wayne State University School of Social Work; ; 313-577-4444
| | - Laurel M. Hicks
- Wayne State University School of Social Work, Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute;
| | - Elizabeth M. Tracy
- Mark, Joseph, and Morten Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University;
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21
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Isosävi S, Flykt M, Belt R, Posa T, Kuittinen S, Puura K, Punamäki RL. Attachment representations among substance-abusing women in transition to motherhood: implications for prenatal emotions and mother-infant interaction. Attach Hum Dev 2016; 18:391-417. [PMID: 26978721 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2016.1151904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied how attachment representations contribute to central components of transition to motherhood, prenatal emotion processing (EP) and emotional availability (EA) of mother-infant interaction, and whether there are group specific differences. Participants were 51 treatment-enrolled substance-abusing (SA) mothers and their infants and 50 non-using comparison dyads with obstetric risk. Mother's attachment representations (AAI) and EP were assessed prenatally and EA when infants were four months. Results showed that autonomous attachment only had a buffering effect on prenatal EP among comparisons. All SA mothers showed more dysfunctional EP than comparisons and, contrary to comparisons, autonomous SA mothers reported more negative cognitive appraisals and less meta-evaluation of emotions than dismissing SA mothers. Preoccupied SA mothers showed high negative cognitive appraisals, suggesting under-regulation of emotions. Attachment representations were not associated with EA in either group; rather, SA status contributed to global risk in the relationship. Surprisingly, autonomous SA mothers showed a tendency towards intrusiveness. We propose that obstetric risk among comparisons and adverse relational experiences among almost all SA mothers might override the protective role of mother's autonomous representations for dyadic interaction. We conclude that prenatal emotional turbulence and high interaction risk of all SA mothers calls for holistic treatment for the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Isosävi
- a School of Social Sciences and Humanities , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Marjo Flykt
- a School of Social Sciences and Humanities , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,b City of Espoo , Finland
| | - Ritva Belt
- c Tampere City Child Welfare , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiina Posa
- d Terveystalo Hospital & Health Care , Lahti , Finland
| | - Saija Kuittinen
- a School of Social Sciences and Humanities , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Kaija Puura
- e Department of Child Psychiatry , University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Raija-Leena Punamäki
- a School of Social Sciences and Humanities , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
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Jones-Mason K, Elaine Allen I, Hamilton S, Weiss SJ. Comparative validity of the Adult Attachment Interview and the Adult Attachment Projective. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 17:429-47. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1075562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Goshin LS. Ethnographic assessment of an alternative to incarceration for women with minor children. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 85:469-82. [PMID: 26460706 PMCID: PMC4610182 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allowing criminal justice-involved women to remain with their children in the community may decrease some of the negative intergenerational effects of incarceration. Little is known about potential program models to safely support community coresidence in this population. Ethnographic methods were used to explore the historical development of and life within a supportive housing alternative to incarceration (ATI) program for women with minor children and the health and social needs of resident families. Participants included 8 current and former adult tenants, 12 of their resident children, 3 program staff, the program administrator, and 5 prosecutors who originally conceptualized it. Women also reported information about their 8 nonresident children. Analysis revealed 3 major themes: "The Cycle," "This is My Home," and "This Doesn't Go With That." While the program built on a core value of family preservation, results illustrate that keeping families together is only the beginning. Clinical and research implications for coresidence ATI programs are discussed in relation to the uniqueness of this context and population.
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Winham KM, Engstrom M, Golder S, Renn T, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Childhood victimization, attachment, psychological distress, and substance use among women on probation and parole. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 85:145-158. [PMID: 25822606 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present analysis was guided by a gendered pathways-based theoretical model and examined relationships between childhood victimization and current attachment, psychological distress, and substance use among 406 women with histories of victimization who were on probation and parole in an urban Kentucky county. Structural equation modeling examined relationships among childhood victimization, attachment, psychological distress, and substance use. Additionally, we examined the mediational role that attachment plays in relationships between childhood victimization and both psychological distress and substance use. The data fit the models properly. Psychological distress was significantly predicted by childhood victimization, and adult attachment partially mediated this relationship. Childhood victimization did not significantly predict substance use; however, attachment did. The findings suggest that attachment may be an important factor to further understand and address in relation to psychological distress and substance use among women with histories of victimization who are involved in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malitta Engstrom
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Seana Golder
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville
| | - Tanya Renn
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville
| | | | - T K Logan
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
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25
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De Palo F, Capra N, Simonelli A, Salcuni S, Di Riso D. Parenting quality in drug-addicted mothers in a therapeutic mother-child community: the contribution of attachment and personality assessment. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1009. [PMID: 25309481 PMCID: PMC4160036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that attachment is a key risk factor for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases in Axis I, such as drug addiction. Recent literature regarding attachment, psychiatric pathology, and drug addiction demonstrates that there is a clear prevalence of insecure attachment patterns in clinical and drug addicted subjects. Specifically, some authors emphasize that the anxious-insecure attachment pattern is prevalent among drug-addicted women with double diagnosis (Fonagy et al., 1996). The construct of attachment as a risk factor in clinical samples of drug-addicted mothers needs to be studied more in depth though. The present explorative study focused on the evaluation of parenting quality in a therapeutic mother-child community using attachment and personality assessment tools able to outline drug-addicted mothers' profiles. This study involved 30 drug addicted mothers, inpatients of a therapeutic community (TC). Attachment representations were assessed via the Adult Attachment Interview; personality diagnosis and symptomatic profiles were performed using the Structured Clinical Interview of the DSM-IV (SCID-II) and the Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R), respectively. Both instruments were administered during the first six months of residence in a TC. Results confirmed the prevalence of insecure attachment representations (90%), with a high presence of U patterns, prevalently scored for dangerous and/or not protective experiences in infanthood. Very high values (>5) were found for some experience scales (i.e., neglect and rejection scales). Data also showed very low values (1-3) in metacognitive monitoring, coherence of transcript and coherence of mind scales. Patients' different profiles (U vs. E vs. Ds) were linked to SCID-II diagnosis, providing insightful indications both for treatment planning and intervention on parenting functions and for deciding if to start foster care or adoption proceedings for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Palo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Capra
- Therapeutic Community "Casa Aurora" - Comunità di Venezia s.c.s., Venice Italy
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Riso
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
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26
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Goshin LS, Byrne MW, Blanchard-Lewis B. Preschool Outcomes of Children Who Lived as Infants in a Prison Nursery. THE PRISON JOURNAL 2014; 94:139-158. [PMID: 26609188 PMCID: PMC4655430 DOI: 10.1177/0032885514524692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined long-term outcomes of children who spent their first one to eighteen months in a US prison nursery. Behavioral development in 47 preschool children who lived in a prison nursery was compared with 64 children from a large national dataset who were separated from their mothers because of incarceration. Separation was associated with significantly worse anxious/depressed scores, even after controlling for risks in the caregiving environment. Findings suggest that prison nursery co-residence with developmental support confers some resilience in children who experience early maternal incarceration. Co-residence programs should be promoted as a best practice for incarcerated childbearing women.
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Kao JC, Chuong A, Reddy MK, Gobin RL, Zlotnick C, Johnson JE. Associations between past trauma, current social support, and loneliness in incarcerated populations. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2014; 2:7. [PMCID: PMC5151509 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7899-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Prisoners are a vulnerable population with higher rates of trauma than community populations. Social support is important for both in–prison adjustment and post-release community re-entry. Loneliness, a related construct to social support, has been found to be associated with elevated rates of suicidal ideation and behavior, depression, and hopelessness in incarcerated populations. Methods This study explored the relationship of past physical, sexual, and crime-related trauma to current perceived social support and loneliness in a mixed-gender sample of 235 depressed prisoners enrolled in depression treatment studies. Results History of any trauma, regardless of type, as well as physical, sexual, and crime-related traumas were associated with lower current perceived social support scores (controlling for gender). Past sexual trauma and crime-related trauma were associated with higher levels of loneliness (controlling for gender), though history of any trauma and physical trauma was not. Conclusion Findings suggest that both overall trauma and specific types of trauma are linked to perceived social support and loneliness among incarcerated persons with major depressive disorder. This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, that specifically observed a relationship between past trauma and current social support and loneliness in prison populations. Many intervention programs for prisoners encourage them to develop non-criminogenic and substance-free social networks. These programs should be aware that individuals who have experienced interpersonal trauma may have additional interpersonal challenges, and may need strategies to address interpersonal deficits related to trauma exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2194-7899-2-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Kao
- Brown University – Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 700 Butler Drive, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Adam Chuong
- Brown University – Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 700 Butler Drive, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Madhavi K Reddy
- Brown University – Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Psychosocial Research Program, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Robyn L Gobin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jennifer E Johnson
- Brown University – Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 700 Butler Drive, Providence, RI 02906 USA
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Sleed M, Baradon T, Fonagy P. New Beginnings for mothers and babies in prison: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Attach Hum Dev 2013; 15:349-67. [PMID: 23550526 PMCID: PMC4066926 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2013.782651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mothers in prison represent a high-risk parenting population. New Beginnings is an attachment-based group intervention designed specifically for mothers and babies in prison. This cluster randomized trial examined the outcomes for 88 mothers and babies participating in the New Beginnings program and 75 dyads residing in prisons where the intervention did not take place. Outcomes were measured in terms of parental reflective functioning, the quality of parent-infant interaction, maternal depression, and maternal representations. Mothers in the control group deteriorated in their level of reflective functioning and behavioral interaction with their babies over time, whereas the mothers in the intervention group did not. There were no significant group effects on levels of maternal depression or mothers' self-reported representations of their babies over time. An attachment-based intervention may mitigate some of the risks to the quality of the parent-infant relationship for these dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sleed
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
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Byrne MW, Goshin L, Blanchard-Lewis B. Maternal Separations During the Reentry Years for 100 Infants Raised in a Prison Nursery. FAMILY COURT REVIEW 2012; 50:77-90. [PMID: 22328865 PMCID: PMC3275801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prison nurseries prevent maternal separations related to incarceration for the small subset of children whose pregnant mothers are incarcerated in states with such programs. For a cohort of 100 children accepted by corrections into one prison nursery, subsequent separation patterns are analyzed. The largest numbers are caused by corrections' removal of infants from the nursery and infants reaching a one-year age limit. Criminal recidivism and substance abuse relapse threaten continued mothering during reentry. Focused and coordinated services are needed during prison stay and reentry years to sustain mothering for women and children accepted into prison nursery programs.
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Borelli JL, Luthar SS, Suchman NE. Discrepancies in perceptions of maternal aggression: implications for children of methadone-maintained mothers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2010; 80:412-21. [PMID: 20636946 PMCID: PMC3308352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a long history of documenting discrepancies in parent and child reports of parental care and child psychopathology, it has only been in recent years that researchers have begun to consider these discrepancies as meaningful indicators of parent-child relationship quality and as predictors of long-term child adjustment. Discrepancies in perceptions of parenting may be particularly important for the children of mothers with a history of substance abuse who may be less aware of the impact of their behavior on their child and of their child's internalizing symptoms. This study examined associations between (a) mother-child discrepancies in reports of maternal aggression, and (b) mother and child reports of child internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Data collected from 99 mother-child dyads (with children 4-16 years of age) during the baseline phase of a randomized clinical trial testing a parenting intervention were used in this study. Measures included parent and child versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire and the Behavioral Assessment Scale for Children. Findings indicated that as children viewed their mothers as increasingly more aggressive than mothers viewed themselves, children reported more internalizing and externalizing symptoms but mothers only reported more child externalizing symptoms. Mother-child discrepancies in reports of parenting behavior have potentially meaningful implications for child emotional and behavioral problems.
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