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Zhu Y, Cho K, Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Patti GJ, Skeath JB. Loss of dihydroceramide desaturase drives neurodegeneration by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet homeostasis in glial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.01.573836. [PMID: 38260379 PMCID: PMC10802327 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.01.573836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturases convert dihydroceramides to ceramides, the precursors of all complex sphingolipids. Reduction of DEGS1 dihydroceramide desaturase function causes pediatric neurodegenerative disorder hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-18 (HLD-18). We discovered that infertile crescent (ifc), the Drosophila DEGS1 homolog, is expressed primarily in glial cells to promote CNS development by guarding against neurodegeneration. Loss of ifc causes massive dihydroceramide accumulation and severe morphological defects in cortex glia, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion, failure of neuronal ensheathment, and lipid droplet depletion. RNAi knockdown of the upstream ceramide synthase schlank in glia of ifc mutants rescues ER expansion, suggesting dihydroceramide accumulation in the ER drives this phenotype. RNAi knockdown of ifc in glia but not neurons drives neuronal cell death, suggesting that ifc function in glia promotes neuronal survival. Our work identifies glia as the primary site of disease progression in HLD-18 and may inform on juvenile forms of ALS, which also feature elevated dihydroceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Holzapfel R, Prell A, Schumacher F, Perschin V, Friedmann Angeli JP, Kleuser B, Stigloher C, Fazeli G. Degradation of hexosylceramides is required for timely corpse clearance via formation of cargo-containing phagolysosomal vesicles. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151411. [PMID: 38582051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient degradation of phagocytic cargo in lysosomes is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and defending cells against pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying the degradation and recycling of macromolecular cargo within the phagolysosome remain incompletely understood. We previously reported that the phagolysosome containing the corpse of the polar body in C. elegans tubulates into small vesicles to facilitate corpse clearance, a process that requires cargo protein degradation and amino acid export. Here we show that degradation of hexosylceramides by the prosaposin ortholog SPP-10 and glucosylceramidases is required for timely corpse clearance. We observed accumulation of membranous structures inside endolysosomes of spp-10-deficient worms, which are likely caused by increased hexosylceramide species. spp-10 deficiency also caused alteration of additional sphingolipid subclasses, like dihydroceramides, 2-OH-ceramides, and dihydrosphingomyelins. While corpse engulfment, initial breakdown of corpse membrane inside the phagolysosome and lumen acidification proceeded normally in spp-10-deficient worms, formation of the cargo-containing vesicles from the corpse phagolysosome was reduced, resulting in delayed cargo degradation and phagolysosome resolution. Thus, by combining ultrastructural studies and sphingolipidomic analysis with observing single phagolysosomes over time, we identified a role of prosaposin/SPP-10 in maintaining phagolysosomal structure, which promotes efficient resolution of phagocytic cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Holzapfel
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Core-Facility BioSupraMol, Pharma-MS subunit, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Perschin
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Chair of Translational Cell Biology, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gholamreza Fazeli
- Chair of Translational Cell Biology, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Rivero P, Ivanova V, Barril X, Casampere M, Casas J, Fabriàs G, Díaz Y, Matheu MI. Targeting dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1): Syntheses of ceramide analogues with a rigid scaffold, inhibitory assays, and AlphaFold2-assisted structural insights reveal cyclopropenone PR280 as a potent inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107233. [PMID: 38422591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1) catalyzes the formation of a CC double bond in dihydroceramide to furnish ceramide. Inhibition of Des1 is related to cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death. The lack of the Des1 crystalline structure, as well as that of a close homologue, hampers the detailed understanding of its inhibition mechanism and difficults the design of new inhibitors, thus making Des1 a strategic target. Based on previous structure-activity studies, different ceramides containing rigid scaffolds were designed. The synthesis and evaluation of these compounds as Des1 inhibitors allowed the identification of PR280 as a better Des 1 inhibitor in vitro (IC50 = 700 nM) than GT11 and XM462, the current reference inhibitors. This cyclopropenone ceramide was obtained in a 6-step synthesis with a 24 % overall yield. The highly confident 3D structure of Des1, recently predicted by AlphaFold2, served as the basis for conducting docking studies of known Des1 inhibitors and the ceramide derivatives synthesized by us in this study. For this purpose, a complete holoprotein structure was previously constructed. This study has allowed a better knowledge of key ligand-enzyme interactions for Des1 inhibitory activity. Furthermore, it sheds some light on the inhibition mechanism of GT11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rivero
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Varbina Ivanova
- Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Barril
- Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mireia Casampere
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Yolanda Díaz
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Matheu
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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Buchalska B, Kamińska K, Owe-Larsson M, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Cannabinoids in the treatment of glioblastoma. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:223-234. [PMID: 38457018 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignant tumor of the nervous system. While the treatment of other neoplasms is increasingly more efficacious the median survival rate of GBM patients remains low and equals about 14 months. Due to this fact, there are intensive efforts to find drugs that would help combat GBM. Nowadays cannabinoids are becoming more and more important in the field of cancer and not only because of their properties of antiemetic drugs during chemotherapy. These compounds may have a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Studies indicate GBM has disturbances in the endocannabinoid system-changes in cannabinoid metabolism as well as in the cannabinoid receptor expression. The GBM cells show expression of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), which mediate various actions of cannabinoids. Through these receptors, cannabinoids inhibit the proliferation and invasion of GBM cells, along with changing their morphology. Cannabinoids also induce an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in the tumor. Hence the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of GBM may be beneficial to the patients. So far, studies focusing on using cannabinoids in GBM therapy are mainly preclinical and involve cell lines and mice. The results are promising and show cannabinoids inhibit GBM growth. Several clinical studies are also being carried out. The preliminary results show good tolerance of cannabinoids and prolonged survival after administration of these drugs. In this review, we describe the impact of cannabinoids on GBM and glioma cells in vitro and in animal studies. We also provide overview of clinical trials on using cannabinoids in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Buchalska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, 02097, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, 02097, Poland.
| | - Maja Owe-Larsson
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, 02097, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, 02097, Poland
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Soliman NA, El Dahmy SI, Khamis T, Sameh R, Alashqar SM, Hussein S. The potential protective and therapeutic effects of cannabidiol oil on experimental Leukemia induced by DMBA in male rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2389-2400. [PMID: 37837474 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressor agent. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid. It has anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic benefits of CBD oil in DMBA-induced leukemia in rats. METHOD Experimental animals were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) included healthy rats. Group 2 included normal rats that received olive oil. Group 3 included normal rats that received CBD. Group 4 included the DMBA-induced leukemic group. Group 5 (prophylactic group) included rats that received CBD as a prophylaxis before IV injection with DMBA. Group 6 (treated group) included DMBA-induced leukemic rats that received CBD as treatment. Liver functions (total, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, globulin, and albumin globulin ratio) were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Total RNA extraction followed by-real time qRT-PCR gene expression of LC3-II, Beclin, mTOR, and P62 was performed. Histopathological examination of liver and spleen tissues was performed. RESULTS Administration of CBD in groups 5 and 6 resulted in a significant improvement of the levels of liver functions compared to the leukemic untreated rats. Also, the levels of catalase and SOD significantly increased after treatment with CBD compared to the leukemic group. After treatment with CBD in groups 5 and 6, there were downregulations in the expression of all studied genes compared to leukemic untreated rats. Treatment with CBD was more statistically effective than prophylactic use. CONCLUSION Administration of CBD resulted in a significant improvement in the biochemical, antioxidant status, morphological, and molecular measures in DMBA-induced leukemia in adult male rats. The therapeutic use was more effective than the prophylactic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samih I El Dahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham Sameh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Samia Hussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan.
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Varela YR, Iriondo MN, Goñi FM, Alonso A, Montes LR. Ceramide regulation of autophagy: A biophysical approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159444. [PMID: 38056762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Specific membrane lipids play unique roles in (macro)autophagy. Those include phosphatidylethanolamine, to which LC3/GABARAP autophagy proteins become covalently bound in the process, or cardiolipin, an important effector in mitochondrial autophagy (or mitophagy). Ceramide (Cer), or N-acyl sphingosine, is one of the simplest sphingolipids, known as a stress signal in the apoptotic pathway. Moreover, Cer is increasingly being recognized as an autophagy activator, although its mechanism of action is unclear. In the present review, the proposed Cer roles in autophagy are summarized, together with some biophysical properties of Cer in membranes. Possible pathways for Cer activation of autophagy are discussed, including specific protein binding of the lipid, and Cer-dependent perturbation of bilayer properties. Cer generation of lateral inhomogeneities (domain formation) is given special attention. Recent biophysical results, including fluorescence and atomic force microscopy data, show Cer-promoted enhanced binding of LC3/GABARAP to lipid bilayers. These observations could be interpreted in terms of the putative formation of Cer-rich nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza R Varela
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Darwish A, Pammer M, Gallyas F, Vígh L, Balogi Z, Juhász K. Emerging Lipid Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:397. [PMID: 38254886 PMCID: PMC10814456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
GBM accounts for most of the fatal brain cancer cases, making it one of the deadliest tumor types. GBM is characterized by severe progression and poor prognosis with a short survival upon conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency, considerable efforts have been made to target various features of GBM. One of the targetable features of GBM is the rewired lipid metabolism that contributes to the tumor's aggressive growth and penetration into the surrounding brain tissue. Lipid reprogramming allows GBM to acquire survival, proliferation, and invasion benefits as well as supportive modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Several attempts have been made to find novel therapeutic approaches by exploiting the lipid metabolic reprogramming in GBM. In recent studies, various components of de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, lipid uptake, and prostaglandin synthesis have been considered promising targets in GBM. Emerging data also suggest a significant role hence therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid metabolic pathway in GBM. Here we review the lipid-related GBM characteristics in detail and highlight specific targets with their potential therapeutic use in novel antitumor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Darwish
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Milán Pammer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Balogi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhász
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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Kusaczuk M, Ambel ET, Naumowicz M, Velasco G. Cellular stress responses as modulators of drug cytotoxicity in pharmacotherapy of glioblastoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189054. [PMID: 38103622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive efforts to find effective therapeutic strategies, glioblastoma (GBM) remains a therapeutic challenge with dismal prognosis of survival. Over the last decade the role of stress responses in GBM therapy has gained a great deal of attention, since depending on the duration and intensity of these cellular programs they can be cytoprotective or promote cancer cell death. As such, initiation of the UPR, autophagy or oxidative stress may either impede or facilitate drug-mediated cell killing. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that regulate ER stress, autophagy, and oxidative stress during GBM development and progression to later discuss the involvement of these stress pathways in the response to different treatments. We also discuss how a precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating stress responses evoked by different pharmacological agents could decisively contribute to the design of novel and more effective combinational treatments against brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elena Tovar Ambel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Li DL, Ding XY, Long J, He QL, Zeng QX, Lu N, Zou MC. Identification of autophagy-related genes in diabetic foot ulcer based on bioinformatic analysis. Int Wound J 2023; 21:e14476. [PMID: 37909396 PMCID: PMC10898398 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) complications involve autophagy dysregulation. This study aimed to identify autophagy-related bioindicators in DFU. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between DFU and healthy samples were analysed from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, GSE7014 and GSE29221. The roles of autophagy-related DEGs were investigated using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Immune cell infiltration's correlation with these DEGs was also assessed. From the Human Autophagy Database (HADB), 232 autophagy-related genes (ARGs) were identified, with an intersection of 17 key DEGs between GSE7014 and GSE29221. These genes are involved in pathways like autophagy-animal, NOD-like receptor signalling, and apoptosis. In the protein network, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) showed significant interactions with ARGs. Survival analysis indicated the prognostic importance of calpain 2 (CAPN2), integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1), and vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3). Lower immune scores were observed in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) group than in controls. Autophagy and ARGs significantly influence DFU pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Ding
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Ling He
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Chen Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S, Wang Y. Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:648. [PMID: 37794028 PMCID: PMC10551038 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but disruption of autophagy mechanisms or excessive autophagic flux usually leads to cell death. Despite recent progress in the study of the regulation and underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy, numerous questions remain to be answered. How does autophagy regulate cell death? What are the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and autophagy-mediated cell death (AMCD)? In this article, we highlight the different roles of autophagy in cell death and discuss six of the main autophagy-related cell death modalities, with a focus on the metabolic changes caused by excessive endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy)-induced cell death and the role of mitophagy in autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. Finally, we discuss autophagy enhancement in the treatment of diseases and offer a new perspective based on the use of autophagy for different functional conversions (including the conversion of autophagy and that of different autophagy-mediated cell death modalities) for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiZuo Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huan Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - YanJiao Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Fenizia S, Gaggini M, Vassalle C. The Sphingolipid-Signaling Pathway as a Modulator of Infection by SARS-CoV-2. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7956-7973. [PMID: 37886946 PMCID: PMC10605018 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides and other related sphingolipids, important cellular components linked to metabolic homeostasis and cardiometabolic diseases, have been found to be involved in different steps of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Hence, changes in their physiological levels are identified as predictors of COVID-19 severity and prognosis, as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, an overview of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle is given, followed by a description of the sphingolipid metabolism and its role in viral infection, with a particular focus on those steps required to finalize the viral life cycle. Furthermore, the use and development of pharmaceutical strategies to target sphingolipids to prevent and treat severe and long-term symptoms of infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19, are reviewed herein. Finally, research perspectives and current challenges in this research field are highlighted. Although many aspects of sphingolipid metabolism are not fully known, this review aims to highlight how the discovery and use of molecules targeting sphingolipids with reliable and selective properties may offer new therapeutic alternatives to infectious and other diseases, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fenizia
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Vassalle
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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13
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Voicu V, Brehar FM, Toader C, Covache-Busuioc RA, Corlatescu AD, Bordeianu A, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Glavan LA, Ciurea AV. Cannabinoids in Medicine: A Multifaceted Exploration of Types, Therapeutic Applications, and Emerging Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1388. [PMID: 37759788 PMCID: PMC10526757 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we embark on a thorough exploration of cannabinoids, compounds that have garnered considerable attention for their potential therapeutic applications. Initially, this article delves into the fundamental background of cannabinoids, emphasizing the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the human body and outlining their significance in studying neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Building on this foundation, this article categorizes cannabinoids into three main types: phytocannabinoids (plant-derived cannabinoids), endocannabinoids (naturally occurring in the body), and synthetic cannabinoids (laboratory-produced cannabinoids). The intricate mechanisms through which these compounds interact with cannabinoid receptors and signaling pathways are elucidated. A comprehensive overview of cannabinoid pharmacology follows, highlighting their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Special emphasis is placed on the role of cannabinoids in neurodegenerative diseases, showcasing their potential benefits in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The potential antitumor properties of cannabinoids are also investigated, exploring their potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and the mechanisms underlying their anticancer effects. Clinical aspects are thoroughly discussed, from the viability of cannabinoids as therapeutic agents to current clinical trials, safety considerations, and the adverse effects observed. This review culminates in a discussion of promising future research avenues and the broader implications for cannabinoid-based therapies, concluding with a reflection on the immense potential of cannabinoids in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Voicu
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Psychopharmacology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Medical Section within the Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Felix-Mircea Brehar
- Neurosurgery Department, Emergency Clinical Hospital Bagdasar-Arseni, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei Bordeianu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (A.D.C.); (A.B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (L.-A.G.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Creanga-Murariu I, Filipiuc LE, Cuciureanu M, Tamba BI, Alexa-Stratulat T. Should oncologists trust cannabinoids? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211506. [PMID: 37521486 PMCID: PMC10373070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis enjoyed a "golden age" as a medicinal product in the late 19th, early 20th century, but the increased risk of overdose and abuse led to its criminalization. However, the 21st century have witnessed a resurgence of interest and a large body of literature regarding the benefits of cannabinoids have emerged. As legalization and decriminalization have spread around the world, cancer patients are increasingly interested in the potential utility of cannabinoids. Although eager to discuss cannabis use with their oncologist, patients often find them to be reluctant, mainly because clinicians are still not convinced by the existing evidence-based data to guide their treatment plans. Physicians should prescribe cannabis only if a careful explanation can be provided and follow up response evaluation ensured, making it mandatory for them to be up to date with the positive and also negative aspects of the cannabis in the case of cancer patients. Consequently, this article aims to bring some clarifications to clinicians regarding the sometimes-confusing various nomenclature under which this plant is mentioned, current legislation and the existing evidence (both preclinical and clinical) for the utility of cannabinoids in cancer patients, for either palliation of the associated symptoms or even the potential antitumor effects that cannabinoids may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Creanga-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Leontina Elena Filipiuc
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Magda Cuciureanu
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
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15
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Pokrovsky VS, Ivanova-Radkevich VI, Kuznetsova OM. Sphingolipid Metabolism in Tumor Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:847-866. [PMID: 37751859 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse family of complex lipids typically composed of a sphingoid base bound to a fatty acid via amide bond. The metabolism of sphingolipids has long remained out of focus of biochemical studies. Recently, it has been attracting an increasing interest of researchers because of different and often multidirectional effects demonstrated by sphingolipids with a similar chemical structure. Sphingosine, ceramides (N-acylsphingosines), and their phosphorylated derivatives (sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphates) act as signaling molecules. Ceramides induce apoptosis and regulate stability of cell membranes and cell response to stress. Ceramides and sphingoid bases slow down anabolic and accelerate catabolic reactions, thus suppressing cell proliferation. On the contrary, their phosphorylated derivatives (ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate) stimulate cell proliferation. Involvement of sphingolipids in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation makes them critically important in tumor progression. Sphingolipid metabolism enzymes and sphingolipid receptors can be potential targets for antitumor therapy. This review describes the main pathways of sphingolipid metabolism in human cells, with special emphasis on the properties of this metabolism in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim S Pokrovsky
- People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | | | - Olga M Kuznetsova
- People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
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16
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Tzou FY, Hornemann T, Yeh JY, Huang SY. The pathophysiological role of dihydroceramide desaturase in the nervous system. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101236. [PMID: 37187315 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DEGS1) converts dihydroceramide (dhCer) to ceramide (Cer) by inserting a C4-C5 trans (∆4E) double bond into the sphingoid backbone. Low DEGS activity causes accumulation of dhCer and other dihydrosphingolipid species. Although dhCer and Cer are structurally very similar, their imbalances can have major consequences both in vitro and in vivo. Mutations in the human DEGS1 gene are known to cause severe neurological defects, such as hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Likewise, inhibition of DEGS1 activity in fly and zebrafish models causes dhCer accumulation and subsequent neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that DEGS1 activity plays a conserved and critical role in the nervous system. Dihydrosphingolipids and their desaturated counterparts are known to control various essential processes, including autophagy, exosome biogenesis, ER stress, cell proliferation, and cell death. Furthermore, model membranes with either dihydrosphingolipids or sphingolipids exhibit different biophysical properties, including membrane permeability and packing, thermal stability, and lipid diffusion. However, the links between molecular properties, in vivo functional data, and clinical manifestations that underlie impaired DEGS1 function remain largely unresolved. In this review, we summarize the known biological and pathophysiological roles of dhCer and its derivative dihydrosphingolipid species in the nervous system, and we highlight several possible disease mechanisms that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yang Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Watt NT, McGrane A, Roberts LD. Linking the unfolded protein response to bioactive lipid metabolism and signalling in the cell non-autonomous extracellular communication of ER stress. Bioessays 2023:e2300029. [PMID: 37183938 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organelle is the key intracellular site of both protein and lipid biosynthesis. ER dysfunction, termed ER stress, can result in protein accretion within the ER and cell death; a pathophysiological process contributing to a range of metabolic diseases and cancers. ER stress leads to the activation of a protective signalling cascade termed the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). However, chronic UPR activation can ultimately result in cellular apoptosis. Emerging evidence suggests that cells undergoing ER stress and UPR activation can release extracellular signals that can propagate UPR activation to target tissues in a cell non-autonomous signalling mechanism. Separately, studies have determined that the UPR plays a key regulatory role in the biosynthesis of bioactive signalling lipids including sphingolipids and ceramides. Here we weigh the evidence to combine these concepts and propose that during ER stress, UPR activation drives the biosynthesis of ceramide lipids, which are exported and function as cell non-autonomous signals to propagate UPR activation in target cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna McGrane
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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18
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Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Mraiche F, Mowat MR, Ghavami S. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082195. [PMID: 37190124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Navjit Singh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Section of Radiation Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael R Mowat
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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19
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Boyacıoğlu Ö, Korkusuz P. Cannabinoids as Prospective Anti-Cancer Drugs: Mechanism of Action in Healthy and Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:145-169. [PMID: 36396926 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids modulate many physiological and pathological processes by binding classical cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) or 2 (CB2) or non-cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoids are known to exert antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-migratory and anti-invasive effect on cancer cells by inducing or inhibiting various signaling cascades. In this chapter, we specifically emphasize the latest research works about the alterations in endocannabinoid system (ECS) components in malignancies and cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, autophagy, and death by cannabinoid administration, emphasizing their mechanism of action, and give a future perspective for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Boyacıoğlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FULL-SPECTRUM CANNABIS EXTRACT LOADED POLY(THIOETHER-ESTER) NANOPARTICLES: IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTITUMORAL EFFICACY. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Maines LW, Green CL, Keller SN, Fitzpatrick LR, Smith CD. The Sphingosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor Opaganib Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2022; 15:323-334. [PMID: 36420520 PMCID: PMC9677921 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s386396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common multifactorial adverse effect of surgery, circulatory obstruction, sepsis or drug/toxin exposure that often results in morbidity and mortality. Sphingolipid metabolism is a critical regulator of cell survival and pathologic inflammation processes involved in AKI. Opaganib (also known as ABC294640) is a first-in-class experimental drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism that reduces the production and activity of inflammatory cytokines and, therefore, may be effective to prevent and treat AKI. Methods Murine models of AKI were used to assess the in vivo efficacy of opaganib including ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury induced by either transient bilateral occlusion of renal blood flow (a moderate model) or nephrectomy followed immediately by occlusion of the contralateral kidney (a severe model) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Biochemical and histologic assays were used to quantify the effects of oral opaganib treatment on renal damage in these models. Results Opaganib suppressed the elevations of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as well as granulocyte infiltration into the kidneys, of mice that experienced moderate IR from transient bilateral ligation. Opaganib also markedly decreased these parameters and completely prevented mortality in the severe renal IR model. Additionally, opaganib blunted the elevations of BUN, creatinine and inflammatory cytokines following exposure to LPS. Conclusion The data support the hypotheses that sphingolipid metabolism is a key mediator of renal inflammatory damage following IR injury and sepsis, and that this can be suppressed by opaganib. Because opaganib has already undergone clinical testing in other diseases (cancer and Covid-19), the present studies support conducting clinical trials with this drug with surgical or septic patients at risk for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Charles D Smith, Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA, 17036, USA, Email
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22
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Linzer RW, Guida DL, Aminov J, Snider JM, Khalife G, Buyukbayraktar AB, Alhaddad C, Resnick AE, Wang P, Pan CH, Allopenna JJ, Clarke CJ. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DES1) promotes anchorage-independent survival downstream of HER2-driven glucose uptake and metabolism. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22558. [PMID: 36165222 PMCID: PMC9597949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of many cancers, but our mechanistic understanding of how such dysregulation is linked to tumor behavior remains poor. In this study, we have identified dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1)-which catalyzes the last step in de novo sphingolipid synthesis-as necessary for the acquisition of anchorage-independent survival (AIS), a key cancer enabling biology, and establish DES1 as a downstream effector of HER2-driven glucose uptake and metabolism. We further show that DES1 is sufficient to drive AIS and in vitro tumorigenicity and that increased DES1 levels-found in a third of HER2+ breast cancers-are associated with worse survival outcomes. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel pro-tumor role for DES1 as a transducer of HER2-driven glucose metabolic signals and provide evidence that targeting DES1 is an effective approach for overcoming AIS. Results further suggest that DES1 may have utility as a biomarker of aggressive and metastasis-prone HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Linzer
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Danielle L Guida
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Aminov
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justin M Snider
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Khalife
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A Burak Buyukbayraktar
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Charbel Alhaddad
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Andrew E Resnick
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pule Wang
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Pan
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Janet J Allopenna
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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23
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Vu NT, Kim M, Stephenson DJ, MacKnight HP, Chalfant CE. Ceramide Kinase Inhibition Drives Ferroptosis and Sensitivity to Cisplatin in Mutant KRAS Lung Cancer by Dysregulating VDAC-Mediated Mitochondria Function. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1429-1442. [PMID: 35560154 PMCID: PMC9444881 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide kinase (CERK) is the mammalian lipid kinase from which the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), is derived. CERK has been implicated in several promalignant phenotypes with little known as to mechanistic underpinnings. In this study, the mechanism of how CERK inhibition decreases cell survival in mutant (Mut) KRAS non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major lung cancer subtype, was revealed. Specifically, NSCLC cells possessing a KRAS mutation were more responsive to inhibition, downregulation, and genetic ablation of CERK compared with those with wild-type (WT) KRAS regarding a reduction in cell survival. Inhibition of CERK induced ferroptosis in Mut KRAS NSCLC cells, which required elevating VDAC-regulated mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, through modulation of VDAC, CERK inhibition synergized with the first-line NSCLC treatment, cisplatin, in reducing cell survival and in vivo tumor growth. Further mechanistic studies indicated that CERK inhibition affected MMP and cell survival by limiting AKT activation and translocation to mitochondria, and thus, blocking VDAC phosphorylation and tubulin recruitment. IMPLICATIONS Our findings depict how CERK inhibition may serve as a new key point in combination therapeutic strategy for NSCLC, specifically precision therapeutics targeting NSCLC possessing a KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T. Vu
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - H. Patrick MacKnight
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond VA, 23298,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Charles E. Chalfant, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, P.O. Box 801398, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, or
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Targeting the Sphingolipid Rheostat in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169255. [PMID: 36012521 PMCID: PMC9408832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are highly aggressive cancer types that are in urgent need of novel drugs and targeted therapies. Treatment protocols have not improved in over a decade, and glioma patient survival remains among the worst of all cancer types. As a result, cancer metabolism research has served as an innovative approach to identifying novel glioma targets and improving our understanding of brain tumors. Recent research has uncovered a unique metabolic vulnerability in the sphingolipid pathways of gliomas that possess the IDH1 mutation. Sphingolipids are a family of lipid signaling molecules that play a variety of second messenger functions in cellular regulation. The two primary metabolites, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, maintain a rheostat balance and play opposing roles in cell survival and proliferation. Altering the rheostat such that the pro-apoptotic signaling of the ceramides outweighs the pro-survival S1P signaling in glioma cells diminishes the hallmarks of cancer and enhances tumor cell death. Throughout this review, we discuss the sphingolipid pathway and identify the enzymes that can be most effectively targeted to alter the sphingolipid rheostat and enhance apoptosis in gliomas. We discuss each pathway’s steps based on their site of occurrence in the organelles and postulate novel targets that can effectively exploit this vulnerability.
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25
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Varela YR, Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Ballesteros U, Montes LR, Goñi FM, Alonso A. Ceramide enhances binding of LC3/GABARAP autophagy proteins to cardiolipin-containing membranes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:748-760. [PMID: 35839958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy, or autophagy, is a process in which cell macromolecules, or even organelles, are engulfed in a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome, and directed to a lysosome. Among autophagy-related proteins, LC3/GABARAP constitute a protein family derived from yeast Atg8. They play important roles in autophagosome formation, binding future cargo organelles and promoting autophagosome growth. The involvement of specific lipids in this process is poorly understood. The present study explores the interaction of LC3/GABARAP proteins with phospholipid monolayers and bilayers based on phosphatidylcholine or on sphingomyelin. Cardiolipin is found to be essential for the protein interaction with such bilayers, as measured through gradient centrifugation experiments, while ceramide markedly increases binding. Giant unilamellar vesicles examined under confocal fluorescence microscopy reveal that ceramide segregates laterally into very rigid domains, while GABARAP binds only the more fluid regions, suggesting that the enhancing role of ceramide is exerted by the minority of ceramide molecules dispersed in the fluid phase. Although in further autophagy steps the LC3/GABARAP proteins are covalently bound to a phospholipid, this is not the case in our system, thus it is proposed that the observed ceramide effects would correspond to very early stages in the process, such as cargo recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza R Varela
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - Uxue Ballesteros
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa E-48940, Spain.
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26
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Smith CD, Maines LW, Keller SN, Katz Ben-Yair V, Fathi R, Plasse TF, Levitt ML. Recent Progress in the Development of Opaganib for the Treatment of Covid-19. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2199-2211. [PMID: 35855741 PMCID: PMC9288228 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to exert extensive humanitarian and economic stress across the world. Although antivirals active against mild disease have been identified recently, new drugs to treat moderate and severe Covid-19 patients are needed. Sphingolipids regulate key pathologic processes, including viral proliferation and pathologic host inflammation. Opaganib (aka ABC294640) is a first-in-class clinical drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recent work demonstrates that opaganib also has antiviral activity against several viruses including SARS-CoV-2. A recently completed multinational Phase 2/3 clinical trial of opaganib in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 demonstrated that opaganib can be safely administered to these patients, and more importantly, resulted in a 62% decrease in mortality in a large subpopulation of patients with moderately severe Covid-19. Furthermore, acceleration of the clearance of the virus was observed in opaganib-treated patients. Understanding the biochemical mechanism for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of opaganib is essential for optimizing Covid-19 treatment protocols. Opaganib inhibits three key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism: sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2); dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1); and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Herein, we describe a tripartite model by which opaganib suppresses infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting SK2, DES1 and GCS. The potential impact of modulation of sphingolipid signaling on multi-organ dysfunction in Covid-19 patients is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Charles D Smith, Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA, 17036, USA, Tel +1 843 814 9257, Email
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
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27
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Grundner M, Munjaković H, Tori T, Sepčić K, Gašperšič R, Oblak Č, Seme K, Guella G, Trenti F, Skočaj M. Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine as a Possible Marker of Periodontal Disease. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070655. [PMID: 35877858 PMCID: PMC9324278 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic oral inflammatory disorder initiated by pathobiontic bacteria found in dental plaques—complex biofilms on the tooth surface. The disease begins as an acute local inflammation of the gingival tissue (gingivitis) and can progress to periodontitis, which eventually leads to the formation of periodontal pockets and ultimately results in tooth loss. The main problem in periodontology is that the diagnosis is based on the assessment of the already obvious tissue damage. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the current diagnostics used to assess periodontal disease. Using lipidomic analyses, we show that both crucial periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, synthesize ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) species, membrane sphingolipids not typically found in vertebrates. Previously, it was shown that this particular lipid can be specifically detected by an aegerolysin protein, erylysin A (EryA). Here, we show that EryA can specifically bind to CPE species from the total lipid extract from P. gingivalis. Furthermore, using a fluorescently labelled EryA-mCherry, we were able to detect CPE species in clinical samples of dental plaque from periodontal patients. These results demonstrate the potential of specific periodontal pathogen-derived lipids as biomarkers for periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (H.M.); (T.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Haris Munjaković
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (H.M.); (T.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Tilen Tori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (H.M.); (T.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (H.M.); (T.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Rok Gašperšič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.G.); (Č.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Čedomir Oblak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.G.); (Č.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Katja Seme
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.G.); (Č.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Trenti
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (H.M.); (T.T.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203-395
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Grochans S, Cybulska AM, Simińska D, Korbecki J, Kojder K, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102412. [PMID: 35626018 PMCID: PMC9139611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is only 15 months. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the epidemiology of GBM and factors that may have a significant impact on the risk of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a median overall survival of approximately 15 months. In this review, we analyze the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as epidemiological data, by age, gender, and tumor location. The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. In addition, it is difficult to determine clearly how GBM is influenced by stimulants, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), cell phone use, and exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Grochans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48 St., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 St., 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
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29
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McNally BD, Ashley DF, Hänschke L, Daou HN, Watt NT, Murfitt SA, MacCannell ADV, Whitehead A, Bowen TS, Sanders FWB, Vacca M, Witte KK, Davies GR, Bauer R, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Long-chain ceramides are cell non-autonomous signals linking lipotoxicity to endoplasmic reticulum stress in skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1748. [PMID: 35365625 PMCID: PMC8975934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates cellular protein and lipid biosynthesis. ER dysfunction leads to protein misfolding and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which limits protein synthesis to prevent cytotoxicity. Chronic ER stress in skeletal muscle is a unifying mechanism linking lipotoxicity to metabolic disease. Unidentified signals from cells undergoing ER stress propagate paracrine and systemic UPR activation. Here, we induce ER stress and lipotoxicity in myotubes. We observe ER stress-inducing lipid cell non-autonomous signal(s). Lipidomics identifies that palmitate-induced cell stress induces long-chain ceramide 40:1 and 42:1 secretion. Ceramide synthesis through the ceramide synthase 2 de novo pathway is regulated by UPR kinase Perk. Inactivation of CerS2 in mice reduces systemic and muscle ceramide signals and muscle UPR activation. The ceramides are packaged into extracellular vesicles, secreted and induce UPR activation in naïve myotubes through dihydroceramide accumulation. This study furthers our understanding of ER stress by identifying UPR-inducing cell non-autonomous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Dean F Ashley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lea Hänschke
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hélène N Daou
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicole T Watt
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Anna Whitehead
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T Scott Bowen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Michele Vacca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Clinica Medica "Frugoni", Interdisciplinar Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Klaus K Witte
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graeme R Davies
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Hanada K, Sakai S, Kumagai K. Natural Ligand-Mimetic and Nonmimetic Inhibitors of the Ceramide Transport Protein CERT. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042098. [PMID: 35216212 PMCID: PMC8875512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are recognized as key players in the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and are rapidly gaining attention as a novel molecular target for medicinal products. In mammalian cells, ceramide is newly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and converted to sphingomyelin in the trans-Golgi regions. The ceramide transport protein CERT, a typical LTP, mediates the ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide at an ER-distal Golgi membrane contact zone. About 20 years ago, a potent inhibitor of CERT, named (1R,3S)-HPA-12, was found by coincidence among ceramide analogs. Since then, various ceramide-resembling compounds have been found to act as CERT inhibitors. Nevertheless, the inevitable issue remains that natural ligand-mimetic compounds might directly bind both to the desired target and to various undesired targets that share the same natural ligand. To resolve this issue, a ceramide-unrelated compound named E16A, or (1S,2R)-HPCB-5, that potently inhibits the function of CERT has recently been developed, employing a series of in silico docking simulations, efficient chemical synthesis, quantitative affinity analysis, protein-ligand co-crystallography, and various in vivo assays. (1R,3S)-HPA-12 and E16A together provide a robust tool to discriminate on-target effects on CERT from off-target effects. This short review article will describe the history of the development of (1R,3S)-HPA-12 and E16A, summarize other CERT inhibitors, and discuss their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety and Information Management, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
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31
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Chen MH, Zhou J, Wu CY, Zhang W, Long F, Zhou SS, Xu JD, Wu J, Zou YT, Li SL, Shen H. Gut microbiota influenced the xenograft MC38 tumor growth potentially through interfering host lipid and amino acid metabolisms, basing on the integrated analysis of microbiome and metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1192:123136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Remy J, Linder B, Weirauch U, Day BW, Stringer BW, Herold-Mende C, Aigner A, Krohn K, Kögel D. STAT3 Enhances Sensitivity of Glioblastoma to Drug-Induced Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020339. [PMID: 35053502 PMCID: PMC8773829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. One reason for the development and malignancy of this tumor is the misregulation of certain cellular proteins. The oncoprotein STAT3 that is frequently overactive in glioblastoma cells is associated with more aggressive disease and decreased patient survival. Autophagy is a form of cellular self digestion that normally maintains cell integrity and provides nutrients and basic building blocks required for growth. While glioblastoma is known to be particularly resistant to conventional therapies, recent research has suggested that these tumors are more sensitive to excessive overactivation of autophagy, leading to autophagy-dependent tumor cell death. Here, we show a hitherto unknown role of STAT3 in sensitizing glioblastoma cells to excessive autophagy induced with the repurposed drug pimozide. These findings provide the basis for future research aimed at determining whether STAT3 can serve as a predictor for autophagy-proficient tumors and further support the notion of overactivating autophagy for cancer therapy. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating disease and the most common primary brain malignancy of adults with a median survival barely exceeding one year. Recent findings suggest that the antipsychotic drug pimozide triggers an autophagy-dependent, lysosomal type of cell death in GBM cells with possible implications for GBM therapy. One oncoprotein that is often overactivated in these tumors and associated with a particularly dismal prognosis is Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Here, we used isogenic human and murine GBM knockout cell lines, advanced fluorescence microscopy, transcriptomic analysis and FACS-based assessment of cell viability to show that STAT3 has an underappreciated, context-dependent role in drug-induced cell death. Specifically, we demonstrate that depletion of STAT3 significantly enhances cell survival after treatment with Pimozide, suggesting that STAT3 confers a particular vulnerability to GBM. Furthermore, we show that active STAT3 has no major influence on the early steps of the autophagy pathway, but exacerbates drug-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins into the cytosol. Collectively, our findings support the concept of exploiting the pro-death functions of autophagy and LMP for GBM therapy and to further determine whether STAT3 can be employed as a treatment predictor for highly apoptosis-resistant, but autophagy-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Remy
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Ulrike Weirauch
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (U.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Bryan W. Day
- Sid Faithful Brain Cancer Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Brett W. Stringer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Rd., Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (U.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Knut Krohn
- Core Unit DNA-Technologies, IZKF, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Donat Kögel
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (B.L.)
- German Cancer Consortium DKTK Partner Site Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-6923
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33
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Iozzo M, Sgrignani G, Comito G, Chiarugi P, Giannoni E. Endocannabinoid System and Tumour Microenvironment: New Intertwined Connections for Anticancer Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123396. [PMID: 34943903 PMCID: PMC8699381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is now recognised as a hallmark of cancer, since tumour:stroma crosstalk supports the key steps of tumour growth and progression. The dynamic co-evolution of the tumour and stromal compartments may alter the surrounding microenvironment, including the composition in metabolites and signalling mediators. A growing number of evidence reports the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in cancer. ECS is composed by a complex network of ligands, receptors, and enzymes, which act in synergy and contribute to several physiological but also pathological processes. Several in vitro and in vivo evidence show that ECS deregulation in cancer cells affects proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and metastatic potential. Although it is still an evolving research, recent experimental evidence also suggests that ECS can modulate the functional behaviour of several components of the TME, above all the immune cells, endothelial cells and stromal components. However, the role of ECS in the tumour:stroma interplay remains unclear and research in this area is particularly intriguing. This review aims to shed light on the latest relevant findings of the tumour response to ECS modulation, encouraging a more in-depth analysis in this field. Novel discoveries could be promising for novel anti-tumour approaches, targeting the microenvironmental components and the supportive tumour:stroma crosstalk, thereby hindering tumour development.
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Duan L, Cao L, Zhang R, Niu L, Yang W, Feng W, Zhou W, Chen J, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhao Q, Fan D, Hong L. Development and validation of a survival model for esophageal adenocarcinoma based on autophagy-associated genes. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3434-3454. [PMID: 34252349 PMCID: PMC8806464 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1946235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process which has been implicated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We sought to investigate the biological functions and prognostic value of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in EAC. A total of 21 differentially expressed ARGs were identified between EAC and normal samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were then applied for the differentially expressed ARGs in EAC, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Cox survival analysis and Lasso regression analysis were performed to establish a prognostic prediction model based on nine overall survival (OS)-related ARGs (CAPN1, GOPC, TBK1, SIRT1, ARSA, BNIP1, ERBB2, NRG2, PINK1). The 9-gene prognostic signature significantly stratified patient outcomes in The Cancer Genome of Atlas (TCGA)-EAC cohort and was considered as an independently prognostic predictor for EAC patients. Moreover, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analyses revealed several important cellular processes and signaling pathways correlated with the high-risk group in EAC. This prognostic prediction model was confirmed in an independent validation cohort (GSE13898) from The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We also developed a nomogram with a concordance index of 0.78 to predict the survival possibility of EAC patients by integrating the risk signature and clinicopathological features. The calibration curves substantiated favorable concordance between actual observation and nomogram prediction. Last but not least, Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2), a member of the prognostic gene signature, was identified as a potential therapeutic target for EAC patients. To sum up, we established and verified a novel prognostic prediction model based on ARGs which could optimize the individualized survival prediction in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Hong
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Antón Z, Montes LR, Alonso A. Molecular and mesoscopic geometries in autophagosome generation. A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183731. [PMID: 34419487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process in cell self-repair and survival. The centre of the autophagic event is the generation of the so-called autophagosome (AP), a vesicle surrounded by a double membrane (two bilayers). The AP delivers its cargo to a lysosome, for degradation and re-use of the hydrolysis products as new building blocks. AP formation is a very complex event, requiring dozens of specific proteins, and involving numerous instances of membrane biogenesis and architecture, including membrane fusion and fission. Many stages of AP generation can be rationalised in terms of curvature, both the molecular geometry of lipids interpreted in terms of 'intrinsic curvature', and the overall mesoscopic curvature of the whole membrane, as observed with microscopy techniques. The present contribution intends to bring together the worlds of biophysics and cell biology of autophagy, in the hope that the resulting cross-pollination will generate abundant fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Antón
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Abrams DI, Velasco G, Twelves C, Ganju RK, Bar-Sela G. Cancer Treatment: Preclinical & Clinical. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2021; 2021:107-113. [PMID: 34850894 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first evidence that cannabinoids may have in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic activity against tumor cell lines and animal tumor models was published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute nearly 50 years ago. Cannabinoids appear to induce apoptosis in rodent brain tumors by way of direct interaction with the cannabinoid receptor. They may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell invasiveness. Despite preclinical findings, attempts to translate the benefits from bench to bedside have been limited. This session provides a review of the basic science supporting the use of cannabinoids in gliomas, paired with the first randomized clinical trial of a cannabis-based therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Another preclinical presentation reports the effects of cannabinoids on triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and how cannabidiol may affect tumors. The session's second human trial raises concerns about the use of botanical cannabis in patients with advanced cancer receiving immunotherapy suggesting inferior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald I Abrams
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Group of Cannabinoid Signaling in Cancer Cells, Division of Oncology Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris Twelves
- Department of Oncology, University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, England, UK
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Oncology and Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, Afula,Israel.,Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion/Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Gámez-García A, Bolinaga-Ayala I, Yoldi G, Espinosa-Gil S, Diéguez-Martínez N, Megías-Roda E, Muñoz-Guardiola P, Lizcano JM. ERK5 Inhibition Induces Autophagy-Mediated Cancer Cell Death by Activating ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742049. [PMID: 34805151 PMCID: PMC8600073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process that preserves cellular homeostasis by mediating the lysosomal degradation of virtually any component of the cytoplasm. Autophagy is a key instrument of cellular response to several stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cancer cells have developed high dependency on autophagy to overcome the hostile tumor microenvironment. Thus, pharmacological activation or inhibition of autophagy is emerging as a novel antitumor strategy. ERK5 is a novel member of the MAP kinase family that is activated in response to growth factors and different forms of stress. Recent work has pointed ERK5 as a major player controlling cancer cell proliferation and survival. Therefore small-molecule inhibitors of ERK5 have shown promising therapeutic potential in different cancer models. Here, we report for the first time ERK5 as a negative regulator of autophagy. Thus, ERK5 inhibition or silencing induced autophagy in a panel of human cancer cell lines with different mutation patterns. As reported previously, ERK5 inhibitors (ERK5i) induced apoptotic cancer cell death. Importantly, we found that autophagy mediates the cytotoxic effect of ERK5i, since ATG5ˉ/ˉ autophagy-deficient cells viability was not affected by these compounds. Mechanistically, ERK5i stimulated autophagic flux independently of the canonical regulators AMPK or mTORC1. Moreover, ERK5 inhibition resulted in ER stress and activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways. Specifically, ERK5i induced expression of the ER luminal chaperone BiP (a hallmark of ER stress), the UPR markers CHOP and ATF4, and the spliced form of XBP1. Pharmacological inhibition of UPR with chemical chaperone TUDC, or ATF4 silencing, resulted in impaired ERK5i-mediated UPR, autophagy and cytotoxicity. Overall, our results suggest that ERK5 inhibition induces autophagy-mediated cancer cell death by activating ER stress. Since ERK5 inhibition sensitizes cancer cells and tumors to chemotherapy, future work will determine the relevance of UPR and autophagy in the combined use of chemotherapy and ERK5i to tackle Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gámez-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bolinaga-Ayala
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Diéguez-Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Megías-Roda
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Meyer N, Henkel L, Linder B, Zielke S, Tascher G, Trautmann S, Geisslinger G, Münch C, Fulda S, Tegeder I, Kögel D. Autophagy activation, lipotoxicity and lysosomal membrane permeabilization synergize to promote pimozide- and loperamide-induced glioma cell death. Autophagy 2021; 17:3424-3443. [PMID: 33461384 PMCID: PMC8632287 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that induction of lethal macroautophagy/autophagy carries potential significance for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). In continuation of previous work, we demonstrate that pimozide and loperamide trigger an ATG5- and ATG7 (autophagy related 5 and 7)-dependent type of cell death that is significantly reduced with cathepsin inhibitors and the lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger α-tocopherol in MZ-54 GBM cells. Global proteomic analysis after treatment with both drugs also revealed an increase of proteins related to lipid and cholesterol metabolic processes. These changes were accompanied by a massive accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the lysosomal compartment, indicative of impaired lipid transport/degradation. In line with these observations, pimozide and loperamide treatment were associated with a pronounced increase of bioactive sphingolipids including ceramides, glucosylceramides and sphingoid bases measured by targeted lipidomic analysis. Furthermore, pimozide and loperamide inhibited the activity of SMPD1/ASM (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1) and promoted induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), as well as release of CTSB (cathepsin B) into the cytosol in MZ-54 wild-type (WT) cells. Whereas LMP and cell death were significantly attenuated in ATG5 and ATG7 knockout (KO) cells, both events were enhanced by depletion of the lysophagy receptor VCP (valosin containing protein), supporting a pro-survival function of lysophagy under these conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that pimozide and loperamide-driven autophagy and lipotoxicity synergize to induce LMP and cell death. The results also support the notion that simultaneous overactivation of autophagy and induction of LMP represents a promising approach for the treatment of GBM.Abbreviations: ACD: autophagic cell death; AKT1: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG14: autophagy related 14; CERS1: ceramide synthase 1; CTSB: cathepsin B; CYBB/NOX2: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; ER: endoplasmatic reticulum; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GBM: glioblastoma; GO: gene ontology; HTR7/5-HT7: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; RB1CC1: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; SMPD1/ASM: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Meyer
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Henkel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Svenja Zielke
- Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Shammout ODA, Ashmawy NS, Shakartalla SB, Altaie AM, Semreen MH, Omar HA, Soliman SSM. Comparative sphingolipidomic analysis reveals significant differences between doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistance MCF-7 cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258363. [PMID: 34637456 PMCID: PMC8509934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is responsible for the failure of many available anticancer drugs. Several studies have demonstrated the association between the alteration in sphingolipids (SPLs) and the development of drug resistance. To investigate the association between SPLs metabolism and doxorubicin (dox)-resistance in MCF-7 cells, a comparative sphingolipidomics analysis between dox-sensitive (parental) and -resistant MCF-7 cell lines along with validation by gene expression analysis were conducted. A total of 31 SPLs representing 5 subcategories were identified. The data obtained revealed that SPLs were clustered into two groups differentiating parental from dox-resistant cells. Eight SPLs were significantly altered in response to dox-resistance including SM (d18:1/16), SM (d18:1/24:2), SM (d18:1/24:0), SM (d18:1/20:0), SM (d18:1/23:1), HexCer (d18:1/24:0), SM (d18:1/15:0), DHSM (d18:0/20:0). The current study is the first to conclusively ascertain the potential involvement of dysregulated SPLs in dox-resistance in MCF-7 cells. SPLs metabolism in dox-resistant MCF-7 cells is oriented toward the downregulation of ceramides (Cer) and the concomitant increase in sphingomyelin (SM). Gene expression analysis has revealed that dox-resistant cells tend to escape from the Cer-related apoptosis by the activation of SM-Cer and GluCer-LacCer-ganglioside pathways. The enzymes that were correlated to the alteration in SPLs metabolism of dox-resistant MCF-7 cells and significantly altered in gene expression can represent potential targets that can represent a winning strategy for the future development of promising anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola D. A. Shammout
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naglaa S. Ashmawy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmacy Department, City University College of Ajman, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Alaa M. Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A. Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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Bukke VN, Archana M, Villani R, Serviddio G, Cassano T. Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Phytocannabinoids and Recreational Synthetic Cannabinoids: Increasing Risk of Public Health. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100965. [PMID: 34681189 PMCID: PMC8541640 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic Cannabinoids (CBs) are a novel class of psychoactive substances that have rapidly evolved around the world with the addition of diverse structural modifications to existing molecules which produce new structural analogues that can be associated with serious adverse health effects. Synthetic CBs represent the largest class of drugs detected by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) with a total of 207 substances identified from 2008 to October 2020, and 9 compounds being reported for the first time. Synthetic CBs are sprayed on natural harmless herbs with an aim to mimic the euphoric effect of Cannabis. They are sold under different brand names including Black mamba, spice, K2, Bombay Blue, etc. As these synthetic CBs act as full agonists at the CB receptors, they are much more potent than natural Cannabis and have been increasingly associated with acute to chronic intoxications and death. Due to their potential toxicity and abuse, the US government has listed some synthetic CBs under schedule 1 classification. The present review aims to provide a focused overview of the literature concerning the development of synthetic CBs, their abuse, and potential toxicological effects including renal toxicity, respiratory depression, hyperemesis syndrome, cardiovascular effects, and a range of effects on brain function.
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Mangal N, Erridge S, Habib N, Sadanandam A, Reebye V, Sodergren MH. Cannabinoids in the landscape of cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2507-2534. [PMID: 34259916 PMCID: PMC8310855 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds derived from the Cannabis sativa L. plant. There is a growing body of evidence from cell culture and animal studies in support of cannabinoids possessing anticancer properties. METHOD A database search of peer reviewed articles published in English as full texts between January 1970 and April 2021 in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science was undertaken. References of relevant literature were searched to identify additional studies to construct a narrative literature review of oncological effects of cannabinoids in pre-clinical and clinical studies in various cancer types. RESULTS Phyto-, endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids demonstrated antitumour effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, these effects are dependent on cancer type, the concentration and preparation of the cannabinoid and the abundance of receptor targets. The mechanism of action of synthetic cannabinoids, (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) has mainly been described via the traditional cannabinoid receptors; CB1 and CB2, but reports have also indicated evidence of activity through GPR55, TRPM8 and other ion channels including TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV2. CONCLUSION Cannabinoids have shown to be efficacious both as a single agent and in combination with antineoplastic drugs. These effects have occurred through various receptors and ligands and modulation of signalling pathways involved in hallmarks of cancer pathology. There is a need for further studies to characterise its mode of action at the molecular level and to delineate efficacious dosage and route of administration in addition to synergistic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagina Mangal
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Systems and Precision Cancer Medicine Team, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Simon Erridge
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Nagy Habib
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Systems and Precision Cancer Medicine Team, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vikash Reebye
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Mikael Hans Sodergren
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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Development and Validation of an Autophagy-Related Signature for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1028158. [PMID: 34423028 PMCID: PMC8373491 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1028158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction HNSCC is the sixth most frequent type of malignant carcinoma with a low prognosis rate. In addition, autophagy is important in cancer development and progression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential significance of ARGs in the diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC. Materials and Methods Expression data and clinical information of HNSCC samples were collected from the TCGA database, and a list of ARGs was obtained from the MSigDB. Then, we used R software to perform differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis. Further analysis was also performed to find out the survival-related ARGs in HNSCC, and two prognosis-related ARGs, FADD and NKX2-3, were selected to construct a prognosis prediction model. Moreover, some methods were applied to validate the prognosis prediction model. Finally, we used cell lines and clinical tissue samples of HNSCC to analyze the importance of FADD and NKX2-3. Results We screened a total of 38 differentially expressed ARGs, and enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in autophagy. Then, we selected FADD and NKX2-3 to construct a prognosis model and the risk score calculated by the model was proved to be effective in predicting the survival of HNSCC patients. Additionally, significant differences of the clinicopathological parameters could also be observed in the risk scores and the expression of NKX2-3 and FADD. The expression of FADD and NKX2-3 in cell lines and HNSCC tissue samples also showed the same trends. Conclusions ARGs may be a potential biomarker for HNSCC prognosis, and targeted therapies for FADD and NKX2-3 are possible to be a new strategy of HNSCC treatment.
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Ceramide Metabolism Enzymes-Therapeutic Targets against Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57070729. [PMID: 34357010 PMCID: PMC8303233 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are both structural molecules that are essential for cell architecture and second messengers that are involved in numerous cell functions. Ceramide is the central hub of sphingolipid metabolism. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides induce cell cycle arrest and promote cell death and inflammation. At least some of the enzymes involved in the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism are altered in carcinogenesis, and some are targets for anticancer drugs. A number of scientific reports have shown how alterations in sphingolipid pools can affect cell proliferation, survival and migration. Determination of sphingolipid levels and the regulation of the enzymes that are implicated in their metabolism is a key factor for developing novel therapeutic strategies or improving conventional therapies. The present review highlights the importance of bioactive sphingolipids and their regulatory enzymes as targets for therapeutic interventions with especial emphasis in carcinogenesis and cancer dissemination.
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Kyriakou I, Yarandi N, Polycarpou E. Efficacy of cannabinoids against glioblastoma multiforme: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153533. [PMID: 33812759 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increased incidence of Glioblastoma Multiforme, the most aggressive and most common primary brain tumour, is evident worldwide. Survival rates are reaching only 15 months due to its high recurrence and resistance to current combination therapies including oncotomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Light has been shed in the recent years on the anticancer properties of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa. OBJECTIVE To determine whether cannabinoids alone or in combination with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy inhibit tumour progression, induce cancer cell death, inhibit metastasis and invasiveness and the mechanisms that underlie these actions. METHOD PubMed and Web of Science were used for a systemic search to find studies on the anticancer effects of natural cannabinoids on glioma cancer cells in vitro and/or in vivo. RESULTS A total of 302 papers were identified, of which 14 studies were found to fit the inclusion criteria. 5 studies were conducted in vitro, 2 in vivo and 7 were both in vivo and in vitro. 3 studies examined the efficacy of CBD, THC and TMZ, 1 study examined CBD and radiation, 2 studies examined efficacy of THC only and 3 studies examined the efficacy of CBD only. 1 study examined the efficacy of CBD, THC and radiotherapy, 2 studies examined the combination of CBD and THC and 2 more studies examined the efficacy of CBD and TMZ. CONCLUSION The evidence in this systematic review leads to the conclusion that cannabinoids possess anticancer potencies against glioma cells, however this effect varies with the combinations and dosages used. Studies so far were conducted on cells in culture and on mice as well as a small number of studies that were conducted on humans. Hence in order to have more accurate results, higher quality studies mainly including human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are necessitated urgently for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismini Kyriakou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Niousha Yarandi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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Autophagy-Related Genes in Atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:6402206. [PMID: 34306596 PMCID: PMC8270709 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6402206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common chronic vascular inflammatory disease and one of the main causes of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs). Autophagy-related genes (ARGs) play a crucial part in pathophysiological processes of AS. However, the expression profile of ARGs has rarely been adopted to explore the relationship between autophagy and AS. Therefore, using the expression profile of ARGs to explore the relationship between autophagy and AS may provide new insights for the treatment of CVDs. Methods The differentially expressed ARGs of the GSE57691 dataset were obtained from the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the GSE57691 dataset contains 9 aortic atheroma tissues and 10 normal aortic tissues. The differentially expressed ARGs of the GSE57691 dataset were analyzed by protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology analysis (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis (KEGG) and were chosen to explore related miRNAs/transcriptional factors. Results The GSE57691 dataset had a total of 41 differentially expressed ARGs. The GO analysis results revealed that ARGs were mainly enriched in autophagy, autophagosome, and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. KEGG analysis results showed that ARGs were mainly enriched in autophagy-animal and longevity regulating signaling pathways. Expressions of ATG5, MAP1LC3B, MAPK3, MAPK8, and RB1CC1 were regarded as focus in the PPI regulatory networks. Furthermore, 11 related miRNAs and 6 related transcription factors were obtained by miRNAs/transcription factor target network analysis. Conclusions Autophagy and ARGs may play a vital role in regulating the pathophysiology of AS.
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Correa-Paz C, Posado-Fernández A, Gómez-Larrauri A, Castillo J, Gómez-Muñoz A, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide Metabolism and Parkinson's Disease-Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:945. [PMID: 34202192 PMCID: PMC8301871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous cellular processes. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides can act as second messengers, especially when they are generated at the plasma membrane of cells. Its metabolic dysfunction may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent reports on transcriptomics and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis have demonstrated the variation of specific levels of sphingolipids and enzymes involved in their metabolism in different neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we highlight the most relevant discoveries related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Gómez-Larrauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
- Respiratory Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
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Alsanafi M, Brown RDR, Oh J, Adams DR, Torta F, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Dihydroceramide Desaturase Functions as an Inducer and Rectifier of Apoptosis: Effect of Retinol Derivatives, Antioxidants and Phenolic Compounds. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:461-475. [PMID: 33991313 PMCID: PMC8551130 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) catalyses the introduction of a 4,5-trans double bond into dihydroceramide to form ceramide. We show here that Degs1 is polyubiquitinated in response to retinol derivatives, phenolic compounds or anti-oxidants in HEK293T cells. The functional predominance of native versus polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 appears to govern cytotoxicity. Therefore, 4-HPR or celecoxib appear to stimulate the de novo ceramide pathway (with the exception of C24:0 ceramide), using native Degs1, and thereby promote PARP cleavage and LC3B-I/II processing (autophagy/apoptosis). The ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 is positively linked to cell survival via XBP-1s and results in a concomitant increase in dihydroceramides and a decrease in C24:0 ceramide levels. However, in the case of 4-HPR or celecoxib, the native form of Degs1 functionally predominates, such that the apoptotic programme is sustained. In contrast, 4-HPA or AM404 do not produce apoptotic ceramide, using native Degs1, but do promote a rectifier function to induce ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 and are not cytotoxic. Therefore, Degs1 appears to function both as an ‘inducer’ and ‘rectifier’ of apoptosis in response to chemical cellular stress, the dynamic balance for which is dependent on the nature of chemical stress, thereby determining cytotoxicity. The de novo synthesis of ceramide or the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 in response to anti-oxidants, retinol derivatives and phenolic compounds appear to involve sensors, and for rectifier function, this might be Degs1 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alsanafi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Ryan D R Brown
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jeongah Oh
- SLING, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Adams
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Federico Torta
- SLING, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nigel J Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Cancer Initiation, Progression and Resistance: Are Phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. Promising Compounds? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092668. [PMID: 34063214 PMCID: PMC8124362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a source of over 150 active compounds known as phytocannabinoids that are receiving renewed interest due to their diverse pharmacologic activities. Indeed, phytocannabinoids mimic the endogenous bioactive endocannabinoids effects through activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors widely described in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. All phytocannabinoids have been studied for their protective actions towards different biological mechanisms, including inflammation, immune response, oxidative stress that, altogether, result in an inhibitory activity against the carcinogenesis. The role of the endocannabinoid system is not yet completely clear in cancer, but several studies indicate that cannabinoid receptors and endogenous ligands are overexpressed in different tumor tissues. Recently, in vitro and in vivo evidence support the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids against various cancer types, in terms of proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, actions partially due to their ability to regulate signaling pathways critical for cell growth and survival. The aim of this review was to report the current knowledge about the action of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. against cancer initiation and progression with a specific regard to brain, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer as well as their possible use in the therapies. We will also report the known molecular mechanisms responsible for such positive effects. Finally, we will describe the actual therapeutic options for Cannabis sativa L. and the ongoing clinical trials.
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Di YQ, Han XL, Kang XL, Wang D, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Autophagy triggers CTSD (cathepsin D) maturation and localization inside cells to promote apoptosis. Autophagy 2021; 17:1170-1192. [PMID: 32324083 PMCID: PMC8143247 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1752497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CTSD/CathD/CATD (cathepsin D) is a lysosomal aspartic protease. A distinguishing characteristic of CTSD is its dual functions of promoting cell proliferation via secreting a pro-enzyme outside the cells as a ligand, and promoting apoptosis via the mature form of this enzyme inside cells; however, the regulation of its secretion, expression, and maturation is undetermined. Using the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera, a serious agricultural pest, as a model, we revealed the dual functions and regulatory mechanisms of CTSD secretion, expression, and maturation. Glycosylation of asparagine 233 (N233) determined pro-CTSD secretion. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) promoted CTSD expression. Macroautophagy/autophagy triggered CTSD maturation and localization inside midgut cells to activate CASP3 (caspase 3) and promote apoptosis. Pro-CTSD was expressed in the pupal epidermis and was secreted into the hemolymph to promote adult fat body endoreplication/endoreduplication, cell proliferation, and association. Our study revealed that the differential expression and autophagy-mediated maturation of CTSD in tissues determine its roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation, thereby determining the cell fates of tissues during lepidopteran metamorphosis.Abbreviations: 20E: 20-hydroxyecdysone; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AKT: protein kinase B; ATG1: autophagy-related 1; ATG4: autophagy-related 4; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CQ: choroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPBS: dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; DsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EcR: ecdysone receptor; EcRE: ecdysone response element; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine; G-m-CTSD: glycosylated-mautre-CTSD; G-pro-CTSD: glycosylated-pro-CTSD; HaEpi: Helicoverpa armigera epidermal cell line; HE staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; IgG: immunoglobin G; IM: imaginal midgut; JH: juvenile hormone; Kr-h1: krueppel homologous protein 1; LM: larval midgut; M6P: mannose-6-phosphate; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCD: programmed cell death; PNGase: peptide-N-glycosidase F; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SYX17: syntaxin 17; USP1: ultraspiracle isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Le Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Peeri H, Shalev N, Vinayaka AC, Nizar R, Kazimirsky G, Namdar D, Anil SM, Belausov E, Brodie C, Koltai H. Specific Compositions of Cannabis sativa Compounds Have Cytotoxic Activity and Inhibit Motility and Colony Formation of Human Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1720. [PMID: 33916466 PMCID: PMC8038598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal subtype of glioma. Cannabis sativa is used for the treatment of various medical conditions. Around 150 phytocannabinoids have been identified in C. sativa, among them Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) that trigger GBM cell death. However, the optimal combinations of cannabis molecules for anti-GBM activity are unknown. Chemical composition was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Cytotoxic activity was determined by XTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays and apoptosis and cell cycle by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). F-actin structures were observed by confocal microscopy, gene expression by quantitative PCR, and cell migration and invasion by scratch and transwell assays, respectively. Fractions of a high-THC cannabis strain extract had significant cytotoxic activity against GBM cell lines and glioma stem cells derived from tumor specimens. A standard mix (SM) of the active fractions F4 and F5 induced apoptosis and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress associated-genes. F4 and F5 inhibited cell migration and invasion, altered cell cytoskeletons, and inhibited colony formation in 2 and 3-dimensional models. Combinations of cannabis compounds exert cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory effects and should be examined for efficacy on GBM in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Peeri
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Nurit Shalev
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Ajjampura C. Vinayaka
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Rephael Nizar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Gila Kazimirsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Seegehalli M. Anil
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Chaya Brodie
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
- Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
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