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Gao Q, Weng Z, Feng Y, Gong T, Zheng X, Zhang G, Gong L. KPNA2 suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting and degrading virus envelope protein through selective autophagy. J Virol 2023; 97:e0011523. [PMID: 38038431 PMCID: PMC10734479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea, characterized by vomiting, dehydration, and diarrhea, is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in neonatal piglets. This disease has caused large economic losses to the porcine industry worldwide. Thus, identifying the host factors involved in PEDV infection is important to develop novel strategies to control PEDV transmission. This study shows that PEDV infection upregulates karyopherin α 2 (KPNA2) expression in Vero and intestinal epithelial (IEC) cells. KPNA2 binds to and degrades the PEDV E protein via autophagy to suppress PEDV replication. These results suggest that KPNA2 plays an antiviral role against PEDV. Specifically, knockdown of endogenous KPNA2 enhances PEDV replication, whereas its overexpression inhibits PEDV replication. Our data provide novel KPNA2-mediated viral restriction mechanisms in which KPNA2 suppresses PEDV replication by targeting and degrading the viral E protein through autophagy. These mechanisms can be targeted in future studies to develop novel strategies to control PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Yang Y, Guo L, Chen L, Gong B, Jia D, Sun Q. Nuclear transport proteins: structure, function, and disease relevance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:425. [PMID: 37945593 PMCID: PMC10636164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper subcellular localization is crucial for the functioning of biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNAs. Nuclear transport is a fundamental cellular process that regulates the localization of many macromolecules within the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. In humans, approximately 60 proteins are involved in nuclear transport, including nucleoporins that form membrane-embedded nuclear pore complexes, karyopherins that transport cargoes through these complexes, and Ran system proteins that ensure directed and rapid transport. Many of these nuclear transport proteins play additional and essential roles in mitosis, biomolecular condensation, and gene transcription. Dysregulation of nuclear transport is linked to major human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor targeting the nuclear export factor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), was approved in 2019 to treat two types of blood cancers, and dozens of clinical trials of are ongoing. This review summarizes approximately three decades of research data in this field but focuses on the structure and function of individual nuclear transport proteins from recent studies, providing a cutting-edge and holistic view on the role of nuclear transport proteins in health and disease. In-depth knowledge of this rapidly evolving field has the potential to bring new insights into fundamental biology, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Zeng S, Zhu W, Luo Z, Wu K, Lu Z, Li X, Wang W, Hu W, Qin Y, Chen W, Yi L, Fan S, Chen J. Role of OGDH in Atophagy-IRF3-IFN-β pathway during classical swine fever virus infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126443. [PMID: 37604413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe infectious disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) that poses significant challenges to the swine industry. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, catalyzes α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to succinyl-CoA, playing a crucial role in glycometabolism. Our previous studies showed that CSFV disrupts the TCA cycle, resulting in α-KG accumulation. However, the interplay between CSFV and OGDH remains unclear. In this study, we found that CSFV significantly reduces OGDH protein levels and promotes α-KG secretion through OGDH in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, we observed CSFV C protein interacts with OGDH and revealed that CSFV utilizes NDP52/NBR1 to target OGDH protein degradation in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. We also unveiled that OGDH overexpression inhibits CSFV proliferation, whereas OGDH knockdown increases CSFV proliferation. Further investigation into the mechanisms of OGDH on CSFV replication revealed that OGDH regulates the AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. Additionally, using the autophagy agonist/inhibitor, rapamycin/3-MA, we observed that OGDH modulates autophagy to regulate the IRF3-IFN-β network and CSFV replication. These findings shed light on the role of OGDH in CSFV infection and host metabolism, promoting the development of innovative strategies for combating CSFV and other viral infections via targeting metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zipeng Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenshuo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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4
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Zhang D, Ji L, Chen X, He Y, Sun Y, Ji L, Zhang T, Shen Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang S, Zhang W, Zhou C. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 suppresses type I interferon production by inhibiting IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. iScience 2023; 26:107705. [PMID: 37680466 PMCID: PMC10480782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), poses a significant threat to global public health security. Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has developed various strategies to inhibit the production of interferon (IFN). Here, we have discovered that SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 obviously reduces the expression of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG56, CXCL10), and also inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation by antagonizing the RLR-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. Mechanically, we found that the poly-U-specific endonuclease domain (EndoU) of Nsp15 directly associates with the kinase domain (KD) of TBK1 to interfere TBK1 interacting with IRF3 and the flowing TBK1-mediated IRF3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Nsp15 also prevented nuclear translocation of phosphorylated IRF3 via binding to the nuclear import adaptor karyopherin α1 (KPNA1) and promoting it autophagy-dependent degradation. These findings collectively reveal a novel mechanism by which Nsp15 antagonizes host's innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianqi Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214221, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Jiangsu Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225003, China
| | - Yumin He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Medical Research Center, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Yijie Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Li Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
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5
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Bernardo-Menezes LC, Agrelli A, Oliveira ASLED, Azevedo EDAN, Morais CNLD. Zika virus: Critical crosstalk between pathogenesis, cytopathic effects, and macroautophagy. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37334850 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging positive-sense RNA arbovirus. Its genome encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved by proteases into three structural proteins (Envelope, pre-Membrane, and Capsid) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). These proteins have essential functions in viral replication cycle, cytopathic effects, and host cellular response. When infected by ZIKV, host cells promote macroautophagy, which is believed to favor virus entry. Although several authors have attempted to understand this link between macroautophagy and viral infection, little is known. Herein, we performed a narrative review of the molecular connection between macroautophagy and ZIKV infection while focusing on the roles of the structural and nonstructural proteins. We concluded that ZIKV proteins are major virulence factors that modulate host-cell machinery to its advantage by disrupting and/or blocking specific cellular systems and organelles' function, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Coêlho Bernardo-Menezes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Materials (LMNANO), Strategic Technologies Center of Northeast (CETENE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa de Almeida Neves Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Clarice Neuenschwander Lins de Morais
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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6
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He J, Yang L, Chang P, Yang S, Wang Y, Lin S, Tang Q, Zhang Y. Zika Virus Induces Degradation of the Numb Protein Required through Embryonic Neurogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:1258. [PMID: 37376558 DOI: 10.3390/v15061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and causes an infection associated with congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome. The mechanism of ZIKV-mediated neuropathogenesis is not well understood. In this study, we discovered that ZIKV induces degradation of the Numb protein, which plays a crucial role in neurogenesis by allowing asymmetric cell division during embryonic development. Our data show that ZIKV reduced the Numb protein level in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, ZIKV infection appears to have minimal effect on the Numb transcript. Treatment of ZIKV-infected cells with a proteasome inhibitor restores the Numb protein level, which suggests the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In addition, ZIKV infection shortens the half-life of the Numb protein. Among the ZIKV proteins, the capsid protein significantly reduces the Numb protein level. Immunoprecipitation of the Numb protein co-precipitates the capsid protein, indicating the interaction between these two proteins. These results provide insights into the ZIKV-cell interaction that might contribute to its impact on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peixi Chang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shixing Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shaoli Lin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Yanjin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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7
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Hao J, Li J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Wu T, Chen T, Wu Z, Zhang P, Cui J, Li YP. NLRC5 restricts dengue virus infection by promoting the autophagic degradation of viral NS3 through E3 ligase CUL2 (cullin 2). Autophagy 2023; 19:1332-1347. [PMID: 36126167 PMCID: PMC10012957 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2126614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRC5 has been reported to be involved in antiviral immunity; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functional role of NLRC5 in the infection of a flavivirus, dengue virus (DENV). We found that the expression of NLRC5 was strongly induced by virus infection and IFNB or IFNG stimulation in different cell lines. Overexpression of NLRC5 remarkably suppressed DENV infection, whereas knockout of NLRC5 led to a significant increase in DENV infection. Mechanistic study revealed that NLRC5 interacted with the viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) protease domain and mediated degradation of NS3 through a ubiquitin-dependent selective macroautophagy/autophagy pathway. We demonstrated that NLRC5 recruited the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL2 (cullin 2) to catalyze K48-linked poly-ubiquitination of the NS3 protease domain, which subsequently served as a recognition signal for cargo receptor TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Together, we have demonstrated that NLRC5 exerted an antiviral effect by mediating the degradation of a multifunctional protein of DENV, providing a novel antiviral signal axis of NLRC5-CUL2-NS3-TOLLIP. This study expands our understanding of the regulatory network of NLRC5 in the host defense against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hao
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tongling Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Dong S, Xiao MZX, Liang Q. Modulation of cellular machineries by Zika virus-encoded proteins. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28243. [PMID: 36262094 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) that circulated during the 2015 epidemic in Brazil has been associated with more than 2000 cases of microcephaly from September 2015 through November 2016. The viral genome determines the biology and pathogenesis of a virus and the virus employs its own gene products to evade host immune surveillance, manipulate cellular machineries, and establish efficient replication. Therefore, understanding the functions of virus-encoded protein not only aids the knowledge of ZIKV biology but also guides the development of anti-ZIKV drugs. In this review, we focus on 10 proteins encoded by ZIKV and summarize their functions in ZIKV replication and pathogenesis according to studies published in the past 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Dong
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maggie Z X Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiming Liang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Yu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Fan X, He Z, Qiao S, Hou S, Zou P. A peptide derived from the N-terminal of NS2A for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A recognition polyclonal antibody. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113396. [PMID: 36463933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus non-structural protein NS2A participates in viral replication, organization, and budding, as well as escaping host immunity. NS2A also involved in the induction of microcephaly by ZIKV. However, the above studies were mainly performed through NS2A with a tag due to the lack of available antibodies against NS2A. ZIKV NS2A is a multiplex transmembrane protein, which leads to difficulties in the preparation of its recognition antibodies, thus seriously affecting the study of ZIKV NS2A. In this study, we found that a peptide (GSTDHMDHFSLGVLC) derived from the N-terminal of ZIKV NS2A coupled to KLH induced antibodies recognizing ZIKV NS2A in rabbits. The purified polyclonal antibody recognized ZIKV NS2A in ZIKV-infected cells with high efficiency and specificity, as detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Our study has important implications for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A antibodies and the in-depth study of ZIKV NS2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xiuling Fan
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhenrui He
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Shaojun Qiao
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Shishi Hou
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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Li S, Armstrong N, Zhao H, Cruz-cosme R, Yang H, Zhong C, Fu W, Wang W, Yang D, Xia N, Cheng T, Tang Q. Zika Virus Infection Downregulates Connexin 43, Disrupts the Cardiomyocyte Gap Junctions and Induces Heart Diseases in A129 Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0137322. [PMID: 36226984 PMCID: PMC9645212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01373-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted mostly via mosquito bites and no vaccine is available, so it may reemerge. We and others previously demonstrated that neonatal infection of ZIKV results in heart failure and can be fatal. Animal models implicated ZIKV involvement in viral heart diseases. It is unknown whether and how ZIKV causes heart failure in adults. Herein, we studied the effects of ZIKV infection on the heart function of adult A129 mice. First, we found that ZIKV productively infects the rat-, mouse-, or human-originated heart cell lines and caused ubiquitination-mediated degradation of and distortive effects on connexin 43 (Cx43) protein that is important for communications between cardiomyocytes. Second, ZIKV infection caused 100% death of the A129 mice with decreasing body weight, worsening health score, shrugging fur, and paralysis. The viral replication was detected in multiple organs. In searching for the viral effects on heart of the A129 mice, we found that ZIKV infection resulted in the increase of cardiac muscle enzymes, implicating a viral acute myocardial injury. ZIKV-caused heart injury was also demonstrated by electrocardiogram (ECG) showing widened and fragmented QRS waves, prolonged PR interval, and slower heart rate. The intercalated disc (ICD) between two cardiomyocytes was destroyed, as shown by the electronic microscopy, and the Cx43 distribution in the ICDs was less organized in the ZIKV-infected mice compared to that in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Consistently, ZIKV productively infected the heart of A129 mice and decreased Cx43 protein. Therefore, we demonstrated that ZIKV infection caused heart failure, which might lead to fatal sequelae in ZIKV-infected A129 mice. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a teratogen causing devastating sequelae to the newborns who suffer a congenital ZIKV infection while it brings about only mild symptoms to the health-competent older children or adults. Mouse models have played an important role in mechanistic and pathogenic studies of ZIKV. In this study, we employed 3 to 4 week-old A129 mice for ZIKV infection. RT-qPCR assays discovered that ZIKV replicated in multiple organs, including the heart. As a result of ZIKV infection, the A129 mice experienced weight loss, health score worsening, paralysis, and deaths. We revealed that the ZIKV infection caused abnormal electrocardiogram presentations, increased cardiac muscle enzymes, downregulated Cx43, and destroyed the gap junction and the intercalated disc between the cardiomyocytes, implicating that ZIKV may cause an acute myocardial injury in A129 mice. Therefore, our data imply that ZIKV infection may jeopardize the immunocompromised population with a severe clinical consequence, such as heart defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Li
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Najealicka Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Ruth Cruz-cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Chunlian Zhong
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation - St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Matsui C, Yuliandari P, Deng L, Abe T, Shoji I. The Role of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:796664. [PMID: 34926330 PMCID: PMC8674663 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.796664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome incorporate and degrade proteins in a process known as autophagy. There are three types of autophagy; macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Although autophagy is considered a nonselective degradation process, CMA is known as a selective degradation pathway. All proteins internalized in the lysosome via CMA contain a pentapeptide KFERQ-motif, also known as a CMA-targeting motif, which is necessary for selectivity. CMA directly delivers a substrate protein into the lysosome lumen using the cytosolic chaperone HSC70 and the lysosomal receptor LAMP-2A for degradation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein interacts with hepatocyte-nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α) together with HSC70 and promotes the lysosomal degradation of HNF-1α via CMA, resulting in HCV-induced pathogenesis. HCV NS5A promotes recruitment of HSC70 to the substrate protein HNF-1α. HCV NS5A plays a crucial role in HCV-induced CMA. Further investigations of HCV NS5A-interacting proteins containing CMA-targeting motifs may help to elucidate HCV-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Matsui
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Putu Yuliandari
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Lin Deng
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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12
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McKinney JR, Seferovic MD, Major AM, Suter MA, Tardif SD, Patterson JL, Castro ECC, Aagaard KM. Placental Autophagy and Viral Replication Co-localize in Human and Non-human Primate Placentae Following Zika Virus Infection: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:720760. [PMID: 37431450 PMCID: PMC10331925 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.720760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have shown both induction and inhibition of autophagy during Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. While some have proposed mechanisms by which autophagic dysregulation might facilitate ZIKV vertical transmission, there is a lack of in situ data in human and non-human primate models. This is an especially pertinent question as autophagy-inhibitors, such as hydroxychloroquine, have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents aimed at preventing vertical transmission of ZIKV and other RNA viruses. Objectives Given the paucity of pre-clinical data in support of either autophagic enhancement or inhibition of placental ZIKV viral infection, we sought to assess cellular, spatial, and temporal associations between placental ZIKV infection and measures of autophagy in human primary cell culture and congenital infection cases, as well as an experimental non-human primate (marmoset, Callithrix jacchus) model. Study Design Primary trophoblast cells were isolated from human placentae (n = 10) and infected in vitro with ZIKV. Autophagy-associated gene expression (ULK-1, BECN1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, ATG16L1, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, p62/SQSTM1) was then determined by TaqMan qPCR to determine fold-change with ZIKV-infection. In in vivo validation experiments, autophagy genes LC3B and p62/SQSTM1 were probed using in situ hybridization (ISH) in the placentae of human Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) cases (n = 3) and ZIKV-infected marmoset placenta (n = 1) and fetal tissue (n = 1). Infected and uninfected villi were compared for mean density and co-localization of autophagic protein markers. Results Studies of primary cultured human trophoblasts revealed decreased expression of autophagy genes ATG5 and p62/SQSTM1 in ZIKV-infected trophoblasts [ATG5 fold change (±SD) 0.734-fold (±0.722), p = 0.036; p62/SQSTM1 0.661-fold (±0.666), p = 0.029]. Histologic examination by ISH and immunohistochemistry confirmed spatial association of autophagy and ZIKV infection in human congenital infection cases, as well as marmoset placental and fetal tissue samples. When quantified by densitometric data, autophagic protein LC3B, and p62/SQSTM1 expression in marmoset placenta were significantly decreased in in situ ZIKV-infected villi compared to less-infected areas [LC3B mean 0.951 (95% CI, 0.930-0.971), p = 0.018; p62/SQSTM1 mean 0.863 (95% CI, 0.810-0.916), p = 0.024]. Conclusion In the current study, we observed that in the non-transformed human and non-human primate placenta, disruption (specifically down-regulation) of autophagy accompanies later ZIKV replication in vitro, in vivo, and in situ. The findings collectively suggest that dysregulated autophagy spatially and temporally accompanies placental ZIKV replication, providing the first in situ evidence in relevant primate pre-clinical and clinical models for the importance of timing of human therapeutic strategies aimed at agonizing/antagonizing autophagy. These studies have likely further implications for other congenitally transmitted viruses, particularly the RNA viruses, given the ubiquitous nature of autophagic disruption and dysregulation in host responses to viral infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. McKinney
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maxim D. Seferovic
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Angela M. Major
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa A. Suter
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jean L. Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Eumenia C. C. Castro
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kjersti M. Aagaard
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Fanunza E, Carletti F, Quartu M, Grandi N, Ermellino L, Milia J, Corona A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Tramontano E. Zika virus NS2A inhibits interferon signaling by degradation of STAT1 and STAT2. Virulence 2021; 12:1580-1596. [PMID: 34338586 PMCID: PMC8331042 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1935613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Interferon (IFN) response is crucial to restrain pathogenic infections. Investigations into flavivirus-host interactions reported that the high virulence is linked to innate immune evasion. Zika Virus (ZIKV) has developed diversified strategies to evade the innate immune system. We report that the viral protein NS2A counteracts the IFN response by strongly suppressing the IFN signaling. NS2A targets transcription factors STAT1 and STAT2, to impede their nuclear localization, thereby suppressing the transcription of ISRE promoter and IFN-stimulated genes. We found that NS2A promotes degradation of STAT1 and STAT2. Treatment of NS2A transfected cells with MG132 restores the levels of both transcription factors, suggesting the involvement of the proteasome system. Given the impact that the IFN antagonism has on flavivirus virulence, the knowledge gained by characterizing the mechanism through which ZIKV evades the IFN response paves the ground for new strategies to attenuate the pathogenesis and to develop countermeasures against effective pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L.Spallanzani͟ IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Laura Ermellino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jessica Milia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L.Spallanzani͟ IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L.Spallanzani͟ IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Sajidah ES, Lim K, Wong RW. How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Build an Invasion Route to Hijack the Host Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking System. Cells 2021; 10:1424. [PMID: 34200500 PMCID: PMC8230057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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