1
|
Porter C, Lyski ZL, Uhrlaub JL, Ellingson KD, Jeddy Z, Gwynn L, Rivers P, Sprissler R, Hegmann KT, Coughlin MM, Fowlkes AL, Hollister J, LeClair L, Mak J, Beitel SC, Fuller S, Zheng PQ, Vaughan M, Rai RP, Grant L, Newes-Adeyi G, Yoo YM, Olsho L, Burgess JL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Yoon SK, Britton A, Gaglani M, Phillips AL, Thiese MS, Hagen MB, Jones JM, Lutrick K. Evaluating Immunologic and Illness Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children Aged ≥ 5 Years, in a Multisite Longitudinal Cohort. Diseases 2024; 12:171. [PMID: 39195170 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12080171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid immunity, as a result of infection and vaccination to SARS-CoV-2, has been well studied in adults but limited evidence is available in children. We evaluated the antibody responses to primary SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated children aged ≥ 5 years. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study of children aged ≥ 5 was conducted during August 2021-August 2022, at sites in Arizona, Texas, Utah, and Florida. Children submitted weekly nasal swabs for PCR testing and provided sera 14-59 days after PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibodies were measured by ELISA against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and S2 domain of ancestral Spike (WA1), in addition to Omicron (BA.2) RBD, following infection in children, with and without prior monovalent ancestral mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS Among the 257 participants aged 5 to 18 years, 166 (65%) had received at least two mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses ≥ 14 days prior to infection. Of these, 53 occurred during Delta predominance, with 37 (70%) unvaccinated at the time of infection. The remaining 204 infections occurred during Omicron predominance, with 53 (26%) participants unvaccinated. After adjusting for weight, age, symptomatic infection, and gender, significantly higher mean RBD AUC values were observed among the vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group for both WA1 and Omicron (p < 0.0001). A smaller percentage of vaccinated children reported fever during illness, with 55 (33%) reporting fever compared to 44 (48%) unvaccinated children reporting fever (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Children with vaccine-induced immunity at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection had higher antibody levels during convalescence and experienced less fever compared to unvaccinated children during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Porter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Zoe L Lyski
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Katherine D Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Zuha Jeddy
- Abt Associates, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lisa Gwynn
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Patrick Rivers
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kurt T Hegmann
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Melissa M Coughlin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ashley L Fowlkes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - James Hollister
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Josephine Mak
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lauren Grant
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Young M Yoo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Sarang K Yoon
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Amadea Britton
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Andrew L Phillips
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Matthew S Thiese
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs Hagen
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jefferson M Jones
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romine JK, Li H, Coughlin MM, Jones JM, Britton A, Tyner HL, Fuller SB, Bloodworth R, Edwards LJ, Etolue JN, Morrill TC, Newes-Adeyi G, Olsho LEW, Gaglani M, Fowlkes A, Hollister J, Bedrick EJ, Uhrlaub JL, Beitel S, Sprissler RS, Lyski Z, Porter CJ, Rivers P, Lutrick K, Caban-Martinez AJ, Yoon SK, Phillips AL, Naleway AL, Burgess JL, Ellingson KD. Hybrid Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: Results of the HEROES-RECOVER Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 79:96-107. [PMID: 38466720 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on whether hybrid immunity differs by count and order of immunity-conferring events (infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] or vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). From a multi-site cohort of frontline workers, we examined the heterogeneity of the effect of hybrid immunity on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. METHODS Exposures included event count and event order, categorized into 7 permutations. Outcome was level of serum antibodies against receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (total RBD-binding immunoglobulin). Means were examined up to 365 days after each of the first to seventh events. RESULTS Analysis included 5793 participants measured from 7 August 2020 to 15 April 2023. Hybrid immunity from infection before 1 or 2 vaccine doses elicited modestly superior antibody responses after the second and third events (compared with infections or vaccine doses alone). This superiority was not repeated after additional events. Among adults infected before vaccination, adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 1.23 (1.14-1.33), 1.09 (1.03-1.14), 0.87 (.81-.94), and 0.99 (.85-1.15) after the second to fifth events, respectively. Post-vaccination infections elicited superior responses; adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CI) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 0.93 (.75-1.17), 1.11 (1.06-1.16), 1.17 (1.11-1.24), and 1.20 (1.07-1.34) after the second to fifth events, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of heterogeneity in antibody levels by permutations of infection and vaccination history could inform COVID-19 vaccination policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James K Romine
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Huashi Li
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Melissa M Coughlin
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jefferson M Jones
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amadea Britton
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Harmony L Tyner
- St. Luke's Regional Health Care System, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashley Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Hollister
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Edward J Bedrick
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ryan S Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, Office for Research, Innovation and Impact, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zoe Lyski
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cynthia J Porter
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Patrick Rivers
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Sarang K Yoon
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew L Phillips
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Allison L Naleway
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine D Ellingson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bean DJ, Monroe J, Liang YM, Borberg E, Senussi Y, Swank Z, Chalise S, Walt D, Weinberg J, Sagar M. Heterotypic immunity from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection but not COVID-19 vaccination associates with lower endemic coronavirus incidence. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eado7588. [PMID: 38865483 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ado7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses from prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 vaccination mitigate disease severity, but they do not fully prevent subsequent infections, especially from genetically divergent strains. We examined the incidence of and immune differences against human endemic coronaviruses (eCoVs) as a proxy for response against future genetically heterologous coronaviruses (CoVs). We assessed differences in symptomatic eCoV and non-CoV respiratory disease incidence among those with known prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or previous COVID-19 vaccination but no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection or neither exposure. Retrospective cohort analyses suggest that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not previous COVID-19 vaccination alone, associates with a lower incidence of subsequent symptomatic eCoV infection. There was no difference in non-CoV incidence, implying that the observed difference was eCoV specific. In a second cohort where both cellular and humoral immunity were measured, those with prior SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure had lower eCoV-directed neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that neutralization is not responsible for the observed decreased eCoV disease. The three groups had similar cellular responses against the eCoV spike protein and nucleocapsid antigens. However, CD8+ T cell responses to the nonstructural eCoV proteins nsp12 and nsp13 were higher in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection as compared with the other groups. This association between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and decreased incidence of eCoV disease may therefore be due to a boost in CD8+ T cell responses against eCoV nsp12 and nsp13, suggesting that incorporation of nonstructural viral antigens in a future pan-CoV vaccine may improve vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Bean
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Janet Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yan Mei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ella Borberg
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yasmeen Senussi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zoe Swank
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sujata Chalise
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song C, Hu J, Liu Y, Tian Y, Zhu Y, Xi J, Cui M, Wang X, Zhang BZ, Fan L, Li Q. Vaccination-Route-Dependent Adjuvanticity of Antigen-Carrying Nanoparticles for Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:125. [PMID: 38400110 PMCID: PMC10892493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination-route-dependent adjuvanticity was identified as being associated with the specific features of antigen-carrying nanoparticles (NPs) in the present work. Here, we demonstrated that the mechanical properties and the decomposability of NP adjuvants play key roles in determining the antigen accessibility and thus the overall vaccine efficacy in the immune system when different vaccination routes were employed. We showed that soft nano-vaccines were associated with more efficient antigen uptake when administering subcutaneous (S.C.) vaccination, while the slow decomposition of hard nano-vaccines promoted antigen uptake when intravenous (I.V.) vaccination was employed. In comparison to the clinically used aluminum (Alum) adjuvant, the NP adjuvants were found to stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses efficiently, irrespective of the vaccination route. For vaccination via S.C. and I.V. alike, the NP-based vaccines show excellent protection for mice from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection, and their survival rates are 100% after lethal challenge, being much superior to the clinically used Alum adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Song
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127th Youyi West Road, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Jinwei Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Yi Tian
- Department of Oncology, Airforce Medical Center of PLA, 30th Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Yupu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Jiayue Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Minxuan Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Airforce Medical University, 169th Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hollister J, Caban-Martinez AJ, Ellingson KD, Beitel S, Fowlkes AL, Lutrick K, Tyner HL, Naleway AL, Yoon SK, Gaglani M, Hunt D, Meece J, Mayo Lamberte J, Schaefer Solle N, Rose S, Dunnigan K, Khan SM, Kuntz JL, Fisher JM, Coleman A, Britton A, Thiese MS, Hegmann KT, Pavuk M, Ramadan FA, Fuller S, Nematollahi A, Sprissler R, Burgess JL. Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and longitudinal change in post-infection and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117297. [PMID: 37816422 PMCID: PMC10842580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous throughout the United States. Previous studies have shown PFAS exposure to be associated with a reduced immune response. However, the relationship between serum PFAS and antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination has not been examined. We examined differences in peak immune response and the longitudinal decline of antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination by serum PFAS levels in a cohort of essential workers in the United States. We measured serum antibodies using an in-house semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two cohorts contributed blood samples following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. We used linear mixed regression models, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, presence of chronic conditions, location, and occupation, to estimate differences in immune response with respect to serum PFAS levels. Our study populations included 153 unvaccinated participants that contributed 316 blood draws over a 14-month period following infection, and 860 participants and 2451 blood draws over a 12-month period following vaccination. Higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) concentrations were associated with a lower peak antibody response after infection (p = 0.009, 0.031, 0.015). Higher PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFHxS, and PFNA concentrations were associated with slower declines in antibodies over time after infection (p = 0.003, 0.014, 0.026, 0.025). PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA serum concentrations prior to vaccination were not associated with differences in peak antibody response after vaccination or with differences in decline of antibodies over time after vaccination. These results suggest that elevated PFAS may impede potential immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection by blunting peak antibody levels following infection; the same finding was not observed for immune response to vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Hollister
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Katherine D Ellingson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karen Lutrick
- College of Medicine - Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Allison L Naleway
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarang K Yoon
- University of Utah Health, Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA; Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Natasha Schaefer Solle
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Sana M Khan
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kuntz
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Alissa Coleman
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Thiese
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kurt T Hegmann
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ferris A Ramadan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Amy Nematollahi
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, Office for Research, Innovation and Impact, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schommers P, Kim DS, Schlotz M, Kreer C, Eggeling R, Hake A, Stecher M, Park J, Radford CE, Dingens AS, Ercanoglu MS, Gruell H, Odidika S, Dahlhaus M, Gieselmann L, Ahmadov E, Lawong RY, Heger E, Knops E, Wyen C, Kümmerle T, Römer K, Scholten S, Wolf T, Stephan C, Suárez I, Raju N, Adhikari A, Esser S, Streeck H, Duerr R, Nanfack AJ, Zolla-Pazner S, Geldmacher C, Geisenberger O, Kroidl A, William W, Maganga L, Ntinginya NE, Georgiev IS, Vehreschild JJ, Hoelscher M, Fätkenheuer G, Lavinder JJ, Bloom JD, Seaman MS, Lehmann C, Pfeifer N, Georgiou G, Klein F. Dynamics and durability of HIV-1 neutralization are determined by viral replication. Nat Med 2023; 29:2763-2774. [PMID: 37957379 PMCID: PMC10667105 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that prevent infection are the main goal of HIV vaccine discovery. But as no nAb-eliciting vaccines are yet available, only data from HIV-1 neutralizers-persons with HIV-1 who naturally develop broad and potent nAbs-can inform about the dynamics and durability of nAb responses in humans, knowledge which is crucial for the design of future HIV-1 vaccine regimens. To address this, we assessed HIV-1-neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 2,354 persons with HIV-1 on or off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infection with non-clade B viruses, CD4+ T cell counts <200 µl-1, being off ART and a longer time off ART were independent predictors of a more potent and broad neutralization. In longitudinal analyses, we found nAb half-lives of 9.3 and 16.9 years in individuals with no- or low-level viremia, respectively, and 4.0 years in persons who newly initiated ART. Finally, in a potent HIV-1 neutralizer, we identified lower fractions of serum nAbs and of nAb-encoding memory B cells after ART initiation, suggesting that a decreasing neutralizing serum activity after antigen withdrawal is due to lower levels of nAbs. These results collectively show that HIV-1-neutralizing responses can persist for several years, even at low antigen levels, suggesting that an HIV-1 vaccine may elicit a durable nAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schommers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Eggeling
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Hake
- Research Group Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caelan E Radford
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanley Odidika
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marten Dahlhaus
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elvin Ahmadov
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rene Y Lawong
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Wyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Praxis am Ebertplatz, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Katja Römer
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Gotenring, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Timo Wolf
- Infectious Diseases Division, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabelle Suárez
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Stefan Esser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Aubin J Nanfack
- Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Otto Geisenberger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wiston William
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lucas Maganga
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jörg J Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
- Unit Global Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nico Pfeifer
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bean DJ, Monroe J, Liang YM, Borberg E, Senussi Y, Swank Z, Chalise S, Walt D, Weinberg J, Sagar M. Heterotypic responses against nsp12/nsp13 from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection associates with lower subsequent endemic coronavirus incidence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563621. [PMID: 37961343 PMCID: PMC10634759 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination do not prevent re-infections and may not protect against future novel coronaviruses (CoVs). We examined the incidence of and immune differences against human endemic CoVs (eCoV) as a proxy for response against future emerging CoVs. Assessment was among those with known SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination but no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, or neither exposure. Retrospective cohort analyses suggest that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not COVID-19 vaccination alone, protects against subsequent symptomatic eCoV infection. CD8+ T cell responses to the non-structural eCoV proteins, nsp12 and nsp13, were significantly higher in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection as compared to the other groups. The three groups had similar cellular responses against the eCoV spike and nucleocapsid, and those with prior spike exposure had lower eCoV-directed neutralizing antibodies. Incorporation of non-structural viral antigens in a future pan-CoV vaccine may improve protection against future heterologous CoV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Bean
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Janet Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Mei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ella Borberg
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Yasmeen Senussi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Zoe Swank
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Sujata Chalise
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - David Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lyski ZL, Porter C, Uhrlaub JL, Ellingson KD, Jeddy Z, Gwynn L, Rivers P, Sprissler R, Hegmann KT, Coughlin M, Fowlkes A, Hollister J, LeClair L, Mak J, Beitel SC, Fuller S, Grant L, Newes-Adeyi G, Yoo YM, Olsho L, Burgess JL, Caban-Martinez A, Yoon S, Britton A, Gaglani M, Lutrick K. Humoral Immune Response to Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Among Children Aged 5-11 Years in a Multisite Prospective Cohort Study, September 2021-September 2022. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad431. [PMID: 37663086 PMCID: PMC10468733 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PROTECT study is a longitudinal cohort study initiated in July 2021 with weekly testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 4 states: Arizona, Florida, exas, and Utah. This study aims to examine vaccine-elicited antibody response against postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods Children aged 5-11 years had serum collected 14-59 days after their second dose of monovalent Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 messenger RNA vaccine. Vaccine-elicited antibodies were measured using the area under the curve (AUC) and end-point titer using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (receptor-binding domain [RBD] and S2) and surrogate neutralization assays against ancestral (WA1) and Omicron (BA.2). Results 79 vaccinated participants (33 [41.7%] female; median age, 8.8 years [standard deviation, 1.9 years]), 48 (60.8%) were from Tucson, Arizona; 64 (81.0%) were non-Hispanic white; 63 (80.8%) attended school in person; 68 (86.1%) did not have any chronic conditions; and 47 (59.5%) were infected after vaccination. Uninfected children had higher AUCs against WA1 (P = .009) and Omicron (P = .02). The geometric mean and surrogate neutralization titer above the limit of detection was 346.0 for WA1 and 39.7 for Omicron, an 8.7-fold decrease (P < .001). After adjustment of covariates in the WA1-specific model, we observed a 47% reduction in the odds of postvaccination infection for every standard deviation increase in RBD AUC (aOR, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .29-.97) and a 69% reduction in the odds of infection for every 3-fold increase in RBD end titer (0.31 [.06-1.57]). Conclusions Children with higher antibody levels experienced a lower incidence of postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Lyski
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cynthia Porter
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Immunobiology, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine D Ellingson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zuha Jeddy
- Abt Associates, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Gwynn
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Rivers
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genetics Core—Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kurt T Hegmann
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa Coughlin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Fowlkes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Hollister
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Josephine Mak
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lauren Grant
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Young M Yoo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Sarang Yoon
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amadea Britton
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mosa A, Campo D, Khudyakov Y, AbouHaidar M, Gehring A, Zahoor A, Ball J, Urbanowicz R, Feld J. Polyvalent immunization elicits a synergistic broadly neutralizing immune response to hypervariable region 1 variants of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220294120. [PMID: 37276424 PMCID: PMC10268328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220294120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine is urgently needed. Vaccine development has been hindered by HCV's genetic diversity, particularly within the immunodominant hypervariable region 1 (HVR1). Here, we developed a strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HVR1, which had previously been considered infeasible. We first applied a unique information theory-based measure of genetic distance to evaluate phenotypic relatedness between HVR1 variants. These distances were used to model the structure of HVR1's sequence space, which was found to have five major clusters. Variants from each cluster were used to immunize mice individually, and as a pentavalent mixture. Sera obtained following immunization neutralized every variant in a diverse HCVpp panel (n = 10), including those resistant to monovalent immunization, and at higher mean titers (1/ID50 = 435) than a glycoprotein E2 (1/ID50 = 205) vaccine. This synergistic immune response offers a unique approach to overcoming antigenic variability and may be applicable to other highly mutable viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Mosa
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4ON, Canada
| | - David S. Campo
- Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta30333, Georgia
| | - Yury Khudyakov
- Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta30333, Georgia
| | - Mounir G. AbouHaidar
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5ON, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8ON, Canada
| | - Atif Zahoor
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG8 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolCH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV can persist in a diverse range of CD4+ T-cell subsets. Through longitudinal env sampling from people with HIV (PWH) on ART, we characterized the persistence and phenotypic properties of HIV envs over two time-points (T1 and T2). METHODS Longitudinal blood and lymphoid tissue samples were obtained from eight PWH on suppressive ART. Single genome amplification (SGA) was performed on env to understand the genetic diversity and degree of clonal expansions over time. A subset of envs were used to generate pseudovirus particles to assess sensitivity to autologous plasma IgG and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). RESULTS Identical env sequences indicating clonal expansion persisted between T1 and T2 and within multiple T-cell subsets. At both time-points, CXCR4-tropic (X4) Envs were more prevalent in naive and central memory cells; the proportion of X4 Envs did not significantly change in each subset between T1 and T2. Autologous purified plasma IgG showed variable neutralization of Envs, with no significant difference in neutralization between R5 and X4 Envs. X4 Envs were more sensitive to neutralization with clinical bNAbs, with CD4-binding site bNAbs demonstrating high breadth and potency against Envs. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the viral reservoir in PWH on ART was predominantly maintained over time through proliferation and potentially differentiation of infected cells. We found the humoral immune response to Envs within the latent reservoir was variable between PWH. Finally, we identified coreceptor usage can influence bNAb sensitivity and may need to be considered for future bNAb immunotherapy approaches.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lau O, Vadlamudi NK. Immunogenicity and Safety of the COVID-19 Vaccines Compared With Control in Healthy Adults: A Qualitative and Systematic Review. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:717-730. [PMID: 35500945 PMCID: PMC8516444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections and the resultant disease, COVID-19 led the world into 238 million cases and 4.8 million deaths over the first 22 months of the pandemic. While numerous vaccines have been developed to combat this pandemic, limited literature is available regarding the comparison of these vaccines. This study aims to systematically review and evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines compared with control arms in the healthy adult population. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane up to July 4, 2021. Randomized controlled trials assessing the immunogenicity of any dose of COVID-19 vaccine in adults by anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immunoglobulin G antibodies geometric mean titers (GMTs) and neutralizing antibodies GMT response at 28 days postimmunization compared with the control groups in the healthy adults were considered for inclusion. Groups at day 28 with the highest GMT were further examined for their adverse events. RESULTS Of the 341 citations retrieved, 19 were included. This covered a total of 16 vaccines involving 8342 subjects aged between 30.8 and 69.7 years, comprising 52.13% females. All studies reported GMT at or close to 28 days postvaccination compared with placebo and comparator, and 13 of 19 studies reported seroconversion rates. While 15 of 16 vaccines reported adverse events that ranged from mild to severe, 1 of 16 (AD26.COV2.S) noted 1 case of a vaccine-related serious adverse event-high fever 6 hours after vaccination. Local reactions (such as redness, pain, and swelling) and systematic reactions (such as fatigue, fever, and headache) were commonly noted. Safety between vaccines was similar; however, higher rates of severe adverse events were noted in Ad5-vectored COVID-19, AD26.COV2.S, ChAdOx nCoV-19, and mRNA-1273. No all-cause mortality was documented in any vaccines. CONCLUSIONS All 16 vaccines elicited an immune response substantially higher than the control groups while maintaining tolerable safety profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lau
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nirma Khatri Vadlamudi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thomas AS, Moreau Y, Jiang W, Isaac JE, Ewing A, White LF, Kourtis AP, Sagar M. Pre-existing infant antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity associates with reduced HIV-1 acquisition and lower morbidity. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100412. [PMID: 34755132 PMCID: PMC8561235 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, pre-existing anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have not been associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition. Here, we evaluate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) present in pre-transmission infant and maternal plasma and breast milk (BM) against the contemporaneous maternal HIV-1 variants. HIV-1-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-1-exposed infected infants have higher ADCC and a combination of ADCC and nAb responses against their corresponding mother's strains. ADCC does not correlate with nAbs, suggesting they are independent activities. The infected infants with high ADCC compared with low ADCC, but not those with higher ADCC plus nAbs, have lower morbidity up to 1 year after birth. A higher IgA to IgG ratio, observed in BM supernatants and in a higher proportion of the infected compared with the uninfected infants, associates with lower ADCC. Against the exposure strains, ADCC, more than nAbs, associates with both lower mother-to-child transmission and decreased post-infection infant morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E. Isaac
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ewing
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athena P. Kourtis
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mosa AI, Urbanowicz RA, AbouHaidar MG, Tavis JE, Ball JK, Feld JJ. A bivalent HCV peptide vaccine elicits pan-genotypic neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:6864-6867. [PMID: 32900542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development for antigenically variable pathogens has faltered because extreme genetic diversity precludes induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAB) with classical vaccines. Here, using the most variable epitope of any known human pathogen (HVR1 of HCV), we describe a novel approach capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting highly variable epitopes. Our proof-of-concept vaccine elicited pan-genotypic nAB against HCV variants differing from the immunogen sequences by more than 70% at the amino acid level. These findings suggest broadly nAB to highly variable pathogens can be elicited by vaccines designed to target physicochemically conserved residues within hypervariable epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Mosa
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dengl S, Mayer K, Bormann F, Duerr H, Hoffmann E, Nussbaum B, Tischler M, Wagner M, Kuglstatter A, Leibrock L, Buldun C, Georges G, Brinkmann U. Format chain exchange (FORCE) for high-throughput generation of bispecific antibodies in combinatorial binder-format matrices. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4974. [PMID: 33009381 PMCID: PMC7532213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) requires a combination of compatible binders in formats that support desired functionalities. Here, we report that bsAb-matrices can be generated by Format Chain Exchange (FORCE), enabling screening of combinatorial binder/format spaces. Input molecules for generation of bi/multi-valent bsAbs are monospecific entities similar to knob-into-hole half-antibodies, yet with complementary CH3-interface-modulated and affinity-tagged dummy-chains. These contain mutations that lead to limited interface repulsions without compromising expression or biophysical properties of educts. Mild reduction of combinations of educts triggers spontaneous chain-exchange reactions driven by partially flawed CH3-educt interfaces resolving to perfect complementarity. This generates large bsAb matrices harboring different binders in multiple formats. Benign biophysical properties and good expression yields of educts, combined with simplicity of purification enables process automation. Examples that demonstrate the relevance of screening binder/format combinations are provided as a matrix of bsAbs that simultaneously bind Her1/Her2 and DR5 without encountering binder or format-inflicted interferences. Bispecific antibodies have been generated in many different formats and it is becoming clear that rational design alone cannot create optimal functionalities. Here the authors introduce the high throughput methodology, Format Chain Exchange (FORCE), to enable combinatorial generation of bispecific antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dengl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Bormann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Duerr
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Eike Hoffmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Nussbaum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Tischler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martina Wagner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Structural Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Leibrock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Structural Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Can Buldun
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Head-to-head evaluation on diagnostic accuracies of six SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. Pathology 2020; 52:770-777. [PMID: 33092816 PMCID: PMC7524664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated and compared six SARS-CoV-2 serology kits including the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, Beckman Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, OCD Vitros OCD Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total antibody assay, Roche Elecsys Anti SARS-CoV-2 assay, Siemens SARS-CoV-2 Total assay, and cPass surrogate viral neutralising antibody assay. A total of 336 non-duplicated residual serum samples that were obtained from COVID-19 confirmed patients (n=173) on PCR and negative controls (n=163) obtained pre-December 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic were used for the study. These were concurrently analysed on the different immunoassay platforms and correlated with clinical characteristics. Our results showed all assays had specificity ranging from 99.3% to 100.0%. Overall sensitivity across all days of symptoms, in descending order were OCD (49.1%, 95% CI 41.8-56.5%), cPass (44.8%, 95% CI 37.5-52.3%), Roche (41.6%, 95% CI 34.5-49.0%), Siemens (39.9%, 95% CI 32.9-47.3%), Abbott (39.8%, 95% CI 32.9-47.3%) and Beckman (39.6%, 95% CI 32.5-47.3%). Testing after at least 14 days from symptom onset is required to achieve AUCs greater than 0.80. OCD and cPass performed the best in terms of sensitivity for >21 days symptoms with 93.3% (95% CI, 73.5-99.2%) and 96.7% (95% CI, 82.8-99.9%), respectively. Both also shared the greatest concordance, kappa 0.963 (95% CI 0.885-1.0), p<0.001, and had the lowest false negative rates. Serology results should be interpreted with caution in certain cases. False negatives were observed in a small number of individuals with COVID-19 on immunosuppressive therapy, pauci-symptomatic or who received antiretroviral therapy. In conclusion, all assays exhibited excellent specificity and total antibody assays with spike protein configurations generally outperformed nucleocapsid configurations and IgG assays in terms of diagnostic sensitivity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mosa AI, AbouHaidar MG, Urbanowicz RA, Tavis JE, Ball JK, Feld JJ. Role of HVR1 sequence similarity in the cross-genotypic neutralization of HCV. Virol J 2020; 17:140. [PMID: 32948191 PMCID: PMC7499410 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite available treatments, a prophylactic HCV vaccine is needed to achieve elimination targets. HCV vaccine development has faltered largely because the extreme diversity of the virus limits the protective breadth of vaccine elicited antibodies. It is believed that the principle neutralizing epitope in natural infection, HVR1, which is the most variable epitope in HCV, mediates humoral immune escape. So far, efforts to circumvent HVR1 interference in the induction and function of conserved targeting Ab have failed. Efforts to understand factors contributing to cross-neutralization of HVR1 variants have also been limited. Here, following mouse immunizations with two patient-derived HVR1 peptides, we observe cross-genotype neutralization of variants differing at 15/21 positions. Surprisingly, sequence similarity was not associated with cross-neutralization. It appeared neutralization sensitivity was an intrinsic feature of each variant, rather than emergent from the immunogen specific Ab response. These findings provide novel insight into HVR1-mediated immune evasion, with important implications for HCV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Mosa
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mounir G AbouHaidar
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomas AS, Ghulam-Smith M, Olson A, Coote C, Gonzales O, Sagar M. A new cell line for assessing HIV-1 antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against a broad range of variants. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112766. [PMID: 32135162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) studies suggest that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) influences both virus acquisition and subsequent disease outcome. Technical issues with currently available assays, however, have limited the ability to comprehensively assess the impact of ADCC on transmission and disease progression. Commonly used ADCC assays use a target cell line, CEM.NKr-CCR5-Luc, that often does not support replication of relevant HIV-1 variants. Thus, the extent of ADCC responses against a large panel of HIV-1 strains often cannot be assessed using the currently available methods. We developed two new reporter cell-lines (MT4-CCR5-Luc and PM1-CCR5-Luc) to overcome these issues. MT4-CCR5-Luc cells are resistant, whereas PM1-CCR5-Luc cells are susceptible, to killing by a natural killer cell line, CD16+KHYG-1, in the absence of antibody. Polyclonal HIVIG gave similar ADCC estimates against HIV-1 isolate, NL4-3, regardless of which of the three cell lines were used as the targets. In contrast to CEM.NKr-CCR5-Luc and PM1-CCR5-Luc, however, MT4-CCR5-Luc target cells produce significantly higher luciferase after exposure to various HIV-1 strains, including transmitted founder variants and viruses incorporating specific envelopes of interest. This higher luciferase expression does not yield spurious results because ADCC estimates are similar when killing is assessed by both reporter protein expression and flow cytometry. Furthermore, ADCC estimates derived from MT4-CCR5-Luc cells are not skewed by non-antibody contents present in human plasma. In aggregate, the MT4-CCR5-Luc cell line can be used to estimate monoclonal antibody or plasma-induced ADCC responses against a diverse range of HIV-1 envelopes relevant for transmission and disease progression studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn Coote
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A MUC16 IgG Binding Activity Selects for a Restricted Subset of IgG Enriched for Certain Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Epitope Specificities. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01246-19. [PMID: 31776284 PMCID: PMC7022352 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01246-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that MUC16, a component of the glycocalyx of some mucosal barriers, has elevated binding to the G0 glycoform of the Fc portion of IgG. Therefore, IgG from patients chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who typically exhibit increased amounts of G0 glycoforms, showed increased MUC16 binding compared to uninfected controls. Using the rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 model, we can compare plasma antibodies before and after chronic infection. We find increased binding of IgG to MUC16 after chronic SIV infection. Antibodies isolated for tight association with MUC16 (MUC16-eluted antibodies) show reduced FcγR engagement and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. The glycosylation profile of these IgGs was consistent with a decrease in FcγR engagement and subsequent ADCC effector function, as they contain a decrease in afucosylated bisecting glycoforms that preferentially bind FcγRs. Testing of the SIV antigen specificity of IgG from SIV-infected macaques revealed that the MUC16-eluted antibodies were enriched for certain specific epitopes, including regions of gp41 and gp120. This enrichment of specific antigen responses for fucosylated bisecting glycoforms and the subsequent association with MUC16 suggests that the immune response has the potential to direct specific epitope responses to localize to the glycocalyx through interaction with this specific mucin.IMPORTANCE Understanding how antibodies are distributed in the mucosal environment is valuable for developing a vaccine to block HIV infection. Here, we study an IgG binding activity in MUC16, potentially representing a new IgG effector function that would concentrate certain antibodies within the glycocalyx to trap pathogens before they can reach the underlying columnar epithelial barriers. These studies reveal that rhesus macaque IgG responses during chronic SIV infection generate increased antibodies that bind MUC16, and interestingly, these MUC16-tethered antibodies are enriched for binding to certain antigens. Therefore, it may be possible to direct HIV vaccine-generated responses to associate with MUC16 and enhance the antibody's ability to mediate immune exclusion by trapping virions within the glycocalyx and preventing the virus from reaching immune target cells within the mucosa. This concept will ultimately have to be tested in the rhesus macaque model, which is shown here to have MUC16-targeted antigen responses.
Collapse
|
19
|
HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage and Variable Loop Contact Impact V3 Loop Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01604-19. [PMID: 31694950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01604-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials, HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effectively lower plasma viremia and delay virus reemergence. The presence of less neutralization-susceptible strains prior to treatment decreases the efficacy of these antibody-based treatments, but neutralization sensitivity often cannot be predicted by sequence analysis alone. We found that phenotypically confirmed CXCR4-utilizing strains are less neutralization sensitive, especially to variable loop 3 (V3 loop)-directed bnAbs, than exclusively CCR5-utilizing strains in some, but not all, cases. Homology modeling suggested that the primary V3 loop bnAb epitope is equally accessible among CCR5- and CXCR4-using strains, although variants that exclusively use CXCR4 have V3 loop protrusions that interfere with CCR5 receptor interactions. Homology modeling also showed that among some, but not all, envelopes with decreased neutralization sensitivity, V1 loop orientation interfered with V3 loop-directed bnAb binding. Thus, there are likely different structural reasons for the coreceptor usage restriction and the different bnAb susceptibilities. Importantly, we show that individuals harboring envelopes with higher likelihood of using CXCR4 or greater predicted V1 loop interference have faster virus rebound and a lower maximum decrease in plasma viremia, respectively, after treatment with a V3 loop bnAb. Knowledge of receptor usage and homology models may be useful in developing future algorithms that predict treatment efficacy with V3 loop bnAbs.IMPORTANCE The efficacy of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) therapies may be compromised by the preexistence of less susceptible variants. Sequence-based methods are needed to predict pretreatment variants' neutralization sensitivities. HIV-1 strains that exclusively use the CXCR4 receptor rather than the CCR5 receptor are less neutralization susceptible, especially to variable loop 3 (V3 loop) bnAbs in some, but not all, instances. While the inability to utilize the CCR5 receptor maps to a predicted protrusion in the envelope V3 loop, this viral determinant does not directly influence V3 loop bnAb sensitivity. Homology modeling predicts that contact between the envelope V1 loop and the antibody impacts V3 loop bnAb susceptibility in some cases. Among pretreatment envelopes, increased probability of using CXCR4 and greater predicted V1 interference are associated with faster virus rebound and a smaller decrease in the plasma virus level, respectively, after V3 loop bnAb treatment. Receptor usage information and homology models may be useful for predicting V3 loop bnAb therapy efficacy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vigón L, Vázquez-Morón S, Berenguer J, González-García J, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Guardiola JM, Crespo M, de Los Santos I, Von Wichmann MA, Carrero A, Yélamos MB, Gómez J, Resino S, Martínez I. Rapid decrease in titer and breadth of neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved SVR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12163. [PMID: 31434968 PMCID: PMC6704069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main targets for neutralizing anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies (HCV-nAbs) are the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins. We have studied the characteristics of HCV-nAbs through a retrospective study involving 29 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) with peg-IFNα + ribavirin anti-HCV therapy. Plasma samples at baseline and week 24 after SVR were used to perform neutralization assays against five JFH1-based HCV recombinant viruses coding for E1 and E2 from genotypes 1a (H77), 1b (J4), 2a (JFH1), 3a (S52) and 4a (ED43). At baseline, the majority of plasma samples neutralized 1a, 1b, 2a, and 4a, but not 3a, genotypes. Twenty-four weeks following SVR, most neutralizing titers declined substantially. Furthermore, titers against 3a and 2a were not detected in many patients. Plasma samples with high HCV-nAb titers neutralized all genotypes, and the highest titers at the starting point correlated with the highest titers at week 24 after SVR. In conclusion, high titers of broad-spectrum HCV-nAbs were detected in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals, however, those titers declined soon after SVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vigón
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Morón
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carrero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Yélamos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hartman H, Wang Y, Schroeder HW, Cui X. Absorbance summation: A novel approach for analyzing high-throughput ELISA data in the absence of a standard. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198528. [PMID: 29883460 PMCID: PMC5993274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a very simple method, termed absorbance summation (AS), for comparing protein concentrations between samples in ELISA assays without a standard. This method sums the observed absorbance values from all dilutions to obtain one data point for each sample to be used for comparison. AS is less computationally intensive than fitting sigmoidal curves, and it avoids the difficulty of parameter estimation for samples with absorbance values lying primarily at the lower tail of the curve. Our simulation studies showed that it performs much better than the sigmoidal curve fitting method and the conventional endpoint titer method. The power of this simple method is as high as the formal curve fitting followed by the estimation of area under the curve (AUC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Hartman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hraber P, Korber B, Wagh K, Montefiori D, Roederer M. A single, continuous metric to define tiered serum neutralization potency against HIV. eLife 2018; 7:31805. [PMID: 29350181 PMCID: PMC5788501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Envelope (Env) variants are grouped into tiers by their neutralization-sensitivity phenotype. This helped to recognize that tier 1 neutralization responses can be elicited readily, but do not protect against new infections. Tier 3 viruses are the least sensitive to neutralization. Because most circulating viruses are tier 2, vaccines that elicit neutralization responses against them are needed. While tier classification is widely used for viruses, a way to rate serum or antibody neutralization responses in comparable terms is needed. Logistic regression of neutralization outcomes summarizes serum or antibody potency on a continuous, tier-like scale. It also tests significance of the neutralization score, to indicate cases where serum response does not depend on virus tiers. The method can standardize results from different virus panels, and could lead to high-throughput assays, which evaluate a single serum dilution, rather than a dilution series, for more efficient use of limited resources to screen samples from vaccinees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, United States
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, United States.,New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, United States
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, United States
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maternal but Not Infant Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Response Associates with Enhanced Transmission and Infant Morbidity. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01373-17. [PMID: 29066544 PMCID: PMC5654929 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01373-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of infants acquire HIV-1 through their infected mother’s breast milk, primarily due to limited access to antiretrovirals. Passive immunization with neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) may prevent this transmission. Previous studies, however, have generated conflicting results about the ability of nAbs to halt mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and their impact on infant outcomes. This study compared plasma neutralizing activity in exposed infants and the infected mothers (n = 63) against heterologous HIV-1 variants and the quasispecies present in the mother. HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) (n = 42), compared to those that eventually acquired infection (n = 21), did not possess higher nAb responses against heterologous envelopes (P = 0.46) or their mothers’ variants (P = 0.45). Transmitting compared to nontransmitting mothers, however, had significantly higher plasma neutralizing activity against heterologous envelopes (P = 0.03), although these two groups did not have significant differences in their ability to neutralize autologous strains (P = 0.39). Furthermore, infants born to mothers with greater neutralizing breadth and potency were significantly more likely to have a serious adverse event (P = 0.03). These results imply that preexisting anti-HIV-1 neutralizing activity does not prevent breast milk transmission. Additionally, high maternal neutralizing breadth and potency may adversely influence both the frequency of breast milk transmission and subsequent infant morbidity. Passive immunization trials are under way to understand if preexisting antibodies can decrease mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and improve infant outcomes. We examined the influence of preexisting maternal and infant neutralizing activity on transmission and infant morbidity in a breastfeeding mother-infant cohort. Neutralization was examined against both the exposure strains circulating in the infected mothers and a standardized reference panel previously used to estimate breadth. HIV-exposed uninfected infants did not possess a broader and more potent response against both the exposure and heterologous strains compared to infants that acquired infection. Transmitting, compared to nontransmitting, mothers had significantly higher neutralization breadth and potency but similar responses against autologous variants. Infants born to mothers with higher neutralization responses were more likely to have a serious adverse event. Our results suggest that preexisting antibodies do not protect against breast milk HIV-1 acquisition and may have negative consequences for the baby.
Collapse
|
24
|
Diversification in the HIV-1 Envelope Hyper-variable Domains V2, V4, and V5 and Higher Probability of Transmitted/Founder Envelope Glycosylation Favor the Development of Heterologous Neutralization Breadth. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005989. [PMID: 27851829 PMCID: PMC5112890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study of plasma neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infected individuals at nine International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) sites reported that viral load, HLA-A*03 genotype, and subtype C infection were strongly associated with the development of neutralization breadth. Here, we refine the findings of that study by analyzing the impact of the transmitted/founder (T/F) envelope (Env), early Env diversification, and autologous neutralization on the development of plasma neutralization breadth in 21 participants identified during recent infection at two of those sites: Kigali, Rwanda (n = 9) and Lusaka, Zambia (n = 12). Single-genome analysis of full-length T/F Env sequences revealed that all 21 individuals were infected with a highly homogeneous population of viral variants, which were categorized as subtype C (n = 12), A1 (n = 7), or recombinant AC (n = 2). An extensive amino acid sequence-based analysis of variable loop lengths and glycosylation patterns in the T/F Envs revealed that a lower ratio of NXS to NXT-encoded glycan motifs correlated with neutralization breadth. Further analysis comparing amino acid sequence changes, insertions/deletions, and glycan motif alterations between the T/F Env and autologous early Env variants revealed that extensive diversification focused in the V2, V4, and V5 regions of gp120, accompanied by contemporaneous viral escape, significantly favored the development of breadth. These results suggest that more efficient glycosylation of subtype A and C T/F Envs through fewer NXS-encoded glycan sites is more likely to elicit antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity following exposure to gp120 diversification. This initiates an Env-antibody co-evolution cycle that increases neutralization breadth, and is further augmented over time by additional viral and host factors. These findings suggest that understanding how variation in the efficiency of site-specific glycosylation influences neutralizing antibody elicitation and targeting could advance the design of immunogens aimed at inducing antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Potential To Streamline Heterologous DNA Prime and NYVAC/Protein Boost HIV Vaccine Regimens in Rhesus Macaques by Employing Improved Antigens. J Virol 2016; 90:4133-4149. [PMID: 26865719 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03135-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a follow-up to the modest efficacy observed in the RV144 trial, researchers in the HIV vaccine field seek to substantiate and extend the results by evaluating other poxvirus vectors and combinations with DNA and protein vaccines. Earlier clinical trials (EuroVacc trials 01 to 03) evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-1 clade C GagPolNef and gp120 antigens delivered via the poxviral vector NYVAC. These showed that a vaccination regimen including DNA-C priming prior to a NYVAC-C boost considerably enhanced vaccine-elicited immune responses compared to those with NYVAC-C alone. Moreover, responses were improved by using three as opposed to two DNA-C primes. In the present study, we assessed in nonhuman primates whether such vaccination regimens can be streamlined further by using fewer and accelerated immunizations and employing a novel generation of improved DNA-C and NYVAC-C vaccine candidates designed for higher expression levels and more balanced immune responses. Three different DNA-C prime/NYVAC-C+ protein boost vaccination regimens were tested in rhesus macaques. All regimens elicited vigorous and well-balanced CD8(+)and CD4(+)T cell responses that were broad and polyfunctional. Very high IgG binding titers, substantial antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and modest antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), but very low neutralization activity, were measured after the final immunizations. Overall, immune responses elicited in all three groups were very similar and of greater magnitude, breadth, and quality than those of earlier EuroVacc vaccines. In conclusion, these findings indicate that vaccination schemes can be simplified by using improved antigens and regimens. This may offer a more practical and affordable means to elicit potentially protective immune responses upon vaccination, especially in resource-constrained settings. IMPORTANCE Within the EuroVacc clinical trials, we previously assessed the immunogenicity of HIV clade C antigens delivered in a DNA prime/NYVAC boost regimen. The trials showed that the DNA prime crucially improved the responses, and three DNA primes with a NYVAC boost appeared to be optimal. Nevertheless, T cell responses were primarily directed toward Env, and humoral responses were modest. The aim of this study was to assess improved antigens for the capacity to elicit more potent and balanced responses in rhesus macaques, even with various simpler immunization regimens. Our results showed that the novel antigens in fact elicited larger numbers of T cells with a polyfunctional profile and a good Env-GagPolNef balance, as well as high-titer and Fc-functional antibody responses. Finally, comparison of the different schedules indicates that a simpler regimen of only two DNA primes and one NYVAC boost in combination with protein may be very efficient, thus showing that the novel antigens allow for easier immunization protocols.
Collapse
|
26
|
Global panel of HIV-1 Env reference strains for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2013; 88:2489-507. [PMID: 24352443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02853-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Standardized assessments of HIV-1 vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses are complicated by the genetic and antigenic variability of the viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs). To address these issues, suitable reference strains are needed that are representative of the global epidemic. Several panels have been recommended previously, but no clear answers have been available on how many and which strains are best suited for this purpose. We used a statistical model selection method to identify a global panel of reference Env clones from among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses assayed in TZM-bl cells with sera from 205 HIV-1-infected individuals. The Envs and sera were sampled globally from diverse geographic locations and represented all major genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms of the virus. Assays with a panel size of only nine viruses adequately represented the spectrum of HIV-1 serum neutralizing activity seen with the larger panel of 219 viruses. An optimal panel of nine viruses was selected and augmented with three additional viruses for greater genetic and antigenic coverage. The spectrum of HIV-1 serum neutralizing activity seen with the final 12-virus panel closely approximated the activity seen with subtype-matched viruses. Moreover, the final panel was highly sensitive for detection of many of the known broadly neutralizing antibodies. For broader assay applications, all 12 Env clones were converted to infectious molecular clones using a proviral backbone carrying a Renilla luciferase reporter gene (Env.IMC.LucR viruses). This global panel should facilitate highly standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies across multiple HIV-1 vaccine platforms in different parts of the world. IMPORTANCE An effective HIV-1 vaccine will need to overcome the extraordinary genetic variability of the virus, where most variation occurs in the viral envelope glycoproteins that are the sole targets for neutralizing antibodies. Efforts to elicit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies that will protect against infection by most circulating strains of the virus are guided in part by in vitro assays that determine the ability of vaccine-elicited antibodies to neutralize genetically diverse HIV-1 variants. Until now, little information was available on how many and which strains of the virus are best suited for this purpose. We applied robust statistical methods to evaluate a large neutralization data set and identified a small panel of viruses that are a good representation of the global epidemic. The neutralization properties of this new panel of reference strains should facilitate the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
|