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Jain N. The molecular interplay between human and bacterial amyloids: Implications in neurodegenerative diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:141018. [PMID: 38641088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2024.141018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's diseases (AD) are linked with the assembly and accumulation of proteins into structured scaffold called amyloids. These diseases pose significant challenges due to their complex and multifaceted nature. While the primary focus has been on endogenous amyloids, recent evidence suggests that bacterial amyloids may contribute to the development and exacerbation of such disorders. The gut-brain axis is emerging as a communication pathway between bacterial and human amyloids. This review delves into the novel role and potential mechanism of bacterial amyloids in modulating human amyloid formation and the progression of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Surpura Bypass, Karwar, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
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2
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Raine J, Tolwinski N, Gruber J, Mathuru AS. Evaluating the inter-species transmission risk of amyloid beta peptide aggregates via ingestion. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:123. [PMID: 38849926 PMCID: PMC11157902 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports suggest that amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides can exhibit prion-like pathogenic properties. Transmission of Aβ peptide and the development of associated pathologies after surgeries with contaminated instruments and intravenous or intracerebral inoculations have now been reported across fish, rodents, primates, and humans. This raises a worrying prospect of Aβ peptides also having other characteristics typical of prions, such as evasion of the digestive process. We asked if such transmission of Aβ aggregates via ingestion was possible. METHODS We made use of a transgenic Drosophila melanogaster line expressing human Aβ peptide prone to aggregation. Fly larvae were fed to adult zebrafish under two feeding schemes. The first was a short-term, high-intensity scheme over 48 h to determine transmission and retention in the gut. The second, long-term scheme specifically examined retention and accumulation in the brain. The gut and brain tissues were examined by histology, western blotting, and mass spectrometric analyses. RESULTS None of the analyses could detect Aβ aggregates in the guts of zebrafish following ingestion, despite being easily detectable in the feed. Additionally, there was no detectable accumulation of Aβ in the brain tissue or development of associated pathologies after prolonged feeding. CONCLUSIONS While human Aβ aggregates do not appear to be readily transmissible by ingestion across species, two prospects remain open. First, this mode of transmission, if occurring, may stay below a detectable threshold and may take much longer to manifest. A second possibility is that the human Aβ peptide is not able to trigger self-propagation or aggregation in other species. Either possibility requires further investigation, taking into account the possibility of such transmission from agricultural species used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Raine
- Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Tolwinski
- Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Gruber
- Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajay S Mathuru
- Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Digital Medicine (WisDM) Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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Liu S, Zhang Q, Zhao F, Deng F, Wang Y. Regulating Effect of Qifu Yin on Intestinal Microbiota in Mice with Memory Impairment Induced by Scopolamine Hydrobromide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024:118445. [PMID: 38851472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qifu Yin (QFY) originates from "Jingyue Quanshu · Volume 51 · New Fang Bazhen · Buzhen" a work by Zhang Jingyue, a distinguished Chinese medical practitioner from the Ming Dynasty. QFY is composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, and Polygalae Radix. QFY is frequently employed to address memory loss and cognitive impairment stemming from vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and related conditions. Our findings indicate that QFY can mitigate nerve cell damage. Moreover, the study explores the impact of QFY on the calcium ion pathway and sphingolipid metabolism in mice with myocardial infarction, presenting a novel perspective on QFY's mechanism in ameliorating myocardial infarction through lipidomics. While this research provides an experimental foundation for the clinical application of QFY, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of its improvement mechanism remains imperative. AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the regulatory mechanism of QFY on intestinal microecology in mice with memory impairment (MI). MATERIAL AND METHODS The memory impairment mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine hydrobromide. Kunming (KM) mice were randomly divided into blank group, Ginkgo tablet group (0.276 g/kg), QFY high, medium and low dose groups (17.2 g/kg, 8.6 g/kg, 4.3 g/kg). The effect on memory ability was evaluated by open field and step-down behavioral experiments. The morphological changes of nerve cells in the hippocampus of mice were observed by pathological method. The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the brain tissue of mice were detected. The expression levels of CREB, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Recombinant Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in the hippocampus of mice were determined using immunohistochemistry. The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) related factors in the serum of mice was analyzed by ELISA. The levels of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mRNA in the hippocampus were detected by quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The intestinal feces of mice were collected, and the 16S rDNA technology was used to detect the changes in intestinal microbiota microecological structure of feces in each group. RESULTS Behavioral experiments showed that the high-dose QFY group exhibited a significant increase in exercise time (P<0.05) and a decrease in diagonal time (P<0.05) compared to the model group. The medium-dose group of QFY showed a reduction in diagonal time (P<0.05). Additionally, the latency time significantly increased in the medium and high-dose groups of QFY (P<0.01). The number of errors in the low, medium and high dose groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01). The nerve cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of QFY-treated mice demonstrated close arrangement and clear structure. Furthermore, the content of SOD significantly increased (P<0.01) and the content of MDA significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the low and high-dose QFY groups. The content of CAT in the medium-dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of APP expression particles in the CA1 and CA3 regions of all QFY groups. Moreover, BDNF expression significantly increased in the medium and high-dose groups, while CREB expression significantly increased in the low and medium-dose groups of QFY within the CA1 and CA3 regions. Serum analysis revealed significant increases in CREB content in the low, medium, and high dose groups of QFY (P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.05), and decreases in NMDAR content across all QFY dose groups (P<0.01). PCR analysis showed a significant decrease in the contents of ASK1 and JNK in the medium-dose group (P<0.01). Microecological analysis of intestinal microbiota demonstrated a significant restoration trend in the relative abundance of Fusobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia (P<0.01 or P<0.05) at the phylum level in the QFY groups. At the genus level, Akkermansia, Paramuribaculum, Herminiimonas, Erysipelatoclostridium and other genera in the QFY groups showed a significant trend of relative abundance restoration (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSION QFY can improve the memory of MI animals induced by scopolamine hydrobromide by restoring the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and regulating related indexes in serum and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Qingling Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Fuxia Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China.
| | - Fanying Deng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China.
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Moukham H, Lambiase A, Barone GD, Tripodi F, Coccetti P. Exploiting Natural Niches with Neuroprotective Properties: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1298. [PMID: 38732545 PMCID: PMC11085272 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, promising strategies against neurodegenerative diseases are aimed to target multiple processes. These approaches usually avoid premature cell death and the loss of function of damaged neurons. This review focuses attention on the preventive and therapeutic potential of several compounds derived from natural sources, which could be exploited for their neuroprotective effect. Curcumin, resveratrol, ergothioneine, and phycocyanin are presented as examples of successful approaches, with a special focus on possible strategies to improve their delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Moukham
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (H.M.); (A.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessia Lambiase
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (H.M.); (A.L.); (P.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (H.M.); (A.L.); (P.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (H.M.); (A.L.); (P.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Sun X, Zhou C, Ju M, Feng W, Guo Z, Qi C, Yang K, Xiao R. Roseburia intestinalis Supplementation Could Reverse the Learning and Memory Impairment and m6A Methylation Modification Decrease Caused by 27-Hydroxycholesterol in Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:1288. [PMID: 38732535 PMCID: PMC11085097 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The abnormality in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is involved in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the intervention of 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) can affect the m6A methylation modification in the brain cortex. Disordered gut microbiota is a key link in 27-OHC leading to cognitive impairment, and further studies have found that the abundance of Roseburia intestinalis in the gut is significantly reduced under the intervention of 27-OHC. This study aims to investigate the association of 27-OHC, Roseburia intestinalis in the gut, and brain m6A modification in the learning and memory ability injury. In this study, 9-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were treated with antibiotic cocktails for 6 weeks to sweep the intestinal flora, followed by 27-OHC or normal saline subcutaneous injection, and then Roseburia intestinalis or normal saline gavage were applied to the mouse. The 27-OHC level in the brain, the gut barrier function, the m6A modification in the brain, and the memory ability were measured. From the results, we observed that 27-OHC impairs the gut barrier function, causing a disturbance in the expression of m6A methylation-related enzymes and reducing the m6A methylation modification level in the brain cortex, and finally leads to learning and memory impairment. However, Roseburia intestinalis supplementation could reverse the negative effects mentioned above. This study suggests that 27-OHC-induced learning and memory impairment might be linked to brain m6A methylation modification disturbance, while Roseburia intestinalis, as a probiotic with great potential, could reverse the damage caused by 27-OHC. This research could help reveal the mechanism of 27-OHC-induced neural damage and provide important scientific evidence for the future use of Roseburia intestinalis in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.S.); (C.Z.); (M.J.); (W.F.); (Z.G.); (C.Q.); (K.Y.)
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Luo YX, Yang LL, Yao XQ. Gut microbiota-host lipid crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: implications for disease progression and therapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38627829 PMCID: PMC11020986 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trillions of intestinal bacteria in the human body undergo dynamic transformations in response to physiological and pathological changes. Alterations in their composition and metabolites collectively contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is diverse and complex, evidence suggests lipid metabolism may be one of the potential pathways. However, the mechanisms that gut microbiota mediate lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease pathology remain unclear, necessitating further investigation for clarification. This review highlights the current understanding of how gut microbiota disrupts lipid metabolism and discusses the implications of these discoveries in guiding strategies for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xi Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Rajendran K, Krishnan UM. Mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic stratagems for Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102309. [PMID: 38615895 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder has affected over 30 million individuals globally and these numbers are expected to increase in the coming decades. Current therapeutic interventions are largely ineffective as they focus on a single target. Development of an effective drug therapy requires a deep understanding of the various factors influencing the onset and progression of the disease. Aging and genetic factors exert a major influence on the development of AD. Other factors like post-viral infections, iron overload, gut dysbiosis, and vascular dysfunction also exacerbate the onset and progression of AD. Further, post-translational modifications in tau, DRP1, CREB, and p65 proteins increase the disease severity through triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic loss, and differential interaction of amyloid beta with different receptors leading to impaired intracellular signalling. With advancements in neuroscience tools, new inter-relations that aggravate AD are being discovered including pre-existing diseases and exposure to other pathogens. Simultaneously, new therapeutic strategies involving modulation of gene expression through targeted delivery or modulation with light, harnessing the immune response to promote clearance of amyloid deposits, introduction of stem cells and extracellular vesicles to replace the destroyed neurons, exploring new therapeutic molecules from plant, marine and biological sources delivered in the free state or through nanoparticles and use of non-pharmacological interventions like music, transcranial stimulation and yoga. Polypharmacology approaches involving combination of therapeutic agents are also under active investigation for superior therapeutic outcomes. This review elaborates on various disease-causing factors, their underlying mechanisms, the inter-play between different disease-causing players, and emerging therapeutic options including those under clinical trials, for treatment of AD. The challenges involved in AD therapy and the way forward have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Rajendran
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401, India; Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401, India; Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401, India; School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401, India.
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Peddinti V, Avaghade MM, Suthar SU, Rout B, Gomte SS, Agnihotri TG, Jain A. Gut instincts: Unveiling the connection between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:266-280. [PMID: 38479921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuroinflammation and gradual cognitive decline. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism by which GM and microbial metabolites alter brain function is not clearly understood. GM dysbiosis increases the permeability of the intestine, alters the blood-brain barrier permeability, and elevates proinflammatory mediators causing neurodegeneration. This review article introduced us to the composition and functions of GM along with its repercussions of dysbiosis in relation to AD. We also discussed the importance of the gut-brain axis and its role in communication. Later we focused on the mechanism behind gut dysbiosis and the progression of AD including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in neurotransmitter levels. Furthermore, we highlighted recent developments in AD management, such as microbiota-based therapy, dietary interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Finally, we concluded with challenges and future directions in AD research based on GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Peddinti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Manoj Mohan Avaghade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil Umedmal Suthar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Biswajit Rout
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Sudhakar Gomte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Williams ZAP, Lang L, Nicolas S, Clarke G, Cryan J, Vauzour D, Nolan YM. Do microbes play a role in Alzheimer's disease? Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14462. [PMID: 38593310 PMCID: PMC11003713 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and progressive condition that affects essential neurological functions such as memory and reasoning. In the brain, neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, proteinopathy, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. In addition, recent evidence has highlighted that microbes, whether commensal or pathogenic, also have the ability to interact with their host and to regulate its immune system, therefore participating in the exchanges that lead to peripheral inflammation and neuropathology. Because of this intimate relationship, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa have been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we bring together current and most recent evidence of the role of microbes in Alzheimer's disease, raising burning questions that need to be addressed to guide therapeutic approaches and potential prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A. P. Williams
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Leonie Lang
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Sarah Nicolas
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yvonne M. Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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Ficiarà E, Stura I, Vernone A, Silvagno F, Cavalli R, Guiot C. Iron Overload in Brain: Transport Mismatches, Microbleeding Events, and How Nanochelating Therapies May Counteract Their Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2337. [PMID: 38397013 PMCID: PMC10889007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron overload in many brain regions is a common feature of aging and most neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the causes, mechanisms, mathematical models, and possible therapies are summarized. Indeed, physiological and pathological conditions can be investigated using compartmental models mimicking iron trafficking across the blood-brain barrier and the Cerebrospinal Fluid-Brain exchange membranes located in the choroid plexus. In silico models can investigate the alteration of iron homeostasis and simulate iron concentration in the brain environment, as well as the effects of intracerebral iron chelation, determining potential doses and timing to recover the physiological state. Novel formulations of non-toxic nanovectors with chelating capacity are already tested in organotypic brain models and could be available to move from in silico to in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Annamaria Vernone
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesca Silvagno
- Department of Oncology, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy;
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy;
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
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Nasb M, Tao W, Chen N. Alzheimer's Disease Puzzle: Delving into Pathogenesis Hypotheses. Aging Dis 2024; 15:43-73. [PMID: 37450931 PMCID: PMC10796101 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by both amnestic and non-amnestic clinical manifestations. It accounts for approximately 60-70% of all dementia cases worldwide. With the increasing number of AD patients, elucidating underlying mechanisms and developing corresponding interventional strategies are necessary. Hypotheses about AD such as amyloid cascade, Tau hyper-phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic, and vascular hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and all of them play a certain role in the development of AD. The amyloid cascade hypothesis is currently the most widely studied; however, other hypotheses are also gaining support. This article summarizes the recent evidence regarding major pathological hypotheses of AD and their potential interplay, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each hypothesis and their implications for the development of effective treatments. This could stimulate further studies and promote the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
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12
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Seo DO, Holtzman DM. Current understanding of the Alzheimer's disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:86-94. [PMID: 38172602 PMCID: PMC10834451 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease. Despite tremendous research efforts to understand this complex disease, the exact pathophysiology of the disease is not completely clear. Recently, anti-Aβ antibodies have been shown to remove amyloid from the brain and slow the clinical progression of mild dementia by ~30%. However, exploring alternative strategies is crucial to understanding and developing more effective therapeutic interventions. In recent years, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has received significant attention in the AD field. Numerous studies have suggested that alterations in the gut microbiota composition are associated with the progression of AD, and several underlying mechanisms have been proposed. However, studies in this area are still in their infancy, and many aspects of this field are just beginning to be explored and understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions and signaling pathways involved in the microbiota-AD interaction is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to positively impact AD. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD. We will discuss the existing evidence regarding the role of gut microbiota in AD pathogenesis, suggested underlying mechanisms, biological factors influencing the microbiome-gut-brain axis in AD, and remaining questions in the field. Last, we will discuss potential therapeutic approaches to recondition the community of gut microbiota to alleviate disease progression. An ongoing exploration of the gut-brain axis and the development of microbiota-based therapies hold the potential for advancing AD management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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13
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He J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Jiang H, Luo S, He G. Intestinal changes in permeability, tight junction and mucin synthesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:113. [PMID: 37830152 PMCID: PMC10599350 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid‑β (Aβ) in the brain. The gut/brain axis may serve a role in AD pathogenesis. The present study investigated deposition of Aβ in the intestinal epithelium and its potential effects on intestinal barrier function in a transgenic mouse model of AD. To investigate alterations in the structure and functionality of the intestinal mucosal barrier in AD model mice, hematoxylin and eosin staining for Paneth cell count, Alcian blue‑periodic acid Schiff staining for goblet cells, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for mucin (MUC)2 and wheat germ agglutin expression, transmission electron microscopy for mucosal ultrastructure, FITC‑labeled dextran assay for intestinal permeability, quantitative PCR for goblet cell precursor expression and western blot analysis for tight junction proteins, MUC2 and inflammatory cytokine detection were performed. The results showed that AD model mice exhibited excessive Aβ deposition in the intestinal epithelium, which was accompanied by increased intestinal permeability, inflammatory changes and decreased expression of tight junction proteins. These alterations in the intestinal barrier led to an increased proliferation of goblet and Paneth cells and increased mucus synthesis. Dysfunction of gut barrier occurs in AD and may contribute to its etiology. Future therapeutic strategies to reverse AD pathology may involve early manipulation of gut physiology and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
| | - Junhua Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
| | - Yueyang Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
| | - Hanxiao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Shifang Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
| | - Guiqiong He
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016
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14
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Xiang W, Xiang H, Wang J, Jiang Y, Pan C, Ji B, Zhang A. Fecal microbiota transplantation: a novel strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1281233. [PMID: 38033557 PMCID: PMC10687436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1281233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurological disorder, which has become one of the major factors affecting human health due to its serious impact on individuals, families and society. It has been confirmed that gut microbiota can affect the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. Especially, fecal microbiota transplantation plays a positive role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms for improving Alzheimer's disease might include anti-inflammation and regulation of amyloid β-protein, synaptic plasticity, short-chain fatty acids, and histone acetylation. In this mini-review, the relationship between fecal microbiota transplantation and Alzheimer's disease was summarized. It is hoped that fecal microbiota transplantation would play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanhui Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingjin Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Anren Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Li L, Yan S, Liu S, Wang P, Li W, Yi Y, Qin S. In-depth insight into correlations between gut microbiota and dietary fiber elucidates a dietary causal relationship with host health. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113133. [PMID: 37689844 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber exerts a wide range of biological benefits on host health, which not only provides a powerful source of nutrition for gut microbiota but also supplies key microbial metabolites that directly affect host health. This review mainly focuses on the decomposition and metabolism of dietary fiber and the essential genera Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium in dietary fiber fermentation. Dietary fiber plays an essential role in host health by impacting outcomes related to obesity, enteritis, immune health, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the gut microbiota-independent pathway of dietary fiber affecting host health is also discussed. Personalized dietary fiber intake combined with microbiome, genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle and other factors has been highlighted for development in the future. A higher level of evidence is needed to demonstrate which microbial phenotype benefits from which kind of dietary fiber. In-depth insights into the correlation between gut microbiota and dietary fiber provide strong theoretical support for the precise application of dietary fiber, which elucidates a dietary causal relationship with host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Shuling Yan
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuangjiang Liu
- Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Yuetao Yi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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16
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Li W, Rang Y, Liu H, Liu C. Update on new trends and progress of natural active ingredients in the intervention of Alzheimer's disease, based on understanding of traditional Chinese and Western relevant theories: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3744-3764. [PMID: 37380605 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurological disorders causing death in the elderly worldwide. As a neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to prevent and cure, the pathogenesis of AD is complex and there is no effective cure. A variety of natural products derived from plants have been reported to have promising anti-AD activities, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and alkaloids, which can effectively relieve the symptoms of AD in a variety of ways. This paper mainly reviews the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of natural products against AD. Although the clinical efficacy of these plants still needs to be determined by further high-quality studies, it may also provide a basis for future researchers to study anti-AD in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Oriá RB, Freitas RS, Roque CR, Nascimento JCR, Silva AP, Malva JO, Guerrant RL, Vitek MP. ApoE Mimetic Peptides to Improve the Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections by Targeting the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041086. [PMID: 37111572 PMCID: PMC10141726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptides are engineered fragments of the native apoE protein’s LDL-receptor binding site that improve the outcomes following a brain injury and intestinal inflammation in a variety of models. The vicious cycle of enteric infections and malnutrition is closely related to environmental-driven enteric dysfunction early in life, and such chronic inflammatory conditions may blunt the developmental trajectories of children with worrisome and often irreversible physical and cognitive faltering. This window of time for microbiota maturation and brain plasticity is key to protecting cognitive domains, brain health, and achieving optimal/full developmental potential. This review summarizes the potential role of promising apoE mimetic peptides to improve the function of the gut-brain axis, including targeting the blood-brain barrier in children afflicted with malnutrition and enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-8239
| | - Raul S. Freitas
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cássia R. Roque
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - José Carlos R. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medicine, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Osmanović Barilar J, Babić Perhoč A, Knezović A, Homolak J, Virag D, Šalković-Petrišić M. The Effect of the Sodium—Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitor on Cognition and Metabolic Parameters in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041025. [PMID: 37189641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD), and antidiabetic drugs, including the sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLTI), are being studied as possible sAD therapy. We have explored whether the SGLTI phloridzin may influence metabolic and cognitive parameters in a rat model of sAD. Adult male Wistar rats were randomized to a control (CTR), an sAD-model group induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ-icv; 3 mg/kg), a CTR+SGLTI, or an STZ-icv+SGLTI group. Two-month-long oral (gavage) SGLTI treatment (10 mg/kg) was initiated 1 month after STZ-icv and cognitive performance tested prior to sacrifice. SGLTI treatment significantly decreased plasma glucose levels only in the CTR group and failed to correct STZ-icv-induced cognitive deficit. In both the CTR and STZ-icv groups, SGLTI treatment diminished weight gain, decreased amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 in duodenum, and decreased the plasma levels of total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), while the levels of active GLP-1, as well as both total and active glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, remained unchanged, compared to their respective controls. The increment in GLP-1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and its effect on Aβ 1-42 in duodenum could be one of the molecular mechanisms by which SGLTIs indirectly induce pleiotropic beneficial effects.
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The Role of the Oral Microbiome in the Development of Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065231. [PMID: 36982305 PMCID: PMC10048844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a complex and infectious illness that begins with a disruption of bacterial homeostasis. This disease induces a host inflammatory response, leading to damage of the soft and connective tooth-supporting tissues. Moreover, in advanced cases, it can contribute to tooth loss. The aetiological factors of PDs have been widely researched, but the pathogenesis of PD has still not been totally clarified. There are a number of factors that have an effect on the aetiology and pathogenesis of PD. It is purported that microbiological, genetic susceptibility and lifestyle can determine the development and severity of the disease. The human body’s defence response to the accumulation of plaque and its enzymes is known to be a major factor for PD. The oral cavity is colonised by a characteristic and complex microbiota that grows as diverse biofilms on all mucosal and dental surfaces. The aim of this review was to provide the latest updates in the literature regarding still-existing problems with PD and to highlight the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal health and disease. Better awareness and knowledge of the causes of dysbiosis, environmental risk factors and periodontal therapy can reduce the growing worldwide prevalence of PDs. The promotion of good oral hygiene, limiting smoking, alcohol consumption and exposure to stress and comprehensive treatment to decrease the pathogenicity of oral biofilm can help reduce PD as well as other diseases. Evidence linking disorders of the oral microbiome to various systemic diseases has increased the understanding of the importance of the oral microbiome in regulating many processes in the human body and, thus, its impact on the development of many diseases.
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Tiwari P, Dwivedi R, Bansal M, Tripathi M, Dada R. Role of Gut Microbiota in Neurological Disorders and Its Therapeutic Significance. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041650. [PMID: 36836185 PMCID: PMC9965848 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the gut microbiota (GM) are known to play a significant role in the metabolism of nutrients and drugs, immunomodulation, and pathogen defense by inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The role of the GM in the gut-brain axis (GBA) has been documented for different regulatory mechanisms and associated pathways and it shows different behaviors with individualized bacteria. In addition, the GM are known as susceptibility factor for neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), regulating disease progression and being amenable to intervention. Bidirectional transmission between the brain and the GM occurs in the GBA, implying that it performs a significant role in neurocrine, endocrine, and immune-mediated signaling pathways. The GM regulates multiple neurological disorders by supplementing them with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, fecal transplantations, and/or antibiotics. A well-balanced diet is critically important for establishing healthy GM, which can alter the enteric nervous system (ENS) and regulate multiple neurological disorders. Here, we have discussed the function of the GM in the GBA from the gut to the brain and the brain to the gut, the pathways associated with neurology that interacts with the GM, and the various neurological disorders associated with the GM. Furthermore, we have highlighted the recent advances and future prospects of the GBA, which may require addressing research concerns about GM and associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Tiwari
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Rekha Dwivedi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manisha Bansal
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.D.)
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