Type IIA topoisomerase (TOP2A) triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition and facilitates HCC progression by regulating Snail expression

Norcantharidin inhibits TOP2A expression via H3K27me3 mediated epigenetic regulation to alleviate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Norcantharidin (NCTD), a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated promising anticancer activity against multiple malignancies, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and associated transcriptional consequences remain poorly characterized.

Methods

In this study, we integrated biochemical assays with a panel of cellular analyses assessing cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, and migratory capacity to investigate NCTD's therapeutic potential in HCC progression. Potential molecular targets of NCTD were systematically identified through integrated network pharmacology approaches. Chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) was performed to quantify H3K27me3 enrichment level at the TOP2A locus in NCTD-treated HCC cells. Molecular docking simulations were employed to examine structural interactions between NCTD and EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2), while co-immunoprecipitation assays were further conducted to validate protein-protein interactions between EZH2 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).

Results

We identified topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) as a critical molecular target mediating NCTD's anti-HCC effects. Functional characterization revealed that NCTD significantly attenuated HCC cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through disruption of the TOP2A-p53 signaling axis. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that NCTD epigenetically suppresses TOP2A transcription via PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2)-mediated deposition of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 at the TOP2A promoter. Structural biology analyses confirmed direct binding of NCTD to EZH2 protein, consequently impairing PP1-mediated dephosphorylation and enhancing PRC2 complex stability.

Conclusion

Our findings establish that NCTD exerts anticancer effects in HCC through epigenetic silencing of TOP2A. This work not only elucidates a novel pharmacoepigenetic mechanism underlying NCTD's antitumor activity but also provides translational rationale for developing PRC2-targeted therapeutic strategies in HCC management.

Multi-omics analysis reveals the panoramic picture of TOP2A in pan-cancer

Topoisomerases are critical nuclear enzymes that resolve DNA topological challenges during genetic processes. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive multi-omics analysis of TOP2A from a pan-cancer perspective, despite its significance. A multiomics analysis was conducted to investigate TOP2A across various cancer types. This study involved the integration of over 10,000 multidimensional genomic datasets from 33 distinct cancer types, obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The analysis focused on evaluating the overall activity levels of TOP2A in pan-cancers, which encompassed differential expression, clinical significance, immune cell infiltration, and the regulation of pathways related to cancer. Aberrant epigenetic modifications and genomic alterations have been identified as being associated with the dysregulation of TOP2A expression levels. These molecular changes have substantial impacts on cancer progression, intratumoral heterogeneity, immunological status, and the regulation of pathways related to cancer biomarkers. Consequently, patient prognosis varies significantly based on the presence and specific nature of these alterations. The potential of TOP2A to serve as a novel biomarker for prognosis may offer valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Bioinformatics screened of biomarkers for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify hub genes linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) pathogenesis using bioinformatics analysis.MethodA total of 3865 samples from 12 datasets in the HCCDB database were analyzed to identify prognostic expression genes (PDGs). Enrichment analysis using DAVID and GSCA databases unveiled biological processes and signaling pathways associated with PDGs. Cytohubba app was utilized to identify 6 hub genes from the PDGs. Verification of hub genes was conducted using three GEO datasets and Western blot. Histopathological staining data of hub genes in LIHC patients were retrieved from the Human Protein Atlas database. Comprehensive analyses of hub genes were performed, including immune infiltration, prognosis, survival, methylation, gene mutation, related miRNA, and single-cell type. Potential therapeutic drugs were predicted using GDSC and CTRP databases.ResultA total of 1259 differential genes were screened, yielding 82 PDGs (36 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated genes). Hub genes identified included CDC20, TOP2A, CDK1 (up-regulated), and CAT, TAT, FTCD (down-regulated). These hub genes exhibited strong associations with immune cells and showed promising prognostic value based on AUC analysis. Reduced promoter methylation levels of TOP2A, CDK1, and FTCD in LIHC were observed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis highlighted prevalent variants and miRNA expression associations impacting patient survival. Hub genes were enriched in various cell types. Trametinib, selumetinib, RDEA119, and teniposide were identified as potential drugs for LIHC treatment.ConclusionCDC20, TOP2A, CDK1, CAT, TAT, and FTCD may contribute to LIHC development and serve as novel prognostic biomarkers.

Advances in research on malignant tumors and targeted agents for TOP2A (Review)

The DNA topoisomerase isoform topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is essential for the condensation and segregation of cellular mitotic chromosomes and the structural maintenance. It has been demonstrated that TOP2A is highly expressed in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer (BC), associating with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior. Additionally, TOP2A has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy, with widespread clinical application of associated chemotherapeutic agents. The present study explored the impact of TOP2A on malignant tumor growth and the advancements in research on its targeted drugs. The fundamental mechanisms of TOP2A have been detailed, its specific roles in tumor cells are analyzed, and its potential as a biomarker for tumor prognosis and therapeutic targeting is highlighted. Additionally, the present review compiles findings from the latest clinical trials of relevant targeted agents, information on newly developed inhibitors, and discusses future research directions and clinical application strategies in cancer therapy, aiming to propose novel ideas and methods.

TOP2A modulates signaling via the AKT/mTOR pathway to promote ovarian cancer cell proliferation

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a form of gynecological malignancy that is associated with worse patient outcomes than any other cancer of the female reproductive tract. Topoisomerase II α (TOP2A) is commonly regarded as an oncogene that is associated with malignant disease progression in a variety of cancers, its mechanistic functions in OC have yet to be firmly established. We explored the role of TOP2A in OC through online databases, clinical samples, in vitro and in vivo experiments. And initial analyses of public databases revealed high OC-related TOP2A expression in patient samples that was related to poorer prognosis. This was confirmed by clinical samples in which TOP2A expression was elevated in OC relative to healthy tissue. Kaplan-Meier analyses further suggested that higher TOP2A expression levels were correlated with worse prognosis in OC patients. In vitro, TOP2A knockdown resulted in the inhibition of OC cell proliferation, with cells entering G1 phase arrest and undergoing consequent apoptotic death. In rescue assays, TOP2A was confirmed to regulate cell proliferation and cell cycle through AKT/mTOR pathway activity. Mouse model experiments further affirmed the key role that TOP2A plays as a driver of OC cell proliferation. These data provide strong evidence supporting TOP2A as an oncogenic mediator and prognostic biomarker related to OC progression and poor outcomes. At the mechanistic level, TOP2A can control tumor cell growth via AKT/mTOR pathway modulation. These preliminary results provide a foundation for future research seeking to explore the utility of TOP2A inhibitor-based combination treatment regimens in platinum-resistant recurrent OC patients.

Shared and specific competing endogenous RNAs network mining in four digestive system tumors

Background

Digestive system malignancies, including esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), pose significant global health challenges. Identifying shared and distinct regulatory mechanisms across these cancers can lead to improved therapies. This study aims to construct and compare competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks across ESCA, STAD, LIHC, and COAD to identify RNA biomarkers that could serve as precision therapeutic targets to enhance clinical outcomes and advance personalized cancer care.

Methods

Clinical and transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to predict differentially expressed RNAs using the edgeR package. The ceRNA networks were constructed using the miRcode and ENCORI databases. Functional enrichment analysis and prognostic RNA screening were performed with ConsensusPathDB and univariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

we identified 6, 88, 55, and 41 RNA biomarkers in ESCA, STAD, LIHC, and COAD, respectively. Network analysis revealed shared and specific elements, with shared nodes enriched in cell cycle and mitotic processes. Several biomarkers, including HMGB3 and RGS16 (ESCA), COL4A1 and COL6A3 (STAD), CDCA5 and CDCA8 (LIHC), and LIMK1 and OSBPL3 (COAD), were consistent with prior studies, while novel biomarkers, such as C3P1 (ESCA), P2RY6 (STAD), and N4BP2L1 and PPP1R3B (LIHC), were discovered. Based on RNA correlation analysis, 1, 23, and 2 potential ceRNA regulatory axes were identified in STAD (PVT1/miR-490-3p/HMGA2), LIHC (DLX6-AS1/miR-139-5p/TOP2A, etc.), and COAD (STRCP1 & LINC00488/miR-142-3p/GAB1), respectively.

Conclusions

This study advances the understanding of ceRNA networks in digestive cancers, highlighting RNA biomarkers with potential as therapeutic targets for personalized treatment strategies.

Elucidating the prognostic and therapeutic significance of TOP2A in various malignancies

Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is a crucial enzyme that plays a vital role in DNA replication and transcription mechanisms. Dysregulated expression of TOP2A has been associated with various malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the prognostic relevances of TOP2A in various types of cancer. The increased expression of TOP2A has been linked to resistance to therapy and reduced survival rates. Therefore, evaluating TOP2A levels could assist in identifying patients who may derive advantages from molecular targeted therapy. The amplification of TOP2A has been linked to a positive response to chemotherapy regimens that contain anthracycline. Nevertheless, the overexpression of TOP2A also indicates a heightened likelihood of disease recurrence and unfavorable prognosis. The prognostic significance of TOP2A has been extensively studied in various types of cancer. The increased expression of TOP2A is associated with poor clinical outcomes, indicating its potential as a valuable biomarker for assessing risk and stratifying treatment in these malignancies. However, further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which TOP2A influences cancer progression and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

Expression and biological significance of topoisomerase II α (TOP2A) in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Topoisomerase II α(TOP2A) is usually highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells, and its expression is regulated by cell cycle. The relationship between TOP2A and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) needs further study.

METHODS

TOP2A immunoreactivity was analyzed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining analysis in specimens from 20 OSCC patients. Based on the high-throughput sequencing and gene microarray database, the expression of TOP2A mRNA in OSCC was calculated and its ability to identify OSCC tissues was evaluated by diagnostic analysis. CRISPR screen was used to select the genes necessary for OSCC cell growth, and the gene set was analyzed for function enrichment. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was conducted to evaluate the expression level of TOP2A mRNA in OSCC cells.

RESULTS

Compared with normal oral tissues, the expression of TOP2A protein was up-regulated in OSCC tissues. A total of 1240 OSCC and 428 non-OSCC oral tissue samples were included based on high-throughput dataset retrieval, and it was confirmed that TOP2A mRNA was highly expressed in OSCC tissues [SMD = 1.51 (95% CI 0.94-2.07), sROC AUC = 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98)]. As an essential gene for OSCC cell growth, single-cell RNA sequencing data also confirmed that TOP2A mRNA expression was up-regulated in OSCC cells.

CONCLUSION

The up-regulation of TOP2A may play a pivotal role in OSCC.

The correlation between TRIM28 expression and immune checkpoints in CRPC

This study delves into the unexplored realm of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by investigating the role of TRIM28 and its intricate molecular mechanisms using high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing and advanced bioinformatics analysis. Our comprehensive examination unveiled dynamic TRIM28 expression changes, particularly in immune cells such as macrophages and CD8+ T cells within CRPC. Correlation analyses with TCGA data highlighted the connection between TRIM28 and immune checkpoint expression and emphasized its pivotal influence on the quantity and functionality of immune cells. Using TRIM28 knockout mouse models, we identified differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways, unraveling the potential regulatory involvement of TRIM28 in the cGAS-STING pathway. In vitro, experiments further illuminated that TRIM28 knockout in prostate cancer cells induced a notable anti-tumor immune effect by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization and enhancing CD8+ T cell activity. This impactful discovery was validated in an in situ transplant tumor model, where TRIM28 knockout exhibited a deceleration in tumor growth, reduced proportions of M2 macrophages, and enhanced infiltration of CD8+ T cells. In summary, this study elucidates the hitherto unknown anti-tumor immune role of TRIM28 in CRPC and unravels its potential regulatory mechanism via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. These findings provide novel insights into the immune landscape of CRPC, offering promising directions for developing innovative therapeutic strategies.

Identification of hub genes and pathways in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive in silico study

Background and Aim

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common causes of liver cancer in the world. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by identifying hub genes and the pathways related to their functions.

Methods

GSE83148 and GSE94660 were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with an adjusted p-value < 0.05 and a |logFC| ≥1 were identified. Common DEGs of two data sets were identified using the GEO2R tool. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) databases were used to identify pathways. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) analysis was performed by using the Cytoscap and Gephi. A Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) analysis was carried out to confirm the target genes.

Results

One hundred and ninety-eight common DEGs and 49 hub genes have been identified through the use of GEO and PPI, respectively. The GO and KEGG pathways analysis showed DEGs were enriched in the G1/S transition of cell cycle mitotic, cell cycle, spindle, and extracellular matrix structural constituent. The expression of four genes (TOP2A, CDK1, CCNA2, and CCNB2) with high scores in module 1 were more in tumor samples and have been identified by GEPIA analysis.

Conclusion

In this study, the hub genes and their related pathways involved in the development of HBV-associated HCC were identified. These genes, as potential diagnostic biomarkers, may provide a potent opportunity to detect HBV-associated HCC at the earliest stages, resulting in a more effective treatment.

Immunotherapy and drug sensitivity predictive roles of a novel prognostic model in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most significant causes of cancer-related deaths in the worldwide. Currently, predicting the survival of patients with HCC and developing treatment drugs still remain a significant challenge. In this study, we employed prognosis-related genes to develop and externally validate a predictive risk model. Furthermore, the correlation between signaling pathways, immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy response, drug sensitivity, and risk score was investigated using different algorithm platforms in HCC. Our results showed that 11 differentially expressed genes including UBE2C, PTTG1, TOP2A, SPP1, FCN3, SLC22A1, ADH4, CYP2C8, SLC10A1, F9, and FBP1 were identified as being related to prognosis, which were integrated to construct a prediction model. Our model could accurately predict patients' overall survival using both internal and external datasets. Moreover, a strong correlation was revealed between the signaling pathway, immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy response, and risk score. Importantly, a novel potential drug candidate for HCC treatment was discovered based on the risk score and also validated through ex vivo experiments. Our finds offer a novel perspective on prognosis prediction and drug exploration for cancer patients.

Knockdown of TOP2A suppresses IL-17 signaling pathway and alleviates the progression of ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa, with a gradually increasing incidence. Therefore, it is necessary to actively seek targets for the treatment of UC.

METHODS

Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from two microarray data sets related to UC. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed to find the hub genes. The UC mouse model and cell model were induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The pathological changes of colon tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expressions of Ki67 and Claudin-1. The performance of mice was observed by disease activity index (DAI). The effect of TOP2A on proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway in UC model was measured by cell counting kit-8, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot.

RESULTS

Through bioinformatics analysis, 295 common DEGs were screened, and the hub gene TOP2A was selected. In UC model, there was obvious inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon and less goblet cells, while si-TOP2A lessened it. More Ki67 positive cells and less Claudin-1 positive cells were observed in UC model mice. Furthermore, knockdown of TOP2A increased the body weight and colon length of UC mice, while the DAI was decreased. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, knockdown of TOP2A also inhibited inflammation and IL-17 signaling pathway, and promoted proliferation in DSS-induced NCM460 cells.

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of TOP2A alleviated the progression of UC by suppressing inflammation and inhibited IL-17 signaling pathway.

The high expression of TOP2A and MELK induces the occurrence of psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. However, the influence of the TOP2A and MELK genes on psoriasis remains unclear.

METHODS

Psoriasis datasets GSE166388 and GSE181318 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database generated from GPL570 and GPL22120. Differential gene expression (DEGs) was identified. Functional enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and immune infiltration analysis were conducted. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed. Gene expression heat map was generated. The most relevant diseases associated with core genes were determined through comparison with the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) website. TargetScan was used to select miRNAs regulating central DEGs.

RESULTS

A total of 773 DEGs were identified. According to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, they were mainly enriched in mitochondrial gene expression, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial envelope, mitochondria and ribosome. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that target cells were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, proteasome, and oxidative phosphorylation. Seven core genes (TOP2A, NUF2, MELK, ASPM, DLGAP5, CCNA2, DEPDC1B) were obtained. The gene expression heatmap showed high expression of core genes (TOP2A, MELK) in psoriasis samples, while DEPDC1B, CCNA2, DLGAP5, NUF2, ASPM were lowly expressed in psoriasis samples. CTD analysis found that TOP2A and MELK were related to skin neoplasms, skin diseases, psoriasis, erythema, dermatitis, and infections.

CONCLUSION

TOP2A and MELK genes are highly expressed in psoriasis, and higher expression of TOP2A and MELK genes is associated with poorer prognosis.

Alternative splicing of IRF3 plays an important role in the development of hepatocarcinoma

Alternative splicing is a process causing mRNA translation to produce different proteins, and it is crucial for the development of tumours. In this study, we constructed a prognostic model related to alternative splicing events in hepatocarcinoma using bioinformatics analysis, including the alternative splicing of CSAD, AFMID, ZDHHC16, and IRF3. The model is an independent prognostic factor and can accurately predict a patient's prognosis. IRF3 is a transcription factor related to the immune response. Its alternative splicing can affect the expression of various genes related to prognosis and plays an essential role in the tumour microenvironment. We also verified the expression of IRF3 exon skipping isoform in hepatocarcinoma at the mRNA level. In conclusion, we discovered that the alternative splicing of IRF3 is essential for the development of hepatocarcinoma. This study provides new insight into the development of treatments for hepatocarcinoma.

Identification and immune landscape analysis of fatty acid metabolism genes related subtypes of gastric cancer

Fatty acid metabolism (FAM) is associated with prognosis and immune microenvironment remodeling in many tumors. It is currently unknown how FAM affects the immunological microenvironment and prognosis of Gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, the current work aims to categorize GC samples based on the expression status of genes involved in FAM and to identify populations that might benefit from immunotherapy. In total, 50 FAM genes associated with overall survival (OS) were determined through univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis by mining the public TCGA and GEO databases. The GSE84437 and TCGA-STAD cohort samples were divided into two clusters using the "NMF" R package. According to the survival curve, patients in Cluster-1 showed considerably longer OS than those in Cluster-2. Patients in Cluster-1 exhibited earlier T stages, more intestinal GCs, and were older. MSI molecular subtypes were mainly distributed in Cluster-1, while GS molecular subtypes were distributed primarily in Cluster-2. There were 227 upregulated and 22 down-regulated genes (logFC > 1 or logFC < - 1, FDR < 0.05) in Cluster-2 compared with Cluster-1. One hub module (edges = 64, nodes = 12) was identified with a module score of 11.636 through Cytoscape plug-in MCODE. KEGG and GO analysis showed that the hub genes were associated with the cell cycle and cell division. Different immune cell infiltrates profile, and immune pathway enrichment existed between the subtypes. In conclusion, the current findings showed that practically all immunological checkpoint and immunoregulatory genes were elevated in patients with Cluster-2 GC, indicating that FAM subtypes may be crucial in GC immunotherapy.

Molecular mechanism underlying epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and cisplatin resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer (EC) occupies the seventh spot of the most prevalent malignancy cancer ailments worldwide and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is also the most predominant histological subtype of EC, and cisplatin (DDP) is commonly used as a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for the late advanced stages of the disease. However, the emergence of drug resistance during clinical treatment possesses a significant challenge to the therapeutic success and patient outcomes. Collectively, the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is a process in which transcription factors are induced to regulate the expression of epithelial and stromal markers to promote the differentiation of epithelial cells into stromal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated a close association between EMT and chemotherapy resistance in tumor cells, with concrete evidence of reciprocal reinforcement. Therefore, in this review, we elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying ESCC, shed light on the mechanisms driving DDP resistance, and provide insights into the intricate interplay between EMT and ESCC. We have aimed to provide some new hypotheses and perspectives that may address-inform future therapeutic strategies for ESCC treatment.

Role of TOP2A and CDC6 in liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality worldwide, which is characterized by aggressive growth and metastasis. However, the relationship between TOP2A and CDC6 and HCC remains unclear. GSE121248 and GSE101728 profiles for liver cancer were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus database generated using GPL21047and GPL570. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed. The construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network, functional enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis. Gene expression heat map was drawn and survival analysis was performed. Comparative toxicogenomics database analysis were performed to find the disease most related to the core gene. TargetScan was used to screen miRNAs regulating central DEGs. 885 DEGs were identified. According to gene ontology analysis, they were mainly enriched in organic acid metabolism process, metabolic pathway, p53 signal pathway and PPAR signal pathway. The enrichment items are similar to the GOKEGG enrichment items of differentially expressed genes, mainly in the process of organic acid metabolism, p53 signal pathway and PPAR signal pathway. In the enrichment project of metascape, gene ontology has PIDPLK1 pathway, mitotic cell cycle, tumor retinoblastoma gene. The construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network obtained 10 core genes (TOP2A, CDK1, ASPM, RACGAP1, ZWINT, CDC6, AURKA, NCAPG, BUB1B, CCNB1), and found that these core genes were highly expressed in tumor tissues and low in normal tissues. Comparative toxicogenomics database analysis showed that 10 genes (TOP2A, CDK1, ASPM, RACGAP1, ZWINT, CDC6, AURKA, NCAPG, BUB1B, CCNB1) were related to necrosis, inflammation, HCC, liver cirrhosis, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. TOP2A and CDC6 are highly expressed in liver cancer, which may become molecular targets for early diagnosis and precise treatment.

The role of TOP2A in immunotherapy and vasculogenic mimicry in non-small cell lung cancer and its potential mechanism

Type IIA topoisomerase (TOP2A) is significantly associated with malignant tumor development, invasion, treatment and its prognosis, and has been shown to be a therapeutic target against cancer. In contrast, the role of TOP2A in the immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer as well as in Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation and its potential mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TOP2A in proliferation, skeleton regulation, motility and VM production in non-small cell lung cancer and its mechanisms by using bioinformatics tools and molecular biology experiments. Subgroup analysis showed that the low-risk group had a better prognosis, while the high-risk group was positively correlated with high tumor mutational load, M1-type macrophage infiltration, immune checkpoint molecule expression, and immunotherapy efficacy. As confirmed by further clinical specimens, the presence of TOP2A and VM was significantly and positively correlated with poor prognosis. Our study established a model based on significant co-expression of TOP2A genes, which significantly correlated with mutational load and immunotherapy outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Further mechanistic exploration suggests that TOP2A plays an important role in immunotherapy and VM formation in NSCLC through upregulation of Wnt3a and PD-L1 expression.

High-throughput single nucleus total RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues by snRandom-seq

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues constitute a vast and valuable patient material bank for clinical history and follow-up data. It is still challenging to achieve single cell/nucleus RNA (sc/snRNA) profile in FFPE tissues. Here, we develop a droplet-based snRNA sequencing technology (snRandom-seq) for FFPE tissues by capturing full-length total RNAs with random primers. snRandom-seq shows a minor doublet rate (0.3%), a much higher RNA coverage, and detects more non-coding RNAs and nascent RNAs, compared with state-of-art high-throughput scRNA-seq technologies. snRandom-seq detects a median of >3000 genes per nucleus and identifies 25 typical cell types. Moreover, we apply snRandom-seq on a clinical FFPE human liver cancer specimen and reveal an interesting subpopulation of nuclei with high proliferative activity. Our method provides a powerful snRNA-seq platform for clinical FFPE specimens and promises enormous applications in biomedical research.

CD69 serves as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

The prevalence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still increasing. This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets related to patient prognosis. Data were downloaded from TCGA, GSE25097, GSE36376, and GSE76427 datasets. Differential analysis and enrichment analysis were performed in HCC. Cell deaths were evaluated, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO) regression was analyzed to screen candidate genes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration in HCC was assessed. We identified 4088 common DEGs with the same direction of differential expression in all four datasets, they were mainly enriched in immunoinflammation and cell cycle pathways. Apoptosis was significantly suppressed in HCC in GSEA and GSVA. After LASSO regression analysis, we screened CD69, CDC25B, MGMT, TOP2A, and TXNIP as candidate genes. Among them, CD69 significantly influenced the overall survival of HCC patients in both TCGA and GSE76427. CD69 may be a protective factor for outcome of HCC patients. In addition, CD69 was positive correlation with T cells and CD3E. CD69, CDC25B, MGMT, TOP2A, and TXNIP were potential diagnostic and prognostic target for HCC, especially CD69.

CircADSS contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development by regulating miR-431-5p/TOP2A

CircRNAs participated in regulating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the regulation function of circRNA adenylosuccinate synthase (circADSS) on HCC development is not clear. RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to detect RNA expression. Cell proliferation was analysed by CCK-8 and EdU assay. Cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry assay. Cell migration and invasion were measured by transwell assay. Mechanism assays were employed to examine the interaction between miR-431-5p and circADSS, or TOP2A. Xenograft mouse model was constructed for in vivo assay. CircADSS and TOP2A expression were boosted, while miR-431-5p was limited in tumour tissues and cells. CircADSS silencing decreased HCC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, invasion, as well as EMT. MiR-431-5p inhibitors or ectopic TOP2A expression could restore the effect of circADSS knockdown on HCC progression. There was target relationship between miR-431-5p and circADSS, or TOP2A. Knockdown of circADSS suppressed tumour growth in vivo. CircADSS could regulate HCC cell malignancy by miR-431-5p/TOP2A axis.

Potential Molecular Targeted Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers, representing a serious worldwide health concern. The recurrence incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following surgery or ablation is as high as 70%. Thus, the clinical applicability of standard surgery and other locoregional therapy to improve the outcomes of advanced HCC is restricted and far from ideal. The registered trials did not identify a treatment that prolonged recurrence-free survival, the primary outcome of the majority of research. Several investigator-initiated trials have demonstrated that various treatments extend patients' recurrence-free or overall survival after curative therapies. In the past decade, targeted therapy has made significant strides in the treatment of advanced HCC. These targeted medicines produce antitumour effects via specific signals, such as anti-angiogenesis or advancement of the cell cycle. As a typical systemic treatment option, it significantly improves the prognosis of this fatal disease. In addition, the combination of targeted therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor is redefining the paradigm of advanced HCC treatment. In this review, we focused on the role of approved targeted medicines and potential therapeutic targets in unresectable HCC.

The Role of LINC01564, RAMS11, CBX4 and TOP2A in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common histologic type of primary liver cancers worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major risk factor for chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and HCC. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of HCC in chronic HCV infection, many molecular markers are extensively studied, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). Objective: To evaluate the expression levels of lncRNAs (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A in patients with chronic HCV infection and patients with HCC on top of chronic HCV infection and correlate these levels with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and fifty subjects were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups: group I included 50 patients with HCC on top of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), group II included 50 patients with CHC only, and group III included 50 healthy individuals as a control group. LncRNAs relative expression level was determined by RT-PCR. Results: lncRNA (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A relative expression levels were upregulated in both patient groups compared to controls (p < 0.001*), with the highest levels in the HCC group compared with the CHC group. Additionally, these levels were significantly positively correlated with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Conclusions: The lncRNA (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A relative expression levels were upregulated in CHC patients—in particular, patients with HCC. Thus, these circulatory lncRNAs may be able to serve as promising noninvasive diagnostic markers for HCC associated with viral C hepatitis.

Systems Pharmacology-Based Strategy to Investigate the Mechanism of Ruangan Lidan Decoction for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading contributors to cancer mortality worldwide. Currently, the prevention and treatment of HCC remains a major challenge. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, Ruangan Lidan decoction (RGLD) has been proved to own the effect of relieving HCC symptoms. However, due to its biological effects and complex compositions, its underlying mechanism of actions (MOAs) have not been fully clarified yet. In this study, we proposed a pharmacological framework to systematically explore the MOAs of RGLD against HCC. We firstly integrated the active ingredients and potential targets of RGLD. We next highlighted 25 key targets that played vital roles in both RGLD and HCC disease via a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Furthermore, an ingredient-target network of RGLD consisting of 216 ingredients with 306 targets was constructed, and multilevel systems pharmacology analyses indicated that RGLD could act on multiple biological processes related to the pathogenesis of HCC, such as cellular response to hypoxia and cell proliferation. Additionally, integrated pathway analysis of RGLD uncovered that RGLD might treat HCC through regulating various pathways, including MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and ERBB signaling pathway. Survival analysis results showed that HCC patients with low expression of VEGFA, HIF1A, CASP8, and TOP2A were related with a higher survival rate than those with high expression, indicating the potential clinical significance for HCC. Finally, molecular docking results of core ingredients and targets further proved the feasibility of RGLD in the treatment of HCC. Overall, this study indicates that RGLD may treat HCC through multiple mechanisms, which also provides a potential paradigm to investigate the MOAs of TCM prescription.

SKA1/2/3 is a biomarker of poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunits 1-3 (SKA1-3) stabilize the kinetochore-attached spindle microtubules in metaphase. Due to the dysregulation in multiple cancers, SKA1-3 is considered a predictor for the prognosis of the patients. However, the potential clinical applications of SKA1-3, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis and progression, have completely unknown yet.

METHODS

For the analysis of SKA1-3 expression and applications in clinics in HCC patients, several databases, such as STRING, UALCAN, GEO, and TCGA, were searched. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of SKA for the regulation of HCC occurrence, development, and progression were also explored.

RESULTS

Compared to the normal controls, HCC patients showed dramatically elevated SKA1-3 expression at the mRNA level, and the values of the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.982, 0.887, and 0.973, respectively. Increased SKA1-3 expression levels were associated with the clinical stage, age, body mass index, tumor grade, tissue subtype, and Tp53 mutation status in HCC patients. The analyses of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) and Gene ontology (GO) demonstrated that SKA1-3 are enriched mainly in the Fanconi anemia, homologous recombination, spliceosome, DNA replication, and cell cycle signaling pathways. The hub genes, such as CDK1, CCNB1, CCNA2, TOP2A, BUB1, AURKB, CCNB2, BUB1B, NCAPG, and KIF11, were identified in protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The expression levels of hub genes were increased in HCC patients and predictive of a poor prognosis. Finally, the expression levels of SKA1-3 were determined using the GEO database.

CONCLUSIONS

SKA1-3 are potential prognostic biomarkers of and targets for HCC. In addition, SKA1-3 may affect HCC prognosis via the Fanconi anemia pathway, homologous recombination, spliceosome, DNA replication, and cell cycle signaling pathway.

TOP2A deficit-induced abnormal decidualization leads to recurrent implantation failure via the NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Successful implantation is a complex process that is influenced by embryo quality, endometrial receptivity, immune factors, and the specific type of in vitro fertilization protocol used. DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is a well-known protein involved in cell proliferation; however, its expression and effect on the endometrium in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) have not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

The human endometrial tissues of healthy controls and patients with RIF were collected. A proteomic analysis was performed to evaluate the differentially expressed proteins between the RIF group and the fertile control group. The expression patterns of TOP2A in the human preimplantation endometrium of the patients with RIF were determined by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and qRT-PCR. TOP2A knockdown (sh-TOP2A) T-HESCs were generated using lentiviruses. The expression of TOP2A in T-HESCs was manipulated to investigate its role in decidualization. The TOP2A-related changes in decidualization were screened by mRNA sequencing in decidualized TOP2A knockdown and control T-HESCs and then confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. TOP2A-deficient mice were generated by injection of TOP2A-interfering adenovirus on GD2.5 and GD3.5.

RESULTS

We performed a proteomic analysis of endometrial tissues to investigate the potential pathogenesis of RIF by comparing the patients with RIF and the matched controls and found that TOP2A might be a key protein in RIF. TOP2A is ubiquitously expressed in both stromal and glandular epithelial cells of the endometrium. The data indicate that TOP2A expression is significantly lower in the mid-secretory endometrium of women with RIF. TOP2A expression was downregulated under stimulation by 8-bromo-cAMP and MPA. Ablation of TOP2A resulted in upregulated expression of decidual biomarkers and morphological changes in the cells. Mechanistic analysis revealed that TOP2A regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway in decidualized T-HESCs. The TOP2A-deficient mice exhibited lower fetal weights.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that abnormal expression of TOP2A affects decidualization and changes the "window of implantation", leading to RIF. TOP2A participates in the processes of decidualization and embryo implantation, functioning at least in part through the NF-κB pathway. Regulating the expression of TOP2A in the endometrium may become a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of RIF.

Exploration of Potential Biomarkers and Immune Landscape for Hepatoblastoma: Evidence from Machine Learning Algorithm

This study aimed to investigate the immune landscape in hepatoblastoma (HB) based on deconvolution methods and identify a biomarkers panel for diagnosis based on a machine learning algorithm. Firstly, we identified 277 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentiated and functionally identified the modules in DEGs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and GO (gene ontology) were used to annotate these DEGs, and the results suggested that the occurrence of HB was related to DNA adducts, bile secretion, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. We selected the top 10 genes for our final diagnostic panel based on the random forest tree method. Interestingly, TNFRSF19 and TOP2A were significantly down-regulated in normal samples, while other genes (TRIB1, MAT1A, SAA2-SAA4, NAT2, HABP2, CYP2CB, APOF, and CFHR3) were significantly down-regulated in HB samples. Finally, we constructed a neural network model based on the above hub genes for diagnosis. After cross-validation, the area under the ROC curve was close to 1 (AUC = 0.972), and the AUC of the validation set was 0.870. In addition, the results of single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and deconvolution methods revealed a more active immune responses in the HB tissue. In conclusion, we have developed a robust biomarkers panel for HB patients.

Curcumol enhances cisplatin sensitivity of gastric cancer: involvement of microRNA-7 and the nuclear factor-kappa B/snail family transcriptional repressor 1 axis

Cisplatin is a primary chemotherapeutic drug for gastric cancer (GC) patients, but the drug resistance remains the leading cause of treatment failure and high mortality. Curcumol is a bioactive sesquiterpenoid that has reportedly been linked to cisplatin sensitivity in GC. This study focuses on the exact functions of curcumol in the cisplatin sensitivity of GC cells and the molecules of action. The curcumol treatment reduced the viability and migration and enhanced cisplatin sensitivity of GC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analysis suggested that microRNA-7 (miR-7) was the most upregulated miRNA in GC cells after curcumol treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the curcumol-affected genes, including the target genes of miR-7, were enriched in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, whose activity was suppressed after curcumol treatment. miR-7 was found to target and suppress RELA proto-oncogene (RELA, also known as p65), a NF-κB subunit. Downregulation of miR-7 blocked the sensitizing effects of curcumol on cells to cisplatin and led to increased expression of NF-κB p65 and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAIL). Further downregulation of RELA enhanced, whereas upregulation of SNAIL suppressed the sensitivity again. In summary, this study suggests that curcumol sensitizes GC cells to cisplatin via miR-7 and the suppression of the NF-κB/SNAIL axis. The findings may offer new thoughts that curcumol in combination with cisplatin might be a useful strategy for GC management.

The effect and mechanism of miR-30e-5p targeting SNAI1 to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition on pancreatic cancer

Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormally expressed microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) contribute to cancer progression. Nonetheless, the role of miR-30e-5p in pancreatic cancer (PCa) remains unclear. In this study, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, we found that miR-30e-5p expression was downregulated in human PCa tissues compared with that in normal para-cancerous tissues. After transfecting with miR-30e-5p inhibitors, miR-30e-5p mimics, or empty vectors in the BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells, respectively, the experiments revealed that the upregulation of miR-30e-5p expression inhibited cell growth, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and promoted apoptosis, while miR-30e-5p downregulation had the opposite effects. RNA sequencing of miR-30e-5p inhibitor-, miR-30e-5p mimic-, and the negative control (NC)-treated groups revealed that miR-30e-5p may affect epithelial cell differentiation, cell growth and death. Next, the snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1) was predicted and verified as the target gene of miR-30e-5p using bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assays. SNAI1 expression levels were decreased in the PCa cells transfected with miR-30e-5p mimics, whereas the opposite was observed in the cells transfected with miR-30e-5p inhibitors. Subsequently, PCa cells were transfected with a vector overexpressing SNAI1 (OE-SNAI1) and miR-30e-5p mimics, miR-30e-5p inhibitors, or empty vectors. Compared with that in the OE-SNAI1 + miR-30e-5p NC group, transfection with OE-SNAI1 + miR-30e-5p mimics inhibited the PCa cell growth, migration, and increased apoptosis, whereas transfection with OE-SNAI1 + miR-30e-5p inhibitors had the opposite effects. In conclusion, miR-30e-5p potentially inhibits PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via the SNAI1/EMT axis.