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Saunders HS, Chio US, Moore CM, Ramani V, Cheng Y, Narlikar GJ. HMGB1 restores a dynamic chromatin environment in the presence of linker histone by deforming nucleosomal DNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.23.609244. [PMID: 39229246 PMCID: PMC11370580 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The essential architectural protein HMGB1 increases accessibility of nucleosomal DNA and counteracts the effects of linker histone H1. However, HMGB1 is less abundant than H1 and binds nucleosomes more weakly raising the question of how HMGB1 effectively competes with H1. Here, we show that HMGB1 rescues H1's inhibition of nucleosomal DNA accessibility without displacing H1. HMGB1 also increases the dynamics of condensed, H1-bound chromatin. Cryo-EM shows that HMGB1 binds at internal locations on a nucleosome and locally distorts the DNA. These sites, which are away from the binding site of H1, explain how HMGB1 and H1 co-occupy a nucleosome. Our findings lead to a model where HMGB1 counteracts the activity of H1 by distorting nucleosomal DNA and by contacting the H1 C-terminal tail. Compared to direct competition, nucleosome co-occupancy by HMGB1 and H1 allows a greater diversity of dynamic chromatin states and may be generalizable to other chromatin regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden S Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Un Seng Chio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Camille M Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science & Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science & Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Geeta J Narlikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Lead contact
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Jiang J, Sun M, Wang Y, Huang W, Xia L. Deciphering the roles of the HMGB family in cancer: Insights from subcellular localization dynamics. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 78:85-104. [PMID: 39019664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The high-mobility group box (HMGB) family consists of four DNA-binding proteins that regulate chromatin structure and function. In addition to their intracellular functions, recent studies have revealed their involvement as extracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), contributing to immune responses and tumor development. The HMGB family promotes tumorigenesis by modulating multiple processes including proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Due to the predominant focus on HMGB1 in the literature, little is known about the remaining members of this family. This review summarizes the structural, distributional, as well as functional similarities and distinctions among members of the HMGB family, followed by a comprehensive exploration of their roles in tumor development. We emphasize the distributional and functional hierarchy of the HMGB family at both the organizational and subcellular levels, with a focus on their relationship with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), aiming to prospect potential strategies for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China; State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi' an 710032, China.
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3
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Yoshida SR, Maity BK, Chong S. Visualizing Protein Localizations in Fixed Cells: Caveats and the Underlying Mechanisms. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4165-4173. [PMID: 37161904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy techniques have been widely adopted in biology for their ability to visualize the structure and dynamics of a wide range of cellular and subcellular processes. The specificity and sensitivity that these techniques afford have made them primary tools in the characterization of protein localizations within cells. Many of the fluorescence microscopy techniques require cells to be fixed via chemical or alternative methods before being imaged. However, some fixation methods have been found to induce the redistribution of particular proteins in the cell, resulting in artifacts in the characterization of protein localizations and functions under physiological conditions. Here, we review the ability of commonly used cell fixation methods to faithfully preserve the localizations of proteins that bind to chromatin, undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and are involved in the formation of various membrane-bound organelles. We also review the mechanisms underlying various fixation artifacts and discuss potential alternative fixation methods to minimize the artifacts while investigating different proteins and cellular structures. Overall, fixed-cell fluorescence microscopy is a very powerful tool in biomedical research; however, each experiment demands the careful selection of an appropriate fixation method to avoid potential artifacts and may benefit from live-cell imaging validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Yoshida
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Barun K Maity
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shasha Chong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Duan B, Zhao Y, Shang M, Cheng Y, Zhang K, Yu Q, Wang T. Nuclear Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Inhibits Tumor Growth and Sensitizes Chemotherapy by Targeting HMGB1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203528. [PMID: 36642839 PMCID: PMC9982576 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are important for cell fate determination. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P) is the rate-limiting product in glycolysis and the rate-limiting substrate in gluconeogenesis. Here, it is discovered that the nuclear-accumulated F1,6P impairs cancer cell viability by directly binding to high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant non-histone chromosome structural protein with paradoxical roles in tumor development. F1,6P disrupts the association between the HMGB1 A-box and C-tail by targeting K43/K44 residues, inhibits HMGB1 oligomerization, and stabilizes P53 protein by increasing P53-HMGB1 interaction. Moreover, F1,6P lowers the affinity of HMGB1 for DNA and DNA adducts, which sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drug(s)-induced DNA replication stress and DNA damage. Concordantly, F1,6P resensitizes cancer cells with chemotherapy resistance, impairs tumor growth and enhances chemosensitivity in mice, and impedes the growth of human tumor organoids. These findings reveal a novel role for nuclear-accumulated F1,6P and underscore the potential utility of F1,6P as a drug for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Yuan Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Bilian Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Man Shang
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicinethe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsTianjin Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Qiujing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Lung Cancer CenterDepartment of Thoracic OncologyTianjin Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300060China
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5
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Immunogenic senescence sensitizes lung cancer to LUNX-targeting therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1403-1417. [PMID: 34674012 PMCID: PMC9123058 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The higher immunogenicity of tumors usually predicts favorable therapeutic responses. Tumor antigens dominate the immunogenic character within tumors. We investigated if there was a targetable tumor antigen during immunogenic chemotherapy within lung cancer. Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic senescence was demonstrated using a multi-marker, three-step workflow, and RNA-sequencing data. The ability of anti-lung-specific X protein (LUNX) antibody to suppress the survival of senescent lung cancer cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using real-time cytotoxicity analysis and xenograft mouse models, respectively. The induction of cellular senescence by immunogenic chemotherapy boosted cell-surface shuttling of LUNX and enhanced the immunogenic features of senescent tumor cells, which sensitized lung cancer cells to anti-LUNX antibody-mediated therapy and contributed to tumor suppression. The immunogenic senescence-mediated anti-tumor response was triggered by the direct action of antibody on tumor cells, strengthened by natural-killer cells through an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity response, and ultimately, led to tumor control. Our findings suggest that LUNX is a lung cancer targetable-immunogenic antigen. The proportion of lung cancers responding to LUNX-targeting therapy could be expanded substantially by immunogenic chemotherapy that induces senescence-associated translocation of LUNX to the plasma membrane.
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6
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Furubeppu H, Ito T, Kakuuchi M, Yasuda T, Kamikokuryo C, Yamada S, Maruyama I, Kakihana Y. Differential Regulation of Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Release in a Mouse Model of Skeletal Muscle Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628822. [PMID: 34381442 PMCID: PMC8350322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important clinical issue that can cause remote organ injury. Although its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, recent studies have suggested that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are mediators of remote organ injury in sterile inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of DAMPs, including the nuclear proteins high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and histone H3, in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle I/R injury in mice. Methods Hindlimb ischemia was induced in mice through bilateral ligation of inguinal regions using rubber grommets. Reperfusion was induced by cutting the rubber grommets after 2-12 h of ischemic period. Survival rates, localization of HMGB1 and histone H3 in the gastrocnemius muscle, and circulating HMGB1 and histone H3 levels were analyzed. The effect of anti-HMGB1 and anti-histone H3 antibodies on survival was analyzed in mice with I/R injury. Results All mice with hindlimb ischemia survived for at least 36 h, while all mice died within 24 h if the hindlimbs were reperfused after ischemia for 4-12 h. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that HMGB1 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle, while histone H3 was confined to the nucleus. Accordingly, serum HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated in mice with hindlimb I/R compared with normal mice or mice with hindlimb ischemia (P < 0.05). Serum histone H3 levels were not elevated after I/R. Treatment with anti-HMGB1 antibodies significantly improved survival of mice with hindlimb I/R injury compared with control antibodies (P < 0.05). Conclusions HMGB1, but not histone H3, translocated to the cytoplasm during skeletal muscle ischemia, and was released into the systemic circulation after reperfusion in mice with I/R injury. Treatment with anti-HMGB1 antibodies partially improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Furubeppu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Midori Kakuuchi
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Kamikokuryo
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shingo Yamada
- R&D Center, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kakihana
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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7
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Khambu B, Yan S, Huda N, Yin XM. Role of High-Mobility Group Box-1 in Liver Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215314. [PMID: 31731454 PMCID: PMC6862281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly abundant DNA-binding protein that can relocate to the cytosol or undergo extracellular release during cellular stress or death. HMGB1 has a functional versatility depending on its cellular location. While intracellular HMGB1 is important for DNA structure maintenance, gene expression, and autophagy induction, extracellular HMGB1 acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule to alert the host of damage by triggering immune responses. The biological function of HMGB1 is mediated by multiple receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are expressed in different hepatic cells. Activation of HMGB1 and downstream signaling pathways are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI), each of which involves sterile inflammation, liver fibrosis, ductular reaction, and hepatic tumorigenesis. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of HMGB1 in these pathogenic contexts and propose HMGB1 as a bona fide and targetable DAMP in the setting of common liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilon Khambu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-1789; Fax: +1-317-491-6639
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8
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Zhao J, Sun T, Wu S, Liu Y. High Mobility Group Box 1: An Immune-regulatory Protein. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:100-109. [PMID: 31223085 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190621111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) presents in almost all somatic cells as a component of the cell nucleus. It is necessary for transcription regulation during cell development. Recent studies indicate that extracellular HMGB1, coming from necrotic cells or activated immune cells, triggers inflammatory response whereas intracellular HMGB1 controls the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, reduced HMGB1 can effectively mediate tissue regeneration. HMGB1, therefore, is regarded as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized and discussed the immunomodulatory effect of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hefei No. 2 People Hospital, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Tianle Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Nursing, General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Lu H, Zhang Z, Barnie PA, Su Z. Dual faced HMGB1 plays multiple roles in cardiomyocyte senescence and cardiac inflammatory injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Kim J, Gee HY, Lee MG. Unconventional protein secretion – new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of human diseases. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/12/jcs213686. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Most secretory proteins travel through a well-documented conventional secretion pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. However, recently, it has been shown that a significant number of proteins reach the plasma membrane or extracellular space via unconventional routes. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) can be divided into two types: (i) the extracellular secretion of cytosolic proteins that do not bear a signal peptide (i.e. leaderless proteins) and (ii) the cell-surface trafficking of signal-peptide-containing transmembrane proteins via a route that bypasses the Golgi. Understanding the UPS pathways is not only important for elucidating the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking pathways but also has important ramifications for human health, because many of the proteins that are unconventionally secreted by mammalian cells and microorganisms are associated with human diseases, ranging from common inflammatory diseases to the lethal genetic disease of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it is timely and appropriate to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of UPS involvement in disease pathogenesis, as they may be of use for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we discuss the intracellular trafficking pathways of UPS cargos, particularly those related to human diseases. We also outline the disease mechanisms and the therapeutic potentials of new strategies for treating UPS-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Bianchi ME, Crippa MP, Manfredi AA, Mezzapelle R, Rovere Querini P, Venereau E. High-mobility group box 1 protein orchestrates responses to tissue damage via inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and tissue repair. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:74-82. [PMID: 29027228 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A single protein, HMGB1, directs the triggering of inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and tissue healing after damage. HMGB1 is the best characterized damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), proteins that are normally inside the cell but are released after cell death, and allow the immune system to distinguish between antigens that are dangerous or not. Notably, cells undergoing severe stress actively secrete HMGB1 via a dedicated secretion pathway: HMGB1 is relocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then to secretory lysosomes or directly to the extracellular space. Extracellular HMGB1 (either released or secreted) triggers inflammation and adaptive immunological responses by switching among multiple oxidation states, which direct the mutually exclusive choices of different binding partners and receptors. Immune cells are first recruited to the damaged tissue and then activated; thereafter, HMGB1 supports tissue repair and healing, by coordinating the switch of macrophages to a tissue-healing phenotype, activation and proliferation of stem cells, and neoangiogenesis. Inevitably, HMGB1 also orchestrates the support of stressed but illegitimate tissues: tumors. Concomitantly, HMGB1 enhances the immunogenicity of mutated proteins in the tumor (neoantigens), promoting anti-tumor responses and immunological memory. Tweaking the activities of HMGB1 in inflammation, immune responses and tissue repair could bring large rewards in the therapy of multiple medical conditions, including cancer.
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12
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Peng HH, Liu YJ, Ojcius DM, Lee CM, Chen RH, Huang PR, Martel J, Young JD. Mineral particles stimulate innate immunity through neutrophil extracellular traps containing HMGB1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16628. [PMID: 29192209 PMCID: PMC5709501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate-based mineralo-organic particles form spontaneously in the body and may represent precursors of ectopic calcification. We have shown earlier that these particles induce activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1β by macrophages. However, whether the particles may produce other effects on immune cells is unclear. Here, we show that these particles induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a size-dependent manner by human neutrophils. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species is required for particle-induced NET release by neutrophils. NETs contain the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding protein capable of inducing secretion of TNF-α by a monocyte/macrophage cell line and primary macrophages. HMGB1 functions as a ligand of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on macrophages, leading to activation of the MyD88 pathway and TNF-α production. Furthermore, HMGB1 is critical to activate the particle-induced pro-inflammatory cascade in the peritoneum of mice. These results indicate that mineral particles promote pro-inflammatory responses by engaging neutrophils and macrophages via signaling of danger signals through NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Chiou-Mei Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hao Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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13
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How does chromatin package DNA within nucleus and regulate gene expression? Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:862-881. [PMID: 28366861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The human body is made up of 60 trillion cells, each cell containing 2 millions of genomic DNA in its nucleus. How is this genomic deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] organised into nuclei? Around 1880, W. Flemming discovered a nuclear substance that was clearly visible on staining under primitive light microscopes and named it 'chromatin'; this is now thought to be the basic unit of genomic DNA organization. Since long before DNA was known to carry genetic information, chromatin has fascinated biologists. DNA has a negatively charged phosphate backbone that produces electrostatic repulsion between adjacent DNA regions, making it difficult for DNA to fold upon itself. In this article, we will try to shed light on how does chromatin package DNA within nucleus and regulate gene expression?
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14
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Novel involvement of miR-522-3p in high-mobility group box 1-induced prostaglandin reductase 1 expression and reduction of phagocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:625-633. [PMID: 28088550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is important for physiological homeostasis. Chronic inflammatory diseases may be caused by abnormal resolution of inflammation. However, what causes a failure of inflammatory resolution is unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in the control of inflammatory resolution as an 'anti-resolution factor'. We first confirmed the increased expression of HMGB1 and prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1) in inflammatory conditions and HMGB1-mediated regulation of the expression of PTGR1. The inhibition of phagocytosis by HMGB1 was abrogated by PTGR1 silencing. PTGR1 was a direct target of miR522-3p and its expression was regulated by miRNA-522-3p inhibitor or mimic. Finally, miR-522-3p had an important role in the regulation of PTGR1 expression by HMGB1. The data indicates that HMGB1-miR-522-3p-PTGR1 axis may be involved in the abnormal resolution of inflammation and suggests that this mechanism might be a target for modulation of chronic inflammatory disorder.
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15
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Iacomino G, Picariello G, Sbrana F, Raiteri R, D'Agostino L. DNA-HMGB1 interaction: The nuclear aggregates of polyamine mediation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1402-10. [PMID: 27451951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear aggregates of polyamines (NAPs) are supramolecular compounds generated by the self-assembly of protonated nuclear polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) and phosphate ions. In the presence of genomic DNA, the hierarchical process of self-structuring ultimately produces nanotube-like polymers that envelop the double helix. Because of their modular nature and their aggregation-disaggregation dynamics, NAPs confer plasticity and flexibility to DNA. Through the disposition of charges, NAPs also enable a bidirectional stream of information between the genome and interacting moieties. High mobility group (HMG) B1 is a non-histone chromosomal protein that binds to DNA and that influences multiple nuclear processes. Because genomic DNA binds to either NAPs or HMGB1 protein, we explored the ability of in vitro self-assembled NAPs (ivNAPs) to mediate the DNA-HMGB1 interaction. To this end, we structured DNA-NAPs-HMGB1 and DNA-HMGB1-NAPs ternary complexes in vitro through opportune sequential incubations. Mobility shift electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy showed that the DNA-ivNAPs-HGMB1 complex had conformational assets supposedly more suitable those of the DNA-HGMB1-ivNAPs to comply with the physiological and functional requirements of DNA. Our findings indicated that ivNAPs act as mediators of the DNA-HMGB1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iacomino
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione - CNR, Via Roma 64 - 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione - CNR, Via Roma 64 - 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesca Sbrana
- Istituto di Biofisica - CNR, Via De Marini 6 - 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Istituto di Biofisica - CNR, Via De Marini 6 - 16149, Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica ed Ingegneria dei Sistemi - Università degli Studi di Genova, Via All'Opera Pia 13 - 16145, Genova, Italy
| | - Luciano D'Agostino
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione - CNR, Via Roma 64 - 83100, Avellino, Italy.
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16
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Adhikary S, Sanyal S, Basu M, Sengupta I, Sen S, Srivastava DK, Roy S, Das C. Selective Recognition of H3.1K36 Dimethylation/H4K16 Acetylation Facilitates the Regulation of All-trans-retinoic Acid (ATRA)-responsive Genes by Putative Chromatin Reader ZMYND8. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2664-81. [PMID: 26655721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ZMYND8 (zinc finger MYND (Myeloid, Nervy and DEAF-1)-type containing 8), a newly identified component of the transcriptional coregulator network, was found to interact with the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Previous reports have shown that ZMYND8 is instrumental in recruiting the NuRD complex to damaged chromatin for repressing transcription and promoting double strand break repair by homologous recombination. However, the mode of transcription regulation by ZMYND8 has remained elusive. Here, we report that through its specific key residues present in its conserved chromatin-binding modules, ZMYND8 interacts with the selective epigenetic marks H3.1K36Me2/H4K16Ac. Furthermore, ZMYND8 shows a clear preference for canonical histone H3.1 over variant H3.3. Interestingly, ZMYND8 was found to be recruited to several developmental genes, including the all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-responsive ones, through its modified histone-binding ability. Being itself inducible by ATRA, this zinc finger transcription factor is involved in modulating other ATRA-inducible genes. We found that ZMYND8 interacts with transcription initiation-competent RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at Ser-5 in a DNA template-dependent manner and can alter the global gene transcription. Overall, our study identifies that ZMYND8 has CHD4-independent functions in regulating gene expression through its modified histone-binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Adhikary
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Sulagna Sanyal
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Moitri Basu
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Isha Sengupta
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Dushyant Kumar Srivastava
- the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
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17
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Kang JW, Kim SJ, Cho HI, Lee SM. DAMPs activating innate immune responses in sepsis. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:54-65. [PMID: 25816752 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the deleterious and non-resolving systemic inflammatory response of the host to microbial infection and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The pathogenesis of sepsis is highly complex. It is principally attributable to dysregulation of the innate immune system. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are actively secreted by innate immune cells and/or released passively by injured or damaged cells in response to infection or injury. In the present review, we highlight emerging evidence that supports the notion that extracellular DAMPs act as crucial proinflammatory danger signals. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of a wide array of DAMPs as therapeutic targets in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - So-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Hong-Ik Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea.
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18
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Kang GJ, Lee HJ, Kang YP, Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Byun HJ, Park MK, Cho H, Kwon SW, Lee CH. High-mobility group box 1 suppresses resolvin D1-induced phagocytosis via induction of resolvin D1-inactivating enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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20
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Abstract
With growing accounts of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, greater understanding the immune system and the mechanisms of cellular immunity have become primary objectives in immunology studies. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that is implicated in various aspects of the innate immune system as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule and a late mediator of inflammation, as well as in principal cellular processes, such as autophagy and apoptosis. HMGB1 functions in the nucleus as a DNA chaperone; however, it exhibits cytokine-like activity when secreted by injurious or infectious stimuli. Extracellular HMGB1 acts through specific receptors to promote activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to production of cytokines and chemokines. These findings further implicate HMGB1 in lethal inflammatory diseases as a crucial regulator of inflammatory, injurious, and infectious responses. In this paper, we summarize the role of HMGB1 in inflammatory and non-inflammatory states and assess potential therapeutic approaches targeting HMGB1 in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Sup Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Brain Korea 21 PLUS for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Kawasaki T, Okamoto K, Kawasaki C, Sata T. Thrombomodulin improved liver injury, coagulopathy, and mortality in an experimental heatstroke model in mice. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:956-63. [PMID: 24781566 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatstroke is a life-threatening illness and causes high mortality due to multiple organ injuries. Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial anticoagulant cofactor that plays an important role in the regulation of intravascular coagulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of TM on the inflammatory process, liver function, coagulation status, and mortality in experimental heatstroke. METHODS Male C3H/HeN (8-10 weeks) mice were randomly assigned to the TM-treated group (TG-Pre) or nontreated heatstroke group (HS). In group TG-Pre, mice were treated with recombinant soluble TM (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) before heat exposure. In some experiments, recombinant soluble TM was administrated during heat exposure (TG-Delay). Heatstroke was induced by exposure to ambient temperature of 38°C for 4 hours. After heat exposure, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), liver function, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and immunohistochemical and histopathological characteristics of the livers were determined. The coagulation status, plasma protein C levels, and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels were also measured. RESULTS In group HS, plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations increased after heat exposure. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations increased after heat exposure. In group HS livers, strong and extensive immunostaining for HMGB1 was observed. In addition, there was extensive hepatocellular necrosis and collapse of nuclei observed. In group HS, plasma protein C levels were suppressed and plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex levels increased. In group TG-Pre, plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations were suppressed after heat exposure compared with group HS. Liver injury, coagulopathy, and mortality also improved in group TG-Pre. Furthermore, recombinant soluble TM treatment decreased mortality even with delayed treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that recombinant soluble TM suppressed plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations after heat exposure. Recombinant soluble TM also improved liver injury and coagulopathy. Recombinant soluble TM treatment improved mortality even with delayed treatment. Recombinant soluble TM may be a beneficial treatment for heatstroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasaki
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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22
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Wang WK, Wang B, Lu QH, Zhang W, Qin WD, Liu XJ, Liu XQ, An FS, Zhang Y, Zhang MX. Inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 improves myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:202-12. [PMID: 24485636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. Its expression is increased in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but its role is unclear. We investigated the potential role and mechanism of HMGB1 in diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in mice. METHODS In vivo, type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. HMGB1 expression was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Total collagen deposition was assessed by Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining. HMGB1, collagen I and III, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression was quantified by immunostaining and western bolt analysis. In vitro, isolated neonatal cardiac fibroblasts were treated with high glucose (HG) or recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1). Pharmacologic (neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody) or genetic (shRNA-HMGB1) inhibition of HMGB1 was used to investigate the role of HMGB1 in HG-induced functional changes of cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS In vivo, HMGB1 was diffusely expressed in the myocardium of diabetic mice. HMGB1 silencing ameliorated left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling and decreased collagen deposition in diabetic mice. In vitro, HG induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion in both viable cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Administration of rHMGB1 dose-dependently increased the expression of collagens I and III and TGF-β1 in cardiac fibroblasts. HMGB1 inhibition reduced HG-induced collagen production, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, proliferation, and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 inhibition could alleviate cardiac fibrosis and remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Inhibition of HMGB1 might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Dong Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Juan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng-Shuang An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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23
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Ardoin SP, Pisetsky DS. The role of cell death in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease: HMGB1 and microparticles as intercellular mediators of inflammation. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-008-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy P. Ardoin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3212, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David S. Pisetsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Medical Research Service, Durham VA Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Seo YS, Kwon JH, Yaqoob U, Yang L, De Assuncao TM, Simonetto DA, Verma VK, Shah VH. HMGB1 recruits hepatic stellate cells and liver endothelial cells to sites of ethanol-induced parenchymal cell injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G838-48. [PMID: 24091596 PMCID: PMC3882432 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00151.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and liver endothelial cells (LEC) migrate to sites of injury and perpetuate alcohol-induced liver injury. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein released from the nucleus of injured cells that has been implicated as a proinflammatory mediator. We hypothesized that HMGB1 may be released from ethanol-stimulated liver parenchymal cells and contribute to HSC and LEC recruitment. Ethanol stimulation of rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells resulted in translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus as assessed by Western blot. HMGB1 protein levels were increased in the supernatant of ethanol-treated hepatocytes compared with vehicle-treated cells. Migration of both HSC and LEC was increased in response to conditioned medium for ethanol-stimulated hepatocytes (CMEtOH) compared with vehicle-stimulated hepatocytes (CMVEH) (P < 0.05). However, the effect of CMEtOH on migration was almost entirely reversed by treatment with HMGB1-neutralizing antibody or when HepG2 cells were pretransfected with HMGB1-siRNA compared with control siRNA-transfected HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). Recombinant HMGB1 (100 ng/ml) also stimulated migration of HSC and LEC compared with vehicle stimulation (P < 0.05 for both HSC and LEC). HMGB1 stimulation of HSC increased the phosphorylation of Src and Erk and HMGB1-induced HSC migration was blocked by the Src inhibitor PP2 and the Erk inhibitor U0126. Hepatocytes release HMGB1 in response to ethanol with subsequent recruitment of HSC and LEC. This pathway has implications for HSC and LEC recruitment to sites of ethanol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon S. Seo
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung H. Kwon
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Usman Yaqoob
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Liu Yang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Thiago M. De Assuncao
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Douglas A. Simonetto
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Vikas K. Verma
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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25
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Davalos AR, Kawahara M, Malhotra GK, Schaum N, Huang J, Ved U, Beausejour CM, Coppe JP, Rodier F, Campisi J. p53-dependent release of Alarmin HMGB1 is a central mediator of senescent phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:613-29. [PMID: 23649808 PMCID: PMC3653366 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201206006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence irreversibly arrests proliferation in response to potentially oncogenic stress. Senescent cells also secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, which promote age-associated inflammation and pathology. HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) modulates gene expression in the nucleus, but certain immune cells secrete HMGB1 as an extracellular Alarmin to signal tissue damage. We show that nuclear HMGB1 relocalized to the extracellular milieu in senescent human and mouse cells in culture and in vivo. In contrast to cytokine secretion, HMGB1 redistribution required the p53 tumor suppressor, but not its activator ATM. Moreover, altered HMGB1 expression induced a p53-dependent senescent growth arrest. Senescent fibroblasts secreted oxidized HMGB1, which stimulated cytokine secretion through TLR-4 signaling. HMGB1 depletion, HMGB1 blocking antibody, or TLR-4 inhibition attenuated senescence-associated IL-6 secretion, and exogenous HMGB1 stimulated NF-κB activity and restored IL-6 secretion to HMGB1-depleted cells. Our findings identify senescence as a novel biological setting in which HMGB1 functions and link HMGB1 redistribution to p53 activity and senescence-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Davalos
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Kadauke S, Blobel GA. Mitotic bookmarking by transcription factors. Epigenetics Chromatin 2013; 6:6. [PMID: 23547918 PMCID: PMC3621617 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is accompanied by dramatic changes in chromatin organization and nuclear architecture. Transcription halts globally and most sequence-specific transcription factors and co-factors are ejected from mitotic chromatin. How then does the cell maintain its transcriptional identity throughout the cell division cycle? It has become clear that not all traces of active transcription and gene repression are erased within mitotic chromatin. Many histone modifications are stable or only partially diminished throughout mitosis. In addition, some sequence-specific DNA binding factors have emerged that remain bound to select sites within mitotic chromatin, raising the possibility that they function to transmit regulatory information through the transcriptionally silent mitotic phase, a concept that has been termed “mitotic bookmarking.” Here we review recent approaches to studying potential bookmarking factors with regards to their mitotic partitioning, and summarize emerging ideas concerning the in vivo functions of mitotically bound nuclear factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kadauke
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Polanská E, Dobšáková Z, Dvořáčková M, Fajkus J, Štros M. HMGB1 gene knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in reduced telomerase activity and telomere dysfunction. Chromosoma 2012; 121:419-31. [PMID: 22544226 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-012-0373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Telomere repeats are added onto chromosome ends by telomerase, consisting of two main core components: a catalytic protein subunit (telomerase reverse trancriptase, TERT), and an RNA subunit (telomerase RNA, TR). Here, we report for the first time evidence that HMGB1 (a chromatin-associated protein in mammals, acting as a DNA chaperone in transcription, replication, recombination, and repair) can modulate cellular activity of mammalian telomerase. Knockout of the HMGB1 gene (HMGB1 KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) results in chromosomal abnormalities, enhanced colocalization of γ-H2AX foci at telomeres, and a moderate shortening of telomere lengths. HMGB1 KO MEFs also exhibit significantly (>5-fold) lower telomerase activity than the wild-type MEFs. Correspondingly, enhanced telomerase activity is observed upon overexpression of HMGB1 in MEFs. HMGB1 physically interacts with both TERT and TR, as well as with active telomerase complex in vitro. However, direct interaction of HMGB1 with telomerase is most likely not accountable for the observed higher telomerase activity in HMGB1-containing cells, as revealed from the inability of purified HMGB1 protein to stimulate telomerase activity in vitro. While no transcriptional silencing of TERT is observed in HMGB1 KO MEFs, levels of TR are diminished (~3-fold), providing possible explanation for the observed lower telomerase activity in HMGB1 KO cells. Interestingly, knockout of the HMGB2 gene elevates telomerase activity (~3-fold) in MEFs, suggesting that the two closely related proteins of the HMGB family, HMGB1 and HMGB2, have opposite effects on telomerase activity in the cell. The ability of HMGB1 to modulate cellular activity of telomerase and to maintain telomere integrity can help to understand some aspects of the protein involvement in chromosome stability and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Polanská
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic
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Pisetsky DS, Gauley J, Ullal AJ. HMGB1 and microparticles as mediators of the immune response to cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2209-19. [PMID: 21194388 PMCID: PMC3166182 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a wide variety of diseases, cell death represents both an outcome and an important step in pathogenesis. This duality occurs because cell death leads to the extracellular release of molecules and structures that can potently induce the innate immune system. These mediators include the alarmins which are endogenous cellular constituents that exit activated or dying cells to stimulate toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as non-TLR receptors. Of alarmins, the nonhistone protein HMGB1 is the prototype. Like DNA and RNA, HMGB1 can translocate from cells as they die. The activity of HMGB1 may reflect its interaction with other molecules such as LPS, DNA, and cytokines. In addition to alarmins, dead and dying cells can release subcellular organelles called microparticles that contain cytoplasmic and nuclear constituents, including DNA and RNA. These particles can impact on many cell types to induce inflammation. The release of HMGB1 and microparticles shows important similarities, occurring with cell death as well as stimulation of certain but not all TLRs. Furthermore, nitric oxide can induce the release of both. These observations suggest that the products of dead cells can serve as important mediators to drive immune responses and promote inflammation and autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VA Hospital, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Hemoperfusion with a high-mobility group box 1 adsorption column can prevent the occurrence of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats*. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:879-85. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181c58951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yamada M, Hamatani T, Akutsu H, Chikazawa N, Kuji N, Yoshimura Y, Umezawa A. Involvement of a novel preimplantation-specific gene encoding the high mobility group box protein Hmgpi in early embryonic development. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:480-93. [PMID: 19915186 PMCID: PMC2798723 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining gene-expression-profiling data identified a novel gene that is specifically expressed in preimplantation embryos. Hmgpi, a putative chromosomal protein with two high-mobility-group boxes, is zygotically transcribed during zygotic genome activation, but is not transcribed postimplantation. The Hmgpi-encoded protein (HMGPI), first detected at the 4-cell stage, remains highly expressed in pre-implantation embryos. Interestingly, HMGPI is expressed in both the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm, and translocated from cytoplasm to nuclei at the blastocyst stage, indicating differential spatial requirements before and after the blastocyst stage. siRNA (siHmgpi)-induced reduction of Hmgpi transcript levels caused developmental loss of preimplantation embryos and implantation failures. Furthermore, reduction of Hmgpi prevented blastocyst outgrowth leading to generation of embryonic stem cells. The siHmgpi-injected embryos also lost ICM and trophectoderm integrity, demarcated by reduced expressions of Oct4, Nanog and Cdx2. The findings implicated an important role for Hmgpi at the earliest stages of mammalian embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan and
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan and
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nana Chikazawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan and
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan and
| | - Yasunori Yoshimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan and
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin decreases the plasma high-mobility group box-1 protein levels, whereas improving the acute liver injury and survival rates in experimental endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2181-6. [PMID: 19487933 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a55184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to the hyperactivation of the inflammatory cytokines, high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), recently identified as a lethal late-phase mediator is suspected to be closely correlated with the development of sepsis. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) administration on the production of inflammatory cytokines and the plasma level of HMGB1 was investigated in experimental endotoxemia. DESIGN Prospective, comparative, experimental study. SETTING Laboratory animal research center at a university. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g). INTERVENTIONS Endotoxemia was induced in rats by a bolus intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dosage of 4 mg/kg (LPS group). ART-123 (1 mg/kg) was administered as a bolus injection 30 minutes before or 4 hours after injection of LPS (ART-123 pretreated/treated group). As a control, an equal volume of physiologic saline was administered instead of LPS and ART-123 (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Rats were randomly divided into ART-123 pretreated group, ART-123 treated group, and LPS group, respectively. After the injection of LPS, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and thrombin-antithrombin III complex, plasma HMGB1 concentrations, liver immunohistochemical and histopathologic characteristics, liver dysfunction, and survival rate were examined. The increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and plasma HMGB1 induced by LPS in this rat model were improved by the administration of ART-123; additionally, reduced liver dysfunction and increased survival rate were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that ART-123 inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines and decreases the plasma HMGB1 levels in experimental endotoxemia. In addition, ART-123 administration markedly reduced liver dysfunction and mortality even with delayed treatment of ART-123. The use of ART-123 may therefore be a beneficial treatment for septic patients.
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Chou DKH, Evans JE, Jungalwala FB. Identity of nuclear high-mobility-group protein, HMG-1, and sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate-binding protein, SBP-1, in brain. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ardoin SP, Pisetsky DS. The role of cell death in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease: HMGB1 and microparticles as intercellular mediators of inflammation. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 18:319-26. [PMID: 18418695 PMCID: PMC2516192 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-008-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is critical to normal homeostasis, although this process, when increased aberrantly, can lead to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators promoting autoimmunity. Two novel intercellular mediators of inflammation generated during cell death are high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and microparticles (MPs). HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that functions in transcription when inside the nucleus but takes on pro-inflammatory properties when released during cell death. Microparticles are small, membrane-bound structures that extrude from cells when they die and contain cell surface proteins and nuclear material from their parent cells. MPs circulate widely throughout the vasculature and mediate long-distance communication between cells. Both MPs and HMGB1 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases, including the prototypic autoimmune conditions systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Given their range of activity and association with active disease, both structures may prove to be targets for effective therapy in these and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy P Ardoin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3212, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Cherukuri S, Hock R, Ueda T, Catez F, Rochman M, Bustin M. Cell cycle-dependent binding of HMGN proteins to chromatin. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:1816-24. [PMID: 18287527 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the cell cycle, the histones remain associated with DNA, but the repertoire of proteins associated with the chromatin fiber continuously changes. The chromatin interaction of HMGNs, a family of nucleosome binding proteins that modulates the structure and activity of chromatin, during the cell cycle is controversial. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that HMGNs are not associated with chromatin, whereas live cell imaging indicated that they are present in mitotic chromosomes. To resolve this controversy, we examined the organization of wild-type and mutated HMGN1 and HMGN2 proteins in the cell nucleus by using immunofluorescence studies, live cell imaging, gel mobility shift assays, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). We find that during interphase, HMGNs bind specifically to nucleosomes and form homodimeric complexes that yield distinct BiFC signals. In metaphase, the nucleosomal binding domain of the protein is inactivated, and the proteins associate with chromatin with low affinity as monomers, and they do not form specific complexes. Our studies demonstrate that the mode of binding of HMGNs to chromatin is cell cycle dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Cherukuri
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Prasad R, Liu Y, Deterding LJ, Poltoratsky VP, Kedar PS, Horton JK, Kanno SI, Asagoshi K, Hou EW, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI, Tomer KB, Yasui A, Wilson SH. HMGB1 is a cofactor in mammalian base excision repair. Mol Cell 2007; 27:829-41. [PMID: 17803946 PMCID: PMC2799894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) removal by DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) is a pivotal step in base excision repair (BER). To identify BER cofactors, especially those with dRP lyase activity, we used a Pol beta null cell extract and BER intermediate as bait for sodium borohydride crosslinking. Mass spectrometry identified the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) as specifically interacting with the BER intermediate. Purified HMGB1 was found to have weak dRP lyase activity and to stimulate AP endonuclease and FEN1 activities on BER substrates. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed interactions of HMGB1 with known BER enzymes, and GFP-tagged HMGB1 was found to accumulate at sites of oxidative DNA damage in living cells. HMGB1(-/-) mouse cells were slightly more resistant to MMS than wild-type cells, probably due to the production of fewer strand-break BER intermediates. The results suggest HMGB1 is a BER cofactor capable of modulating BER capacity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Poltoratsky
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Padmini S. Kedar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Julie K. Horton
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Asagoshi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Esther W. Hou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Svetlana N. Khodyreva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Samuel H. Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 919-541-3267; Fax.: 919-541-3592
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McCauley MJ, Zimmerman J, Maher LJ, Williams MC. HMGB binding to DNA: single and double box motifs. J Mol Biol 2007; 374:993-1004. [PMID: 17964600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group (HMG) proteins are nuclear proteins believed to significantly affect DNA interactions by altering nucleic acid flexibility. Group B (HMGB) proteins contain HMG box domains known to bind to the DNA minor groove without sequence specificity, slightly intercalating base pairs and inducing a strong bend in the DNA helical axis. A dual-beam optical tweezers system is used to extend double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the absence as well as presence of a single box derivative of human HMGB2 [HMGB2(box A)] and a double box derivative of rat HMGB1 [HMGB1(box A+box B)]. The single box domain is observed to reduce the persistence length of the double helix, generating sharp DNA bends with an average bending angle of 99+/-9 degrees and, at very high concentrations, stabilizing dsDNA against denaturation. The double box protein contains two consecutive HMG box domains joined by a flexible tether. This protein also reduces the DNA persistence length, induces an average bending angle of 77+/-7 degrees , and stabilizes dsDNA at significantly lower concentrations. These results suggest that single and double box proteins increase DNA flexibility and stability, albeit both effects are achieved at much lower protein concentrations for the double box. In addition, at low concentrations, the single box protein can alter DNA flexibility without stabilizing dsDNA, whereas stabilization at higher concentrations is likely achieved through a cooperative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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McCauley MJ, Williams MC. Mechanisms of DNA binding determined in optical tweezers experiments. Biopolymers 2007; 85:154-68. [PMID: 17080421 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen rapid development in single molecule manipulation of RNA and DNA. Measuring the response force for a particular manipulation has allowed the free energies of various nucleic acid structures and configurations to be determined. Optical tweezers represent a class of single molecule experiments that allows the energies and structural dynamics of DNA to be probed up to and beyond the transition from the double helix to its melted single strands. These experiments are capable of high force resolution over a wide dynamic range. Additionally, these investigations may be compared with results obtained when the nucleic acids are in the presence of proteins or other binding ligands. These ligands may bind into the major or minor groove of the double helix, intercalate between bases or associate with an already melted single strand of DNA. By varying solution conditions and the pulling dynamics, energetic and dynamic information may be deduced about the mechanisms of binding to nucleic acids, providing insight into the function of proteins and the utility of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J McCauley
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 111 Dana Research Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ito I, Fukazawa J, Yoshida M. Post-translational methylation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) causes its cytoplasmic localization in neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16336-44. [PMID: 17403684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608467200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein plays multiple roles in transcription, replication, and cellular differentiation. HMGB1 is also secreted by activated monocytes and macrophages and passively released by necrotic or damaged cells, stimulating inflammation. HMGB1 is a novel antigen of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) observed in the sera of patients with ulcerative colitis and autoimmune hepatitis, suggesting that HMGB1 is secreted from neutrophils to the extracellular milieu. However, the actual distribution of HMGB1 in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and the mechanisms responsible for it are obscure. Here we show that HMGB1 in neutrophils is post-translationally mono-methylated at Lys42. The methylation alters the conformation of HMGB1 and weakens its DNA binding activity, causing it to become largely distributed in the cytoplasm by passive diffusion out of the nucleus. Thus, post-translational methylation of HMGB1 causes its cytoplasmic localization in neutrophils. This novel pathway explains the distribution of nuclear HMGB1 to the cytoplasm and is important for understanding how neutrophils release HMGB1 to the extracellular milieu.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/blood
- Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/blood
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/pathology
- DNA/immunology
- DNA/metabolism
- HL-60 Cells
- HMGB1 Protein/immunology
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/blood
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/pathology
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Methylation
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiaki Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Rice TW. Treatment of severe sepsis: where next? Current and future treatment approaches after the introduction of drotrecogin alfa. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 2:3-18. [PMID: 17319465 PMCID: PMC1993976 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely septic patients continue to experience excessive morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in critical care. Although significant resources have been invested in new treatments, almost all have failed to improve outcomes. An improved understanding of sepsis pathophysiology, including the complex interactions between inflammatory, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems, has accelerated the development of novel treatments. Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC), or drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DAA), is currently the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medicine for the treatment of severe sepsis, and only in patients with a high risk of death. This review will discuss the treatment of severe sepsis, focusing on recent discoveries and unresolved questions about DAA's optimal use. Increasing pharmacological experience has generated enthusiasm for investigating medicines already approved for other indications as treatments for severe sepsis. Replacement doses of hydrocortisone and vasopressin may reduce mortality and improve hypotension, respectively, in a subgroup of patients with catecholamine-refractory septic shock. In addition to discussing these new indications, this review will detail the provocative preliminary data from four promising treatments, including two novel modalities: antagonizing high mobility group box protein and inhibiting tissue factor (TF). Observational data from the uncontrolled administration of heparin or statins in septic patients will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Rice
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville,TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Jiang W, Pisetsky DS. Mechanisms of Disease: the role of high-mobility group protein 1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:52-8. [PMID: 17203009 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group protein 1 (HMG1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein that is a prototype of a dual-function alarmin whose immune activity is dependent upon its cellular location. Inside the cell, HMG1 binds to DNA and has a role in transcriptional regulation. Outside the cell, HMG1 acts as a cytokine and has activities that resemble those of tumor necrosis factor. The cytokine activities of HMG1 become manifest when this protein translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and, eventually, into the external milieu; this translocation occurs during cell activation and cell death. Given its cytokine activity, HMG1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad range of immune-mediated diseases including arthritis. The role for this protein in arthritis was established by observations of the expression of HMG1 in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as in the joints of animals used to model arthritis. Furthermore, in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, treatment with antibodies to HMG1 or to an inhibitory domain of HMG1 can attenuate joint inflammation and damage. These studies identify a novel pathway in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, as well as a new target for biologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Rönnefarth VM, Erbacher AIM, Lamkemeyer T, Madlung J, Nordheim A, Rammensee HG, Decker P. TLR2/TLR4-independent neutrophil activation and recruitment upon endocytosis of nucleosomes reveals a new pathway of innate immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7740-9. [PMID: 17114445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nucleosome is a major autoantigen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); it can be detected as a circulating complex in the serum, and nucleosomes have been suggested to play a key role in disease development. In the present study, we show for the first time that physiological concentrations of purified nucleosomes trigger innate immunity. The nucleosomes are endocytosed and induce the direct activation of human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)) as revealed by CD11b/CD66b up-regulation, IL-8 secretion, and increased phagocytic activity. IL-8 is a neutrophil chemoattractant detected in high concentrations in the sera of patients, and IL-8 secretion might thus result in enhanced inflammation, as observed in lupus patients, via an amplification loop. Nucleosomes act as free complexes requiring no immune complex formation and independently of the presence of unmethylated CpG DNA motifs. Both normal and lupus neutrophils are sensitive to nucleosome-induced activation, and activation is not due to endotoxin or high-mobility group box 1 contamination. In mice, i.p. injection of purified nucleosomes induces neutrophil activation and recruitment in a TLR2/TLR4-independent manner. Importantly, neutrophils have been suggested to link innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, nucleosomes trigger a previously unknown pathway of innate immunity, which may partially explain why peripheral tolerance is broken in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria M Rönnefarth
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Grasser KD, Launholt D, Grasser M. High mobility group proteins of the plant HMGB family: dynamic chromatin modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1769:346-57. [PMID: 17316841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In plants, the chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) proteins of the HMGB family typically contain a central HMG-box DNA-binding domain that is flanked by a basic N-terminal and an acidic C-terminal domain. The HMGB proteins are abundant and highly mobile proteins in the cell nucleus that influence chromatin structure and enhance the accessibility of binding sites to regulatory factors. Due to their remarkable DNA bending activity, HMGB proteins can increase the structural flexibility of DNA, promoting the assembly of nucleoprotein complexes that control DNA-dependent processes including transcription. Therefore, members of the HMGB family act as versatile modulators of chromatin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus D Grasser
- Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Hoppe G, Rayborn ME, Sears JE. Diurnal rhythm of the chromatin protein Hmgb1 in rat photoreceptors is under circadian regulation. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:219-30. [PMID: 17226794 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hmgb1 belongs to a family of structure-specific DNA binding proteins with DNA chaperone-like properties that mediate chromatin remodeling in a wide range of nuclear processes including regulation of transcription, DNA repair, genome stability, and stress response. A diurnal oscillation of Hmgb1 at the protein level occurs in rat retinal photoreceptor cells and to a lesser extent in bipolar neurons. Expression of Hmgb1 was least at night at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 18 and maximal in the middle of the lights-on period (ZT6). Since rhythmic expression of Hmgb1 protein in photoreceptors continued in complete darkness, it is likely under control of a circadian clock. Within photoreceptor nuclei, Hmgb1 colocalized with acetylated histone H3, a marker of euchromatin. Outside the nucleus a distinct smaller-sized isoform of Hmgb1 was present in photoreceptor inner segments and bound to a membrane fraction with characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The rhythmic expression of Hmgb1 protein may underlie the circadian change in chromatin remodeling in addition to histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hoppe
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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45
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Launholt D, Merkle T, Houben A, Schulz A, Grasser KD. Arabidopsis chromatin-associated HMGA and HMGB use different nuclear targeting signals and display highly dynamic localization within the nucleus. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:2904-18. [PMID: 17114349 PMCID: PMC1693932 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the chromatin-associated high mobility group (HMG) proteins occur in two subfamilies termed HMGA and HMGB. The HMGA proteins are characterized by the presence of four AT-hook DNA binding motifs, and the HMGB proteins contain an HMG box DNA binding domain. As architectural factors, the HMG proteins appear to be involved in the regulation of transcription and other DNA-dependent processes. We have examined the subcellular localization of Arabidopsis thaliana HMGA, HMGB1, and HMGB5, revealing that they localize to the cell nucleus. They display a speckled distribution pattern throughout the chromatin of interphase nuclei, whereas none of the proteins associate with condensed mitotic chromosomes. HMGA is targeted to the nucleus by a monopartite nuclear localization signal, while efficient nuclear accumulation of HMGB1/5 requires large portions of the basic N-terminal part of the proteins. The acidic C-terminal domain interferes with nucleolar targeting of HMGB1. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments revealed that HMGA and HMGB proteins are extremely dynamic in the nucleus, indicating that they bind chromatin only transiently before moving on to the next site, thereby continuously scanning the genome for targets. By contrast, the majority of histone H2B is basically immobile within the nucleus, while linker histone H1.2 is relatively mobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Launholt
- Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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Jiang W, Pisetsky DS. The role of IFN-alpha and nitric oxide in the release of HMGB1 by RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or lipopolysaccharide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3337-43. [PMID: 16920974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein with a dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds to DNA and modulates a variety of processes, including transcription. Outside the cell, HMGB1 displays cytokine activity and can promote inflammation, serving as a mediator in models of shock and arthritis. In in vitro studies, proinflammatory molecules such as LPS, lipoteichoic acid, dsRNA, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma can induce HMGB1 release from macrophages. To define further the release process, we investigated the role of the downstream mediators, NO and IFN-alpha, in the release of HMGB1 from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). In these experiments, 1400W, an inhibitor of NO production by the inducible NO synthase, reduced HMGB1 release stimulated by LPS, but not poly(I:C), whereas neutralizing IFN-alpha prevented HMGB1 release induced by poly(I:C), but not LPS. The addition of an NO donor and rIFN-alpha to RAW 264.7 cells caused HMGB1 release. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK activation attenuated HMGB1 release induced by either LPS or poly(I:C). Analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by LPS or poly(I:C) showed patterns of HMGB1 release similar to those of RAW 264.7 cells. Together, these experiments indicate that, although both LPS and poly(I:C) induce HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells and murine macrophages, the response is differentially dependent on NO and IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Das C, Hizume K, Batta K, Kumar BRP, Gadad SS, Ganguly S, Lorain S, Verreault A, Sadhale PP, Takeyasu K, Kundu TK. Transcriptional coactivator PC4, a chromatin-associated protein, induces chromatin condensation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8303-15. [PMID: 16982701 PMCID: PMC1636769 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00887-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transcriptional coactivator PC4 is a highly abundant multifunctional protein which plays diverse important roles in cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and repair. It is also a unique activator of p53 function. Here we report that PC4 is a bona fide component of chromatin with distinct chromatin organization ability. PC4 is predominantly associated with the chromatin throughout the stages of cell cycle and is broadly distributed on the mitotic chromosome arms in a punctate manner except for the centromere. It selectively interacts with core histones H3 and H2B; this interaction is essential for PC4-mediated chromatin condensation, as demonstrated by micrococcal nuclease (MNase) accessibility assays, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images show that PC4 compacts the 100-kb reconstituted chromatin distinctly compared to the results seen with the linker histone H1. Silencing of PC4 expression in HeLa cells results in chromatin decompaction, as evidenced by the increase in MNase accessibility. Knocking down of PC4 up-regulates several genes, leading to the G2/M checkpoint arrest of cell cycle, which suggests its physiological role as a chromatin-compacting protein. These results establish PC4 as a new member of chromatin-associated protein family, which plays an important role in chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Das
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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Hoppe G, Talcott KE, Bhattacharya SK, Crabb JW, Sears JE. Molecular basis for the redox control of nuclear transport of the structural chromatin protein Hmgb1. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3526-38. [PMID: 16962095 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can induce a covalent disulfide bond between protein and peptide thiols that is reversible through enzymatic catalysis. This process provides a post-translational mechanism for control of protein function and may also protect thiol groups from irreversible oxidation. High mobility group protein B1 (Hmgb1), a DNA-binding structural chromosomal protein and transcriptional co-activator was identified as a substrate of glutaredoxin. Hmgb1 contains 3 cysteines, Cys23, 45, and 106. In mild oxidative conditions, Cys23 and Cys45 readily form an intramolecular disulfide bridge, whereas Cys106 remains in the reduced form. The disulfide bond between Cys23 and Cys45 is a target of glutathione-dependent reduction by glutaredoxin. Endogenous Hmgb1 as well as GFP-tagged wild-type Hmgb1 co-localize in the nucleus of CHO cells. While replacement of Hmgb1 Cys23 and/or 45 with serines did not affect the nuclear distribution of the mutant proteins, Cys106-to-Ser and triple cysteine mutations impaired nuclear localization of Hmgb1. Our cysteine targeted mutational analysis suggests that Cys23 and 45 induce conformational changes in response to oxidative stress, whereas Cys106 appears to be critical for the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hmgb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hoppe
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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O'Callaghan A, Wang J, Redmond HP. HMGB1 as a key mediator of tissue response to injury: roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Eur Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-006-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Jaulmes A, Thierry S, Janvier B, Raymondjean M, Maréchal V. Activation of sPLA2-IIA and PGE2 production by high mobility group protein B1 in vascular smooth muscle cells sensitized by IL-1beta. FASEB J 2006; 20:1727-9. [PMID: 16807371 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5514fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a central role during atherogenesis as a consequence of inflammation. PGE2 is produced from phospholipids by a cascade of enzymatic reactions involving phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX), and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES). It is released by several cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Recent work has shown that the secretory PLA2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA), the most abundant isoform of secreted PLA2 in VSMCs, acts as a potent cytokine and activates VSMCs through a positive feedback loop. High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), also known as amphoterin, is a ubiquitous protein that plays various roles in the nucleus. HMGB1 is released by necrotic cells and by immune cells in response to various inflammatory mediators and acts as a potent proinflammatory cytokine. The present study investigates the role of HMGB1 in the activation of sPLA2-IIA expression and PGE2 production in VSMCs. Recombinant HMGB1 slightly activated the sPLA2-IIA, COX-2, and mPGES-1 genes but dramatically stimulated these genes in VSMCs that had been incubated with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta for 24 h. This effect was accompanied by significantly increased PGE2 release. Induction of the three known receptors of HMGB1, namely RAGE, TLR-2, and TLR-4, by IL-1beta suggests that proinflammatory cytokines sensitize VSMCs to HMGB1. This provides new insights into the role of HMGB1 in VSMCs, suggesting it may be essential for the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jaulmes
- UMR Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, Paris, France
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