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Khoramizadeh F, Garibay-Hernández A, Mock HP, Bilger W. Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9735-9745. [PMID: 38648561 PMCID: PMC11066873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
For healthier human nutrition, it is desirable to provide food with a high content of nutraceuticals such as polyphenolics, vitamins, and carotenoids. We investigated to what extent high growth irradiance influences the content of phenolics, α-tocopherol and carotenoids, in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), which is increasingly used as a salad green. Potted plants were grown in a climate chamber with a 16 h day length at photosynthetic photon flux densities varying from 20 to 1250 μmol m-2 s-1. Measurements of the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II, FV/FM, and of the epoxidation state of the violaxanthin cycle (V-cycle) showed that the plants did not suffer from excessive light for photosynthesis. Contents of carotenoids belonging to the V-cycle, α-tocopherol and several quercetin derivatives, increased nearly linearly with irradiance. Nonintrusive measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induced by UV-A and blue light relative to that induced by red light, indicating flavonoid and carotenoid content, allowed not only a semiquantitative measurement of both compounds but also allowed to follow their dynamic changes during reciprocal transfers between low and high growth irradiance. The results show that growth irradiance has a strong influence on the content of three different types of compounds with antioxidative properties and that it is possible to determine the contents of flavonoids and specific carotenoids in intact leaves using chlorophyll fluorescence. The results may be used for breeding to enhance healthy compounds in wild rocket leaves and to monitor their content for selection of appropriate genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Khoramizadeh
- Botanical
Institute, Christian-Albrechts University
Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay-Hernández
- Molecular
Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische
TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich
Straße 23, Kaiserslautern D-67663, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz
Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Botanical
Institute, Christian-Albrechts University
Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel D-24098, Germany
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2
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Jiang Y, Liu J, Wei X, Wang R, Li Y, Liu Y, Xiao P, Cai Y, Shao J, Zhang Z. Biochar leachate reduces primary nitrogen assimilation by inhibiting nitrogen fixation and microbial nitrate assimilation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170608. [PMID: 38307291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Biochar contains biotoxic aromatic compounds, and their influence on nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, the critical nitrogen fixer in paddy soil, has never been tested. Here, the physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses of Nostoc sp. PCC7120 in response to biochar leachate were performed. The results suggested that biochar leachate inhibited the efficiency of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and nitrate assimilation activities of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Biochar leachate containing aromatic compounds and odd- and long-chain saturated fatty acids impaired the membrane structure and antenna pigments, damaged the D1 protein of the oxygen evolution complex, and eventually decreased the electron transfer chain activity of photosystem II. Moreover, the nitrogen fixation and nitrate assimilation abilities of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria were inhibited by a decrease in photosynthetic productivity. A decrease in iron absorption was another factor limiting nitrogen fixation efficiency. Our study highlights that biochar with relatively high contents of dissolved organic matter poses a risk to primary nitrogen assimilation reduction and ecosystem nitrogen loss. Further evidence of the potential negative effects of biochar leachates on the fixation and assimilation capacity of nitrogen by soil microbes is needed to evaluate the impact of biochar on soil multifunctionality prior to large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexi Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China; College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an, Shanxi, 710061, PR China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Xiaomeng Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions and the Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Peng Xiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China
| | - Yixiang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions and the Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China
| | - Jihai Shao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
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Nelson N. Coupling and Slips in Photosynthetic Reactions-From Femtoseconds to Eons. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3878. [PMID: 38005774 PMCID: PMC10674687 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis stands as a unique biological phenomenon that can be comprehensively explored across a wide spectrum, from femtoseconds to eons. Across each timespan, a delicate interplay exists between coupling and inherent deviations that are essential for sustaining the overall efficiency of the system. Both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics act as guiding principles for the diverse processes occurring from femtoseconds to eons. Processes such as excitation energy transfer and the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, along with the proliferation of organic matter on the Earth's surface, are all governed by the coupling-slip principle. This article will delve into select time points along this expansive scale. It will highlight the interconnections between photosynthesis, the global population, disorder, and the issue of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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4
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Hayase T, Shimada Y, Mitomi T, Nagao R, Noguchi T. Triplet Delocalization over the Reaction Center Chlorophylls in Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1758-1770. [PMID: 36809007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The triplet state of chlorophyll formed by charge recombination in photosystem II (PSII) is a precursor of harmful singlet oxygen. Although main localization of the triplet state on the monomeric chlorophyll, ChlD1, at cryogenic temperatures has been suggested, how the triplet state is delocalized on other chlorophylls remains unclear. Here, we investigated the distribution of the triplet state of chlorophyll in PSII using light-induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy. Measurements of triplet-minus-singlet FTIR difference spectra with PSII core complexes from cyanobacterial mutants, D1-V157H, D2-V156H, D2-H197A, and D1-H198A, in which the interactions of the 131-keto C═O groups of the reaction center chlorophylls, PD1, PD2, ChlD1, and ChlD2, respectively, were perturbed, identified the 131-keto C═O bands of the individual chlorophylls and showed that the triplet state is delocalized over all of these chlorophylls. It is suggested that the triplet delocalization plays important roles in the photoprotection and photodamage mechanisms in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Hayase
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shimada
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitomi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagao
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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5
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Calderon RH, de Vitry C, Wollman FA, Niyogi KK. Rubredoxin 1 promotes the proper folding of D1 and is not required for heme b 559 assembly in Chlamydomonas photosystem II. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102968. [PMID: 36736898 PMCID: PMC9986647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), the water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase of oxygenic photosynthesis, contains a heme b559 iron whose axial ligands are provided by histidine residues from the α (PsbE) and β (PsbF) subunits. PSII assembly depends on accessory proteins that facilitate the step-wise association of its protein and pigment components into a functional complex, a process that is challenging to study due to the low accumulation of assembly intermediates. Here, we examined the putative role of the iron[1Fe-0S]-containing protein rubredoxin 1 (RBD1) as an assembly factor for cytochrome b559, using the RBD1-lacking 2pac mutant from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in which the accumulation of PSII was rescued by the inactivation of the thylakoid membrane FtsH protease. To this end, we constructed the double mutant 2pac ftsh1-1, which harbored PSII dimers that sustained its photoautotrophic growth. We purified PSII from the 2pac ftsh1-1 background and found that α and β cytochrome b559 subunits are still present and coordinate heme b559 as in the WT. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis of dark- and low light-grown 2pac ftsh1-1 showed the accumulation of a 23-kDa fragment of the D1 protein, a marker typically associated with structural changes resulting from photodamage of PSII. Its cleavage occurs in the vicinity of a nonheme iron which binds to PSII on its electron acceptor side. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that RBD1 is not required for heme b559 assembly and point to a role for RBD1 in promoting the proper folding of D1, possibly via delivery or reduction of the nonheme iron during PSII assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Calderon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Catherine de Vitry
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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6
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McClain AM, Cruz JA, Kramer DM, Sharkey TD. The time course of acclimation to the stress of triose phosphate use limitation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:64-75. [PMID: 36305484 PMCID: PMC10100259 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Triose phosphate utilisation (TPU) limits the maximum rate at which plants can photosynthesise. However, TPU is almost never found to be limiting photosynthesis under ambient conditions for plants. This, along with previous results showing adaptability of TPU at low temperature, suggest that TPU capacity is regulated to be just above the photosynthetic rate achievable under the prevailing conditions. A set of experiments were performed to study the adaptability of TPU capacity when plants are acclimated to elevated CO2 concentrations. Plants held at 1500 ppm CO2 were initially TPU limited. After 30 h they no longer exhibited TPU limitations but they did not elevate their TPU capacity. Instead, the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport declined. A timecourse of regulatory responses was established. A step increase of CO2 first caused PSI to be oxidised but after 40 s both PSI and PSII had excess electrons as a result of acceptor-side limitations. Electron flow to PSI slowed and the proton motive force increased. Eventually, non-photochemical quenching reduced electron flow sufficiently to balance the TPU limitation. Over several minutes rubisco deactivated contributing to regulation of metabolism to overcome the TPU limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. McClain
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Biotechnology for Health and SustainabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jeffrey A. Cruz
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - David M. Kramer
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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7
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Enzymes degraded under high light maintain proteostasis by transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121362119. [PMID: 35549553 PMCID: PMC9171785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121362119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinhibitory high light stress in plants leads to increases in markers of protein degradation and transcriptional up-regulation of proteases and proteolytic machinery, but protein homeostasis (proteostasis) of most enzymes is largely maintained under high light, so we know little about the metabolic consequences of it beyond photosystem damage. We developed a technique to look for rapid protein turnover events in response to high light through 13C partial labeling and detailed peptide mass spectrometry. This analysis reveals a light-induced transcriptional program for nuclear-encoded genes, beyond the regulation of photosystem II, to replace key protein degradation targets in plants and ensure proteostasis under high light stress. Photoinhibitory high light stress in Arabidopsis leads to increases in markers of protein degradation and transcriptional up-regulation of proteases and proteolytic machinery, but proteostasis is largely maintained. We find significant increases in the in vivo degradation rate for specific molecular chaperones, nitrate reductase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase and other plastid, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and cytosolic enzymes involved in redox shuttles. Coupled analysis of protein degradation rates, mRNA levels, and protein abundance reveal that 57% of the nuclear-encoded enzymes with higher degradation rates also had high light–induced transcriptional responses to maintain proteostasis. In contrast, plastid-encoded proteins with enhanced degradation rates showed decreased transcript abundances and must maintain protein abundance by other processes. This analysis reveals a light-induced transcriptional program for nuclear-encoded genes, beyond the regulation of the photosystem II (PSII) D1 subunit and the function of PSII, to replace key protein degradation targets in plants and ensure proteostasis under high light stress.
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8
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Proctor MS, Sutherland GA, Canniffe DP, Hitchcock A. The terminal enzymes of (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthesis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211903. [PMID: 35573041 PMCID: PMC9066304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
(Bacterio)chlorophylls are modified tetrapyrroles that are used by phototrophic organisms to harvest solar energy, powering the metabolic processes that sustain most of the life on Earth. Biosynthesis of these pigments involves enzymatic modification of the side chains and oxidation state of a porphyrin precursor, modifications that differ by species and alter the absorption properties of the pigments. (Bacterio)chlorophylls are coordinated by proteins that form macromolecular assemblies to absorb light and transfer excitation energy to a special pair of redox-active (bacterio)chlorophyll molecules in the photosynthetic reaction centre. Assembly of these pigment-protein complexes is aided by an isoprenoid moiety esterified to the (bacterio)chlorin macrocycle, which anchors and stabilizes the pigments within their protein scaffolds. The reduction of the isoprenoid 'tail' and its addition to the macrocycle are the final stages in (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthesis and are catalysed by two enzymes, geranylgeranyl reductase and (bacterio)chlorophyll synthase. These enzymes work in conjunction with photosynthetic complex assembly factors and the membrane biogenesis machinery to synchronize delivery of the pigments to the proteins that coordinate them. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the catalytic mechanism, substrate recognition and regulation of these crucial enzymes and their involvement in thylakoid biogenesis and photosystem repair in oxygenic phototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Proctor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - George A. Sutherland
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel P. Canniffe
- Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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9
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Inagaki N. Processing of D1 Protein: A Mysterious Process Carried Out in Thylakoid Lumen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052520. [PMID: 35269663 PMCID: PMC8909930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, D1 protein, a core subunit of photosystem II (PSII), displays a rapid turnover in the light, in which D1 proteins are distinctively damaged and immediately removed from the PSII. In parallel, as a repair process, D1 proteins are synthesized and simultaneously assembled into the PSII. On this flow, the D1 protein is synthesized as a precursor with a carboxyl-terminal extension, and the D1 processing is defined as a step for proteolytic removal of the extension by a specific protease, CtpA. The D1 processing plays a crucial role in appearance of water-oxidizing capacity of PSII, because the main chain carboxyl group at carboxyl-terminus of the D1 protein, exposed by the D1 processing, ligates a manganese and a calcium atom in the Mn4CaO5-cluster, a special equipment for water-oxidizing chemistry of PSII. This review focuses on the D1 processing and discusses it from four angles: (i) Discovery of the D1 processing and recognition of its importance: (ii) Enzyme involved in the D1 processing: (iii) Efforts for understanding significance of the D1 processing: (iv) Remaining mysteries in the D1 processing. Through the review, I summarize the current status of our knowledge on and around the D1 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Inagaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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10
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Ruban A, Saccon F. Chlorophyll a De-Excitation Pathways in the LHCII antenna. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:070902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0073825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ruban
- SBBS, Queen Mary University of London - Mile End Campus, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Mile End Campus, United Kingdom
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11
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Nawrocki WJ, Liu X, Raber B, Hu C, de Vitry C, Bennett DIG, Croce R. Molecular origins of induction and loss of photoinhibition-related energy dissipation q I. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0055. [PMID: 34936440 PMCID: PMC8694598 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis fuels life on Earth using sunlight as energy source. However, light has a simultaneous detrimental effect on the enzyme triggering photosynthesis and producing oxygen, photosystem II (PSII). Photoinhibition, the light-dependent decrease of PSII activity, results in a major limitation to aquatic and land photosynthesis and occurs upon all environmental stress conditions. In this work, we investigated the molecular origins of photoinhibition focusing on the paradoxical energy dissipation process of unknown nature coinciding with PSII damage. Integrating spectroscopic, biochemical, and computational approaches, we demonstrate that the site of this quenching process is the PSII reaction center. We propose that the formation of quenching and the closure of PSII stem from the same event. We lastly reveal the heterogeneity of PSII upon photoinhibition using structure-function modeling of excitation energy transfer. This work unravels the functional details of the damage-induced energy dissipation at the heart of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech J. Nawrocki
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (W.J.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bailey Raber
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750314, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chen Hu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catherine de Vitry
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7141, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Doran I. G. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750314, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (W.J.N.); (R.C.)
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12
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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Li Z, Lan T, Zhang J, Gao K, Beardall J, Wu Y. Nitrogen Limitation Decreases the Repair Capacity and Enhances Photoinhibition of Photosystem II in a Diatom. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:745-752. [PMID: 33496343 DOI: 10.1111/php.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Macronutrient limitation and increased solar exposure coincide with ocean warming-enhanced stratification, with consequences for phytoplankton within the upper mixing layer. In this study, we grew a diatom, Thalassiosira punctigera, under nitrogen-limited and replete conditions for more than 14 generations and investigated both the biochemical composition of treated cells and their photochemical responses to high light and UV exposure. The photosynthetic pigment and the particulate organic nitrogen (PON) content significantly decreased in the low nitrate grown cells, with drastic decline of the absorption of UV absorbing compounds. Under an acute exposure to high light or UV radiation, we observed a significant decline in the photochemical yield along with an increase of nonphotosynthetic quenching (NPQ), with the former lowered and the latter raised in the low-nitrogen grown cells. The results reveal a decreased repair rate and enhanced photoinhibition of the diatom under nitrogen limitation when exposed to increased levels of light and UV radiation, suggesting a higher vulnerability of the diatom phytoplankton under influences of oceanic global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.,The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Lan
- College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yaping Wu
- College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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14
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Nilsson AK, Pěnčík A, Johansson ON, Bånkestad D, Fristedt R, Suorsa M, Trotta A, Novák O, Mamedov F, Aro EM, Burmeister BL. PSB33 protein sustains photosystem II in plant chloroplasts under UV-A light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7210-7223. [PMID: 32930769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants can quickly and dynamically respond to spectral and intensity variations of the incident light. These responses include activation of developmental processes, morphological changes, and photosynthetic acclimation that ensure optimal energy conversion and minimal photoinhibition. Plant adaptation and acclimation to environmental changes have been extensively studied, but many details surrounding these processes remain elusive. The photosystem II (PSII)-associated protein PSB33 plays a fundamental role in sustaining PSII as well as in the regulation of the light antenna in fluctuating light. We investigated how PSB33 knock-out Arabidopsis plants perform under different light qualities. psb33 plants displayed a reduction of 88% of total fresh weight compared to wild type plants when cultivated at the boundary of UV-A and blue light. The sensitivity towards UV-A light was associated with a lower abundance of PSII proteins, which reduces psb33 plants' capacity for photosynthesis. The UV-A phenotype was found to be linked to altered phytohormone status and changed thylakoid ultrastructure. Our results collectively show that PSB33 is involved in a UV-A light-mediated mechanism to maintain a functional PSII pool in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Rikard Fristedt
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Biology and Biology Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrient Science, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Björn Lundin Burmeister
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Independent researcher, Gamlestadstorget, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Tanaka K, Kishi M, Assaye H, Toda T. Low temperatures in dark period affect biomass productivity of a cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Kodru S, Ur Rehman A, Vass I. Chloramphenicol enhances Photosystem II photodamage in intact cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:227-235. [PMID: 32979144 PMCID: PMC7541379 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chloramphenicol, an often used protein synthesis inhibitor, in photosynthetic systems was studied on the rate of Photosystem II (PSII) photodamage in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Light-induced loss of PSII activity was compared in the presence of chloramphenicol and another protein synthesis inhibitor, lincomycin, by measuring the rate of oxygen evolution in Synechocystis 6803 cells. Our data show that the rate of PSII photodamage was significantly enhanced by chloramphenicol, at the usually applied 200 μg mL-1 concentration, relative to that obtained in the presence of lincomycin. Chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage has been observed earlier in isolated PSII membrane particles, and has been assigned to the damaging effect of chloramphenicol-mediated superoxide production (Rehman et al. 2016, Front Plant Sci 7:479). This effect points to the involvement of superoxide as damaging agent in the presence of chloramphenicol also in Synechocystis cells. The chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage was observed not only in wild-type Synechocystis 6803, which contains both Photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, but also in a PSI-less mutant which contains only PSII. Importantly, the rate of PSII photodamage was also enhanced by the absence of PSI when compared to that in the wild-type strain under all conditions studied here, i.e., without addition and in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We conclude that chloramphenicol enhances photodamage mostly by its interaction with PSII, leading probably to superoxide production. The presence of PSI is also an important regulatory factor of PSII photodamage most likely via decreasing excitation pressure on PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeesha Kodru
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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17
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Schuster M, Gao Y, Schöttler MA, Bock R, Zoschke R. Limited Responsiveness of Chloroplast Gene Expression during Acclimation to High Light in Tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:424-435. [PMID: 31636102 PMCID: PMC6945831 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to changing light intensities poses major challenges to plant metabolism and has been shown to involve regulatory adjustments in chloroplast gene expression. However, this regulation has not been examined at a plastid genome-wide level and for many genes, it is unknown whether their expression responds to altered light intensities. Here, we applied comparative ribosome profiling and transcriptomic experiments to analyze changes in chloroplast transcript accumulation and translation in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings after transfer from moderate light to physiological high light. Our time-course data revealed almost unaltered chloroplast transcript levels and only mild changes in ribosome occupancy during 2 d of high light exposure. Ribosome occupancy on the psbA mRNA (encoding the D1 reaction center protein of PSII) increased and that on the petG transcript decreased slightly after high light treatment. Transfer from moderate light to high light did not induce substantial alterations in ribosome pausing. Transfer experiments from low light to high light conditions resulted in strong PSII photoinhibition and revealed the distinct light-induced activation of psbA translation, which was further confirmed by reciprocal shift experiments. In low-light-to-high-light shift experiments, as well as reciprocal treatments, the expression of all other chloroplast genes remained virtually unaltered. Altogether, our data suggest that low light-acclimated plants upregulate the translation of a single chloroplast gene, psbA, during acclimation to high light. Our results indicate that psbA translation activation occurs already at moderate light intensities. Possible reasons for the otherwise mild effects of light intensity changes on gene expression in differentiated chloroplasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Schuster
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yang Gao
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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18
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Bethmann S, Melzer M, Schwarz N, Jahns P. The zeaxanthin epoxidase is degraded along with the D1 protein during photoinhibition of photosystem II. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00185. [PMID: 31819921 PMCID: PMC6885522 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll zeaxanthin is synthesized in chloroplasts upon high light exposure of plants and serves central photoprotective functions. The reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is catalyzed by the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). ZEP shows highest activity after short and moderate high light periods, but becomes gradually down-regulated in response to increasing high light stress along with down-regulation of photosystem II (PSII) activity. ZEP activity and ZEP protein levels were studied in response to high light stress in four plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana benthamiana and Spinacia oleracea. In all species, ZEP protein was degraded during photoinhibition of PSII in parallel with the D1 protein of PSII. In the presence of streptomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, photoinhibition of PSII and ZEP activity as well as degradation of D1 and ZEP protein was strongly increased, indicating a close correlation of ZEP regulation with PSII photoinhibition and repair. The concomitant high light-induced inactivation/degradation of ZEP and D1 prevents the reconversion of zeaxanthin during photoinhibition and repair of PSII. This regulation of ZEP activity supports a coordinated degradation of D1 and ZEP during photoinhibition/repair of PSII and an essential photoprotective function of zeaxanthin during the PSII repair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Nadine Schwarz
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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19
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Duan J, Lee KP, Dogra V, Zhang S, Liu K, Caceres-Moreno C, Lv S, Xing W, Kato Y, Sakamoto W, Liu R, Macho AP, Kim C. Impaired PSII Proteostasis Promotes Retrograde Signaling via Salicylic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2182-2197. [PMID: 31160506 PMCID: PMC6670100 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodamage of the PSII reaction center (RC) is an inevitable process in an oxygen-rich environment. The damaged PSII RC proteins (Dam-PSII) undergo degradation via the thylakoid membrane-bound FtsH metalloprotease, followed by posttranslational assembly of PSII. While the effect of Dam-PSII on gene regulation is described for cyanobacteria, its role in land plants is largely unknown. In this study, we reveal an intriguing retrograde signaling pathway by using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) yellow variegated2-9 mutant, which expresses a mutated FtsH2 (FtsH2G267D) metalloprotease, specifically impairing its substrate-unfolding activity. This lesion leads to the perturbation of PSII protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and the accumulation of Dam-PSII. Subsequently, this results in an up-regulation of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes, which is abrogated by inactivation of either an SA transporter in the chloroplast envelope membrane or extraplastidic SA signaling components as well as by removal of SA. These results suggest that the stress hormone SA, which is mainly synthesized via the chloroplast isochorismate pathway in response to the impaired PSII proteostasis, mediates the retrograde signaling. These findings reinforce the emerging view of chloroplast function toward plant stress responses and suggest SA as a potential plastid factor mediating retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Carlos Caceres-Moreno
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Renyi Liu
- College of Horticulture and FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Yanykin DV, Malferrari M, Rapino S, Venturoli G, Semenov AY, Mamedov MD. Hydroxyectoine protects Mn-depleted photosystem II against photoinhibition acting as a source of electrons. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:165-179. [PMID: 30701483 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effect of hydroxyectoine (Ect-OH), a heterocyclic amino acid, on oxygen evolution in photosystem II (PS II) membrane fragments and on photoinhibition of Mn-depleted PS II (apo-WOC-PS II) preparations. The degree of photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS II preparations was estimated by the loss of the capability of exogenous electron donor (sodium ascorbate) to restore the amplitude of light-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (∆F). It was found that Ect-OH (i) stimulates the oxygen-evolving activity of PS II, (ii) accelerates the electron transfer from exogenous electron donors (K4[Fe(CN)6], DPC, TMPD, Fe2+, and Mn2+) to the reaction center of apo-WOC-PS II, (iii) enhances the protective effect of exogenous electron donors against donor-side photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS II preparations. It is assumed that Ect-OH can serve as an artificial electron donor for apo-WOC-PS II, which does not directly interact with either the donor or acceptor side of the reaction center. We suggest that the protein conformation in the presence of Ect-OH, which affects the extent of hydration, becomes favorable for accepting electrons from exogenous donors. To our knowledge, this is the first study dealing with redox activity of Ect-OH towards photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290.
| | - M Malferrari
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Rapino
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Venturoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Yu Semenov
- Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russia, 119992
| | - M D Mamedov
- Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russia, 119992
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21
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A thylakoid membrane-bound and redox-active rubredoxin (RBD1) functions in de novo assembly and repair of photosystem II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16631-16640. [PMID: 31358635 PMCID: PMC6697814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903314116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water in photosynthesis, supplying energy and oxygen to many life-forms on earth. During PSII assembly and repair, PSII intermediate complexes are prone to photooxidative damage, requiring mechanisms to minimize this damage. Here, we report the functional characterization of RBD1, a PSII assembly factor that interacts with PSII intermediate complexes to ensure their functional assembly and repair. We propose that the redox activity of RBD1 participates together with the cytochrome b559 to protect PSII from photooxidation. This work not only improves our understanding of cellular protection mechanisms for the vital PSII complex but also informs genetic engineering strategies for protection of PSII repair to increase agricultural productivity. Photosystem II (PSII) undergoes frequent photooxidative damage that, if not repaired, impairs photosynthetic activity and growth. How photosynthetic organisms protect vulnerable PSII intermediate complexes during de novo assembly and repair remains poorly understood. Here, we report the genetic and biochemical characterization of chloroplast-located rubredoxin 1 (RBD1), a PSII assembly factor containing a redox-active rubredoxin domain and a single C-terminal transmembrane α-helix (TMH) domain. RBD1 is an integral thylakoid membrane protein that is enriched in stroma lamellae fractions with the rubredoxin domain exposed on the stromal side. RBD1 also interacts with PSII intermediate complexes containing cytochrome b559. Complementation of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (hereafter Chlamydomonas) RBD1-deficient 2pac mutant with constructs encoding RBD1 protein truncations and site-directed mutations demonstrated that the TMH domain is essential for de novo PSII assembly, whereas the rubredoxin domain is involved in PSII repair. The rubredoxin domain exhibits a redox midpoint potential of +114 mV and is proficient in 1-electron transfers to a surrogate cytochrome c in vitro. Reduction of oxidized RBD1 is NADPH dependent and can be mediated by ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) in vitro. We propose that RBD1 participates, together with the cytochrome b559, in the protection of PSII intermediate complexes from photooxidative damage during de novo assembly and repair. This role of RBD1 is consistent with its evolutionary conservation among photosynthetic organisms and the fact that it is essential in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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22
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Abstract
The building blocks of a virus derived from de novo biosynthesis during infection and/or catabolism of preexisting host cell biomass, and the relative contribution of these 2 sources has important consequences for understanding viral biogeochemistry. We determined the uptake of extracellular nitrogen (N) and its biosynthetic incorporation into both virus and host proteins using an isotope-labeling proteomics approach in a model marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH8102 infected by a lytic cyanophage S-SM1. By supplying dissolved N as 15N postinfection, we found that proteins in progeny phage particles were composed of up to 41% extracellularly derived N, while proteins of the infected host cell showed almost no isotope incorporation, demonstrating that de novo amino acid synthesis continues during infection and contributes specifically and substantially to phage replication. The source of N for phage protein synthesis shifted over the course of infection from mostly host derived in the early stages to more medium derived later on. We show that the photosystem II reaction center proteins D1 and D2, which are auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) in the S-SM1 genome, are made de novo during infection in an apparently light-dependent manner. We also identified a small set of host proteins that continue to be produced during infection; the majority are homologs of AMGs in S-SM1 or other viruses, suggesting selective continuation of host protein production during infection. The continued acquisition of nutrients by the infected cell and their utilization for phage replication are significant for both evolution and biogeochemical impact of viruses.
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23
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Kirchhoff H. Chloroplast ultrastructure in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:565-574. [PMID: 30721547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast organelle in mesophyll cells of higher plants represents a sunlight-driven metabolic factory that eventually fuels life on our planet. Knowledge of the ultrastructure and the dynamics of this unique organelle is essential to understanding its function in an ever-changing and challenging environment. Recent technological developments promise unprecedented insights into chloroplast architecture and its functionality. The review highlights these new methodical approaches and provides structural models based on recent findings about the plasticity of the thylakoid membrane system in response to different light regimes. Furthermore, the potential role of the lipid droplets plastoglobuli is discussed. It is emphasized that detailed structural insights are necessary on different levels ranging from molecules to entire membrane systems for a holistic understanding of chloroplast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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24
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Toyoshima M, Sakata M, Ohnishi K, Tokumaru Y, Kato Y, Tokutsu R, Sakamoto W, Minagawa J, Matsuda F, Shimizu H. Targeted proteome analysis of microalgae under high-light conditions by optimized protein extraction of photosynthetic organisms. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:394-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Li L, Aro EM, Millar AH. Mechanisms of Photodamage and Protein Turnover in Photoinhibition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:667-676. [PMID: 29887276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid protein degradation and replacement is an important response to photodamage and a means of photoprotection by recovering proteostasis. Protein turnover and translation efficiency studies have discovered fast turnover subunits in cytochrome b6f and the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, in addition to PSII subunit D1. Mutations of these complexes have been linked to enhanced photodamage at least partially via cyclic electron flow. Photodamage and photoprotection involving cytochrome b6f, NDH complex, cyclic electron flow, PSI, and nonphotochemical quenching proteins have been reported. Here, we propose that the rapid turnover of specific proteins in cytochrome b6f and the NDH complex need to be characterised and compared with the inhibition of PSII by excess excitation energy and PSI by excess electron flux to expand our understanding of photoinhibition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology of Primary Producers, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia.
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26
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Ruban AV. Light harvesting control in plants. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3030-3039. [PMID: 29797317 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 1991, my colleagues and I published a hypothesis article that proposed a mechanism that controls light harvesting in plants and protects them against photodamage. The major light harvesting complex, LHCII, was suggested to undergo aggregation upon exposure of the plant to damaging levels of light. Aggregated LHCII was found to be much less efficient in light harvesting, as it promptly dissipated absorbed energy into heat, possessing a very low chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a term coined to describe this reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence yield. This article is a story of how the hypothesis that LHCII aggregation is involved in NPQ is developed into a model that is now becoming broadly accepted by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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27
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Carrera Pacheco SE, Hankamer B, Oey M. Optimising light conditions increases recombinant protein production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Pérez-Romero JA, Idaszkin YL, Barcia-Piedras JM, Duarte B, Redondo-Gómez S, Caçador I, Mateos-Naranjo E. Disentangling the effect of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods physiological performance under optimal and suboptimal saline conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:617-629. [PMID: 29738990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A mesocosm experiment was designed to assess the effect of atmospheric CO2 increment on the salinity tolerance of the C3 halophyte Salicornia ramosissima. Thus, the combined effect of 400 ppm and 700 ppm CO2 at 0, 171 and 510 mM NaCl on plants growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, pigments profiles, antioxidative enzyme activities and water relations was studied. Our results highlighted a positive effect of atmospheric CO2 increment on plant physiological performance under suboptimal salinity concentration (510 mM NaCl). Thus, we recorded higher net photosynthetic rate (AN) values under saline conditions and 700 ppm CO2, being this effect mainly mediated by a reduction of mesophyll (gm) and biochemical limitation imposed to salt excess. In addition, rising atmospheric CO2 led to a better plant water balance, linked with a reduction of stomatal conductante (gs) and an overall increment of osmotic potential (Ѱo) with NaCl concentration increment. In spite of these positive effects, there were no significant biomass variations between any treatments. Being this fact ascribed by the investment of the higher energy fixed for salinity stress defence mechanisms, which allowed plants to maintain more active the photochemical machinery even at high salinities, reducing the risk of ROS production, as indicated an improvement of the electron flux and a rise of the energy dissipation. Finally, the positive effect of the CO2 was also supported by the modulation of pigments profiles (mainly zeaxhantin and violaxhantin) concentrations and anti-oxidative stress enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alberto Pérez-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Yanina Lorena Idaszkin
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown, 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown, 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Jose-Maria Barcia-Piedras
- Department of Ecological Production and Natural Resources Center IFAPA Las Torres, Tomejil Road Sevilla, Cazalla Km 12'2, 41200, Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Redondo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Enrique Mateos-Naranjo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
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Hwangbo K, Lim JM, Jeong SW, Vikramathithan J, Park YI, Jeong WJ. Elevated Inorganic Carbon Concentrating Mechanism Confers Tolerance to High Light in an Arctic Chlorella sp. ArM0029B. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:590. [PMID: 29868055 PMCID: PMC5949578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and higher plants employ an inorganic carbon (Ci) concentrating mechanism (CCM) to increase CO2 availability to Rubisco. Operation of the CCM should enhance the activity of the Calvin cycle, which could act as an electron sink for electrons generated by photosynthesis, and lower the redox status of photosynthetic electron transport chains. In this study, a hypothesis that microalgal cells with fully operating CCM are less likely to be photodamaged was tested by comparing a Chlorella mutant with its wild type (WT). The mutant acquired by screening gamma-ray-induced mutant libraries of Chlorella sp. ArM0029B exhibited constitutively active CCM (CAC) even in the presence of additional Ci sources under mixotrophic growth conditions. In comparison to the WT alga, the mutant named to constitutively active CCM1 (CAC1) showed more transcript levels for genes coding proteins related to CCM such as Ci transporters and carbonic anhydrases (CA), and greater levels of intracellular Ci content and CA activity regardless of whether growth is limited by light or not. Under photoinhibitory conditions, CAC1 mutant showed faster growth than WT cells with more PSII reaction center core component D1 protein (encoded by psbA), higher photochemical efficiency as estimated by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm), and fewer reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, high light (HL)-induced increase in ROS contents in WT cells was significantly inhibited by bicarbonate supplementation. It is concluded that constitutive operation of CCM endows Chlorella cells with resistance to HL partly by reducing the endogenous generation of ROS. These results will provide useful information on the interaction between CCM expression, ROS production, and photodamage in Chlorella and related microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Hwangbo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jayaraman Vikramathithan
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Joong Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Townsend AJ, Ware MA, Ruban AV. Dynamic interplay between photodamage and photoprotection in photosystem II. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1098-1112. [PMID: 29210070 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition is the light-induced reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and is usually associated with damage to the D1 photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre protein. This damage must either be repaired, through the PSII repair cycle, or prevented in the first place by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Both NPQ and D1 repair contribute to light tolerance because they ensure the long-term maintenance of the highest quantum yield of PSII. However, the relative contribution of each of these processes is yet to be elucidated. The application of a pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence methodology, called protective NPQ, enabled us to evaluate of the protective effectiveness of the processes. Within this study, the contribution of NPQ and D1 repair to the photoprotective capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana was elucidated by using inhibitors and mutants known to affect each process. We conclude that NPQ contributes a greater amount to the maintenance of a high PSII yield than D1 repair under short periods of illumination. This research further supports the role of protective components of NPQ during light fluctuations and the value of protective NPQ and qPd as unambiguous fluorescence parameters, as opposed to qI and Fv /Fm , for quantifying photoinactivation of reaction centre II and light tolerance of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Townsend
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Maxwell A Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
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Molecular mechanisms involved in plant photoprotection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:467-482. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of photoinhibition. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus avoid photoinhibition. These mechanisms include quenching of singlet and triplet excited states of chlorophyll, synthesis of antioxidant molecules and enzymes and repair processes for damaged photosystem II and photosystem I reaction centers. This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in photoprotection of chloroplasts through dissipation of energy absorbed in excess.
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Bec Ková M, Yu J, Krynická V, Kozlo A, Shao S, Koník P, Komenda J, Murray JW, Nixon PJ. Structure of Psb29/Thf1 and its association with the FtsH protease complex involved in photosystem II repair in cyanobacteria. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0394. [PMID: 28808107 PMCID: PMC5566888 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy for enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants is to improve their ability to repair photosystem II (PSII) in response to irreversible damage by light. Despite the pivotal role of thylakoid-embedded FtsH protease complexes in the selective degradation of PSII subunits during repair, little is known about the factors involved in regulating FtsH expression. Here we show using the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that the Psb29 subunit, originally identified as a minor component of His-tagged PSII preparations, physically interacts with FtsH complexes in vivo and is required for normal accumulation of the FtsH2/FtsH3 hetero-oligomeric complex involved in PSII repair. We show using X-ray crystallography that Psb29 from Thermosynechococcus elongatus has a unique fold consisting of a helical bundle and an extended C-terminal helix and contains a highly conserved region that might be involved in binding to FtsH. A similar interaction is likely to occur in Arabidopsis chloroplasts between the Psb29 homologue, termed THF1, and the FTSH2/FTSH5 complex. The direct involvement of Psb29/THF1 in FtsH accumulation helps explain why THF1 is a target during the hypersensitive response in plants induced by pathogen infection. Downregulating FtsH function and the PSII repair cycle via THF1 would contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species, the loss of chloroplast function and cell death. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bec Ková
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vendula Krynická
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda Kozlo
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter Koník
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - James W Murray
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Townsend AJ, Saccon F, Giovagnetti V, Wilson S, Ungerer P, Ruban AV. The causes of altered chlorophyll fluorescence quenching induction in the Arabidopsis mutant lacking all minor antenna complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:666-675. [PMID: 29548769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence is the process by which excess light energy is harmlessly dissipated within the photosynthetic membrane. The fastest component of NPQ, known as energy-dependent quenching (qE), occurs within minutes, but the site and mechanism of qE remain of great debate. Here, the chlorophyll fluorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) plants was compared to mutants lacking all minor antenna complexes (NoM). Upon illumination, NoM exhibits altered chlorophyll fluorescence quenching induction (i.e. from the dark-adapted state) characterised by three different stages: (i) a fast quenching component, (ii) transient fluorescence recovery and (iii) a second quenching component. The initial fast quenching component originates in light harvesting complex II (LHCII) trimers and is dependent upon PsbS and the formation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ΔpH). Transient fluorescence recovery is likely to occur in both WT and NoM plants, but it cannot be overcome in NoM due to impaired ΔpH formation and a reduced zeaxanthin synthesis rate. Moreover, an enhanced fluorescence emission peak at ~679 nm in NoM plants indicates detachment of LHCII trimers from the bulk antenna system, which could also contribute to the transient fluorescence recovery. Finally, the second quenching component is triggered by both ΔpH and PsbS and enhanced by zeaxanthin synthesis. This study indicates that minor antenna complexes are not essential for qE, but reveals their importance in electron stransport, ΔpH formation and zeaxanthin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Townsend
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Vasco Giovagnetti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sam Wilson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Petra Ungerer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Falace A, Kaleb S, De La Fuente G, Asnaghi V, Chiantore M. Ex situ cultivation protocol for Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from a restoration perspective. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193011. [PMID: 29447238 PMCID: PMC5813978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to multiple impacts, Cystoseira forests are experiencing a significant decline, which is affecting the ecosystem services they provide. Despite conservation efforts, there is an urgent need to develop best practices and large-scale restoration strategies. To implement restoration actions, we developed an ex situ protocol for the cultivation of Cystoseira. amentacea var. stricta, aimed at reducing the time needed for laboratory culture, thus avoiding prolonged maintenance and minimizing costs. Specifically, we tested the effects of temperature, light and substratum on settlement and growth of early life stages using a factorial experiment. Temperature (20 and 24°C) and photoperiod (15L:9D) were selected to reflect the conditions experienced in the field during the reproductive period. Two light intensities (125 and 250 μmol photons m-2s-1) were selected to mimic the condition experienced in the absence of canopy (i.e. barren-higher light intensity) or in the understory (lower light intensity) during gamete release. The tested substrata were flat polished pebbles and rough clay tiles. The release of gametes and the successive survival and development of embryo and germlings were followed for two weeks. Regardless of the culture conditions, rougher tiles showed higher zygote settlement, but the substrata did not affect the successive development. Zygote mortality after one week averaged 50% and at the end of the second week, embryonic survival was higher under lower light and temperature conditions, which also determined the growth of larger embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Falace
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Kaleb
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gina De La Fuente
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Asnaghi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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35
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Allen JF. The CoRR hypothesis for genes in organelles. J Theor Biol 2017; 434:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Mechanism of Photodamage of the Oxygen Evolving Mn Cluster of Photosystem II by Excessive Light Energy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7604. [PMID: 28790352 PMCID: PMC5548768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodamage to Photosystem II (PSII) has been attributed either to excessive excitation of photosynthetic pigments or by direct of light absorption by Mn4CaO5 cluster. Here we investigated the time course of PSII photodamage and release of Mn in PSII-enriched membranes under high light illumination at 460 nm and 660 nm. We found that the loss of PSII activity, assayed by chlorophyll fluorescence, is faster than release of Mn from the Mn4CaO5 cluster, assayed by EPR. Loss of PSII activity and Mn release was slower during illumination in the presence of exogenous electron acceptors. Recovery of PSII activity was observed, after 30 min of addition of electron donor post illumination. The same behavior was observed under 460 and 660 nm illumination, suggesting stronger correlation between excessive excitation and photodamage compared to direct light absorption by the cluster. A unified model of PSII photodamage that takes into account present and previous literature reports is presented.
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37
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Tian Y, Ungerer P, Zhang H, Ruban AV. Direct impact of the sustained decline in the photosystem II efficiency upon plant productivity at different developmental stages. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 212:45-53. [PMID: 28260626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of chronic photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) on the productivity of plants remains unknown. The present study investigated the influences of persistent decline in the PSII yield on morphology and productivity of Arabidopsis plants that were exposed to lincomycin at two different developmental stages (seedling and rosette stage). The results indicated that, although retarded, the lincomycin treated plants were able to accomplish the entire growth period with only 50% of the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of the control plants. The decline in quantum yield limited the electron transport rate (ETR). The impact of lincomycin on NPQ was not significant in seedlings, but was pronounced in mature plants. The treated plants produced an above ground biomass of 50% compared to control plants. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the above ground biomass and total rosette leaf area, and the slope was decreased due to photoinhibition. The starch accumulation was highly inhibited by lincomycin treatment. Lincomycin induced a significant decrease in seed yield with plants treated from the rosette state showing higher yield than those treated from the seedling stage. Our data suggest that the sustained decline of PSII efficiency decreases plant productivity by constraining the ETR, leaf development and starch production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Tian
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Petra Ungerer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Huayong Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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38
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Viewing oxidative stress through the lens of oxidative signalling rather than damage. Biochem J 2017; 474:877-883. [PMID: 28270560 PMCID: PMC5469280 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Concepts of the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and animals have shifted in recent years from focusing on oxidative damage effects to the current view of ROS as universal signalling metabolites. Rather than having two opposing activities, i.e. damage and signalling, the emerging concept is that all types of oxidative modification/damage are involved in signalling, not least in the induction of repair processes. Examining the multifaceted roles of ROS as crucial cellular signals, we highlight as an example the loss of photosystem II function called photoinhibition, where photoprotection has classically been conflated with oxidative damage.
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Yanykin DV, Khorobrykh AA, Mamedov MD, Klimov VV. Trehalose protects Mn-depleted photosystem 2 preparations against the donor-side photoinhibition. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:236-243. [PMID: 27693844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the addition of 1M trehalose leads to the increase of the rate of oxygen photoconsumption associated with activation of electron transport in the reaction center of photosystem 2 (PS2) in Mn-depleted PS2 membranes (apo-WOC-PS2) [37]. In the present work the effect of trehalose on photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS2 preparations (which are characterized by a high sensitivity to the donor side photoinhibition of PS2) was investigated. The degree of photoinhibition was estimated by the loss of the capability of exogenous electron donor (sodium ascorbate) to reactivate the electron transport (measured by light-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (∆F)) in apo-WOC-PS2. It was found that 1M trehalose enhanced the Mn2+-dependent suppression of photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS2: in the presence of trehalose the addition of 0.2μM Mn2+ (corresponding to 2 Mn2+ per one reaction center) was sufficient for an almost complete suppression of the donor side photoinhibition of the complex. In the absence of trehalose it was necessary to add 100μM Mn2+ to achieve a similar result. The effect of trehalose was observed during photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS2 at low (15μmolphotons-1m-2) and high (200μmolphotons-1m-2) light intensity. When Mn2+ was replaced by other PS2 electron donors (ferrocyanide, DPC) as well as by Ca2+ the protective effect of trehalose was not observed. It was also found that 1M trehalose decreased photoinhibition of apo-WOC-PS2 if the samples contained endogenous manganese (1-2 Mn ions per one RC was enough for the maximum protection effect). It is concluded that structural changes in PS2 caused by the addition of trehalose enhance the capability of photochemical reaction centers of apo-WOC-PS2 to accept electrons from manganese (both exogenous and endogenous), which in turn leads to a considerable suppression of the donor side photoinhibition of PS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - A A Khorobrykh
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M D Mamedov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V V Klimov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
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40
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Ware MA, Dall’Osto L, Ruban AV. An In Vivo Quantitative Comparison of Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Xanthophyll Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:841. [PMID: 27446097 PMCID: PMC4914555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of different LHCII antenna carotenoids to protective NPQ (pNPQ) were tested using a range of xanthophyll biosynthesis mutants of Arabidopsis: plants were either devoid of lutein (lut2), violaxanthin (npq2), or synthesized a single xanthophyll species, namely violaxanthin (aba4npq1lut2), zeaxanthin (npq2lut2), or lutein (chy1chy2lut5). A novel pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence analysis procedure, that used a gradually increasing actinic light intensity, allowed the efficiency of pNPQ to be tested using the photochemical quenching (qP) parameter measured in the dark (qPd). Furthermore, the yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) was calculated, and the light intensity which induces photoinhibition in 50% of leaves for each mutant was ascertained. Photoprotective capacities of each xanthophyll were quantified, taking into account chlorophyll a/b ratios and excitation pressure. Here, light tolerance, pNPQ capacity, and ΦPSII were highest in wild type plants. Of the carotenoid mutants, lut2 (lutein-deficient) plants had the highest light tolerance, and the joint the highest ΦPSII with violaxanthin only plants. We conclude that all studied mutants possess pNPQ and a more complete composition of xanthophylls in their natural binding sites is the most important factor governing photoprotection, rather than any one specific xanthophyll suggesting a strong structural effect of the molecules upon the LHCII antenna organization and discuss the results significance for future crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
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Yoshioka-Nishimura M. Close Relationships Between the PSII Repair Cycle and Thylakoid Membrane Dynamics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1115-22. [PMID: 27017619 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts, a three-dimensional network of thylakoid membranes is formed by stacked grana and interconnecting stroma thylakoids. The grana are crowded with photosynthetic proteins, where PSII-light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes often show semi-crystalline arrays for efficient energy trapping, transfer and use. Although light is essential for photosynthesis, PSII is damaged by reactive oxygen species that are generated from primary photochemical reactions when plants are exposed to excess light. Because PSII complexes are embedded in the lipid bilayers of thylakoid membranes, their functions are affected by the conditions of the lipids. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping measurements showed that singlet oxygen was formed through peroxidation of thylakoid lipids, suggesting that lipid peroxidation can damage proteins, including the D1 protein. After photodamage, PSII is restored by a specific repair system in thylakoid membranes. In the PSII repair cycle, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the PSII proteins control the timing of PSII disassembly and subsequent degradation of the D1 protein. Under light stress, stacked grana turn into unstacked thylakoids with bent grana margins. These structural changes may be closely linked to the mechanisms of the PSII repair cycle because PSII can move more easily from the grana core to the stroma thylakoids through an expanded stromal gap between each thylakoid. Thus, plants modulate the structure of thylakoid membranes under high light to carry out efficient PSII repair. This review focuses on the behavior of the PSII complex and the active role of structural changes to thylakoid membranes under light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Yoshioka-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Bao H, Burnap RL. Photoactivation: The Light-Driven Assembly of the Water Oxidation Complex of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:578. [PMID: 27200051 PMCID: PMC4853684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic water oxidation is catalyzed by the Mn4CaO5 cluster of photosystem II. The assembly of the Mn4O5Ca requires light and involves a sequential process called photoactivation. This process harnesses the charge-separation of the photochemical reaction center and the coordination environment provided by the amino acid side chains of the protein to oxidize and organize the incoming manganese ions to form the oxo-bridged metal cluster capable of H2O-oxidation. Although most aspects of this assembly process remain poorly understood, recent advances in the elucidation of the crystal structure of the fully assembled cyanobacterial PSII complex help in the interpretation of the rich history of experiments designed to understand this process. Moreover, recent insights on the structure and stability of the constituent ions of the Mn4CaO5 cluster may guide future experiments. Here we consider the literature and suggest possible models of assembly including one involving single Mn(2+) oxidation site for all Mn but requiring ion relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L. Burnap
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
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Rehman AU, Kodru S, Vass I. Chloramphenicol Mediates Superoxide Production in Photosystem II and Enhances Its Photodamage in Isolated Membrane Particles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:479. [PMID: 27092170 PMCID: PMC4824793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an inhibitor of protein synthesis, which is frequently used to decouple photodamage and protein synthesis dependent repair of Photosystem II during the process of photoinhibition. It has been reported earlier that CAP is able to mediate superoxide production by transferring electrons from the acceptor side of Photosystem I to oxygen. Here we investigated the interaction of CAP with Photosystem II electron transport processes by oxygen uptake and variable chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Our data show that CAP can accept electrons at the acceptor side of Photosystem II, most likely from Pheophytin, and deliver them to molecular oxygen leading to superoxide production. In addition, the presence of CAP enhances photodamage of Photosystem II electron transport in isolated membrane particles, which effect is reversible by superoxide dismutase. It is concluded that CAP acts as electron acceptor in Photosystem II and mediates its superoxide dependent photodamage. This effect has potential implications for the application of CAP in photoinhibitory studies in intact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesSzeged, Hungary
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Ruban AV. Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching: Mechanism and Effectiveness in Protecting Plants from Photodamage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1903-16. [PMID: 26864015 PMCID: PMC4825125 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We review the mechanism underlying nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) and its role in protecting plants against photoinhibition. This review includes an introduction to this phenomenon, a brief history of major milestones in our understanding of NPQ, definitions, and a discussion of quantitative measurements of NPQ We discuss the current knowledge and unknown aspects in the NPQ scenario, including the following: ΔpH, the proton gradient (trigger); light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), PSII light harvesting antenna (site); and changes in the antenna induced by ΔpH (change), which lead to the creation of the quencher We conclude that the minimum requirements for NPQ in vivo are ΔpH, LHCII complexes, and the PsbS protein. We highlight the most important unknown in the NPQ scenario, the mechanism by which PsbS acts upon the LHCII antenna. Finally, we describe a novel, emerging technology for assessing the photoprotective "power" of NPQ and the important findings obtained through this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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45
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Yamamoto Y. Quality Control of Photosystem II: The Mechanisms for Avoidance and Tolerance of Light and Heat Stresses are Closely Linked to Membrane Fluidity of the Thylakoids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1136. [PMID: 27532009 PMCID: PMC4969305 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
When oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are exposed to excessive light and/or heat, Photosystem II is damaged and electron transport is blocked. In these events, reactive oxygen species, endogenous radicals and lipid peroxidation products generated by photochemical reaction and/or heat cause the damage. Regarding light stress, plants first dissipate excessive light energy captured by light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes as heat to avoid the hazards, but once light stress is unavoidable, they tolerate the stress by concentrating damage in a particular protein in photosystem II, i.e., the reaction-center binding D1 protein of Photosystem II. The damaged D1 is removed by specific proteases and replaced with a new copy produced through de novo synthesis (reversible photoinhibition). When light intensity becomes extremely high, irreversible aggregation of D1 occurs and thereby D1 turnover is prevented. Once the aggregated products accumulate in Photosystem II complexes, removal of them by proteases is difficult, and irreversible inhibition of Photosystem II takes place (irreversible photoinhibition). Important is that various aspects of both the reversible and irreversible photoinhibition are highly dependent on the membrane fluidity of the thylakoids. Heat stress-induced inactivation of photosystem II is an irreversible process, which may be also affected by the fluidity of the thylakoid membranes. Here I describe why the membrane fluidity is a key to regulate the avoidance and tolerance of Photosystem II on environmental stresses.
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Fox KF, Bricker WP, Lo C, Duffy CDP. Distortions of the Xanthophylls Caused by Interactions with Neighboring Pigments and the LHCII Protein Are Crucial for Studying Energy Transfer Pathways within the Complex. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15550-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. F. Fox
- The
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary’s University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, England
| | - William P. Bricker
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Cynthia Lo
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - C. D. P. Duffy
- The
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary’s University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, England
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Ware MA, Belgio E, Ruban AV. Photoprotective capacity of non-photochemical quenching in plants acclimated to different light intensities. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:261-74. [PMID: 25702085 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants grown at low light were exposed to a gradually increasing actinic light routine. This method allows for the discerning of the photoprotective component of NPQ, pNPQ and photoinhibition. They exhibited lower values of Photosystem II (PSII) yield in comparison to high-light grown plants, and higher calculated dark fluorescence level (F'o calc.) than the measured one (F'o act.). As a result, in low-light grown plants, the values of qP measured in the dark appeared higher than 1. Normally, F'o act. and F'o calc. match well at moderate light intensities but F'o act. becomes higher at increasing intensities due to reaction centre (RCII) damage; this indicates the onset of photoinhibition. To explain the unusual increase of qP in the dark in low-light grown plants, we have undertaken an analysis of PSII antenna size using biochemical and spectroscopic approaches. Sucrose gradient separation of thylakoid membrane complexes and fast fluorescence induction experiments illustrated that the relative PSII cross section does not increase appreciably with the rise in PSII antenna size in the low-light grown plants. This suggests that part of the increased LHCII antenna is less efficiently coupled to the RCII. A model based upon the existence of an uncoupled population LHCII is proposed to explain the discrepancies in calculated and measured values of F'o.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Erica Belgio
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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48
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Krynická V, Shao S, Nixon PJ, Komenda J. Accessibility controls selective degradation of photosystem II subunits by FtsH protease. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15168. [PMID: 27251713 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex located in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is sensitive to light-induced damage(1) that unless repaired causes reduction in photosynthetic capacity and growth. Although a potential target for crop improvement, the mechanism of PSII repair remains unclear. The D1 reaction center protein is the main target for photodamage(2), with repair involving the selective degradation of the damaged protein by FtsH protease(3). How a single damaged PSII subunit is recognized for replacement is unknown. Here, we have tested the dark stability of PSII subunits in strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 blocked at specific stages of assembly. We have found that when D1, which is normally shielded by the CP43 subunit, becomes exposed in a photochemically active PSII complex lacking CP43, it is selectively degraded by FtsH even in the dark. Removal of the CP47 subunit, which increases accessibility of FtsH to the D2 subunit, induced dark degradation of D2 at a faster rate than that of D1. In contrast, CP47 and CP43 are resistant to degradation in the dark. Our results indicate that protease accessibility induced by PSII disassembly is an important determinant in the selection of the D1 and D2 subunits to be degraded by FtsH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Krynická
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň 379 81, Czech Republic
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Sir Ernst Chain Building, Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Sir Ernst Chain Building, Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Komenda
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň 379 81, Czech Republic
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49
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Magnuson A, Cardona T. Thylakoid membrane function in heterocysts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:309-19. [PMID: 26545609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular cyanobacteria form different cell types in response to environmental stimuli. Under nitrogen limiting conditions a fraction of the vegetative cells in the filament differentiate into heterocysts. Heterocysts are specialized in atmospheric nitrogen fixation and differentiation involves drastic morphological changes on the cellular level, such as reorganization of the thylakoid membranes and differential expression of thylakoid membrane proteins. Heterocysts uphold a microoxic environment to avoid inactivation of nitrogenase by developing an extra polysaccharide layer that limits air diffusion into the heterocyst and by upregulating heterocyst-specific respiratory enzymes. In this review article, we summarize what is known about the thylakoid membrane in heterocysts and compare its function with that of the vegetative cells. We emphasize the role of photosynthetic electron transport in providing the required amounts of ATP and reductants to the nitrogenase enzyme. In the light of recent high-throughput proteomic and transcriptomic data, as well as recently discovered electron transfer pathways in cyanobacteria, our aim is to broaden current views of the bioenergetics of heterocysts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tanai Cardona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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50
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Duffy CD, Ruban AV. Dissipative pathways in the photosystem-II antenna in plants. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:215-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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