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Abstract
All rearranging antigen receptor genes have one or two highly diverse complementarity determining regions (CDRs) among the six that typically form the ligand binding surface. We report here that, in the case of antibodies, diversity at one of these regions, CDR3 of the V(H) domain, is sufficient to permit otherwise identical IgM molecules to distinguish between a variety of hapten and protein antigens. Furthermore, we find that somatic mutation can allow such antibodies to achieve surprisingly high affinities. These results are consistent with a model in which the highly diverse CDR3 loops are the key determinant of specificity in antigen recognition in both T cell receptors (TCR) and antibodies, whereas the germline-encoded CDR1 and CDR2 sequences are much more cross-reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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2
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Vora KA, Tumas-Brundage KM, Manser T. A Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath-Associated B Cell Focus Response Is Not Observed During the Development of the Anti-Arsonate Germinal Center Reaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The behavior of p-azophenylarsonate (Ars)-specific B cell clones during the primary T cell-dependent splenic response of A/J mice was investigated using an immunohistochemical approach. The earliest Ars-specific B cells were observed as isolated cells in the red pulp by day 3 after immunization with Ars-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, (KLH) and at day 6, large clusters of Ars-specific B cells were first detected in germinal centers, which continued to be observed for an additional 8 to 15 days. Surprisingly, no Ars-specific B cell foci were observed in or near the CD4 T cell-rich periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) during the entire primary response. Nevertheless, A/J mice immunized with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG) or Ars-CGG mounted robust splenic (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl or CGG-specific PALS-associated focus reactions, respectively. In contrast, no Ars-specific PALS B cell foci were detected in A/J mice immunized with Ars-CGG. These data add to a growing body of evidence indicating that B cell proliferation and differentiation in CD4 T cell-rich microenvironments are not prerequisites for the GC reaction. Taken together with previous results obtained using other model Ags, the data suggest that the specificity of the B cell Ag receptor may strongly influence the lymphoid microenvironment in which a B cell clone first undergoes Ag-driven clonal expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpit A. Vora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Kathleen M. Tumas-Brundage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Tim Manser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Taketani M, Naitoh A, Motoyama N, Azuma T. Role of conserved amino acid residues in the complementarity determining regions on hapten-antibody interaction of anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl antibodies. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:983-90. [PMID: 7477004 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00057-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) were prepared at various times after immunization and the amino acid sequences of VH and V lambda 1 in these mAbs were deduced from cDNA nucleotide sequences. Replacements due to somatic mutation were not found in day 7 mAbs but were found in those of days 14, 84 and 294. The affinity of day 7 mAbs to NP-glycine(NP-Gly) was in the order of 10(4) M-1 and it increased about 8000-fold with time after immunization. The extrinsic circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the NP-epsilon-aminocaproic acid (NP-Cap)/Ab complex was unique for each mAb, although the spectra were grouped into two types, which tended to shift from one type to another with time, suggesting a variation in the micro-environments around NP-Cap in the combining sites. All these data indicate that the structure of the combining site was altered by somatic mutation; however, the fine-specificity measured by cross-reactivity with hapten analogues did not change significantly with time. We examined the amino acid residues in CDRs responsible for recognition of NP-haptens by comparing the amino acid sequences of anti-NP mAbs. Analyses revealed the presence of several conserved amino acid residues in CDRs of VH and V lambda 1, such as Tyr-32H, and Tyr-60H, in addition to a core segment involving Arg-50H.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taketani
- Central Research Laboratory, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Fernandez C. Identical VHD and DJH junctions in monoclonal antibodies derived in response to dextran B512 could be the result of developmental selection. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:581-90. [PMID: 7527932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the CDR3s of a collection of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) with specificity for the carbohydrate dextran B512 produced in the mouse strain C57BL/6. In spite of the postulated mechanisms for variability in this region, a high proportion of these monoclonals displayed identical VHD (24/30) and DJH (21/30) junctions and 21 of them were identical in the whole CDR3. These 21 independently generated identical CDR3s could be ordered in eight groups indicating that not a particular CDR3, but instead the mechanism for generating identical junctions was preserved. Two of the CDR3s in this study were found to be identical to the CDR3 of the monoclonal B1-8 produced in C57BL/6 in response to proteins bearing the hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP). This and other parameters support the notion that the generation of identical junctions could be independent of antigenic selection. We also report here the association between JH usage and amino acid (aa) residues at the VHD and DJH junctions. Since these MoAb were generated in response to dextran B512, immunoglobulin conformation has to be compatible with antigen binding. Nevertheless, no aa residue of CDR3 could be directly related to antigen binding. We postulate therefore, that the observed selection of CDR3s could be directed to the production of variable regions with protein configuration most suitable with immunoglobulin folding and may occur prior to antigenic selection. Selection for junctional residues in relation to JH usage and the generation of identical CDR3s are probably different events. Possible genetic mechanisms operating for CDR3 construction and/or selection by cellular ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
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5
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Mishra KK, Srivastava AK, Kar SK. Modulation and recovery of immune response of BALB/c mice to Shigella dysenteriae antigens after cyclophosphamide treatment. Immunol Cell Biol 1994; 72:419-26. [PMID: 7835986 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1994.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed the suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide, when given in vivo, on the antibody response of BALB/c mice against Shigella dysenteriae antigens using ELISA and immunoblot. Out of various protocols tried, it was found that co-injection of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p., at the time of antigen administration and then after a lapse of 24 h during both primary and secondary immunizations, was the most effective in suppressing antibody response of mice. Analysis of sera by ELISA demonstrated the presence of some antibodies to S. dysenteriae antigens after secondary immunization, but immunoblot analysis using the same sera revealed complete suppression of antibody response. Animals whose antibody response was almost completely suppressed after two immunizations with co-injection of cyclophosphamide, when immunized again after the lapse of 14 days from the date of secondary immunization with Shigella antigens but without administration of cyclophosphamide, partially recovered their ability to respond to the same antigens. This protocol can now be used in mice to analyse the hierarchy of immunogenic epitopes present in a complex mixture of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Mishra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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6
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Maizels N, Lau JC, Blier PR, Bothwell A. The T-cell independent antigen, NP-ficoll, primes for a high affinity IgM anti-NP response. Mol Immunol 1988; 25:1277-82. [PMID: 3070356 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(88)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In a number of different strains of inbred mice, immunization with a hapten coupled to a protein carrier results in production of homogeneous serum antibodies. At the genetic level this corresponds to the use of a very limited set of variable region genes in the actively secreting B-cells. In contrast, immunization with the same hapten coupled to a T-cell independent (TI) carrier produces a heterogeneous antibody response. Here we show that successive immunizations of C57BL/6 mice, first with the hapten NP coupled to ficoll, a TI carrier, and then one month later with a subliminal dose of the same hapten coupled to a protein carrier, generate a novel set of hybridomas. These hybridomas produce antibodies which are of the IgM isotope and which lack somatic mutation. Some of these antibodies have a much higher affinity for NP than do antibodies which use the prototypical gene combination (VH186.2-lamda 1) of the strain specific response in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maizels
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510
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Kaartinen M, Pelkonen E, Even J, Mäkelä O. V genes of the primary antibody response of C57BL/10 mice to the hapten phenyloxazolone. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:1095-100. [PMID: 3136024 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830180719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The mRNA of ten monoclonal phenyloxazolone (phOx) antibodies originating from the primary (day 7) response of C57BL/10 mice were partially sequenced. The sequences were analyzed together with those of two previously published antibodies. The C57BL response does not have a predominant subset of antibodies like the BALB/c response has (VH-Ox1/V kappa-Ox1 JK5). Probably, C57BL mice lack the VH-Ox1 gene and, as a consequence, their V kappa-Ox1 gene does not have a main role in the anti-phOx response. Five V kappa and six VH genes were found to participate. All five V kappa genes or their "alleles" had previously been found from the BALB/c response to 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx). On the other hand, the two strains use different VH genes for the anti-phOx response. Most C57BL antibodies were coded by VH genes of group 1 which has only minor role in the BALB/c response. The remaining VH genes were from group 7. Our data show that one V kappa segment (e.g. V kappa-Ox1) can code for anti-phOx antibodies with several, even widely different, VH genes. On the other hand, they emphasize the role of certain VH/VL gene combinations for the anti-phOx specificity. Thus, VH genes of group 7 were found to code for anti-phOx antibodies only together with the V kappa 45.1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaartinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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The T-cell-independent immune response to the hapten NP uses a large repertoire of heavy chain genes. Cell 1985; 43:715-20. [PMID: 2416469 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybridomas generated from C57BL/6 mice immunized with the hapten NP coupled to ficoll, a T-cell-independent carrier, produce monoclonal antibodies that use a large repertoire of VH regions and light chains. This contrasts with the homogeneity of the strain-specific response to NP observed with T-cell-dependent carriers, where most of the antibodies use a single VH region, V186.2, in combination with the lambda-1 light chain. There is no evidence for somatic mutation in any of the sequenced regions of the antibodies generated by NP-ficoll. Thus T cell participation is required for the homogeneity of the strain-specific hapten response, and probably for somatic mutation as well.
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9
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Stein KE. Network regulation of the immune response to bacterial polysaccharide antigens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 119:57-74. [PMID: 3910365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70675-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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László G, Rajnavölgyi E, Andó I, Gergely J. The influence of Igh-1 genes on the class and subclass distribution of oxazolone-specific antibodies. Immunogenetics 1985; 21:429-43. [PMID: 3922883 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the level of the oxazolone-specific antibody response induced by contact sensitization is under the control of H-2 and Igh-1-linked genes. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of H-2 and Igh-1 genes in the regulation of antibody affinity and isotype composition of oxazolone-specific antibodies. Analysis of the antibody response to oxazolone has revealed different ratios of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies in mice carrying the Igh-1b allele and in strains carrying alleles a, c, and e. The characteristic ratio of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes persisted during the whole period of the primary and secondary antibody response of CBA and CBA-Igb Igh-C congenic mice. The Igh-1-linked genes influenced the isotype distribution and not the affinity of oxazolone-specific antibodies induced by contact sensitization.
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11
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Abstract
The preceding section implies that the immune system (like the brain) reflects first ourselves, then produces a reflection of this reflection, and that subsequently it reflects the outside world: a hall of mirrors. The second mirror images (i.e., stable anti-idiotypic elements) may well be more complex than the first images (i.e., anti-self). Both give rise to distortions (e.g., mutations, gene rearrangements) permitting the recognition of nonself. The mirror images of the outside world, however, do not have permanency in the genome. Every individual must start with self. Paraphrasing Nicolas Schöffer (Schöffer 1982): those who always seek exterior pressures (e.g., microbes) to account for the evolution of the sets of V genes, would do well to turn their vision towards the interiors of themselves, and there discover the mystery, perhaps never completely revealable, of the immune system.
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Isobe K, Nakashima I, Nagase F, Yoshida T, Ando K, Inagi R, Kato N, Ohashi K. Genetic controls of T cell-independent Thy-1 alloantibody responses. Immunogenetics 1984; 20:331-40. [PMID: 6332070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early and late primary IgM antibody responses of mice to Thy-1.1 antigens showed different antigenic and cellular requirements. We studied genetic controls of the early primary responses, which could be induced by subcellular thymocyte antigens independently of host T-cell activity. All Thy-1.2 mouse strains of Igha (BALB/c and BC8), Igh-VaCb (BAB14), Ighd (AKR/Cum), Ighj (CBA/J, C3H/HeN, C3H.SW, and C3H.JK), and Ighn (NZB) definitely responded early to Thy-1.1 antigens from AKR/J (Ighd), A.Thy-1.1 (Ighe), or B10.Thy-1.1 (Ighb) mice or SD rats, whereas all strains of Ighb (C57BL/6, C57BL/10, B10.D2, B10.BR, B10.A, CB20 and CWB), Ighc (DBA/2), Ighe (A/J), and Igho (C.AL20) responded poorly to the same antigens. This contrasts with the observation that both strains of Ighj (C3H/HeN) and Ighb (B10.BR) responded well at later times. As was the case for late responses, the matching of H-2 between donor and recipient resulted in early responses of exceptional quality in high-responder strains. It was concluded that under the influence of H-2, whose incompatibility between donor and recipient partially interferes with responses, early but not late primary Thy-1.1-specific antibody responses are selectively controlled by Igh-V or closely linked Ir gene(s) as a new VH marker.
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Mäkelä O, Seppälä IJ, Pelkonen J, Kaartinen M, Cazenave PA, Gefter ML. Crossing-over frequency in the Igh region of the mouse genome. ANNALES D'IMMUNOLOGIE 1984; 135C:169-73. [PMID: 6424551 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(84)80028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recombinations between strains C57BL and BALB/c at the Igh locus suggest that only strains B X D20 and B X D27 recombined in this region. This implies that the maps of Igh markers in strains C57BL, DBA/2 and BALB/c resemble one another.
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14
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Loh DY, Bothwell AL, White-Scharf ME, Imanishi-Kari T, Baltimore D. Molecular basis of a mouse strain-specific anti-hapten response. Cell 1983; 33:85-93. [PMID: 6432337 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The response of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to immunization with proteins coupled to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) is dominated by distinctly different sets of antibodies. The VH gene family previously shown to be involved in the C57BL/6 response has now been shown to have highly homologous counterparts in BALB/c but of five sequenced BALB/c VH regions, none appeared likely to be able to encode an NP-binding protein. The active VH region from a BALB/c hybridoma making a characteristic anti-NP antibody was recovered and sequenced and shown to be quite different from the VH gene family involved in the C57BL/6 response. Comparison of the variation of the closely related VH regions between the two mouse strains showed that there are separate types of evolutionary pressures on the framework and complementarity-determining regions. The molecular basis for strain-specific immune responses appears to be that the structural divergence of VH regions between mouse strains is great enough that different strains use different VH regions for making the predominant class of antibodies to a specific hapten.
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15
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Ivars F, Holmberg D, Coutinho A. The immune response to bacterial dextrans. I. Genetic control of responsiveness. Scand J Immunol 1983; 17:419-28. [PMID: 6190217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo antibody response to the thymus-independent (TI) antigen dextran B512 (Dex) was studied in various mouse strains. We found no non-responder strains but rather that the magnitude of Dex-specific plaque-forming cell and serum antibody responses varied markedly among individual mice, even if these were of the same age and litter and kept in the same environment. This was the case both for mouse strains previously described genetically as high (IgCHb,j) and for those described as low (IgCHa) responders to Dex [14]. In 'low'-responder BALB/c mice, the responsiveness to Dex increased with age, such that a large fraction of these mice responded as well as 'high'-responder C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of aged back-cross populations derived from IgCHb and IgCHa parental strains further substantiated these findings. Thus, all backcross mice, irrespective of IgCH haplotype, responded on the average equally well to Dex. According to our studies, therefore, the assignation of high or low responsiveness to IgCH locus-linked genes cannot be done unequivocally.
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Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Genetic control of T-cell subset representation in inbred mice. Immunogenetics 1983; 18:585-92. [PMID: 6606619 DOI: 10.1007/bf00345966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lyt-2+ T cells constitute a significantly greater proportion of the total peripheral T-cell population in C57BL mice than in BALB/c and other mouse strains. The inheritance of this differential representation of Lyt-2- vs. Lyt-2+ T cells was studied by two-color immunofluorescence analysis of peripheral T cell subsets in BALB/c, C57BL, F1 and F2 generations, and in CXB recombinant inbred strains. It was shown that the C57BL phenotype (low Lyt-2-/Lyt-2+ ratio) is a dominant Mendelian character. Studies of subpopulations of thymocytes and of early thymus emigrants indicate that the representation of mature Lyt-2- and Lyt-2+ T cells is influenced by mechanisms of selection or differential turnover in the peripheral lymphoid organs, but that thymic and prethymic influences may also play a role.
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White-Scharf ME, Imanishi-Kari T. Cross-reactivity of the NPa and NPb idiotypic responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP). Eur J Immunol 1982; 12:935-42. [PMID: 7151853 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A comparative antigenic analysis was carried out to determine whether cross-reactivity exists between the major idiotypic responses to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Extensive cross-reactivity exists between the NPa (BALB/c) and NPb (C57BL/6) allotype-linked idiotypic responses to NP. The cross-reactive determinants of the NPb idiotype are confined to one particular group of NPb-positive monoclonal antibodies. The extent of cross-reactivity between this group of C57BL/6 antibodies and idiotype-positive monoclonal antibodies of BALB/c is so great that they cannot be readily distinguished as NPb- or NPa-positive antibodies with polyclonal anti-idiotypic reagents. That this cross-reactivity is not unique to monoclonal antibodies was confirmed by the demonstration of these cross-reactive determinants in the immunesera of individual BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, evidence was obtained from these experiments and from earlier ones from this laboratory which suggests that the BALB/c idiotypic response to NP-protein conjugate is more homogeneous than the C57BL/6 idiotypic responses.
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18
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Leech SH, Ali M, Elston RC. Augmentation of the antibody response by hapten help. I. Dominant genetic control. Cell Immunol 1982; 71:315-25. [PMID: 6982769 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Pelkonen J, Binz H, Laukola U, Günther E, Mäkelä O. An immunoglobulin V gene polymorphism in the rat. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12:210-3. [PMID: 7094991 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Anti-phenyloxazolone (phOx) antibodies of different AVN rats (primary response) share several isoelectric focusing bands. These bands were not shared by antibodies of some other rat strains, including DA. An anti-idiotype reagent was prepared (in rabbits) that bound radioactive anti-phOx antibodies of AVN rats but not normal AVN immunoglobulin. This binding was strongly inhibited by AVN anti-phOx antisera, but not by AVN anti-BOC-p-azobenzene arsonate-tyrosine antisera or DA anti-phOx antisera. Anti-phOx antisera of (AVN X DA)F1 rats were also strongly inhibitory indicating the presence of the idiotype (Ox-r1). Antisera of backcross rats (AVN X DA) X DA either resembled F1 hybrid sera (31 rats) or DA sera (23 rats). The data suggest that the presence of idiotype Ox-r1 is controlled by one gene, or genes linked to each other. The gene(s) is not linked to the Ig kappa chain locus. It may be a V gene of the Ig H chain.
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White-Scharf ME, Imanishi-Kari T. Characterization of the NPa idiotype through the analysis of monoclonal BALB/c anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1981; 11:897-904. [PMID: 6799300 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spleen cells from BALB/c mice were fused with the nonsecreting myeloma line X63.Ag8.6.5.3 seven days after immunization with NP-CG (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl-chicken gamma-globulin. The hybrid cell lines obtained were analyzed for heavy and light chain distribution, fine specificity, and idiotype. The majority of monoclonal antibodies possessed either gamma 1 or mu chains. The distribution of L chains among these antibodies was approximately half lambda and half kappa . Thirteen monoclonal antibodies were grown as ascites tumors in mice. Examination of their fine specificity patterns showed that all of the lambda antibodies are heteroclitic and have similar fine specificity patterns. Five of the seven kappa antibodies are also heteroclitic, but their fine specificity patterns are more heterogeneous than those of the lambda antibodies. Polyspecific anti-idiotypic sera directed against pooled primary serum antibody (R a-NPa) or against individual monoclonals were used for idiotypic characterization of the monoclonal antibodies. The Ra-NP bound all of the lambda antibodies but none of the kappa antibodies suggesting that the kappa antibodies may be much more heterogeneous and were therefore not recognized in the presence of the more homogeneous lambda antibodies. Further idiotypic analysis demonstrated that the lambda antibodies, although no two are identical, are a very homogeneous group of antibodies which cross-react with one another but not with the kappa antibodies. Some, but not all, of the kappa antibodies cross-react with each other although none are cross-reactive with the lambda antibodies. Because the lambda-associated idiotype is recognized by the R a-NPa and its characteristics are similar to that of the C57BL/6 major idiotype (NPb), it is referred to as NPa. There may be a second major idiotype associated with at least some of the kappa antibodies.
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Mäkelä O, Karjalainen K, Imanishi-Kari T, Taylor BA. Linkage and recombination of VH gene markers, Np and Nb, in recombinant inbred strains of mice. Immunol Lett 1981; 3:169-72. [PMID: 7287061 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(81)90122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mice of 24 recombinant inbred (RI) strains of the BXD series were typed for Igh markers, Np and Nb. In 22 strains these markers were concordant with the allotype (10 DBA/2-like and 12 C57BL/6-like). Strains BXD-20 and BXD-27 had a recombinant haplotype; their allotype was DBA/2-like but the Np and Nb characteristics were C57B/6-like.
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Bothwell AL, Paskind M, Reth M, Imanishi-Kari T, Rajewsky K, Baltimore D. Heavy chain variable region contribution to the NPb family of antibodies: somatic mutation evident in a gamma 2a variable region. Cell 1981; 24:625-37. [PMID: 6788376 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To examine germ line genes of the heavy chain variable region (VH) that might contribute to formation of antibodies of the NPb family, we have derived cDNA clones from two hybridomas making NPb antibodies. One, B1-8, made an IgM protein and was derived during a primary response; the other, S43, made an IgG2a protein and was derived during a hyperimmune response. Sequence comparison of the two clones showed that they differed by only 10 bp in the VH region, had very different D segments and had identical J segments (J2). A set of closely related germ line VH genes was then cloned from a partial Eco RI library of C57Bl/6 DNA. By comparing the germ line VH regions to the cDNA VH regions, we identified seven potential candidates for encoding the VH regions of NPb antibodies. The seven VH regions were sequenced, and one V(186-2) contained exactly the DNA sequence found in the clone derived from B1-8. None of the DNA sequence differences that distinguished the S43-derived clone from the B1-8 clone was found in any of the other six germ line genes. Because the S43 sequence was more closely related to the V(186-2) germ line sequence than to any of the other VH genes, we conclude that the differences between the genes resulted from somatic mutation and that the two hybridomas derived their VH regions from the same germ line gene. Certain of the sequenced VH genes contain crippling mutations; the repertoire of germ line VH genes that can contribute to the diversity of antibodies may therefore be less than the total number of genes detectable by hydridization.
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Mäkelä O, Pasanen VJ, Sarvas H, Lehtonen M. A gene of the immunoglobulin H-chain cluster controls the murine antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14. Scand J Immunol 1980; 12:155-8. [PMID: 6777868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice of various strains were immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14 (pneumo-14), and their anti-pneumo-14 antibodies were measured by the Farr test. Mice of strains BALB/c, ST/b, NZB and CBA (Ig allotypes a, e or j) had 300-1700 ng of antibody nitrogen per millilitre of serum on day 7. The corresponding values for C57BL/Ka, RF or AKR mice (allotypes b, c or d) were 40-300 ng/ml. Two families of congenic strains were tested, one with the C57BL and the other with the BALB/c background genome. Their response was either high or low depending on the VH genes, and other gene loci had little effect on the concentration of anti-pneumo-14 antibodies.
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Chien CC. Anti-inulin [beta-(2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructose] and anti-grass levan [beta-(2 leads to 6)-linked polyfructose] antibody response in mice. Infect Immun 1980; 27:746-55. [PMID: 6769806 PMCID: PMC550836 DOI: 10.1128/iai.27.3.746-755.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-inulin [beta-(2 --> 1) polyfructosan Brucella abortus (InuBA)] and anti-grass levan [beta-(2 --> 6) polyfructosan] antibody responses in BALB/c and C57BL mice and in their F(1) and backcross progeny, as well as in immunoglobulin congenic and Bailey recombinant inbred strains derived from BALB/c and C57BL mice, were examined. The anti-inulin antibodies could accommodate both beta-(2 --> 1)- and beta-(2 --> 6)-linked polyfructosans, and 97% of the anti-inulin plaque-forming cells (PFC) from BALB/c mice expressed the cross-reactive idiotypes (InuIdX) shared by the BALB/c inulin- and levan-binding myeloma proteins. Of the C57BL mice, only 25% produced high anti-inulin response, and none exhibited the InuIdX of BALB/c anti-inulin antibodies. The percentages of InuIdX(+) anti-inulin PFC were also examined in other strains with high anti-inulin response. In C58 and AL mice, 80% of anti-inulin PFC were InuIdX(+), whereas in A/He and RIII mice, only 40% were InuIdX(+). All strains examined developed high anti-grass levan response, and the antibodies were specific for beta-(2 --> 6) structures and did not exhibit InuIdX. Comparison of the magnitude of the anti-inulin antibody titers in response to InuBA in BALB/c, C57BL, and their F(1) and backcross progeny, as well as in immunoglobulin congenic (i.e., B.C-8, BAB-14, and C.B-20) and recombinant inbred strains derived from BALB/c and C57BL mice, showed that all mice having the IgCH(a)(BALB/c) allotype gave high anti-inulin response. In addition to the InuIdX structural genes, the effects of allotype-linked or unlinked "regulatory" genes were also indicated by the lower anti-inulin response in B.C-8 and BAB-14 mice compared with BALB/c mice and the higher anti-inulin response in C.B-20 mice compared with C57BL mice. A multigene interaction in controlling the production of the anti-inulin antibodies was implicated.
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Abstract
Simple chemicals, many proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides can be coupled to bacteriophages without completely destroying their infectivity. The coupled phages are then sensitive to inactivation by the relevant antibodies. Thus it is possible to construct phage inactivation assays for antibodies or inactivation inhibition assays for antigens. The advantages of the bacteriophage methods include superior sensitivity and good stability of the reagents. The phage inactivation method detects preferably high-affinity antibodies, but what really matters is a high avidity. Because of the polyvalency IgM antibodies can have a high avidity associated with moderate affinity, and therefore low amounts of IgM class antibody, for instance natural antibody, are often measurable by this test. The chemical conjugation inactivates a proportion of the bacteriophages. If the antigen can be made chemically reactive (self-coupling), approximately 10% of the phage particles escape this inactivation and can serve as indicators of antibody action. When the antigen cannot be made chemically reactive, this inactivation is more complete and the phage assay is less satisfactory.
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Kipps TJ, Dorf ME. Genetic mapping of the BGL idiotypic marker within theIgh-V region. Immunogenetics 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reth M, Hämmerling GJ, Rajewsky K. Analysis of the repertoire of anti-NP antibodies in C57BL/6 mice by cell fusion. I. Characterization of antibody families in the primary and hyperimmune response. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:393-400. [PMID: 97089 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Karjalainen K, Mäkelä O. A mendelian idiotype is demonstrable in the heteroclitic anti-NP antibodies of the mouse. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:105-11. [PMID: 658116 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830080207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mäkelä O, Karjalainen K, Micklem HS. Expression of VH antibody genes in different background genomes. Scand J Immunol 1978; 7:91-8. [PMID: 416487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Weigert M, Potter M. Antibody variable-region genetics: Summary and abstracts of the Homogeneous Immunoglobulin Workshop VII. Immunogenetics 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01575678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Claflin JL. Genetic marker in the variable region of kappa chains of mouse anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1976; 6:666-8. [PMID: 826399 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A newly discovered genetic marker in the kappa light chains of mouse immunoglobulins is described. This marker, designated kappa-PC8, is located in the L chains of those anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) antibodies which show the same functional and idiotypic characteristics as a PC-binding myeloma protein, HOPC 8 (H8). Analytical isoelectric focusing of these L chains revealed two phenotypes whose strain distribution pattern suggested a genetic association with genes that determine the T lymphocyte surface antigen(s) Ly-2/Ly-3. In four strains , AKR/J, C58/J, RF/J and PL/J (AKR-type, A) the H8-like L chains have a slightly lower isoelectric point than those of C57L/J and 12 other strains (C57L-type, B). Breeding experiments showed that the kappa-PC8-A phenotype is preferentially expressed. The most probable location of the marker is the variable region since other idiotypically related kappa-chains in C57L/J and AKR/J do not show differences in their electrophoretic mobility.
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