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Bathige SDNK, Umasuthan N, Whang I, Lim BS, Won SH, Lee J. Antibacterial activity and immune responses of a molluscan macrophage expressed gene-1 from disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:263-272. [PMID: 24852343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain-containing proteins play an important role in the innate immune response against invading microbial pathogens. In the current study, a member of the MACPF domain-containing proteins, macrophage expressed gene-1 (MPEG1) encoding 730 amino acids with the theoretical molecular mass of 79.6 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.49 was characterized from disk abalone Haliotis discus discus (AbMPEG1). We found that the characteristic MACPF domain (Val(131)-Tyr(348)) and transmembrane segment (Ala(669)-Ile(691)) of AbMPEG1 are located in the N- and C-terminal ends of the protein, respectively. Ortholog comparison revealed that AbMPEG1 has the highest sequence identity with its pink abalone counterpart, while sequences identities of greater than 90% were observed with MPEG1 members from other abalone species. Likewise, the furin cleavage site KRRRK was highly conserved in all abalone species, but not in other species investigated. We identified an intron-less genomic sequence within disk abalone AbMPEG1, which was similar to other mammalian, avian, and reptilian counterparts. Transcription factor binding sites, which are important for immune responses, were identified in the 5'-flanking region of AbMPEG1. qPCR revealed AbMPEG1 transcripts are present in every tissues examined, with the highest expression level occurring in mantle tissue. Significant up-regulation of AbMPEG1 transcript levels was observed in hemocytes and gill tissues following challenges with pathogens (Vibrio parahemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs: lipopolysaccharides and poly I:C immunostimulant). Finally, the antibacterial activity of the MACPF domain was characterized against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria using a recombinant peptide. Taken together, these results indicate that the biological significance of the AbMPEG1 gene includes a role in protecting disk abalone through the ability of AbMPEG1 to initiate an innate immune response upon pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Lim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Won
- Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 699-915, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kim JE, Cho HS, Yang HS, Jung DJ, Hong SW, Hung CF, Lee WJ, Kim D. Depletion of ascorbic acid impairs NK cell activity against ovarian cancer in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2012; 217:873-81. [PMID: 22306178 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) administration has been used to prevent infectious diseases in public or as a therapeutic agent by the physicians in treatment of several diseases. Ascorbic acid is also involved in immune cell functions and immune responses, although the mechanisms by which it exerts effects on immune cells against cancer cells are not fully understood at the normal plasma level. In this study, we used the mice lacking l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo), the enzyme required for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid, to characterize the effects of ascorbic acid on NK cell cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells, MOSECs (murine ovarian surface epithelial cells). Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid survived for a shorter time than the normal control or Gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with ascorbic acid after tumor challenge regardless of treatment with IL-2. CD69 and NKG2D expression was clearly reduced in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid as compared to that in the normal control and the mice supplemented with ascorbic acid. We also observed that IFN-γ secretion by NK cells isolated from Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid was decreased after NK cells were co-cultured with MOSECs. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of perforin and granzyme B genes was also significantly decreased in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that ascorbic acid at the normal plasma concentration has an essential role in maintaining the NK cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically encountered abnormal heart beat. It is associated with an increased risk of stroke and symptoms of heart failure. Current therapies are directed toward controlling the rate of ventricular activation and preventing strokes through anticoagulation. Attempts at suppressing the arrhythmia are often ineffective, in part because the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recently, structural and electrical remodeling has been shown to occur during AF. These changes involve alterations in gene regulation and help perpetuate the arrhythmia. Some signals for remodeling are have been identified. Moreover, AF is associated with oxidative stress, and this redox imbalance may contribute to the altered gene regulation. One likely mediator of this change in transcriptional regulation is the redox sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Recently, NF-kappaB has been shown to downregulate transcription of the cardiac sodium channel in response to oxidative stress. NF-kappaB may contribute to the regulation of other ion channels, transcription factors, or splicing factors altered in AF and may represent a therapeutic target in AF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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4
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Hernandez-Pigeon H, Jean C, Charruyer A, Haure MJ, Titeux M, Tonasso L, Quillet-Mary A, Baudouin C, Charveron M, Laurent G. Human keratinocytes acquire cellular cytotoxicity under UV-B irradiation. Implication of granzyme B and perforin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13525-13532. [PMID: 16524880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is widely considered as a major cause of human skin photoaging and skin cancer. Granzyme B (GrB) and perforin (PFN) are two proteins contained in granules and implicated in one of the mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells exert their cytotoxicity against virus-infected, alloreactive, or transformed cells. The distribution of GrB and PFN in the skin has received little attention. However, Berthou and co-workers (Berthou, C., Michel, L., Soulie, A., Jean-Louis, F., Flageul, B., Dubertret, L., Sigaux, F., Zhang, Y., and Sasportes, M. (1997) J. Immunol. 159, 5293-5300) described that, whereas freshly isolated epidermal cells did not express GrB or PFN, keratinocyte growth to confluence was associated with GrB and PFN mRNA and protein synthesis. In this work, we have investigated the possible role of UV-B on GrB and PFN expression in keratinocytes. We found that UV-B induces GrB and PFN expression in these cells through redox-, epidermal growth factor receptor-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling. Furthermore, under UV irradiation, keratinocytes acquire a significant cytotoxicity, which is GrB and PFN dependent, toward a variety of cellular targets including transformed T-lymphocytes, melanocytes, and keratinocytes. This phenomenon may have important functional consequences in the regulation of skin inflammatory response and in the emergence of cancer skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hernandez-Pigeon
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Christine Jean
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Alexandra Charruyer
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Marie-José Haure
- CERPER, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Cutanée, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias Titeux
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Laure Tonasso
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Anne Quillet-Mary
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Caroline Baudouin
- CERPER, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Cutanée, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Charveron
- CERPER, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Cutanée, Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Laurent
- INSERM U563, CPTP, Bat B, Pavillon Lefebvre, Place du Dr. Baylac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France; Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France
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5
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Catlin R, Shah H, Bankhurst AD, Whalen MM. Dibutyltin exposure decreases granzyme B and perforin in human natural killer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:395-403. [PMID: 21783618 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that are capable of killing tumor and virally-infected cells. Dibutyltin (DBT) is a catalyst in the production of PVC plastics and a breakdown product of tributyltin (TBT). DBT is a significant environmental contaminant. This study investigates the mechanism by which DBT exposure decreases the immune function of human NK cells. NK cells destroy their target cells by releasing cytotoxic proteins, perforin, and granzyme B. We examined the effect of DBT exposures on the levels of cytotoxic proteins and their mRNAs. Exposure of NK cells to DBT for 1h caused significant decreases in the mRNAs for granzyme B and perforin but not in protein levels. A 24h exposure to DBT decreased mRNAs as well as protein levels for both granzyme B and perforin. Exposure to DBT for 1h followed by either a 24 or 48h period in DBT-free media, decreased levels of granzyme B and perforin. The results indicate that decreases in granzyme B and perforin levels in NK cells are consequences of DBT exposure. Additionally, DBT causes rapid decreases in mRNAs for perforin and granzyme B, suggesting decreases in transcription and/or increases in mRNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Catlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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6
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Thomas LD, Shah H, Bankhurst AD, Whalen MM. Effects of interleukins 2 and 12 on the levels of granzyme B and perforin and their mRNAs in tributyltin-exposed human natural killer cells. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:711-20. [PMID: 16032371 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that are capable of killing tumor cells, virally infected cells and antibody coated cells. Tributyltin (TBT) is a toxic chemical used for various industrial purposes such as: slime control in paper mills, disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters, anti-fouling agents, and the preservation of wood. TBT can be found in edible items such as fish. A previous study showed that a 1 h exposure of NK cells to TBT caused persistent inhibition of NK-cell ability to destroy tumor cells in the 24 and 48 h periods following exposure and that this loss of function could be significantly prevented and/or reversed if the NK-stimulatory interleukins (IL) 2 or 12 were present during the 24 and 48 h periods. We had also shown that TBT exposure was able to significantly decrease the protein and mRNA levels of the cytotoxic proteins, granzyme B and perforin, and the phosphorylation of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) under these conditions. In this study we address the effects of IL-2 and IL-12 on the TBT-induced decreases in NK-cell levels of the cytotoxic proteins, their mRNAs, and CREB phosphorylation. IL-2 appeared to prevent/reverse TBT-induced declines in perforin protein levels and the mRNA for perforin seen in the 24 h period following a 1 h exposure to 300 nM TBT. However, the TBT-induced decreases in the levels of perforin and perforin mRNA seen in the 48 h period following a 1 h exposure to TBT were not statistically significantly prevented/reversed by IL-2. Additionally, the TBT-induced decreases in granzyme B, granzyme B mRNA, and CREB phosphorylation were not statistically significantly reversed by either IL-2 or IL-12 after 24 or 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeShawn D Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209-1561, USA
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7
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Arjona A, Sarkar DK. Circadian Oscillations of Clock Genes, Cytolytic Factors, and Cytokines in Rat NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7618-24. [PMID: 15944262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of knowledge is revealing the critical role of circadian physiology in the development of specific pathological entities such as cancer. NK cell function participates in the immune response against infection and malignancy. We have reported previously the existence of a physiological circadian rhythm of NK cell cytolytic activity in rats, suggesting the existence of circadian mechanisms subjacent to NK cell function. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are originated by the sustained transcriptional-translational oscillation of clock genes that form the cellular clock apparatus. Our aim in this study was to investigate the presence of molecular clock mechanisms in NK cells as well as the circadian expression of critical factors involved in NK cell function. For that purpose, we measured the circadian changes in the expression of clock genes (Per1, Per2, Bmal1, Clock), Dbp (a clock-controlled output gene), CREB (involved in clock signaling), cytolytic factors (granzyme B and perforin), and cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) in NK cells enriched from the rat spleen. The results obtained from this study demonstrate for the first time the existence of functional molecular clock mechanisms in NK cells. Moreover, the circadian expression of cytolytic factors and cytokines in NK cells reported in this study emphasizes the circadian nature of NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Arjona
- Endocrinology Program, Center of Alcohol Studies and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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8
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Odman-Ghazi SO, Hatcher F, Whalen MM. Persistent immunotoxic effects of tributyltin in human natural killer cells can be reversed by interleukin 2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:25-31. [PMID: 21783459 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a widespread environmental contaminant due to its use in marine antifouling paints and as an anti-microbial agent in other applications. There are measurable levels of TBT in some samples of human blood. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes capable of killing tumor and virally infected cells. Previously, we have shown that a 1h exposure to 300nM TBT caused a permanent decrease in the ability of human NK cells to bind to and destroy tumor target cells and in their expression of certain functionally relevant cell surface markers. The present study investigates the effect of the NK-stimulatory cytokine, interleukin (IL) 2 on TBT-induced decreases in NK cytotoxicity, binding function, and expression of CD16 and CD56. A 1h exposure to 300nM TBT followed by 24h in TBT-free media decreased cytotoxic function by 80%, and expression of CD16 by 16%. When 10ng/mL IL-2 was present during the 24h incubation there was no statistically significant decrease in cytotoxicity or expression of CD16. A 96h incubation in TBT-free media produced decreases in cytotoxicity (99%), binding function (65%), and expression of CD16 (48%) and CD56 (51%). IL-2 was able to reverse the TBT-induced decreases in each of these parameters seen after 96h. These results suggest that IL-2 restoration of NK ability to bind target cells correlates with its ability to restore CD16 and CD56 expression. Additionally, neither the loss of cytotoxic function (seen in the 24 or 48h periods following TBT exposure) nor its restoration by IL-2 can be substantially explained by the effects of TBT exposure on CD16 and CD56 expression or target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah O Odman-Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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9
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Thomas LD, Shah H, Green SA, Bankhurst AD, Whalen MM. Tributyltin exposure causes decreased granzyme B and perforin levels in human natural killer cells. Toxicology 2004; 200:221-33. [PMID: 15212818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that are capable of killing tumor cells, virally infected cells and antibody coated cells. Tributyltin (TBT) is a toxic chemical used for various industrial purposes such as: slime control in paper mills, disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters, anti-fouling agents in shower curtains and the preservation of wood. TBT can be found in edible items such as dairy products and fish. This study investigates the mechanism by which TBT exposure decreases the immune function of human NK cells, in vitro. Cytotoxic function, the expression of the cytotoxic proteins (granzyme B and perforin), and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were examined. NK cells exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1 h showed no significant decrease in cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin, or phosphorylation of CREB. However, mRNA levels for the cytotoxic proteins were significantly decreased. A 24 h exposure to 200 nM TBT caused significant decreases in cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin, and levels of granzyme B and perforin mRNA. When NK cells were exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1h followed by a 24 h period in TBT-free media, again there were significant decreases in NK cell cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin and their mRNA. A 1h exposure to 300 nM TBT followed by a 48 h period in TBT-free media showed similar changes in cytotoxic function and levels of granzyme B and perforin as seen after 24 h in TBT-free media. Additionally, both of these exposures showed significant decreases in phosphorylation of CREB. These results indicate that TBT exposures can disrupt the transcription of granzyme B and perforin and that this disruption cannot be entirely accounted for by a decrease in phosphorylated CREB (phosphoCREB) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeShawn D Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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10
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Dokur M, Boyadjieva N, Sarkar DK. Catecholaminergic control of NK cell cytolytic activity regulatory factors in the spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:148-57. [PMID: 15145613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (ISO) and metaproterenol (MP) on natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity and on the protein and mRNA levels of the regulatory factors perforin and granzyme B and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in splenocytes. NE, the beta-adrenergic agonist ISO, and the beta 2-selective-agonist MP all inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of perforin, granzyme B and mRNA levels of IFN-gamma. NE inhibited NK cell cytolytic activity as well. Furthermore, MP inhibition of granzyme B mRNA was blocked by the beta-antagonist nadolol. These data suggest that NE and beta-adrenergic agonists may inhibit NK cell cytolytic activity by regulating the production of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-gamma in splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Dokur
- Endocrinology Program, Biomedical Division at the Center of Alcohol Studies and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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11
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Bariagaber AK, Whalen MM. Decreased adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activities inhibit the cytotoxic function of human natural killer cells. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:866-73. [PMID: 12941541 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are capable of destroying tumor cells and virally infected cells without prior sensitization. Elevation of cyclic 3', 5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in NK cells is known to cause dramatic inhibition of NK cytolytic function. However, the effect of lowering cellular levels of cAMP on the cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells has not been studied. The current study investigated the effects of inhibiting adenylyl cyclase (AC) or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activities on the ability of NK cells to lyse K562 tumor cells, and on the activation of NK-cell phospholipase C (PLC) by tumor targets. Exposure of NK cells to the AC inhibitors MDL-12,330A (MDL) or 2',5',-Dideoxyadenosine (DDA) completely blocked their ability to destroy K562 tumor cells. Further, target-induced stimulation of NK-cell PLC was inhibited by as much as 90% when NK cells were treated with the AC inhibitors. Treatment of NK cells with the PKA inhibitor, H-89, caused essentially complete inhibition of cytotoxic function while decreasing target-induced stimulation of PLC by about 50%. Additionally, exposure to the organotin compound, tributyltin (TBT), which decreases cAMP levels in NK cells (as much as 80%) caused a decrease in cytotoxic function by as much as 90%. These data suggest that decreased levels of cAMP may cause very significant loss of NK cytotoxic function and that this may be mediated by decreased PKA activity. These data coupled with previous work revealing that increased cAMP levels inhibit NK cytotoxic function, suggest that tight regulation of cAMP levels is critical to NK cell function.
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12
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Whalen MM, Williams TB, Green SA, Loganathan BG. Interleukins 2 and 12 produce recovery of cytotoxic function in tributyltin-exposed human natural killer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 88:199-209. [PMID: 12051798 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic function of human natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by a variety of cytokines. Interleukins (IL) 2 and 12 are both potent stimulators of NK cell cytotoxic function. Tributyltin (TBT) is used in a variety of consumer products and industrial applications. TBT is found in dairy products, meat, and fish. We and others have shown that there are measurable levels of TBT in human blood. Butyltins appear to increase the risk of cancer and viral infections in exposed individuals. We have demonstrated that the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells is greatly diminished after a l-h exposure to TBT and that this inhibition persists even after removal of the compound. In the current study we examine the effects of the NK-stimulatory ILs, IL2 and IL12, on the ability of NK cells to recover from the persistent inhibitory effects of a 1-h TBT treatment. Highly purified NK cells (> 95% CD16(+)) or a lymphocyte preparation containing both T lymphocytes and NK cells were treated with 300 nM TBT and then allowed to recover for 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 6 days in TBT-free media containing no interleukin, 1000 U/mL IL2, 20 ng/mL IL l2, or a combination of IL2 plus IL12. Tumor killing function was then tested using a radioactive chromium release assay. As seen in our previous studies there is no recovery of NK cell cytotoxic function even after a 6-day recovery period when no interleukin is present in the medium. However, there is significant recovery of NK cytotoxic function when IL2, IL12, or the combination of IL2 plus IL12 is present in the medium during the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
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13
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Whalen MM, Walker L, Loganathan BG. Interleukins 2 and 12 produce significant recovery of cytotoxic function in dibutyltin-exposed human natural killer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 88:103-115. [PMID: 11908935 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2001.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic function of human natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by a variety of cytokines. Interleukins (IL) 2, 12, 15, and 18 and Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) are potent stimulators of NK cell cytotoxicity. Butyltins (BTs) are used in a variety of consumer products and industrial applications. Dibutyltin (DBT) is found in plastic products, beverages stored in PVC pipes during manufacturing, and poultry products. BTs appear to increase the risk of cancer and viral infections in exposed individuals. Recently, we have demonstrated that the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells is greatly diminished after a 1-h exposure to dibutyltin. This inhibition of tumor killing function continues even after removal of the compound. There is no significant recovery of NK cytotoxic function even when the cells are allowed to recover for 6 days. In the current study we examine the effects of NK-stimulatory cytokines on the ability of NK cells to recover from the inhibitory effects of a 1-h DBT treatment. Highly purified NK cells (>95% CD16(+)) or a lymphocyte preparation containing both T lymphocytes and NK cells were treated with 5 microM DBT and then allowed to recover for 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 6 days in DBT-free medium containing either no cytokine or a maximally stimulatory dose of several NK-stimulatory cytokines. Tumor killing function was tested using a radioactive chromium release assay. As seen in our previous studies there is no recovery of NK cell cytotoxic function even after a 6-day recovery period when no cytokine is present in the medium. However, there is significant recovery of NK cytotoxic function when IL2, IL12, or the combination of IL2 plus IL12 is present in the medium during the recovery period. The other cytokines tested (IL15, IL18, and IFNgamma) were unable to increase the cytotoxicity of DBT-exposed NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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14
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Ito A, Kataoka TR, Kim DK, Koma Y, Lee YM, Kitamura Y. Inhibitory effect on natural killer activity of microphthalmia transcription factor encoded by the mutant mi allele of mice. Blood 2001; 97:2075-83. [PMID: 11264174 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.7.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse mi locus encodes a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper-type transcription factor, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF). Mice of mi/mi genotype express a mutant form of MITF (mi-MITF), whereas mice of tg/tg genotype have a transgene in the 5' flanking region of the mi gene and do not express MITF. Although the mi/mi mouse is deficient in natural killer (NK) activity, it was found that the tg/tg mouse was normal in this respect. To know the cause, spleen cells of both genotypes were compared. Although the proportion of spleen cells expressing an NK cell marker, NK1.1, was comparable in both mice, the proportion of large granular lymphocytes decreased only in mi/mi mice. The difference between mi/mi and tg/tg mice was reproducible in the culture supplemented with interleukin-2. Moreover, the perforin gene expression was reduced in mi/mi-cultured spleen cells. Wild-type (+) MITF transactivated, but mi-MITF suppressed, the perforin gene promoter through the NF-P motif, a strong cis-acting element. However, neither +-MITF nor mi-MITF bound the NF-P motif. Instead, 2 nuclear factors that bound the NF-P motif were retained in the cytoplasm of mi/mi-cultured spleen cells. In addition, overexpression of mi-MITF resulted in cytoplasmic retention of the 2 NF-P motif-binding factors in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The presence of mi-MITF rather than the absence of +-MITF appeared to lead to poor transactivation of the NF-P motif by intercepting NF-P motif-binding factors. This inhibitory effect of mi-MITF may cause the deficient cytotoxicity of NK cells in mi/mi mice. (Blood. 2001;97:2075-2083)
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Genotype
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Count
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Proteins/analysis
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Spleen/pathology
- Transcription Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Burnett TG, Hunt JS. Nitric oxide synthase-2 and expression of perforin in uterine NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5245-50. [PMID: 10799885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In human, mouse, and rat pregnancy, maternal NK cells accumulate and differentiate at implantation sites. These cells, termed uterine NK (uNK) cells, express NO synthase (NOS)-2 and develop cytolytic molecules such as perforin and granzymes during differentiation in situ. In this study, relationships between expression of the NOS-2 gene, uNK cell population density and tissue distribution, and synthesis of perforin were investigated. Uteri from wild-type (WT) and NOS-2-/- mice were collected at gestation days (g.d.) 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 (n, >2/g.d.). Histochemical staining failed to reveal any differences between the population densities or tissue distributions of uNK cells in WT and NOS-2-/- uteri at any stage of gestation. By contrast, immunohistochemical staining with anti-perforin Abs demonstrated significantly fewer perforin-positive uNK cells in two uterine compartments of NOS-2-/- mice in comparison to the same compartments in WT mouse uteri. Perforin-positive uNK cells were reduced in NOS-2-/- metrial glands at g.d. 8, 10, and 12 and in decidua basalis at g.d. 12 (p < 0.05). Analysis of perforin protein by immunoblotting confirmed this observation. Northern blot hybridization studies showed that loss of perforin protein in NOS-2-/- mice was accompanied by decreased steady-state levels of perforin mRNA. These results demonstrate that migration of uNK cells into the uterus, selection of residency sites, and proliferation in situ are independent of NOS-2. By contrast, their differentiation, including transcription and translation of the cytotoxic molecule perforin, was shown to rely on normal expression of the NOS-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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16
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Yu CR, Ortaldo JR, Curiel RE, Young HA, Anderson SK, Gosselin P. Role of a STAT Binding Site in the Regulation of the Human Perforin Promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The pore-forming protein perforin is preferentially expressed in NK and cytotoxic T cells. To investigate the molecular regulation of human perforin gene transcription, the activity of the human perforin promoter was analyzed in human NK and T cell lines using various promoter fragments linked to a luciferase reporter gene. A core promoter was identified within 55 bp upstream of the transcription start site. This promoter region contains a guanine/cytosine box and has basal activity in YT, Kit225-k6, and Jurkat cells. A strong enhancer activity was identified between positions −1136 and −1076, a region that includes a STAT-like element. This enhancer region was active in YT cells, which have constitutive perforin expression and activated STAT3 protein, but not in Kit225-k6 or Jurkat cells, which do not have constitutive perforin expression. Mutation of the STAT binding site resulted in a dramatic down-regulation of promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, using a probe containing the STAT element of the perforin promoter, indicated that this element can bind STAT3 from YT cells. Moreover, the STAT element was shown to bind STAT5a/b induced by IL-2 as well as STAT1α induced by IL-6 in human NK cells. Together, these results suggest that STAT proteins play a key role in perforin gene transcription and provide a model by which cytokines can regulate perforin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rong Yu
- *Division of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, and
| | - John R. Ortaldo
- *Division of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, and
| | - Rafael E. Curiel
- *Division of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, and
| | - Howard A. Young
- *Division of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, and
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- †Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corp. Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Pierre Gosselin
- *Division of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, and
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17
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Abstract
Programmed methylation and demethylation of regulatory sequences has been proposed to play a central role in vertebrate development. We report here that the methylation status of the 5' regions of a panel of tissue-specific genes could not be correlated with expression in tissues of fetal and newborn mice. Genes reported to be regulated by reversible methylation were not expressed ectopically or precociously in Dnmt1-deficient mouse embryos under conditions where demethylation caused biallelic expression of imprinted genes and activated transcription of endogenous retroviruses of the IAP class. These and other data suggest that the numerous published expression-methylation correlations may have described not a cause but a consequence of transcriptional activation. A model is proposed under which cytosine methylation represents a biochemical specialization of large genomes that participates in specialized biological functions such as allele-specific gene expression and the heritable transcriptional silencing of parasitic sequence elements, whereas cellular differentiation is controlled by conserved regulatory networks that do not depend on covalent modification of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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18
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Abstract
We have discussed in the previous sections the recent progress made toward elucidating the regulatory mechanism of perforin gene transcription and the domain structure of the perforin molecule. It appears that the expression of perforin is, at least partially, controlled at the transcription level through the interaction between killer cell-specific cis- and trans- acting factors. One of such cognate pairs, NF-P motif (an EBS-homologous motif) and NF-P2 (a killer cell-specific DNA-binding protein), has been described. The regulatory mechanism of gene transcription, however, is likely to involve multiple factors which act in a coordinated fashion to bring about the most efficient expression of perforin limited strictly to activated killer lymphocytes. Through studies using synthetic peptides and recombinant perforins, it has been suggested that the N-terminal region of the perforin molecule is an important, though not the only, domain responsible for the lytic activity. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the role(s) of other potential amphiphilic structures located in the central portion of the perforin molecule in the overall pore-forming activity. The molecular basis underlying the resistance of killer lymphocytes to perforin-mediated lysis still remains an open question. Preliminary results, however, suggest that the surface protein(s) restricted to killer cells may account for their self-protection against perforin. Based on recent studies using perforin-deficient mice, the involvement of perforin in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis both in vivo and in vitro has been confirmed. Two functional roles, a direct (lytic) and an indirect (endocytosis enhancer; conduit), both of which may contribute critically to the cell-killing event can be attributed to perforin. The fact that lymphocytes may also employ perforin-independent killing mechanism(s), e.g. Fas-dependent pathway, is beyond the scope of this review. There is, nevertheless, no doubt that these alternative cytolytic mechanisms may also play important roles in immune effector and/or regulatory responses associated with killer lymphocytes. Obviously, we are still a long way from concluding on the functional relevance of each individual cytolytic mechanism seen in different physiopathological situations. Suffice it to say, however, that a wealth of information on lymphocyte-mediated killing has already emerged through the multidisciplinary efforts conducted in our and other laboratories that promise to further dissect this complicated event in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021, USA
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19
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Abstract
Perforin is a cytolytic mediator produced by killer lymphocytes, and is stored in and released by cytoplasmic granules. The protein is partially homologous to the terminal components of the membrane attack complex of complement and produces pores of up to 20 nm in diameter on target membranes. Its genomic and protein structures have recently been unraveled, and its function elucidated through the availability of genetically engineered, perforin-deficient mice. Here Chau-Ching Liu, Craig M. Walsh and John Ding-E Young briefly outline certain biochemical and molecular features of perforin, and discuss the still-evolving issues concerning the relevance of perforin and Fas in cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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20
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Takayama H, Kojima H, Shinohara N. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: the newly identified Fas (CD95)-mediated killing mechanism and a novel aspect of their biological functions. Adv Immunol 1995; 60:289-321. [PMID: 8607372 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Takayama
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kojima H, Shinohara N, Hanaoka S, Someya-Shirota Y, Takagaki Y, Ohno H, Saito T, Katayama T, Yagita H, Okumura K. Two distinct pathways of specific killing revealed by perforin mutant cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1994; 1:357-64. [PMID: 7533644 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To study the contribution of putative perforin-independent mechanism in the antigen-specific target destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes CD8+ CTL lines were established from spleen cells of chimeric mice produced by injecting perforin (-/-) embryonic stem cells into blastocysts of RAG-2(-/-) mice. When tested on normal concanavalin A blasts, these perforin-deficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines were found to be capable of inducing antigen-specific target cell lysis accompanied by DNA degradation. In contrast, with target cells carrying a mutation in Fas molecule, perforin-independent cytotoxicity was not detectable. These data not only confirmed the primary role of perforin but simultaneously revealed a major contribution of a perforin-independent Fas-mediated pathway in antigen-specific cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kojima
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Kägi D, Ledermann B, Bürki K, Seiler P, Odermatt B, Olsen KJ, Podack ER, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 1994; 369:31-7. [PMID: 8164737 DOI: 10.1038/369031a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1374] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Perforin-deficient mice have been generated by homologous recombination to determine whether the effects of CD8+ cytolytic T cells and natural killer cells are mediated by pore formation involving perforin. These mice are viable and fertile and have normal numbers of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells which do not lyse virus-infected or allogeneic fibroblasts or natural killer target cells in vitro. The mice fail to clear lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and they eliminate fibrosarcoma tumour cells with reduced efficiency. Perforin is therefore a key effector molecule for T-cell- and natural killer-cell-mediated cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kägi
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Identification of a killer cell-specific regulatory element of the mouse perforin gene: an Ets-binding site-homologous motif that interacts with Ets-related proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8413265 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.11.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the cytolytic protein perforin is selectively expressed by activated killer lymphocytes. To understand the mechanisms underlying the cell-type-specific expression of this gene, we have characterized the regulatory functions and the DNA-protein interactions of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse perforin gene (Pfp). A region extending from residues +62 through -141, which possesses the essential promoter activity, and regions further upstream, which are able to either enhance or suppress gene expression, were identified. The region between residues -411 and -566 was chosen for further characterization, since it contains an enhancer-like activity. We have identified a 32-mer sequence (residues -491 to -522) which appeared to be capable of enhancing gene expression in a killer cell-specific manner. Within this segment, a 9-mer motif (5'-ACAGGAAGT-3', residues -505 to -497; designated NF-P motif), which is highly homologous to the Ets proto-oncoprotein-binding site, was found to interact with two proteins, NF-P1 and NF-P2. NF-P2 appears to be induced by reagents known to up-regulate the perforin message level and is present exclusively in killer cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and UV cross-linking experiments revealed that NF-P1 and NF-P2 may possess common DNA-binding subunits. However, the larger native molecular mass of NF-P1 suggests that NF-P1 contains an additional non-DNA-binding subunit(s). In view of the homology between the NF-P motif and other Ets proto-oncoprotein-binding sites, it is postulated that NF-P1 and NF-P2 belong to the Ets protein family. Results obtained from the binding competition assay, nevertheless, suggest that NF-P1 and NF-P2 are related to but distinct from Ets proteins, e.g., Ets-1, Ets-2, and NF-AT/Elf-1, known to be expressed in T cells.
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24
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Koizumi H, Horta MF, Youn BS, Fu KC, Kwon BS, Young JD, Liu CC. Identification of a killer cell-specific regulatory element of the mouse perforin gene: an Ets-binding site-homologous motif that interacts with Ets-related proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:6690-701. [PMID: 8413265 PMCID: PMC364732 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.11.6690-6701.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the cytolytic protein perforin is selectively expressed by activated killer lymphocytes. To understand the mechanisms underlying the cell-type-specific expression of this gene, we have characterized the regulatory functions and the DNA-protein interactions of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse perforin gene (Pfp). A region extending from residues +62 through -141, which possesses the essential promoter activity, and regions further upstream, which are able to either enhance or suppress gene expression, were identified. The region between residues -411 and -566 was chosen for further characterization, since it contains an enhancer-like activity. We have identified a 32-mer sequence (residues -491 to -522) which appeared to be capable of enhancing gene expression in a killer cell-specific manner. Within this segment, a 9-mer motif (5'-ACAGGAAGT-3', residues -505 to -497; designated NF-P motif), which is highly homologous to the Ets proto-oncoprotein-binding site, was found to interact with two proteins, NF-P1 and NF-P2. NF-P2 appears to be induced by reagents known to up-regulate the perforin message level and is present exclusively in killer cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and UV cross-linking experiments revealed that NF-P1 and NF-P2 may possess common DNA-binding subunits. However, the larger native molecular mass of NF-P1 suggests that NF-P1 contains an additional non-DNA-binding subunit(s). In view of the homology between the NF-P motif and other Ets proto-oncoprotein-binding sites, it is postulated that NF-P1 and NF-P2 belong to the Ets protein family. Results obtained from the binding competition assay, nevertheless, suggest that NF-P1 and NF-P2 are related to but distinct from Ets proteins, e.g., Ets-1, Ets-2, and NF-AT/Elf-1, known to be expressed in T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Leukemia, T-Cell
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mast-Cell Sarcoma
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thymoma
- Thymus Neoplasms
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koizumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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25
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García-Sanz JA, Podack ER. Regulation of perforin gene expression in a T cell hybrid with inducible cytolytic activity. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1877-83. [PMID: 8344349 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A mouse x rat T cell hybrid (PC60) that does not require interleukin (IL)-2 for proliferation, was used as a model to study regulation of perforin gene expression. Perforin mRNA is barely detectable in non-induced PC60 cells; however, a 30-fold induction is observed after stimulation with IL-1 alone. Peak perforin mRNA levels were reached after 10 h of induction with IL-1, and these levels were maintained for as long as the stimulus was present. IL-2 by itself has no detectable effect. However, in combination with IL-1 it shows the same induction kinetics as IL-1 alone for the first 10 h, subsequently there is synergism (100-fold induction) between IL-1 and IL-2. The induction response was mainly due to increased transcriptional rates of the perforin gene, and require newly synthesized proteins. The half-life of perforin mRNA in this system is about 5 h. In addition, we confirm the existence of two types of mouse perforin mRNA that differ in their 5' untranslated regions, and show evidence that both mRNA are translated in vivo with similar efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A García-Sanz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, School of Medicine
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26
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Kim KK, Blakely A, Zhou Z, Davis J, Clark W, Kwon BS. Changes in the level of perforin and its transcript during effector and target cell interactions. Immunol Lett 1993; 36:161-9. [PMID: 8349312 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a cytoplasmic granule protein expressed in cytotoxic lymphocytes, and is capable of lysing target cells. This protein is induced as cytotoxic T cells are activated, and the mRNA expression is modulated by various stimulators. These observations suggest possible changes in the level of perforin transcripts and protein when killer lymphocytes meet specific target cells leading to target cell death. To address this question, we examined three murine T-cell clones and primary human NK cells in perforin expression. When the cytotoxic lymphocytes were exposed to sensitive targets, perforin mRNA disappeared within 5 to 30 min and appeared within an hour thereafter. Among the murine T cell clones, L3 and OE4 showed two phases of mRNA decrease while human NK cells and the third murine T cell clone, AB.1, showed only one phase of mRNA loss during a 240 min period. The data indicate that when cytotoxic lymphocytes receive signals from a sensitive target, the cells rapidly degrade previously accumulated perforin mRNA and synthesize new transcripts. Interestingly, heat shock protein 70 mRNA was induced as the perforin mRNA levels recovered, while P55 Il-2 receptor mRNA was downregulated within 5 min after exposure to targets. The perforin protein level also rapidly decreased immediately after the interaction with the target, followed by a recovery, and then another decrease as seen in primary human NK cells, OE4 and L3 cells. However, in the AB.1 clone, no change in perforin content was detectable, despite the loss of perforin mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Cell Size
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoblotting
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/ultrastructure
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/immunology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202
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27
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Aasheim HC, Aas-Eng DA, Deggerdal A, Blomhoff HK, Funderud S, Smeland EB. Cell-specific expression of human beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase transcripts differing in the 5' untranslated region. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 213:467-75. [PMID: 8477718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In humans, two cDNAs have been isolated encoding beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase, differing only in part of the 5' untranslated region. Primer extension data show that the two cDNAs are near full-length clones. RNase protection analysis of different cell types showed that the transcript corresponding to the alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA isolated from a B-cell library resided only in mature B cells. In contrast, the transcript corresponding to the alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA isolated from a placenta library was found in all cells tested. Our results also indicate the existence of a third alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase transcript in the hepatoma cell line HepG2. Mature B cells were found to express high amounts of alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase mRNA, compared to other cell types tested, as shown by Northern blot analysis. Moreover there was an increased expression of beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase mRNA in activated B cells compared to resting B cells. In vitro transcription and translation of the cDNAs resulted in a protein of 45 kDa, but the transcripts were translated with different efficiency, suggesting a role for the 5' untranslated region in regulation of translation. We have also made an alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase construct lacking the specific 5' regions of the two cDNAs. A transcript generated from this construct was translated more efficiently in vitro than the two alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Aasheim
- Department of Immunology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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28
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Grilli M, Chiu JJ, Lenardo MJ. NF-kappa B and Rel: participants in a multiform transcriptional regulatory system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 143:1-62. [PMID: 8449662 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Grilli
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Yagita H, Nakata M, Kawasaki A, Shinkai Y, Okumura K. Role of perforin in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Adv Immunol 1992; 51:215-42. [PMID: 1502975 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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