1
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Anderson CK, Brossay L. The role of MHC class Ib-restricted T cells during infection. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:677-91. [PMID: 27368413 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Even though major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and many Ib molecules have similarities in structure, MHC class Ib molecules tend to have more specialized functions, which include the presentation of non-peptidic antigens to non-classical T cells. Likewise, non-classical T cells also have unique characteristics, including an innate-like phenotype in naïve animals and rapid effector functions. In this review, we discuss the role of MAIT and NKT cells during infection but also the contribution of less studied MHC class Ib-restricted T cells such as Qa-1-, Qa-2-, and M3-restricted T cells. We focus on describing the types of antigens presented to non-classical T cells, their response and cytokine profile following infection, as well as the overall impact of these T cells to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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2
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Davani D, Pancer Z, Cheroutre H, Ratcliffe MJH. Negative selection of self-reactive chicken B cells requires B cell receptor signaling and is independent of the bursal microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3207-17. [PMID: 24516196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the negative selection of self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow of mammals has been clearly demonstrated, it remains unclear in models of gut-associated B cell lymphopoiesis, such as that of the chicken (Gallus gallus). We have generated chicken surface IgM-related receptors in which the diversity region of the lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) has been fused to the C region of chicken surface IgM (Tμ). Expression of a VLR:Tμ receptor with specificity for PE supported normal development of B cells, whereas a VLR:Tμ receptor specific to hen egg lysozyme (a self-antigen with respect to chicken B cells) induced, in vivo, complete deletion of VLR(HEL)Tμ-expressing B cells. In ovo i.v. injection of PE resulted in deletion of VLR(PE)Tμ-expressing Β cells in the embryo spleen, demonstrating that negative selection was independent of the bursal microenvironment. Although chickens transduced with a murine CD8α:chicken Igα fusion protein contained B cells expressing mCD8α:chIgα, cotransfection of the mCD8α:chIgα construct, together with thymus leukemia Ag (a natural ligand for mCD8α), resulted in reduced levels of mCD8α:chIgα-expressing B cells in inverse proportion to the levels of thymus leukemia Ag-expressing cells. Deletion of mCD8α:chIgα-expressing cells was specific for B cells and required active signaling downstream of the mCD8α:chIgα receptor. Ag-mediated negative selection of developing chicken B cells can therefore occur independently of the bursal microenvironment and is dependent on signaling downstream of the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Davani
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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3
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TL and CD8αα: Enigmatic partners in mucosal immunity. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:1-6. [PMID: 20850477 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa represents a large surface area that is in contact with an immense antigenic load. The immune system associated with the intestinal mucosa needs to distinguish between innocuous food antigens, commensal microorganisms, and pathogenic microorganisms, without triggering an exaggerated immune response that may lead to excessive inflammation and/or development of inflammatory bowel disease. The thymus leukemia (TL) antigen and CD8αα are interacting surface molecules that are expressed at the frontline of the mucosal immune system: TL is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) whereas CD8αα is expressed in lymphocytes, known as intraepithelial lymphocytes, that reside in between the IEC. In this review we discuss the significance of the interaction between TL and CD8αα in mucosal immunity during health and disease.
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4
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Kunisawa J, Takahashi I, Kiyono H. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: their shared and divergent immunological behaviors in the small and large intestine. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:136-53. [PMID: 17291285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the front line of the body's immunological defense system, the gastrointestinal tract faces a large number of food-derived antigens, allergens, and nutrients, as well as commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. To maintain intestinal homeostasis, the gut immune system regulates two opposite immunological reactions: immune activation and quiescence. With their versatile immunological features, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play an important role in this regulation. IELs are mainly composed of T cells, but these T cells are immunologically distinct from peripheral T cells. Not only do IELs differ immunologically from peripheral T cells but they are also comprised of heterogeneous populations showing different phenotypes and immunological functions, as well as trafficking and developmental pathways. Though IELs in the small and large intestine share common features, they have also developed differences as they adjust to the two different environments. This review seeks to shed light on the immunological diversity of small and large intestinal IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Abstract
The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are mostly T cells dispersed as single cells within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. IELs are, therefore, strategically located at the interface between the antigen-rich outside world and the sterile core of the body. The intestine of higher vertebrates has further evolved to harbor numerous commensal bacteria that carry out important functions for the host, and while defensive immunity can effectively protect against the invasion of pathogens, similar immune reactions against food-derived antigens or harmless colonizing bacteria can result in unnecessary and sometimes damaging immune responses. Probably as a result of this unique dilemma imposed by the gut environment, multiple subsets of IEL have differentiated, which all display characteristics of 'activated yet resting' immune cells. Despite this common feature, IELs are heterogeneous with regard to their phenotype, ontogeny, and function. In this review, we discuss the different subtypes of IELs and highlight the distinct pathways they took that led to their unique differentiation into highly specialized effector memory T cells, which provide the most effective immune protection yet in a strictly regulated fashion to preserve the integrity and vital functions of the intestinal mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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6
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Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. Mucosal T lymphocytes--peacekeepers and warriors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:147-65. [PMID: 15931528 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Normal immune homeostasis of the intestine requires peaceful coexistence with commensal flora, combined with host defense against pathogens. Perhaps as a result of this unique dilemma, distinct populations of regulatory and effector T lymphocytes are found in the lamina propria and epithelium of the intestine. Here we summarize the properties and functions of these unusual T cells, and describe the molecular and cellular interactions that lead to their development and function. Some mucosal T cells, sometimes called type a, are conventional activated/memory T cells that have received instructions to migrate to the intestine during priming by dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph node and elsewhere. Others, however, particularly subsets residing permanently in the epithelium, are intestine-specific T cell subpopulations generated by an atypical differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA.
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7
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Attinger A, Devine L, Wang-Zhu Y, Martin D, Wang JH, Reinherz EL, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H, Kavathas P. Molecular basis for the high affinity interaction between the thymic leukemia antigen and the CD8alphaalpha molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3501-7. [PMID: 15749886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse thymic leukemia (TL) Ag is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule that binds with higher affinity to CD8alphaalpha than CD8alphabeta. The interaction of CD8alphaalpha with TL is important for lymphocyte regulation in the intestine. Therefore, we studied the molecular basis for TL Ag binding to CD8alphaalpha. The stronger affinity of the TL Ag for CD8alphaalpha is largely mediated by three amino acids on exposed loops of the conserved alpha3 domain. Mutant classical class I molecules substituted with TL Ag amino acids at these positions mimic the ability to interact with CD8alphaalpha and modulate lymphocyte function. These data indicate that small changes in the alpha3 domain of class I molecules potentially can have profound physiologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Attinger
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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8
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the central organ for uptake of fluids and nutrients, and at the same time it forms the main protective barrier between the sterile environment of the body and the outside world. In mammals, the intestine has further evolved to harbor a vast load of commensal bacteria that have important functions for the host. Discrimination by the host defense system of nonself from self can prevent invasion of pathogens, but equivalent responses to dietary or colonizing bacteria can lead to devastating consequences for the organism. This dilemma imposed by the gut environment has probably contributed significantly to the evolutionary drive that has led to sophisticated mechanisms and diversification of the immune system to allow for protection while maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The immense expansion and specialization of the immune system is particularly mirrored in the phylogeny, ontogeny, organization, and regulation of the adaptive intraepithelial lymphocytes, or IEL, which are key players in the unique intestinal defense mechanisms that have evolved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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9
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Tsujimura K, Obata Y, Takahashi T. Thymus-leukemia antigen (TL) as a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule and tumor-specific antigen. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:469-74. [PMID: 15182425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse thymus-leukemia antigens (TL) belong to the family of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib antigens and have a unique mode of expression, i.e., in contrast to other MHC class Ib or Ia antigens, they are found restricted to the intestines in all mouse strains, but also in the thymus of certain strains (TL(+) strains). Nevertheless, a proportion of T lymphomas/leukemias in strains that do not express TL in the thymus (TL(-) strains) feature TL as a tumor antigen. TL was originally defined serologically, but subsequently we have succeeded in generating T cell receptor (TCR) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognizing TL. By use of TL tetramers free from peptides and transfectants expressing various TL/H-2 chimeric molecules, we have been able to show that TL-specific CTL recognize the alpha1/alpha2 domain of TL without any additional antigen molecules. We previously reported that one of TL's functions in the thymus is positive selection of TCR CTL. Recent studies with TL tetramers revealed that they can bind to normal intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) and thymocytes in a CD8-dependent, but TCR/CD3-independent manner, while their binding to TL-specific CTL is TCR/CD3- and CD8-dependent. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the roles of TL in the intestines is discussed. We have long been interested in TL as a model tumor antigen which shares characteristics with human differentiation tumor antigens, and we have demonstrated that growth of TL(+) lymphoma cells in vivo is suppressed by immunization with TL(+) skin or dendritic cells (DC) from TL transgenic mice. In addition, anti-tumor effects against TL(+) T lymphomas were obtained by adoptive transfer of TL tetramer strongly-positive TL-specific CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Tsujimura
- Division of Immunology and Director, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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10
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Tsukada C, Miyaji C, Kawamura H, Miyakawa R, Yokoyama H, Ishimoto Y, Miyazawa S, Watanabe H, Abo T. Characterization of extrathymic CD8 alpha beta T cells in the liver and intestine in TAP-1 deficient mice. Immunology 2003; 109:343-50. [PMID: 12807479 PMCID: PMC1782982 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TAP-1 deficient (-/-) mice cannot transport MHC class I antigens onto the cell surface, which results in failure of the generation of CD8+ T cells in the thymus. In a series of recent studies, it has been proposed that extrathymic T cells are generated in the liver and at other extrathymic sites (e.g. the intestine). It was therefore investigated whether CD8+ extrathymic T cells require an interaction with MHC class I antigens for their differentiation in TAP-1(-/-) mice. Although CD8+ thymically derived T cells were confirmed to be absent in the spleen as well as in the thymus, CD8 alpha beta+ T cells were abundant in the livers and intestines of TAP-1(-/-) mice. These CD8+ T cells expanded in the liver as a function of age and were mainly confined to a NK1.1-CD3int population which is known to be truly of extrathymic origin. Hepatic lymphocytes, which contained CD8+ T cells and which were isolated from TAP-1(-/-) mice (H-2b), responded to neither mutated MHC class I antigens (bm1) nor allogeneic MHC class I antigens (H-2d) in in vitro mixed lymphocyte cultures. However, the results from repeated in vivo stimulations with alloantigens (H-2d) were interesting. Allogeneic cytotoxicity was induced in liver lymphocytes in TAP-1(-/-) mice, although the magnitude of cytotoxicity was lower than that of liver lymphocytes in immunized B6 mice. All allogeneic cytotoxicity disappeared with the elimination of CD8+ cells in TAP-1(-/-) mice. These results suggest that the generation and function of CD8+ extrathymic T cells are independent of the existence of the MHC class I antigens of the mouse but have a limited allorecognition ability.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Tsukada
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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11
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Liu Y, Xiong Y, Naidenko OV, Liu JH, Zhang R, Joachimiak A, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H, Reinherz EL, Wang JH. The crystal structure of a TL/CD8alphaalpha complex at 2.1 A resolution: implications for modulation of T cell activation and memory. Immunity 2003; 18:205-15. [PMID: 12594948 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TL is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule that modulates T cell activation through relatively high-affinity interaction with CD8alphaalpha. To investigate how the TL/CD8alphaalpha interaction influences TCR signaling, we characterized the structure of the TL/CD8alphaalpha complex using X-ray crystallography. Unlike antigen-presenting molecules, the TL antigen-binding groove is occluded by specific conformational changes. This feature eliminates antigen presentation, severely hampers direct TCR recognition, and prevents TL from participating in the TCR activation complex. At the same time, the TL/CD8alphaalpha interaction is strengthened through subtle structure changes in the TL alpha3 domain. Thus, TL functions to sequester and redirect CD8alphaalpha away from the TCR, modifying lck-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Abstract
Intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are a major lymphocyte population, reside in close proximity to the intestinal lumen and are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. iIELs consist of several unique T-cell phenotypes and express both non-rearranged innate immune receptors and rearranged adaptive immune receptors. The ligands for the innate immune receptors on iIELs, such as NKG2D (natural killer-cell receptor), often bind to non-classical MHC class I molecules, such as the human MHC class I-related molecules MICA or MICB. These ligands costimulate T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling. In most cases, the MHC molecules that bind to the TCR are still unknown. However, recent efforts to understand the MHC molecules that are involved in the development of and antigen recognition by iIELs have revealed several important results. Here, we focus systematically on recent developments in innate immunity and in TCR recognition of different subtypes of iIELs by various MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobardhan Das
- Room #3335, Bld-JR2, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 202-206 North, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
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13
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Davis BK, Cook RG, Rich RR, Rodgers JR. Hyperconservation of the putative antigen recognition site of the MHC class I-b molecule TL in the subfamily Murinae: evidence that thymus leukemia antigen is an ancient mammalian gene. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6890-9. [PMID: 12471122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
"Classical" MHC class I (I-a) genes are extraordinarily polymorphic, but "nonclassical" MHC class I (I-b) genes are monomorphic or oligomorphic. Although diversifying (positive) Darwinian selection is thought to explain the origin and maintenance of MHC class I-a polymorphisms, genetic mechanisms underlying MHC class I-b evolution are uncertain. In one extreme model, MHC class I-b loci are derived by gene duplication from MHC class I-a alleles but rapidly drift into functional obsolescence and are eventually deleted. In this model, extant MHC class I-b genes are relatively young, tend to be dysfunctional or pseudogenic, and orthologies are restricted to close taxa. An alternative model proposed that the mouse MHC class I-b gene thymus leukemia Ag (TL) arose approximately 100 million years ago, near the time of the mammalian radiation. To determine the mode of evolution of TL, we cloned TL from genomic DNA of 11 species of subfamily Murinae: Every sample we tested contained TL, suggesting this molecule has been maintained throughout murine evolution. The sequence similarity of TL orthologs ranged from 85-99% and was inversely proportional to taxonomic distance. The sequences showed high conservation throughout the entire extracellular domains with exceptional conservation in the putative Ag recognition site. Our results strengthen the hypotheses that TL has evolved a specialized function and represents an ancient MHC class I-b gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckley K Davis
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Weber DA, Attinger A, Kemball CC, Wigal JL, Pohl J, Xiong Y, Reinherz EL, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M, Jensen PE. Peptide-independent folding and CD8 alpha alpha binding by the nonclassical class I molecule, thymic leukemia antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5708-14. [PMID: 12421950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical class I molecule, thymic leukemia (TL), has been shown to be expressed on intestinal epithelial cells and to interact with CD8(+) intraepithelial T lymphocytes. We generated recombinant soluble TL (T18(d)) H chains in bacteria as inclusion bodies and refolded them with beta(2)-microglobulin in the presence or absence of a random peptide library. Using a mAb, HD168, that recognizes a conformational epitope on native TL molecules, we observed that protein folds efficiently in the absence of peptide. Circular dichroism analysis demonstrated that TL molecules have structural features similar to classical class I molecules. Moreover, thermal denaturation experiments indicated that the melting temperature for peptide-free TL is similar to values reported previously for conventional class I-peptide complexes. Our results also show that CD8alphaalpha binding is not dependent on either TL-associated peptide or TL glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Weber
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Forman J, Lindahl KF. Listing, location, binding motifs, and expression of nonclassical class I and related genes and molecules. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2002; Appendix 1:Appendix 1M. [PMID: 18432863 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.ima01ms49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The tables presented in this appendix list nonclassical class I or related genes/molecules arranged by the chromosomal region where they are encoded. This includes genes that fall into the Ib region of the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which includes H2-Q, -T, and -M, as well as CD1, which lies outside the MHC region. A final table includes genes/molecules that are encoded in diverse regions. They are included in this section because they are either class I related in that their heavy chain is related to classical class I and/or they are associated with ion given is for the C57BL/6 (B6) strain unless otherwise noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Forman
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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16
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Leishman AJ, Naidenko OV, Attinger A, Koning F, Lena CJ, Xiong Y, Chang HC, Reinherz E, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H. T cell responses modulated through interaction between CD8alphaalpha and the nonclassical MHC class I molecule, TL. Science 2001; 294:1936-9. [PMID: 11729321 DOI: 10.1126/science.1063564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The thymus leukemia antigen (TL) is a nonclassical class I molecule, expressed abundantly on intestinal epithelial cells. We show that, in contrast to other major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that bind CD8alphabeta, TL preferentially binds the homotypic form of CD8alpha (CD8alphaalpha). Thus, TL tetramers react specifically to CD8alphaalpha-expressing cells, including most intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Compared with CD8alphabeta, which recognizes the same MHC as the T cell receptor (TCR) and thus acts as a TCR coreceptor, high-affinity binding of CD8alphaalpha to TL modifies responses mediated by TCR recognition of antigen presented by distinct MHC molecules. These findings define a novel mechanism of lymphocyte regulation through CD8alphaalpha and MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Leishman
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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17
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Tsujimura K, Obata Y, Matsudaira Y, Ozeki S, Yoshikawa K, Saga S, Takahashi T. The binding of thymus leukemia (TL) antigen tetramers to normal intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:759-64. [PMID: 11441080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymus leukemia (TL) Ags belong to the family of nonclassical MHC class I Ags and can be recognized by both TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta CTL with TL, but not H-2 restriction. We previously reported that the CTL epitope is TAP independent, but the antigenic molecule(s) presented by TL has yet to be determined. In the present study, TL tetramers were prepared with T3(b)-TL and murine beta(2)-microglobulin, not including antigenic peptides, and binding specificity was studied. CTL clones against TL Ags were stained with the T3(b)-TL tetramer, and the binding shown to be CD3 and CD8 dependent. Normal lymphocytes from various origins were also studied. Surprisingly, most CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes derived from the small intestines (iIEL), as well as CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, were stained, while only very minor populations of CD8(+) cells derived from other peripheral lymphoid tissues, such as spleen and lymph nodes, were positive. The binding of T3(b)-TL tetramers to CD8(+) iIEL and thymocytes was CD8 dependent, but CD3 independent, in contrast to that to TL-restricted CTL. These results altogether showed that TL-restricted CTL can be monitored by CD3-dependent binding of T3(b)-TL tetramers. In addition, CD3-independent T3(b)-TL tetramer binding to iIEL and thymocytes may imply that TL expressed on intestinal epithelium and cortical thymocytes has a physiological function interacting with these tetramer(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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18
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Wang B, Chun T, Rulifson IC, Exley M, Balk SP, Wang CR. Human CD1d functions as a transplantation antigen and a restriction element in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3829-36. [PMID: 11238626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To study the potential functions of human CD1d (hCD1d), we developed transgenic (Tg) mice that ectopically express hCD1d under the control of H-2K(b) promoter. High levels of hCD1d expression were detected in all Tg tissues tested. Skin grafts from the K(b)/hCD1d Tg mice were rapidly rejected by MHC-matched non-Tg recipient mice, suggesting that hCD1d can act as transplantation Ags. Furthermore, we were able to elicit hCD1d-restricted CD8(+) CTLs from mice immunized with K(b)/hCD1d Tg splenocytes. These CTLs express TCR rearrangements that are distinct from invariant TCR of NK T cells, and secrete significant amounts of IFN-gamma upon Ag stimulation. Analysis with various hCD1d-expressing targets and use of Ag presentation inhibitors indicated the recognition of hCD1d by CTLs did not involve species or tissue-specific ligands nor require the processing pathways of endosomes or proteasomes. Additionally, the reactivity of hCD1d-specific CTLs was not affected by acid stripping followed by brefeldin A treatment, suggesting that CTLs may recognize a ligand/hCD1d complex that is resistant to acid denaturation, or empty hCD1d molecules. Our results show that hCD1d can function as an alloantigen for CD8(+) CTLs. The hCD1d Tg mice provide a versatile model for the study of hCD1d-restricted cytolytic responses to microbial Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/physiology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunophenotyping
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- L Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transfection
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Tsujimura K, Obata Y, Iwase S, Matsudaira Y, Ozeki S, Takahashi T. The epitope detected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes against thymus leukemia (TL) antigen is TAP independent. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1217-25. [PMID: 10967016 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.9.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus leukemia (TL) antigens belong to the family of MHC class Ib antigens. We have shown in our previous studies that they serve as transplantation antigens, and can be recognized by both TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with TL but not H-2 restriction. Although TL are known to be expressed TAP independently, it is unclear whether peptide loading on TL molecules is necessary for the formation of CTL epitopes. In the present study, we first showed that TL expression is beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m)-dependent but TAP1 independent by flow cytometric analysis of thymocytes from beta(2)m- or TAP1-deficient mice crossed with TL transgenic mice expressing Tla(a)-3-TL on their thymocytes. Subsequently, we investigated the epitope recognized by CTL derived from C3H mice immunized with skin from a transgenic mouse expressing T3(b)-TL ubiquitously. Bulk CTL lines against TL from primary mixed lymphocyte cultures showed comparable cytotoxicity against T3(b)-TL transfectants of TAP2-deficient murine RMA-S grown at 37 degrees C to that against those grown at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta CTL clones against TL recognized TL expressed on T3(b)-TL transfectants of RMA-S and Drosophila melanogaster cells having broad defects in peptide loading of MHC, and lysed these target cells. These results together indicate that TL-specific CTL populations primarily recognize epitopes expressed TAP independently.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Epitopes/analysis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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20
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Soloski MJ, Szperka ME, Davies A, Wooden SL. Host immune response to intracellular bacteria: A role for MHC-linked class-Ib antigen-presenting molecules. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 224:231-9. [PMID: 10964257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MHC-linked class-Ib molecules are a subfamily of class-I molecules that display limited genetic polymorphism. At one time these molecules were considered to have an enigmatic function. However, recent studies have shown that MHC-linked class-Ib molecules can function as antigen presentation structures that bind bacteria-derived epitopes for recognition by CD8+ effector T cells. This role for class-Ib molecules has been demonstrated across broad classes of intracellular bacteria including Listeria moncytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, evidence is emerging that MHC-linked class-Ib molecules also serve an integral role as recognition elements for NK cells as well as several TCR alpha/beta and TCR gamma/delta T-cell subsets. Thus, MHC-linked class-Ib molecules contribute to the host immune response by serving as antigen presentation molecules and recognition ligands in both the innate and adaptive immune response to infection. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the work that supports a role for MHC-linked class-Ib molecules in the host response to infection with intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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21
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Janetzki S, Song P, Gupta V, Lewis JJ, Houghton AN. Insect cells as HLA-restricted antigen-presenting cells for the IFN-gamma elispot assay. J Immunol Methods 2000; 234:1-12. [PMID: 10669764 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of specific cellular immune responses in patients undergoing immunotherapy is difficult. Established approaches, including cytotoxicity (e.g., 51Cr release) and cytokine release assays, require in vitro culturing for several weeks or more of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the addition of exogenous cytokines. Therefore, the immunological response does not reflect in vivo conditions. To address these disadvantages, we have used an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) Elispot assay for detecting peptide-specific CD8(+) lymphocytes in PBMC. A limitation of this assay is the lack of a reproducible source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Currently available APCs often lead to significant background levels. It has been shown that transfected insect cells can express empty MHC class I molecules on their surface. We have transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and the Lepidopteran line Sf9 with the gene encoding human HLA-A2.1. We demonstrate that insect cells expressing a human HLA molecule effectively function as APCs in the IFN-gamma Elispot assay. Initially the feasibility of the assay was assessed using CD8(+) T cells from HLA-A2.1(+) donors with known reactivity against an HLA-A2.1-binding epitope of the influenza matrix protein. Use of insect cells as APCs abrogated background spots, increasing sensitivity. We further observed that a short-term prestimulation of PBMC with peptide-pulsed insect cells markedly enhanced the frequency of peptide-specific T cells that could be measured in the Elispot assay without increasing the background. This approach was then used to measure CD8(+) T cell reactivity to a peptide from tyrosinase, an antigen that is processed and presented by melanoma cells. Insect cells expressing human HLA molecules provide a standard APC for monitoring CD8(+) T cell responses to tumor and viral peptides during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janetzki
- Swim Across America Laboratory and Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA. janetzki_sylvania/
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22
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Wang B, Chun T, Wang CR. Comparative contribution of CD1 on the development of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:739-45. [PMID: 10623818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD1 molecules are MHC class I-like glycoproteins whose expression is essential for the development of a unique subset of T cells, the NK T cells. To evaluate to what extent CD1 contributes to the development of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, we generated CD1oIIo and CD1oTAPo mice and compared the generation of T cells in these double-mutant mice and IIo or TAPo mice. FACS analysis showed that the number of CD4+ T cells in CD1oIIo mice was reduced significantly compared with the corresponding population in IIo mice. Both CD4+ NK1.1+ and the CD4+ NK1.1- population were reduced in CD1oIIo mice, suggesting that CD1 can select not only CD4+ NK1.1+ T cells but also some NK1.1- CD4+ T cells. Functional analysis showed that the residual CD4+ cells in CD1oIIo can secrete large amounts of IFN-gamma and a significant amount of IL-4 during primary stimulation with anti-CD3, suggesting that this population may be enriched for NK T cells restricted by other class I molecules. In contrast to the CD4+ population, no significant differences in the CD8+ T cell compartment can be detected between TAPo and CD1oTAPo mice in all lymphoid tissues tested, including intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Our data suggest that, unlike other MHC class I molecules, CD1 does not contribute in a major way to the development of CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Naidenko OV, Maher JK, Ernst WA, Sakai T, Modlin RL, Kronenberg M. Binding and antigen presentation of ceramide-containing glycolipids by soluble mouse and human CD1d molecules. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1069-80. [PMID: 10523605 PMCID: PMC2195664 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.8.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1999] [Accepted: 08/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have purified soluble mouse and human CD1d molecules to assess the structural requirements for lipid antigen presentation by CD1. Plate-bound CD1d molecules from either species can present the glycolipid alpha-galactosyl ceramide (alpha-GalCer) to mouse natural killer T cells, formally demonstrating both the in vitro formation of antigenic complexes, and the presentation of alpha-GalCer by these two CD1d molecules. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that at neutral pH, mouse CD1 and human CD1d bind to immobilized alpha-GalCer, unlike human CD1b, which requires acidic pH for lipid antigen binding. The CD1d molecules can also bind both to the nonantigenic beta-GalCer and to phosphatidylethanolamine, indicating that diverse lipids can bind to CD1d. These studies provide the first quantitative analysis of monomeric lipid antigen-CD1 interactions, and they demonstrate that the orientation of the galactose, or even the nature of the polar head group, are likely to be more important for T cell receptor contact than CD1d binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Naidenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Juli K. Maher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121
| | - William A. Ernst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Teruyuki Sakai
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-12, Japan
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121
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24
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Gapin L, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. Cutting Edge: TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ T Cells Are Found in Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes of Mice That Lack Classical MHC Class I Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TCRαβ+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) can express either the typical CD8αβ heterodimer or an unusual CD8αα homodimer. Both types of CD8+ IEL require class I molecules for their differentiation, since they are absent in β2m−/− mice. To gain insight into the role of class I molecules in forming TCRαβ+ CD8+ IEL populations, we have analyzed the IEL in mice deficient for either TAP, β2m, CD1, or K and D. We find that K−/−D−/− mice have TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL, although they are deficient for TCRαβ+ CD8αβ+ cells. This indicates that at least some TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL require only nonclassical class I molecules for their development. Surprisingly, the TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL are significantly increased in K−/−D−/− mice, suggesting a complex interaction between CD8+ IEL and class I molecules that might include direct or indirect negative regulation by K and D, as well as positive effects mediated by nonclassical class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gapin
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121
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25
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Chiu NM, Chun T, Fay M, Mandal M, Wang CR. The majority of H2-M3 is retained intracellularly in a peptide-receptive state and traffics to the cell surface in the presence of N-formylated peptides. J Exp Med 1999; 190:423-34. [PMID: 10430630 PMCID: PMC2195588 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.3.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/1999] [Accepted: 06/15/1999] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a new monoclonal antibody (mAb 130) to analyze the intracellular trafficking and surface expression of H2-M3, the major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule that presents N-formylated peptides to cytotoxic T cells. M3 surface expression is undetectable in most cell types due to the paucity of endogenous antigen. M3 is induced on the cell surface by addition of high-affinity N-formylated peptides from mitochondria and listeria. Peptide-induced M3 expression is most efficient on antigen presenting cells. Basal and inducible expression of M3 is transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-dependent, distinguishing M3 from the class Ib molecules TL and CD1. Unlike the expression of class Ia molecules and a previously described M3/L(d) chimera, surface expression of M3 cannot be rescued by lowered temperature, suggesting that the alpha3 domain and transmembrane region of M3 may control trafficking. Pulse-chase analysis and use of trafficking inhibitors revealed a pool of empty M3 in the endoplasmic reticulum or early Golgi apparatus. Addition of exogenous peptide allows maturation with kinetics matching those of D(d). The lack of endogenous N-formylated peptide allows discovery of novel pathogen-derived peptides in normal antigen presenting cells. The nonpolymorphic nature of M3 and its ability to present bacterial antigens rapidly and dominantly make it an attractive target for peptide vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Chiu
- From the Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Taehoon Chun
- From the Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Miriam Fay
- From the Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Manas Mandal
- From the Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- From the Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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26
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Hong S, Scherer DC, Singh N, Mendiratta SK, Serizawa I, Koezuka Y, Van Kaer L. Lipid antigen presentation in the immune system: lessons learned from CD1d knockout mice. Immunol Rev 1999; 169:31-44. [PMID: 10450506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules represent a distinct lineage of antigen-presenting molecules that are evolutionarily related to the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. Unlike the classical MHC products that bind peptides, CD1 molecules have evolved to bind lipids and glycolipids. Murine and human CD1d molecules can present glycolipid antigens such as alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) to CD1d-restricted natural killer (NK) T cells. Using CD1d knockout mice we demonstrated that CD1d expression is required for the development of NK T cells. These animals were also deficient in the rapid production of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma in response to stimulation by anti-CD3 antibodies. Despite these defects, CD1d knockout animals were able to generate strong T-helper type 1 (TH1) and TH2 responses. Spleen cells from these animals neither proliferated nor produced cytokines in response to stimulation by alpha-GalCer. Repeated injection of alpha-GalCer into wild-type but not CD1d mutant mice was able to clear metastatic tumors. We further showed that alpha-GalCer can inhibit disease in diabetes-prone non-obese diabetic mice. Collectively, these findings with CD1d knockout animals indicate a critical role for CD1d-dependent T cells in various disease conditions, and suggest that alpha-GalCer may be useful for therapeutic intervention in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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27
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Tsujimura K, Takahashi T, Iwase S, Matsudaira Y, Kaneko Y, Yagita H, Obata Y. Two Types of Anti-TL (Thymus Leukemia) CTL Clones with Distinct Target Specificities: Differences in Cytotoxic Mechanisms and Accessory Molecule Requirements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TCRαβ CTL clones recognizing mouse thymus leukemia (TL) Ags were established and categorized into two groups: those killing any TL+ target cells (type I) and those killing only TL+ Con A blasts (type II). Cold target inhibition assays showed that the antigenic determinant(s) recognized by type II clones are expressed not only on TL+ Con A blasts but also on other TL+ target cells. The relation of the target specificity to the killing machinery and the accessory molecules involved in cytotoxicity were therefore analyzed using four representative clones selected from each type. Of the target cells tested, Fas was only expressed on Con A blasts, indicating that Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent cytotoxicity is limited to such cells. All four type II and one of four type I clones expressed FasL on the surface, while both types contained perforin in the cytoplasm. Blocking studies using neutralizing anti-FasL mAbs and concanamycin A (CMA), a selective inhibitor of the perforin pathway, suggested that type I clones kill target cells by way of perforin, while type II clones kill TL+ Con A blasts through FasL together with perforin. For their cytotoxicity, type I CTLs require a signal through CD8, while type II require LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Type II clones also need a costimulatory signal through an unknown molecule for perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. These results taken together suggest that the difference in the target specificity of anti-TL CTL clones is due to variation in the killing machineries and the dependence on accessory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Tsujimura
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | | | - Shigeru Iwase
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
- †Department of Chemical Hygiene and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya
| | - Yasue Matsudaira
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | - Yoko Kaneko
- ‡Department for Geriatric Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu; and
| | - Hideo Yagita
- §Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Obata
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
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28
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Nandi D, Marusina K, Monaco JJ. How do endogenous proteins become peptides and reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 232:15-47. [PMID: 9557392 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72045-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nandi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
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29
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Robinson PJ, Travers PJ, Stackpoole A, Flaherty L, Djaballah H. Maturation of Qa-1b Class I Molecules Requires β2-Microglobulin But Is TAP Independent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.7.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Two conformationally distinct and stable forms of Qa-1b, one strongly associated with β2-microglobulin (β2m) and the other associated with a novel molecule, gp44, were observed during immunochemical studies on the expression of Qa-1b molecules in mouse spleen cells. Both forms are efficiently processed and expressed at the cell surface. However, a large proportion of Qa-1b was found to be disulfide linked to gp44 without any detectable β2m. In TAP1-deficient mice, both forms undergo carbohydrate processing and are expressed on the cell surface, suggesting that they may traffic using a pathway not requiring a TAP association step. Consistent with this, size exclusion chromatography of newly synthesized class I molecules shows that high molecular mass complexes containing H-2Kk do not contain Qa-1b. Although Qa-1b can be stably expressed without β2m, there was no maturation of either form in cells from β2m-deficient mice where heavy chains were rapidly degraded. These results suggest that Qa-1b, like most other class I molecules, requires β2m for an initial folding step. However, β2m is not essential for subsequent processing of Qa-1b molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Travers
- †Department of Crystallography, Birbeck College, London, United Kingdom; and
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30
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Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ. Generation and TAP-mediated transport of peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Adv Immunol 1998; 68:191-256. [PMID: 9505090 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Momburg
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Chapman TL, Bjorkman PJ. Characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homolog: comparison to MHC molecules and to the human cytomegalovirus MHC homolog. J Virol 1998; 72:460-6. [PMID: 9420246 PMCID: PMC109395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.460-466.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both human and murine cytomegaloviruses (HCMV and MCMV) down-regulate expression of conventional class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surfaces of infected cells. This allows the infected cells to evade recognition by cytotoxic T cells but leaves them susceptible to natural killer cells, which lyse cells that lack class I molecules. Both HCMV and MCMV encode class I MHC heavy-chain homologs that may function in immune response evasion. We previously showed that a soluble form of the HCMV class I homolog (U(L)18) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells binds the class I MHC light-chain beta2-microglobulin and a mixture of endogenous peptides (M. L. Fahnestock, J. L. Johnson, R. M. R. Feldman, J. M. Neveu, W. S. Lane, and P. J. Bjorkman, Immunity 3:583-590, 1995). Consistent with this observation, sequence comparisons suggest that U(L)18 contains the well-characterized groove that serves as the binding site in MHC molecules for peptides derived from endogenous and foreign proteins. By contrast, the MCMV homolog (m144) contains a substantial deletion within the counterpart of its alpha2 domain and might not be expected to contain a groove capable of binding peptides. We have now expressed a soluble version of m144 and verified that it forms a heavy chain-beta2-microglobulin complex. By contrast to U(L)18 and classical class I MHC molecules, m144 does not associate with endogenous peptides yet is thermally stable. These results suggest that U(L)18 and m144 differ structurally and might therefore serve different functions for their respective viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chapman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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32
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Cotterill LA, Stauss HJ, Millrain MM, Pappin DJ, Rahman D, Canas B, Chandler P, Stackpoole A, Simpson E, Robinson PJ, Dyson PJ. Qa-1 interaction and T cell recognition of the Qa-1 determinant modifier peptide. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2123-32. [PMID: 9341749 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The peptide-binding properties of the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1b molecule Qa-1 were investigated using a transfected hybrid molecule composed of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of Qa-1b and the alpha 3 domain of H-2Db. This allowed the use of a monoclonal antibody directed against H-2Db whilst retaining the peptide-binding groove of Qa-1b. By comparison with classical MHC class I molecules, intracellular maturation of the chimeric molecule was inefficient with weak intracellular association with beta 2-microglobulin. However, at the cell surface the hybrid molecules were stably associated with beta 2-microglobulin and were recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones specific for the Qa-1b-presented peptide Qdm (AMAPRTLLL). A whole-cell binding assay was used to determine which residues of Qdm were important for binding to Qa-1b and CTL clones served to identify residues important for T cell recognition. Substitutions at position 1 and 5 did not reduce the efficiency of binding and had little effect on CTL recognition. In contrast, substitutions at position 9 resulted in loss of MHC class I binding. Mass spectrometric analysis of peptides eluted from immunopurified Qa-1b/Db molecules indicated that Qdm was the dominant peptide. The closely related peptide, AMVPRTLLL, which is derived from the signal sequence of H-2Dk, was also present, although it was considerably less abundant. The mass profile suggested the presence of additional peptides the majority of which consisted of eight to ten amino acid residues. Finally, the finding that a peptide derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae can bind raises the possibility that this non-classical MHC class I molecule may play a role in the presentation of peptides of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cotterill
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, GB
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Mendiratta SK, Martin WD, Hong S, Boesteanu A, Joyce S, Van Kaer L. CD1d1 mutant mice are deficient in natural T cells that promptly produce IL-4. Immunity 1997; 6:469-77. [PMID: 9133426 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Murine CD1 has been implicated in the development and function of an unusual subset of T cells, termed natural T (NT) cells, that coexpress the T cell receptor (TCR) and the natural killer cell receptor NK1.1. Activated NT cells promptly produce large amounts of IL-4, suggesting that these cells can influence the differentiation of CD4+ effector T cell subsets. We have generated mice that carry a mutant CD1d1 gene. NT cell numbers in the thymus, spleen, and liver of these mice were dramatically reduced. Activated splenocytes from mutant mice did not produce IL-4, whereas similarly treated wild-type splenocytes secreted large amounts of this cytokine. These results demonstrate a critical role for CD1 in the positive selection and function of NT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mendiratta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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35
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Tsujimura K, Takahashi T, Morita A, Hasegawa-Nishiwaki H, Iwase S, Obata Y. Positive selection of gamma delta CTL by TL antigen expressed in the thymus. J Exp Med 1996; 184:2175-84. [PMID: 8976173 PMCID: PMC2196386 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.6.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1996] [Revised: 09/17/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the funciton of the mouse TL antigen in the thymus, we have derived two TL transgenic mouse strains by introducing Tl alpha 2-3 of A strain origin with its own promoter onto a C3H background with no expression of TL in the thymus. These transgenic mouse strains, both of which express high levels of Tla2-3-TL antigen in their thymus, were analyzed for their T cell function with emphasis on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation. A T cell response against TL was induced in Tg. Tla2-3-1, Tg. Tla2-3-2, and control C3H mice by skin grafts from H-2Kb/T3b transgenic mice, Tg.Con.3-1, expressing T3b-TL ubiquitously. Spleen cells from mice that had rejected the T3b-TL positive skin grafts were restimulated in vitro with Tg. Con.3-1 irradiated spleen cells. In mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), approximately 20% and 15% of Thy-1+ T cells derived from Tg.Tla2-3-1 and Tg.Tla2-3-2, respectively, expressed TCR gamma delta, whereas almost all those from C3H expressed TCR alpha beta. The MLC from Tg. Tla2-3-2 and C3H demonstrated high CTL activity against TL, while those from Tg. Tla2-3-1 had little or none. The generation of gamma delta CTL recognizing TL in Tg. Tla2-3-2, but not C3H mice, was confirmed by the establishment of CTL clones. A total of 14 gamma delta CTL clones were established from Tg. Tla2-3-2, whereas none were obtained from C3H. Of the 14 gamma delta CTL clones, 8 were CD8+ and 6 were CD4-CD8- double negative. The CTL activity of all these clones was TL specific and inhibited by anti-TL, but not by anti-H-2 antibodies, demonstrating that they recognize TL directly without antigen presentation by H-2. The CTL activity was blocked by antibodies to TCR gamma delta and CD3, and also by antibodies to CD 8 alpha and CD8 beta in CD8+ clones, showing that the activity was mediated by TCR gamma delta and coreceptors. The thymic origin of these gamma delta CTL clones was indicated by the expression of Thy-1 and Ly-1 (CD5), and also CD8 alpha beta heterodimers in CD8+ clones on their surfaces and by the usage of TCR V gamma 4 chains in 12 of the 14 clones. Taken together, these results suggest that Tla2-3-TL antigen expressed in the thymus engages in positive selection of a sizable population of gamma delta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Clone Cells
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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36
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Santos M, Schilham MW, Rademakers LH, Marx JJ, de Sousa M, Clevers H. Defective iron homeostasis in beta 2-microglobulin knockout mice recapitulates hereditary hemochromatosis in man. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1975-85. [PMID: 8920884 PMCID: PMC2192883 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, hepatic iron overload resembling that in hereditary hemachromatosis (HH) has been found in beta 2-microglobulin knockout (beta 2m-/-) mice. We have now characterized iron metabolism in beta 2m-/- mice. The mutant mice fail to limit the transfer of iron from mucosal cells into the plasma. Transferrin saturation is abnormally high. Pathologic iron depositions occur predominantly in liver parenchymal cells. Reconstitution with normal hematopoietic cells redistributes the iron from parenchymal to Kupffer cells, but does not correct the mucosal defect. We conclude that (a) iron metabolism is defective in the gut mucosa as well as the liver of beta 2m-/- mice; and (b) a beta 2m-dependent gene product is involved in iron homeostasis. Recently, a novel gene of the major histocompatibility complex class I family, HLA-H, has been found to be mutated in a large proportion of HH patients. Our data provide functional support for the proposed causative role of HLA-H mutations in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santos
- Department of Immunology, Eijkman-Winkler Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Groh V, Bahram S, Bauer S, Herman A, Beauchamp M, Spies T. Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12445-50. [PMID: 8901601 PMCID: PMC38011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes encode molecules that present intracellular peptide antigens to T cells. They are ubiquitously expressed and regulated by interferon gamma. Two highly divergent human MHC class I genes, MICA and MICB, are regulated by promoter heat shock elements similar to those of HSP70 genes. MICA encodes a cell surface glycoprotein, which is not associated with beta 2-microglobulin, is conformationally stable independent of conventional class I peptide ligands, and almost exclusively expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. Thus, this MHC class I molecule may function as an indicator of cell stress and may be recognized by a subset of gut mucosal T cells in an unusual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Groh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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38
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Joyce S, Negishi I, Boesteanu A, DeSilva AD, Sharma P, Chorney MJ, Loh DY, Van Kaer L. Expansion of natural (NK1+) T cells that express alpha beta T cell receptors in transporters associated with antigen presentation-1 null and thymus leukemia antigen positive mice. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1579-84. [PMID: 8879233 PMCID: PMC2192848 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.4.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection of natural killer-1+ natural T cells that express alpha beta T cell receptors requires a conserved beta 2-microglobulin-associated molecule, presumably CD1d, displayed by CD4+8+ thymocytes. Here we demonstrate that positive selection of natural T cells occurs independent of transporters associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP-1) function. Moreover, natural T cells in TAP-1o/o mice are numerically expanded. Several H-2 class Ib molecules function in a TAP-independent manner, suggesting that if expressed in TAP-1o/o thymocytes, they could play a role in natural T cell development. Of these class Ib molecules, H-2TL is expressed by TAP-1o/o thymocytes. Moreover, we find that thymi of TL+ mice congenic or transgenic for H-2T18 also have a numerically expanded natural T cell repertoire compared with TL- mice. This expansion, as in TAP-1o/o thymi, is evident in each of the limited T cell receptor V beta chains expressed by natural T cells, suggesting that TL and CD1d impact similar repertoires. Thus TL, in addition to CD1d, plays a role in natural T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA
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39
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is the largest surface area in the body which is continually exposed to an enormous amount of food antigens, viruses, bacteria, parasites or the by-products of these organisms. In such an antigen-loaded environment, specialized defence mechanisms must exist. There is clear evidence that the function of lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa (IELs or LPLs) is different from that of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, lymph node or spleen (these are antigen-free organs). The basic processes of these reactions are not completely understood. The role of differential antigen handling and presentation, and the non-random distribution of responsibilities between the professional and non-professional APC in this regard, have not been characterized. Thus, much remains to be learned about the basic mechanisms of antigen uptake, processing and presentation in the intestine which are necessary to induce an immune response. Diversity in APC function is a natural requirement for the maintenance of homeostasis in the intestine. Subpopulations of professional and non-professional APC may have been programmed to function in such a way that non-professional APCs may play a dominant role. It is anticipated that in vivo model systems will be developed and that eventually a clearer understanding will be gained in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panja
- Mount Sinai Hospital, NY 10029, USA
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40
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Wang CR, Lindahl KF, Deisenhofer J. Crystal structure of the MHC class Ib molecule H2-M3. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 147:313-21. [PMID: 8876059 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)89644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C R Wang
- Department of Pathology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, IL 60637-5420, USA
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41
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Ohteki T, MacDonald HR. Stringent V beta requirement for the development of NK1.1+ T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ cells in mouse liver. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1277-82. [PMID: 8642272 PMCID: PMC2192338 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.3.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver of C57BL/6 mice contains a major subset of CD4+8- and CD4-8- T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta+ cells expressing the polymorphic natural killer NK1.1 surface marker. Liver NK1.1+TCR-alpha/beta+ (NK1+ T) cells require interaction with beta2-microglobulin-associated, major histocompatibility complex I-like molecules on hematopoietic cells for their development and have a TCR repertoire that is highly skewed to Vbeta8.2, Vbeta7, and Vbeta2. We show here that congenic C57BL/6.Vbeta(a) mice, which lack Vbeta8- expressing T cells owing to a genomic deletion at the Vbeta locus, maintain normal levels of liver NK1+ T cells owing to a dramatic increase in the proportion of cells expressing Vbeta7 and Vbeta2 (but not other Vbetas). Moreover, in C57BL/6 congenic TCR-V Vbeta3 and -Vbeta8.1 transgenic mice (which in theory should not express other Vbeta, owing to allelic exclusion at the TCR-beta locus), endogenous TCR-Vbeta8.2, Vbeta7, and Vbeta2 (but not other Vbetas) are frequently expressed on liver NK1+T cells but absent on lymph node T cells. Finally, when endogenous V beta expression is prevented in TCR-Vbeta3 and Vbeta8.1 transgenic mice (by introduction of a null allele at the C beta locus), the development of liver NK1+T cells is totally abrogated. Collectively, our data indicate that liver NK1+T cells have a stringent requirement for expression of TCR-Vbeta8.2, Vbeta7, or Vbeta2 for their development.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens/biosynthesis
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Haplotypes
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Organ Specificity
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohteki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Melián A, Beckman EM, Porcelli SA, Brenner MB. Antigen presentation by CD1 and MHC-encoded class I-like molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8:82-8. [PMID: 8729450 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three known lineages of antigen-presenting molecules restrict T-cell responses to microbial antigens: MHC class I and MHC encoded class I like molecules present peptides derived from the proteolysis of intracellular pathogens, MHC class ii molecules present peptides derived from the proteolysis of extracellular pathogens and CD1 molecules present unique microbial lipids and glycolipids. Recent studies have indicated that CD1 molecules mediate a novel system of antigen presentation and that MHC-encoded class I-like molecules can present unique subsets of intracellularly derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melián
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Cardell S, Tangri S, Chan S, Kronenberg M, Benoist C, Mathis D. CD1-restricted CD4+ T cells in major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1995; 182:993-1004. [PMID: 7561702 PMCID: PMC2192275 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.4.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rather unexpectedly, major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice have a significant population of peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes. We have investigated these cells at the population and clonal levels. CD4+ T lymphocytes from class II-deficient animals are thymically derived, appear early in ontogeny, exhibit the phenotype of resting memory cells, are potentially functional by several criteria, and have a diverse T cell receptor repertoire. They do not include substantially elevated numbers of NK1.1+ cells. Hybridomas derived after polyclonal stimulation of the CD4+ lymphocytes from class II-deficient animals include a subset with an unusual reactivity pattern, responding to splenocytes from many mouse strains including the strain of origin. Most members of this subset recognize the major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule CD1; their heterogeneous reactivities and T cell receptor usage further suggest the involvement of peptides and/or highly variable posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cardell
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
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44
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Cheroutre H, Holcombe HR, Tangri S, Castaño AR, Teitell M, Miller JE, Cardell S, Benoist C, Mathis D, Huse WD. Antigen-presenting function of the TL antigen and mouse CD1 molecules. Immunol Rev 1995; 147:31-52. [PMID: 8847078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of all the nonclassical antigen-presenting molecules, including nonclassical class I and nonclassical class II (Karlsson et al. 1992) molecules, is their lack of polymorphism. It is presumed, therefore, that these nonclassical molecules must have a distinct antigen-presenting function in which polymorphism is not advantageous. In some cases this may involve presentation of a nonpeptide antigen, as has been demonstrated for human CD1b. It is possible that a molecule adapted to present bacterial lipids would remain relatively nonpolymorphic, because a lipid, which is the end product of a complex biosynthetic pathway, is likely to evolve less rapidly than a short stretch of amino acid sequence containing a T-cell epitope. Alternatively, the lack of polymorphism could reflect the presentation by these molecules of relatively invariant peptides, such as those derived from heat shock proteins. It also is possible that a nonpolymorphic molecule could be selected for the presentation of modified peptides. An example of this is the M3 molecule, which can bind even short peptides as long as they have a formylated N-terminus (Fischer Lindahl et al. 1991). Based upon their structural differences, we believe it is likely that the TL antigen and mCD1 are likely to present different types of ligands. The presence in the TL antigen of the conserved amino acids, which in class I normally from hydrogen bonds with peptides, suggests that the TL antigen also can present nanomeric peptides. A peptide antigen-presenting function also is suggested by the expression of the TL antigen by at least one antigen-presenting cell type, the epithelial cell of the intestine, and by the ability of alloreactive T cells to recognize the TL molecule. While we favor the hypothesis that the TL antigen presents peptides, the data cited above do not constitute formal proof of any kind of antigen-presenting function, and it remains possible that the TL antigen does something else. As noted above, no attempts to elucidate the structure of the ligands bound to the TL antigen have so far succeeded, including the screening of bacteriophage display libraries (Castaño, A.R., Miller, J.E., Holcombe, H.R., unpublished data). In contrast, our recent work has demonstrated that mCD1 presents relatively long peptides with a structured motif distinct from classical class I molecules. This mCD1-binding motif, which is present in a wide range of proteins, does not by itself provide a simple explanation for the lack of mCD1 polymorphism and, as noted above, it remains possible that the natural ligand for mCD1 is a nonpeptide structure. Besides their lack of polymorphism, the TL antigen and mCD1 molecules share two additional features in common which might give insight into their their biological role. First, their surface expression does not depend upon the presence of a functional TAP transporter, and they probably can reach the cell surface as empty molecules. Second, both molecules are expressed by epithelial cells in the intestine. This leads to the speculation that these two nonclassical class I molecules could be involved in sampling or uptake of lumenal peptides for their ultimate presentation to cells of the systematic immune system. For example, longer lumenal peptides could be taken up by mCD1, and perhaps by the TL antigen, and then further processed to nonamers for presentation by classical class I molecules. They also could be transported across the epithelial cell by the TL antigen or mCD1 and subsequently presented by either class I or class II molecules expressed by cells in the lamina propria. This sampling or uptake mediated by either the TL antigen or mCD1 could play a role in the induction of immune responses, or more likely perhaps, in the induction of systemic oral tolerance to peptide antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cheroutre
- UCLA Department of Microbiology & Immunology 90095, USA
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45
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MacDonald HR. NK1.1+ T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ cells: new clues to their origin, specificity, and function. J Exp Med 1995; 182:633-8. [PMID: 7650474 PMCID: PMC2192172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.3.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/cytology
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/analysis
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H R MacDonald
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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46
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Beckman EM, Brenner MB. MHC class I-like, class II-like and CD1 molecules: distinct roles in immunity. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1995; 16:349-52. [PMID: 7576073 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding MHC class I-like, class II-like and CD1 molecules have evolved to assume specific immunological functions. Some class I-like molecules, including H-2M3 and Qa-2, present formylated bacterial peptides or have distinct peptide-binding motifs. The class II-like DMA and DMB gene products play a role in presentation of peptide antigen by class II molecules. By contrast, CD1 molecules appear to have evolved separately into presenters of nonprotein antigens and into TCR ligands with specialized roles in the immune response. Thus, class I-like, class II-like and CD1 molecules appear either to serve important independent functions or to complement MHC class I and class II. It is expected that future efforts will increasingly reveal the functional ramifications of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beckman
- Dept of Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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