1
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Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA. The Missing Link in Correlates of Protective Tuberculosis Immunity: Recognizing the Infected Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869057. [PMID: 35493495 PMCID: PMC9040373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most vaccination studies, the assessment of vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has relied upon the measurement of antigen-specific polyfunctional cells, typically using recombinant antigen or peptide pools. However, this approach leaves open the question as to whether or not these cells are responsive to the Mtb-infected cell within the context of Mtb infection and hence leaves open the possibility that a key parameter of vaccine immunogenicity may be overlooked. In this review, we discuss the case that these measurements almost certainly over-estimate the capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to recognize the Mtb-infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah Anne Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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2
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Cai Y, Wang Y, Shi C, Dai Y, Li F, Xu Y, Zhang P, Kong F, Deng G, Wen Z, Zhou Q, Kang BC, Singhal A, Yang Q, Feng CG, Chen X. Single-cell immune profiling reveals functional diversity of T cells in tuberculous pleural effusion. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212978. [PMID: 35061012 PMCID: PMC8789099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchestration of an effective T lymphocyte response at infection sites is critical for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the local T cell immunity landscape in human tuberculosis is poorly defined. Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE), caused by Mtb, is characterized by an influx of leukocytes to the pleural space, providing a platform suitable for delineating complex tissue responses to Mtb infection. Using single-cell transcriptomics and T cell receptor sequencing, we analyzed mononuclear cell populations in paired pleural fluid and peripheral blood of TPE patients. While all major cell clusters were present in both tissues, their relative proportions varied significantly by anatomic location. Lineage tracking analysis revealed subsets of CD8 and CD4 T cell populations with distinct effector functions specifically expanded at pleural sites. Granzyme K–expressing CD8 T cells were preferentially enriched and clonally expanded in pleural fluid from TPE, suggesting that they are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The findings collectively reveal the landscape of local T cell immunity in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenyan Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youchao Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuzhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Baoan hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peize Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Guofang Deng
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Shenzhen University and Yuebei Second People’s Hospital Joint Lab, Yuebei Second People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Analytical Biosciences Limited, Beijing, China
| | | | - Amit Singhal
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Qianting Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Kalaora S, Nagler A, Nejman D, Alon M, Barbolin C, Barnea E, Ketelaars SLC, Cheng K, Vervier K, Shental N, Bussi Y, Rotkopf R, Levy R, Benedek G, Trabish S, Dadosh T, Levin-Zaidman S, Geller LT, Wang K, Greenberg P, Yagel G, Peri A, Fuks G, Bhardwaj N, Reuben A, Hermida L, Johnson SB, Galloway-Peña JR, Shropshire WC, Bernatchez C, Haymaker C, Arora R, Roitman L, Eilam R, Weinberger A, Lotan-Pompan M, Lotem M, Admon A, Levin Y, Lawley TD, Adams DJ, Levesque MP, Besser MJ, Schachter J, Golani O, Segal E, Geva-Zatorsky N, Ruppin E, Kvistborg P, Peterson SN, Wargo JA, Straussman R, Samuels Y. Identification of bacteria-derived HLA-bound peptides in melanoma. Nature 2021; 592:138-143. [PMID: 33731925 PMCID: PMC9717498 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A variety of species of bacteria are known to colonize human tumours1-11, proliferate within them and modulate immune function, which ultimately affects the survival of patients with cancer and their responses to treatment12-14. However, it is not known whether antigens derived from intracellular bacteria are presented by the human leukocyte antigen class I and II (HLA-I and HLA-II, respectively) molecules of tumour cells, or whether such antigens elicit a tumour-infiltrating T cell immune response. Here we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and HLA peptidomics to identify a peptide repertoire derived from intracellular bacteria that was presented on HLA-I and HLA-II molecules in melanoma tumours. Our analysis of 17 melanoma metastases (derived from 9 patients) revealed 248 and 35 unique HLA-I and HLA-II peptides, respectively, that were derived from 41 species of bacteria. We identified recurrent bacterial peptides in tumours from different patients, as well as in different tumours from the same patient. Our study reveals that peptides derived from intracellular bacteria can be presented by tumour cells and elicit immune reactivity, and thus provides insight into a mechanism by which bacteria influence activation of the immune system and responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kalaora
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Nagler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah Nejman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chaya Barbolin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eilon Barnea
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steven L C Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kuoyuan Cheng
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Noam Shental
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
| | - Yuval Bussi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Levy
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Benedek
- Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Trabish
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leore T Geller
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kun Wang
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Yagel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviyah Peri
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Garold Fuks
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neerupma Bhardwaj
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leandro Hermida
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah B Johnson
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lior Roitman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adina Weinberger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Lotan-Pompan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal J Besser
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology and Melanoma, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology and Melanoma, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- MaRS Centre, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott N Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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5
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Grant EJ, Nguyen AT, Lobos CA, Szeto C, Chatzileontiadou DSM, Gras S. The unconventional role of HLA-E: The road less traveled. Mol Immunol 2020; 120:101-112. [PMID: 32113130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigens, or HLAs, are one of the most polymorphic molecules in humans. This high degree of polymorphism endows HLA molecules with the ability to present a vast array of peptides, an essential trait for responding to ever-evolving pathogens. Unlike classical HLA molecules (HLA-Ia), some non-classical HLA-Ib molecules, including HLA-E, are almost monomorphic. Several studies show HLA-E can present self-peptides originating from the leader sequence of other HLA molecules, which signals to our immune system that the cell is healthy. Therefore, it was traditionally thought that the chief role of HLA-E in the body was in immune surveillance. However, there is emerging evidence that HLA-E is also able to present pathogen-derived peptides to the adaptive immune system, namely T cells, in a manner that is similar to classical HLA-Ia molecules. Here we describe the early findings of this less conventional role of HLA-E in the adaptive immune system and its importance for immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrea T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian A Lobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Demetra S M Chatzileontiadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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6
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Cansler M, Null M, Meermeier E, Swarbrick G, Lewinsohn D, Harriff M. Generation of MR1-Restricted T Cell Clones by Limiting Dilution Cloning of MR1 Tetramer + Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2098:219-235. [PMID: 31792826 PMCID: PMC7063788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0207-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetramers are a powerful tool for identification of T cell subsets that are restricted by specific antigen presenting molecules and their cognate antigens. The generation of T cell clones from specific T cell subsets allows for further investigation of the phenotype and function of these cells. Here, we describe a method for sorting and cloning of MR1-restricted T cells using the MR1/5-OP-RU tetramer. This protocol can be easily modified to enrich for expansion of specific or unique subsets of MR1-restricted T cell clones from any tissue to further characterize the phenotype and function of those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Cansler
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erin Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Swarbrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melanie Harriff
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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7
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Patankar YR, Sutiwisesak R, Boyce S, Lai R, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Behar SM. Limited recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by polyclonal CD4 and CD8 T cells from the lungs of infected mice. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:140-148. [PMID: 31636345 PMCID: PMC7161428 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or vaccination are frequently assessed by measuring T-cell recognition of crude Mtb antigens, recombinant proteins, or peptide epitopes. We previously showed that not all Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Thus, an important question is what proportion of T cells elicited by Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We address this question by developing a modified elispot assay using viable Mtb-infected macrophages, a low multiplicity of infection and purified T cells. In C57BL/6 mice, CD4 and CD8 T cells were classically MHC restricted. Comparable frequencies of T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages were determined using interferon-γ elispot and intracellular cytokine staining, and lung CD4 T cells more sensitively recognized Mtb-infected macrophages than lung CD8 T cells. Compared to the relatively high frequencies of T cells specific for antigens such as ESAT-6 and TB10.4, low frequencies of total pulmonary T cells elicited by aerosolized Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that BCG vaccination elicits T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We propose that the frequency of T cells that recognize infected macrophages could correlate with protective immunity and may be an alternative approach to measuring T-cell responses to Mtb antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash R. Patankar
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Shayla Boyce
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Rocky Lai
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- 0000 0004 0461 3162grid.185006.aDepartment of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 0000 0004 0461 3162grid.185006.aDepartment of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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Balin SJ, Pellegrini M, Klechevsky E, Won ST, Weiss DI, Choi AW, Hakimian J, Lu J, Ochoa MT, Bloom BR, Lanier LL, Stenger S, Modlin RL. Human antimicrobial cytotoxic T lymphocytes, defined by NK receptors and antimicrobial proteins, kill intracellular bacteria. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/26/eaat7668. [PMID: 30171080 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to antimicrobial defense against intracellular pathogens through secretion of cytotoxic granule proteins granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin. However, CTLs are heterogeneous in the expression of these proteins, and the subset(s) responsible for antimicrobial activity is unclear. Studying human leprosy, we found that the subset of CTLs coexpressing all three cytotoxic molecules is increased in the resistant form of the disease, can be expanded by interleukin-15 (IL-15), and is differentiated from naïve CD8+ T cells by Langerhans cells. RNA sequencing analysis identified that these CTLs express a gene signature that includes an array of surface receptors typically expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. We determined that CD8+ CTLs expressing granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin, as well as the activating NK receptor NKG2C, represent a population of "antimicrobial CTLs" (amCTLs) capable of T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent and TCR-independent release of cytotoxic granule proteins that mediate antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Balin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Sohui T Won
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David I Weiss
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aaron W Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Hakimian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Barreira-Silva P, Torrado E, Nebenzahl-Guimaraes H, Kallenius G, Correia-Neves M. Aetiopathogenesis, immunology and microbiology of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1183/2312508x.10020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Augenstreich J, Arbues A, Simeone R, Haanappel E, Wegener A, Sayes F, Le Chevalier F, Chalut C, Malaga W, Guilhot C, Brosch R, Astarie-Dequeker C. ESX-1 and phthiocerol dimycocerosates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis act in concert to cause phagosomal rupture and host cell apoptosis. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28095608 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) are major virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, little is known about their mechanism of action. Localized in the outer membrane of mycobacterial pathogens, DIM are predicted to interact with host cell membranes. Interaction with eukaryotic membranes is a property shared with another virulence factor of Mtb, the early secretory antigenic target EsxA (also known as ESAT-6). This small protein, which is secreted by the type VII secretion system ESX-1 (T7SS/ESX-1), is involved in phagosomal rupture and cell death induced by virulent mycobacteria inside host phagocytes. In this work, by the use of several knock-out or knock-in mutants of Mtb or Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains and different cell biological assays, we present conclusive evidence that ESX-1 and DIM act in concert to induce phagosomal membrane damage and rupture in infected macrophages, ultimately leading to host cell apoptosis. These results identify an as yet unknown function for DIM in the infection process and open up a new research field for the study of the interaction of lipid and protein virulence factors of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Augenstreich
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ainhoa Arbues
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Evert Haanappel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Wegener
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Le Chevalier
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
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11
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Adenovirally-Induced Polyfunctional T Cells Do Not Necessarily Recognize the Infected Target: Lessons from a Phase I Trial of the AERAS-402 Vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36355. [PMID: 27805026 PMCID: PMC5141283 DOI: 10.1038/srep36355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been impeded by the absence of correlates of protective immunity. One correlate would be the ability of cells induced by vaccination to recognize the Mtb-infected cell. AERAS-402 is a replication-deficient serotype 35 adenovirus containing DNA expressing a fusion protein of Mtb antigens 85A, 85B and TB10.4. We undertook a phase I double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial of vaccination with AERAS-402 following BCG. Analysis of the vaccine-induced immune response revealed strong antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. However, analysis of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells revealed that in many instances these cells did not recognize the Mtb-infected cell. Our findings highlight the measurement of vaccine-induced, polyfunctional T cells may not reflect the extent or degree to which these cells are capable of identifying the Mtb-infected cell and correspondingly, the value of detailed experimental medicine studies early in vaccine development.
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12
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Joosten SA, Sullivan LC, Ottenhoff THM. Characteristics of HLA-E Restricted T-Cell Responses and Their Role in Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2695396. [PMID: 27699181 PMCID: PMC5028793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2695396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HLA-E can, in addition to self-antigens, also present pathogen-derived sequences, which elicit specific T-cell responses. T-cells recognize their antigen presented by HLA-E highly specifically and have unique functional and phenotypical properties. Pathogen specific HLA-E restricted CD8+ T-cells are an interesting new player in the field of immunology. Future work should address their exact roles and relative contributions in the immune response against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Nonclassical MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T Cells Recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Derived Protein Antigens and Contribute to Protection Against Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005688. [PMID: 27272249 PMCID: PMC4896622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells have been implicated in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the relative contribution of various MHC Ib-restricted T cell populations to anti-mycobacterial immunity remains elusive. In this study, we used mice that lack MHC Ia (Kb-/-Db-/-), MHC Ia/H2-M3 (Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/-), or β2m (β2m-/-) to study the role of M3-restricted and other MHC Ib-restricted T cells in immunity against Mtb. Unlike their dominant role in Listeria infection, we found that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells only represented a small proportion of the CD8+ T cells responding to Mtb infection. Non-M3, MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells expanded preferentially in the lungs of Mtb-infected Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice, exhibited polyfunctional capacities and conferred protection against Mtb. These MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells recognized several Mtb-derived protein antigens at a higher frequency than MHC Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. The presentation of Mtb antigens to MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells was mostly β2m-dependent but TAP-independent. Interestingly, a large proportion of Mtb-specific MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells in Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice were Qa-2-restricted while no considerable numbers of MR1 or CD1-restricted Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells were detected. Our findings indicate that nonclassical CD8+ T cells other than the known M3, CD1, and MR1-restricted CD8+ T cells contribute to host immune responses against Mtb infection. Targeting these MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells would facilitate the design of better Mtb vaccines with broader coverage across MHC haplotypes due to the limited polymorphism of MHC class Ib molecules.
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14
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Salao K, Jiang L, Li H, Tsai VWW, Husaini Y, Curmi PMG, Brown LJ, Brown DA, Breit SN. CLIC1 regulates dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation by modulating phagosome acidification and proteolysis. Biol Open 2016; 5:620-30. [PMID: 27113959 PMCID: PMC4874360 DOI: 10.1242/bio.018119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. Here, we sought to determine if CLIC1 can regulate adaptive immunity by actions on dendritic cells (DCs), the key professional antigen presenting cells. To do this, we first generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from germline CLIC1 gene-deleted (CLIC1−/−) and wild-type (CLIC1+/+) mice, then studied them in vitro and in vivo. We found phagocytosis triggered cytoplasmic CLIC1 translocation to the phagosomal membrane where it regulated phagosomal pH and proteolysis. Phagosomes from CLIC1−/− BMDCs displayed impaired acidification and proteolysis, which could be reproduced if CLIC1+/+, but not CLIC1−/− cells, were treated with IAA94, a CLIC family ion channel blocker. CLIC1−/− BMDC displayed reduced in vitro antigen processing and presentation of full-length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and reduced MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data suggest that CLIC1 regulates DC phagosomal pH to ensure optimal processing of antigen for presentation to antigen-specific T-cells. Further, they indicate that CLIC1 is a novel therapeutic target to help reduce the adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases. Summary: DC phagosomes from CLIC1−/− mice display impaired acidification and in vivo and in vitro antigen processing and presentation, revealing CLIC1−/− as a potential therapeutic target in reducing the adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanin Salao
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Lele Jiang
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Vicky W-W Tsai
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Yasmin Husaini
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Louise J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - David A Brown
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Samuel N Breit
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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15
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Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Korber B, Kelsoe G, Sodroski J, Hahn BH, Borrow P, McMichael AJ. HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:292-303. [PMID: 26922989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of an effective AIDS vaccine is a global priority. However, the extreme diversity of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), which is a consequence of its propensity to mutate to escape immune responses, along with host factors that prevent the elicitation of protective immune responses, continue to hinder vaccine development. Breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of broadly neutralizing antibody elicitation have given rise to new vaccine strategies. Despite this promise, emerging data from preclinical trials reinforce the need for additional insight into virus-host biology in order to facilitate the development of a successful vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Dana Farber-Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
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16
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Yu Y, Jin D, Hu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zheng J, Liao M, Chen X, Graner M, Liu H, Jin Q. A novel tuberculosis antigen identified from human tuberculosis granulomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1093-103. [PMID: 25605460 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although novel Mtb biomarkers from both the pathogen and host have been studied, more breakthroughs are still needed to meet different clinic requirements. In an effort to identify Mtb antigens, chaperone-peptide complexes were purified from TB infected lungs using free-solution isoelectric focusing combined with high resolution LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometry. Antigen specific cellular immune responses in vitro were then examined. Those efforts led to the identification of six Mtb peptides only identified in Tuberculosis lung samples and that were not found in the control samples. Additionally, antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion, T-cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and a cytotoxic assay were also evaluated. Among the peptides isolated, we identified a 34 amino acid peptide named PKAp belonging to a serine/threonine-protein kinase, as being able to generate Mtb-specific cellular immune responses as noted by elevated antigen-specific cytokine secretion levels, increased CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response. Moreover, the immune stimulating abilities of PKAp were further validated in vivo, with target peptide immunized mice showing an increased cellular IFN-γ in both the lungs and spleen without causing immunopathogenesis. In conclusion, we identified novel functional Mtb antigens directly from the granulomatous lesions of Tuberculosis patients, inducing not only significant antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion but also a marked cytotoxic lymphocyte functional response. These findings indicated that PKAp has potential as a novel antigen biomarker for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shizong Hu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- §Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 101149, China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Michael Graner
- ‖Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Haiying Liu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China;
| | - Qi Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
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17
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Li D, Gao G, Li Z, Sun W, Li X, Chen N, Sun J, Yang Y. Profiling the T-cell receptor repertoire of patient with pleural tuberculosis by high-throughput sequencing. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:170-80. [PMID: 25173045 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pleural tuberculosis (PLTB), a major cause of morbidity and mortality, is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in developing countries. Gamma delta T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pleural effusion mononuclear cells (PEMCs) and beta TCR repertoire from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have been reported. However, a detailed different characteristic of beta TCR repertoire of mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood and pleural fluid in the immune response to Mtb infection should be further revealed. The TCR β-chain (TRB) from PBMCs and PEMCs from an untreated pleural tuberculosis patient was sequenced by the Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 96,758 and 124,130 unique complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences were identified at the nucleotide level, encoding 69,488 and 99,095 peptide sequences, respectively. TCR profiling showed that TRBV20-1 family and TRBV20-1/TRBJ1-5 gene combination had a dominant expression in PEMCs, but not in PBMCs. Expansive expression of common CDR3 clonotypes was observed in PEMCs. CDR3 spectratyping analysis showed that few TRBV families had a significantly skewed pattern, with one peak or a few prominent peaks in the PBMCs. By contrast, some TRBV families showed oligoclonal or clonal expansion in the PEMCs. Here, we firstly profiled the TRB repertoire differences of PBMCs and PEMCs from one PLTB patient using high-throughput sequencing. And this study may provide new insight for the detailed and efficient study of TCR repertoire of PEMCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengrui Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guanju Gao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang 050041, Hebei Province, China.
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18
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Lewinsohn D, Sette A, Lewinsohn D. Antigens for CD4 and CD8 T cells in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018465. [PMID: 24852051 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for which an improved vaccine and immunodiagnostics are urgently needed. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells play an important role in host defense to TB. Definition of the antigens recognized by these T cells is critical for improved understanding of the immunobiology of TB and for development of vaccines and diagnostics. Herein, the antigens and epitopes recognized by classically HLA class I- and II-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in humans infected with MTB are reviewed. Immunodominant antigens and epitopes have been defined using approaches targeting particular TB proteins or classes of proteins and by genome-wide discovery approaches. Antigens and epitopes recognized by classically restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells show extensive breadth and diversity in MTB-infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
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19
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Behar SM. Antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and protective immunity to tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:141-63. [PMID: 23468108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic and the spread of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to the perpetuation of the worldwide tuberculosis epidemic. While M. bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine, it lacks efficacy in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis in adults [1]. To combat this ongoing scourge, vaccine development for tuberculosis is a global priority. Most infected individuals develop long-lived protective immunity, which controls and contains M. tuberculosis in a T cell-dependent manner. An effective T cells response determines whether the infection resolves or develops into clinically evident disease. Consequently, there is great interest in determining which T cells subsets mediate anti-mycobacterial immunity, delineating their effector functions, and evaluating whether vaccination can elicit these T cells subsets and induce protective immunity. CD4(+) T cells are critical for resistance to M. tuberculosis in both humans and rodent models. CD4(+) T cells are required to control the initial infection as well as to prevent recrudescence in both humans and mice [2]. While it is generally accepted that class II MHC-restricted CD4(+) T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis infection elicits CD8(+) T cells responses in both people and in experimental animals. CD8(+) T cells are also recruited to the lung during M. tuberculosis infection and are found in the granulomas of infected people. Thus, how CD8(+) T cells contribute to overall immunity to tuberculosis and whether antigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells would enhance the efficacy of vaccine strategies continue to be important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Behar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM. Co-dependents: MR1-restricted MAIT cells and their antimicrobial function. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is multifactorial, involving a network of innate and adaptive immune responses. Characterization of the immune response, a clear understanding of the dynamics and interplay of different arms of the immune response are critical to allow the development of better tools for combating tuberculosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the key cells in bridging innate and adaptive immune response through their significant role in capturing, processing and presenting antigens. The outcome of interaction of M. tuberculosis with DCs is not fully understood and the available reports are contradictory were some findings reported that DCs strengthen the cellular immune response against mycobacterium infection whereas others reported M. tuberculosis impairs the function of DCs were infected DCs are poor stimulators of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells. Other studies showed that the outcome depends on M. tuberculosis strain type and type of receptor on DCs during recognition. In this review I shall highlight the recent findings in the outcome of interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute; Addis Ababa, Ethopia.
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22
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Harriff MJ, Purdy GE, Lewinsohn DM. Escape from the Phagosome: The Explanation for MHC-I Processing of Mycobacterial Antigens? Front Immunol 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22566923 PMCID: PMC3342008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is thought to live in an altered phagosomal environment. In this setting, the mechanisms by which mycobacterial antigens access the major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) processing machinery remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that Mtb antigens can be processed in both endocytic and cytosolic environments, with different mechanisms being proposed for how Mtb antigens can access the cytosol. Recently, electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that Mtb has the potential to escape the phagosome and reside in the cytosol. This was postulated as the primary mechanism by which Mtb antigens enter the MHC-I processing and presentation pathway. In this commentary, we will review data on the escape of Mtb from the cytosol and whether this escape is required for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
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23
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Morinaga Y, Yanagihara K, Araki N, Migiyama Y, Nagaoka K, Harada Y, Yamada K, Hasegawa H, Nishino T, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yamamoto Y, Kohno S, Kamihira S. LiveLegionella pneumophilainduces MUC5AC production by airway epithelial cells independently of intracellular invasion. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:151-7. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuko Araki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Migiyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shimeru Kamihira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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24
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A recombinant adenovirus expressing immunodominant TB antigens can significantly enhance BCG-induced human immunity. Vaccine 2012; 30:2098-108. [PMID: 22296955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccines, Mycobacterium tuberculosis currently infects billions of people and millions die annually from tuberculosis (TB) disease. New TB vaccines are urgently needed. METHODS We studied the ability of AERAS-402, a recombinant, replication-deficient adenovirus type 35 expressing the protective M. tuberculosis antigens Ag85A, Ag85B, and TB10.4, to boost BCG immunity in an area of low TB endemicity. RESULTS In volunteers primed with BCG 3 or 6 months prior to AERAS-402 boosting, significant CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses were induced. Ag85-specific responses were more strongly boosted than TB10.4-specific responses. Frequencies of TB-specific CD8(+) T cells reached>50 fold higher than pre-AERAS boosting levels, remarkably higher than reported in any previous human TB vaccine trial. Multiparameter flow cytometric assays demonstrated that AERAS-402-boosted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were multifunctional, producing multiple cytokines and other immune effector molecules. Furthermore, boosted T cells displayed lymphoproliferative capacity, and tetramer analyses confirmed that antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells were induced. BCG and AERAS-402 vaccinations given 3 and 6 months apart appeared equivalent. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AERAS-402 is a promising TB vaccine candidate that can significantly enhance both CD4(+) and CD8(+) TB-specific T cell responses after BCG priming. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01378312.
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Lancioni C, Nyendak M, Kiguli S, Zalwango S, Mori T, Mayanja-Kizza H, Balyejusa S, Null M, Baseke J, Mulindwa D, Byrd L, Swarbrick G, Scott C, Johnson DF, Malone L, Mudido-Musoke P, Boom WH, Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA. CD8+ T cells provide an immunologic signature of tuberculosis in young children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 185:206-12. [PMID: 22071329 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201107-1355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The immunologic events surrounding primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and development of tuberculosis remain controversial. Young children who develop tuberculosis do so quickly after first exposure, thus permitting study of immune response to primary infection and disease. We hypothesized that M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells are generated in response to high bacillary loads occurring during tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES To determine if M. tuberculosis-specific T cells are generated among healthy children exposed to M. tuberculosis and children with tuberculosis. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays were used to measure IFN-γ production in response to M. tuberculosis-specific proteins ESAT-6/CFP-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD8(+) T cells isolated from Ugandan children hospitalized with tuberculosis (n = 96) or healthy tuberculosis contacts (n = 62). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The proportion of positive CD8(+) T-cell assays and magnitude of CD8(+) T-cell responses were significantly greater among young (<5 yr) tuberculosis cases compared with young contacts (P = 0.02, Fisher exact test, P = 0.01, Wilcoxon rank-sum, respectively). M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were equivalent between groups. CONCLUSIONS Among young children, M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells develop in response to high bacillary loads, as occurs during tuberculosis, and are unlikely to be found after M. tuberculosis exposure. T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are generated after M. tuberculosis exposure alone, and thus cannot distinguish exposure from disease. In young children, IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells provide an immunologic signature of primary M. tuberculosis infection resulting in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lancioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Blanchard N, Shastri N. Topological journey of parasite-derived antigens for presentation by MHC class I molecules. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:414-21. [PMID: 20869317 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within cells of their host, many bacteria and parasites inhabit specialized compartments, such as a modified phagosome for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or a parasitophorous vacuole for Toxoplasma gondii. These locations could exclude microbial material from entry into the MHC class I surveillance pathway. Remarkably, however, under these circumstances, cells can still signal the presence of invading pathogens to circulating CD8(+) T cells, which typically play a key role in protection against such intracellular organisms. Here, we review MHC I presentation pathways in various contexts, ranging from model antigens in non-infectious settings to pathogen-infected cells. We suggest that presentation of intracellular pathogens can be described as not just one, but several distinct pathways; perhaps because diverse pathogens have evolved different strategies to interact with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blanchard
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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27
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Grotzke JE, Siler AC, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Secreted immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens are processed by the cytosolic pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4336-43. [PMID: 20802151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in lifelong but asymptomatic infection in most individuals. Although CD8(+) T cells are elicited at high frequencies over the course of infection in both humans and mice, how phagosomal M. tuberculosis Ags are processed and presented by MHC class I molecules is poorly understood. Broadly, both cytosolic and noncytosolic pathways have been described. We have previously characterized the presentation of three HLA-I epitopes from M. tuberculosis and shown that these Ags are processed in the cytosol, whereas others have demonstrated noncytosolic presentation of the 19-kDa lipoprotein as well as apoptotic bodies from M. tuberculosis-infected cells. In this paper, we now characterize the processing pathway in an additional six M. tuberculosis epitopes from four proteins in human dendritic cells. Addition of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking inhibitor, brefeldin A, resulted in complete abrogation of Ag processing consistent with cytosolic presentation. However, although addition of the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin blocked the presentation of two epitopes, presentation of four epitopes was enhanced. To further examine the requirement for proteasomal processing of an epoxomicin-enhanced epitope, an in vitro proteasome digestion assay was established. We find that the proteasome does indeed generate the epitope and that epitope generation is enhanced in the presence of epoxomicin. To further confirm that both the epoxomicin-inhibited and epoxomicin-enhanced epitopes are processed cytosolically, we demonstrate that TAP transport and new protein synthesis are required for presentation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that immunodominant M. tuberculosis CD8(+) Ags are processed and presented using a cytosolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Grotzke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Cytotoxicity responses to selected ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptides in tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2010; 265:146-55. [PMID: 20851385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity responses were studied for the ESAT-6 peptides Esp1, Esp6, Esp7, Esp8, and CFP-10 peptides, Cfp6, Cfp7, Cfp8, Cfp9 (synthetic 20-mer peptides) and the recombinant ESAT-6, CFP-10 proteins. Cytolytic molecules perforin, granzymes A and B, granulysin responses in healthy household contacts (HHC) and pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB), were studied by intracellular flow cytometry. Functional cytotoxicity was studied in both the groups for the peptides Esp6 and Cfp8 by an enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) based assay. The results revealed that cytolytic molecule positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased in HHC in response to Esp1, Esp6, Cfp8 and Cfp9 immunogenic peptides compared to PTB. Functional cytotoxicity results showed higher cytotoxicity (not statistically significant) to be exhibited by the peptide Esp6 than Cfp8 in the HHC.
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Jacobsen M, Repsilber D, Kleinsteuber K, Gutschmidt A, Schommer-Leitner S, Black G, Walzl G, Kaufmann SHE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 is affected in T-cells from tuberculosisTB patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 17:1323-31. [PMID: 20673263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cells and T-cell-derived cytokines are crucial mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but these factors are insufficient as biomarkers for disease susceptibility. In order to define T-cell molecules involved in tuberculosis (TB), we compared gene expression profiles of T-cells from patients with active TB, healthy donors with latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBIs) and non-infected healthy donors (NIDs) by microarray analysis. Pathway-focused analyses identified a prevalent subset of candidate genes involved in the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling pathway, including those encoding suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) molecules, in the subset of protection-associated genes. Differential expression was verified by quantitative PCR analysis for the cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), SOCS3, JAK3, interleukin-2 receptor α-chain (IL2RA), and the proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase (PIM1). Classification analyses revealed that this set of molecules was able to discriminate efficiently between T-cells from TB patients and those from LTBIs, and, notably, to achieve optimal discrimination between LTBIs and NIDs. Further characterization by quantitative PCR revealed highly variable candidate gene expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells from TB patients and only minor differences between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations. These results point to a role of cytokine receptor signalling regulation in T-cells in susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacobsen
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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30
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Simmons DP, Canaday DH, Liu Y, Li Q, Huang A, Boom WH, Harding CV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TLR2 agonists inhibit induction of type I IFN and class I MHC antigen cross processing by TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2405-15. [PMID: 20660347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) cross process exogenous Ags and present them by class I MHC (MHC-I) molecules to CD8(+) T cells specific for Ags from viruses and bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unmethylated CpG DNA signals through TLR9 to induce type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta), which enhances MHC-I Ag cross processing, but lipoproteins that signal through TLR2 do not induce IFN-alpha/beta. In these studies we observed that M. tuberculosis, which expresses agonists of both TLR9 and TLR2, did not induce production of IFN-alpha/beta or cross processing by murine DCs. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis and TLR2 agonists inhibited induction of IFN-alpha/beta and DC cross processing by CpG DNA. Exogenous IFN-alpha/beta effectively enhanced cross processing of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing OVA, bypassing the inhibition of induction of endogenous IFN-alpha/beta. In addition, inhibition of TLR9-induced cross processing of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing OVA could be circumvented by pretreating cells with CpG DNA to induce IFN-alpha/beta and MHC-I cross processing before inhibitory mycobacterial TLR2 agonists were present. Inhibition of the response to one TLR by another may affect the ultimate response to pathogens like M. tuberculosis that express agonists of multiple TLRs, including TLR2 and TLR9. This mechanism may contribute to immune evasion and explain why IFN-alpha/beta provides little contribution to host immunity to M. tuberculosis. However, downregulation of certain TLR responses may benefit the host by preventing detrimental excessive inflammation that may occur in the presence of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimon P Simmons
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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31
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Blanchard N, Shastri N. Cross-presentation of peptides from intracellular pathogens by MHC class I molecules. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:237-50. [PMID: 20146719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic parasites multiply in specialized subcellular niches in the host cell. The invading microbes hijack key cellular functions to establish the intracellular niches but, unlike viruses, do not need the protein synthesis machinery of host cells to replicate. Circulating CD8+ T cells provide protective immunity by recognizing pathogen-derived peptide major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (pMHC I) expressed by infected cells. Here, we review studies on the complex and varied pathways that produce the appropriate pMHC I as ligands for the CD8+ T cells. We also discuss possible explanations for the curious observations that CD8+ T cells are specific for fewer pMHC I ligands in parasite infections compared to the diversity of pMHC I ligands in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blanchard
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.
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32
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Olmos S, Stukes S, Ernst JD. Ectopic activation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells in lungs of CCR7-/- mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:895-901. [PMID: 20007536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of an adaptive cellular immune response depends on intimate interactions with APCs and naive T lymphocytes. We previously reported that activation of naive Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells depends on dendritic cell (DC) transport of live bacteria from the lungs to the mediastinal lymph node (MDLN). Because the migratory paths of DCs are largely governed by the chemokine receptor CCR7, which is expressed on DCs upon maturation by proinflammatory stimuli, we examined the quantitative contribution of CCR7-dependent DC migration in the context of tuberculosis. We found that early trafficking of DCs from the lungs to the MDLN depended on CCR7-mediated signaling, but alternative mechanism(s) are used later in infection. Impaired migration of DCs in CCR7(-/-) mice resulted in delayed dissemination of bacteria to MDLN and spleen and in delayed kinetics of activation of adoptively transferred Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, in contrast to control mice, we found that naive Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells are activated to proliferate in the lungs of CCR7(-/-) mice and, when infected with higher doses of bacteria, resistance to M. tuberculosis infection in CCR7(-/-) mice is compromised compared with wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Olmos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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CD1a and Factor XIIIa Immunohistochemistry in Leprosy: A Possible Role of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium leprae Infection. Am J Dermatopathol 2009; 31:527-31. [PMID: 19590423 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31819f1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ho P, Zhang L, Wei X, Seah GT. Mycobacterium chelonaesensitisation induces CD4+-mediated cytotoxicity against BCG. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1841-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Ryan AA, Nambiar JK, Wozniak TM, Roediger B, Shklovskaya E, Britton WJ, Fazekas de St. Groth B, Triccas JA. Antigen Load Governs the Differential Priming of CD8 T Cells in Response to the Bacille Calmette Guérin Vaccine orMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7172-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome is a HLA-I processing competent organelle. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000374. [PMID: 19360129 PMCID: PMC2661020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resides in a long-lived phagosomal compartment that resists maturation. The manner by which Mtb antigens are processed and presented on MHC Class I molecules is poorly understood. Using human dendritic cells and IFN-γ release by CD8+ T cell clones, we examined the processing and presentation pathway for two Mtb–derived antigens, each presented by a distinct HLA-I allele (HLA-Ia versus HLA-Ib). Presentation of both antigens is blocked by the retrotranslocation inhibitor exotoxin A. Inhibitor studies demonstrate that, after reaching the cytosol, both antigens require proteasomal degradation and TAP transport, but differ in the requirement for ER–golgi egress and new protein synthesis. Specifically, presentation by HLA-B8 but not HLA-E requires newly synthesized HLA-I and transport through the ER–golgi. Phenotypic analysis of the Mtb phagosome by flow organellometry revealed the presence of Class I and loading accessory molecules, including TAP and PDI. Furthermore, loaded HLA-I:peptide complexes are present within the Mtb phagosome, with a pronounced bias towards HLA-E:peptide complexes. In addition, protein analysis also reveals that HLA-E is enriched within the Mtb phagosome compared to HLA-A2. Together, these data suggest that the phagosome, through acquisition of ER–localized machinery and as a site of HLA-I loading, plays a vital role in the presentation of Mtb–derived antigens, similar to that described for presentation of latex bead-associated antigens. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of this presentation pathway for an intracellular pathogen. Moreover, these data suggest that HLA-E may play a unique role in the presentation of phagosomal antigens. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) generally serves to present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins to CD8+ T lymphocytes, thereby alerting the immune system that the cell is infected. The machinery required for MHC-I antigen processing and presentation is localized to the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After phagocytosis of bacteria, it is unclear how bacterial antigens are presented by MHC-I, as they are segregated from this machinery. In this report, we examine processing and presentation of two proteins derived from the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We find that Mtb proteins are able to access the cytosol where they are degraded by the proteasome. Mtb proteins reach the cytosol by retrotranslocation, a process which normally functions to transport misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol. Furthermore, the Mtb phagosome contains ER–derived members of the MHC-I peptide loading complex, which aid in loading peptides onto MHC-I molecules. Finally, we detect loaded HLA-I:peptide complexes in the phagosome, demonstrating that loading can occur in the Mtb phagosome. Together, these findings suggest that the Mtb phagosome, through acquisition of ER–derived MHC-I machinery and as a site of MHC-I loading, plays a vital role in presentation of Mtb–derived peptides on MHC-I.
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Klucar P, Barnes PF, Kong Y, Howard ST, Pang X, Huang FF, Tvinnereim AR, Samten B, Shams H. Vaccination strategies to enhance local immunity and protection against Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. Vaccine 2009; 27:1816-24. [PMID: 19402204 PMCID: PMC2768422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10 kD culture filtrate protein (CFP10), and to evaluate strategies that enhance local immunity, we used C57Bl/6 DR4 mice that were transgenic for human HLA DRB1 0401, because CFP10 contains epitopes for DRB1 0401 but not for C57Bl/6 mice. Intramuscular immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding CFP10 elicited production of IFN-gamma by systemic CD4+ T cells, and one intravenous dose of the CFP10-based DNA vaccine coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) stimulated IFN-gamma production by lung CD4+ cells and reduced the pulmonary bacillary burden. We conclude that CFP10 is a potential vaccine candidate and that coating vaccines with PEI enhances local protective immunity to tuberculosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klucar
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Peter F. Barnes
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Ying Kong
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Susan T. Howard
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Xiuhua Pang
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Fang-Fang Huang
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Amy R. Tvinnereim
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Buka Samten
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Homayoun Shams
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
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MHC molecules and microbial antigen processing in phagosomes. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:98-104. [PMID: 19217269 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells are phagocytic antigen presenting cells that internalize bacteria and other particulate antigens into phagosomes. The phagosome must then balance microbicidal and proteolytic degradation functions with the generation of antigenic peptides for presentation by class I and class II MHC molecules to CD8 and CD4 T cells, respectively. Understanding the host and bacterial factors that affect phagosomal antigen processing may help facilitate new strategies to eliminate pathogens.
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Hoft DF, Blazevic A, Abate G, Hanekom WA, Kaplan G, Soler JH, Weichold F, Geiter L, Sadoff JC, Horwitz MA. A new recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine safely induces significantly enhanced tuberculosis-specific immunity in human volunteers. J Infect Dis 2009; 198:1491-501. [PMID: 18808333 DOI: 10.1086/592450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One strategy for improving anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccination involves the use of recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) overexpressing protective TB antigens. rBCG30, which overexpresses the Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted antigen Ag85b, was the first rBCG shown to induce significantly greater protection against TB in animals than parental BCG. METHODS We report here the first double-blind phase 1 trial of rBCG30 in 35 adults randomized to receive either rBCG30 or parental Tice BCG intradermally. Clinical reactogenicity was assessed, and state-of-the-art immunological assays were used to study Ag85b-specific immune responses induced by both vaccines. RESULTS Similar clinical reactogenicity occurred with both vaccines. rBCG30 induced significantly increased Ag85b-specific T cell lymphoproliferation, interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion, IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot responses, and direct ex vivo intracellular IFN-gamma responses. Additional flow cytometry studies measuring carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution and intracellular cytokine production demonstrated that rBCG30 significantly enhanced the population of Ag85b-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells capable of concurrent expansion and effector function. More importantly, rBCG30 significantly increased the number of Ag85b-specific T cells capable of inhibiting intracellular mycobacteria. CONCLUSIONS These results provide proof of principal that rBCG can safely enhance human TB immunity and support further development of rBCG overexpressing Ag85b for TB vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University Medical Center, and Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Potent immune responses of Ag-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells and CD8+ T cells associated with latent stage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in HIV-1-infected humans. AIDS 2008; 22:2241-50. [PMID: 18981763 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283117f18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate immune responses of peptide-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and nonpeptide-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells during clinical quiescence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in HIV-1-infected humans. METHODS One hundred HIV-1-infected individuals who had HIV infection only [HIV+tuberculosis-(TB-)], latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection (HIV + LTB), or active tuberculosis (HIV + TB) were recruited to measure mycobacterium purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific IFNgamma+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and phosphoantigen HMBPP-specific IFNgamma+ Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells using enzyme-linked immunospot and intracellular cytokine staining assays. RESULTS Both HIV + TB and HIV + LTB groups had low levels of PPD-specific IFNgamma+ CD4+ T cells regardless of CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes counts. However, numbers of PPD-specific IFNgamma+ CD8+ T cells in the HIV + LTB group were significantly greater than those in the HIV + TB group. Surprisingly, numbers of phosphoantigen hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific IFNgamma+ Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells in the HIV + LTB group were much greater than those in the HIV + TB group (P < 0.001). This difference was present in the subgroups of HIV + LTB whatever the levels of CD4+ T-cell counts more than 200/microl or less than 200/microl. Numbers of hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific IFNgamma+ Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells were even five times greater than those of PPD-specific IFNgamma+ CD8 T cells within the HIV + LTB group. CONCLUSION Potent immune responses of hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific IFNgamma+ Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells and PPD-specific IFNgamma+ CD8+ T cells were detected in HIV + LTB persons but not HIV + TB patients. The robust immune responses of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ and CD8+ T effector cells were associated with the latent stage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in HIV-1-infected humans.
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Coler RN, Dillon DC, Skeiky YAW, Kahn M, Orme IM, Lobet Y, Reed SG, Alderson MR. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidates using human CD4+ T-cells expression cloning. Vaccine 2008; 27:223-33. [PMID: 19000730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens as candidates for a subunit vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), we have employed a CD4+ T-cell expression screening method. Mtb-specific CD4+ T-cell lines from nine healthy PPD positive donors were stimulated with different antigenic substrates including autologous dendritic cells (DC) infected with Mtb, or cultured with culture filtrate proteins (CFP), and purified protein derivative of Mtb (PPD). These lines were used to screen a genomic Mtb library expressed in Escherichia coli and processed and presented by autologous DC. This screening led to the recovery of numerous T-cell antigens, including both novel and previously described antigens. One of these novel antigens, referred to as Mtb9.8 (Rv0287), was recognized by multiple T-cell lines, stimulated with either Mtb-infected DC or CFP. Using the mouse and guinea pig models of TB, high levels of IFN-gamma were produced, and solid protection from Mtb challenge was observed following immunization with Mtb9.8 formulated in either AS02A or AS01B Adjuvant Systems. These results demonstrate that T-cell screening of the Mtb genome can be used to identify CD4+ T-cell antigens that are candidates for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea N Coler
- The Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia St, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98104, United States.
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42
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Abstract
A third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 2 million people die from tuberculosis every year even though the bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been available for more than 75 years. In order to reduce the immense burden of tuberculosis, new vaccines or vaccination strategies, or both, are urgently needed. Why BCG vaccination has not reduced disease prevalence, especially in the developing world, is not yet understood. Important contributing factors might include background immunity induced by non-tuberculous environmental mycobacteria, diversity of BCG strains, and overattenuation of presently used strains. This review provides a summary of the immune responses thought to be important for protective tuberculosis immunity; various mycobacterial antigens that seem to be promising targets for vaccine-induced immunity; different vaccination approaches being developed for use in people; and the key issues involved in the selection of new vaccines for expanded phase II or III testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hoft
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St Louis, MO, USA.
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43
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Characterization of effector functions of human peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell clones for an intracellular pathogen. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:475-83. [PMID: 18588932 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are believed to play a dominant role in human defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis through production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, cytolytic T-cell (CTL) activity, and inhibition of intracellular mycobacterial growth. Most functional studies of CD4+ cells have used bulk T-cells that recognize crude mycobacterial antigens, and the functional capacity of individual human T cells is not well defined. We studied the functional capacity of human CD4+ T-cell clones that recognize a specific mycobacterial peptide. Clone B9 produced high concentrations of IFN-gamma and exhibited potent CTL activity, whereas clone D3 produced IFN-gamma but showed poor CTL activity. The CTL activity of clone B9 was inhibited by SrCl(2) and concanamycin A but not by anti-Fas antibodies. Clone B9 also reduced the mycobacterial burden in dendritic cells by more than 90%, and this antimycobacterial activity was inhibited by SrCl(2) and concanamycin A. We conclude that: (1) individual human peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell clones have differential capacity to produce Th1 cytokines and to lyse M tuberculosis-infected target cells; and (2) both granulysin and perforin contribute to the capacity of human CD4+ T-cells to lyse infected targets and to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth.
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44
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Ubiquitin-fusion degradation pathway: A new strategy for inducing CD8 cells specific for mycobacterial HSP65. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 365:621-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lewinsohn DA, Winata E, Swarbrick GM, Tanner KE, Cook MS, Null MD, Cansler ME, Sette A, Sidney J, Lewinsohn DM. Immunodominant tuberculosis CD8 antigens preferentially restricted by HLA-B. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1240-9. [PMID: 17892322 PMCID: PMC2323292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are essential for host defense to intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), Salmonella species, and Listeria monocytogenes, yet the repertoire and dominance pattern of human CD8 antigens for these pathogens remains poorly characterized. Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mtb infection, remains one of the leading causes of infectious morbidity and mortality worldwide and is the most frequent opportunistic infection in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Therefore, we undertook this study to define immunodominant CD8 Mtb antigens. First, using IFN-gamma ELISPOT and synthetic peptide arrays as a source of antigen, we measured ex vivo frequencies of CD8(+) T cells recognizing known immunodominant CD4(+) T cell antigens in persons with latent tuberculosis infection. In addition, limiting dilution was used to generate panels of Mtb-specific T cell clones. Using the peptide arrays, we identified the antigenic specificity of the majority of T cell clones, defining several new epitopes. In all cases, peptide representing the minimal epitope bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricting allele with high affinity, and in all but one case the restricting allele was an HLA-B allele. Furthermore, individuals from whom the T cell clone was isolated harbored high ex vivo frequency CD8(+) T cell responses specific for the epitope, and in individuals tested, the epitope represented the single immunodominant response within the CD8 antigen. We conclude that Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells are found in high frequency in infected individuals and are restricted predominantly by HLA-B alleles, and that synthetic peptide arrays can be used to define epitope specificities without prior bias as to MHC binding affinity. These findings provide an improved understanding of immunodominance in humans and may contribute to a development of an effective TB vaccine and improved immunodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ervina Winata
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katie E Tanner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew S Cook
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Megan D Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meghan E Cansler
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Jacobsen M, Detjen AK, Mueller H, Gutschmidt A, Leitner S, Wahn U, Magdorf K, Kaufmann SHE. Clonal expansion of CD8+ effector T cells in childhood tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1331-9. [PMID: 17617626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of CD8(+) T cells in human tuberculosis (TB) remains elusive. We analyzed the T cell repertoire and phenotype in 1) children with active TB (< or =4 years), 2) healthy latently Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected children, and 3) noninfected age-matched (tuberculin skin test-negative) controls. Ex vivo phenotyping of T cell subpopulations by flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in the proportion of CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD62L(-)CD28(-)CD27(-) effector T cells (T(EF)) in the peripheral blood of children with active TB (22.1 vs 9.5% in latently M. tuberculosis-infected children, vs 8.5% in tuberculin skin test-negative controls). Analyses of TCR variable beta-chains revealed markedly skewed repertoires in CD8(+) T(EF) and effector memory T cells. Expansions were restricted to single TCR variable beta-chains in individual donors indicating clonal growth. CDR3 spectratyping and DNA sequencing verified clonal expansion as the cause for CD8(+) effector T cell enrichment in individual TB patients. The most prominent enrichment of highly similar T(EF) clones (>70% of CD8(+) T(EF)) was found in two children with active severe TB. Therefore, clonal expansion of CD8(+) T(EF) occurs in childhood TB with potential impact on course and severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jacobsen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Chaitra MG, Shaila MS, Nayak R. Evaluation of T-cell responses to peptides with MHC class I-binding motifs derived from PE_PGRS 33 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:466-474. [PMID: 17374885 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis form a source of antigenic variation among different strains of M. tuberculosis. One of the PE_PGRS proteins, Rv1818c, plays a role in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection and specifically influences host-cell responses to tuberculosis infection. Although little is known about these two classes of protein, an immunoinformatics approach has indicated the possibility of their participation in eliciting a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated immune response against tuberculosis, as peptides derived from Rv1818c are predicted to bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. In the present work, a DNA vaccine was constructed encoding the full-length Rv1818c protein of M. tuberculosis and its immunogenicity was analysed in BALB/c mice. Immunization with Rv1818c DNA induced a strong CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte and Th1-type response, with high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and low levels of interleukin-4. Two nonameric peptides (Peptide(6-14) and Peptide(385-393)) from Rv1818c were identified by their ability to induce the production of IFN-gamma by CD8+ T cells in mice immunized with Rv1818c DNA. An epitope-specific response was demonstrated by the lysis of peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells, release of cytotoxic granules and IFN-gamma production. These peptides bound with high affinity to MHC H-2K(d) and showed low dissociation rates of peptide-MHC complexes. These results could form the basis for testing the identified T-cell epitopes of PE_PGRS proteins in the induction of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis challenge in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Chaitra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - M S Shaila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - R Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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48
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Aguirre-Blanco AM, Lukey PT, Cliff JM, Dockrell HM. Strain-dependent variation in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced human T-cell activation and gamma interferon production in vitro. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3197-201. [PMID: 17387167 PMCID: PMC1932901 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01611-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three commonly used Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains elicited different magnitudes of T-cell activation and gamma interferon production in vitro in healthy BCG-vaccinated individuals. Glaxo 1077 exhibited the greatest stimulatory capacity, followed by Pasteur 1173 and then Danish 1331. These differences may affect in vitro stimulation and vaccination-induced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Aguirre-Blanco
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
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49
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Abstract
There are more cases of tuberculosis in the world today than at any other time in history. The global epidemic has generated intense interest into the immunological mechanisms that control infection. Although CD4+ T cells play a critical role in host immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is considerable interest in understanding the role of other T cell subsets in preventing disease development following infection. CD8+ T cells are required for optimum host defense following M. tuberculosis infection, which has led to investigation into how this protective effect is mediated. A critical review of recent literature regarding the role of CD8+ T cells in protective immunity to M. tuberculosis infection is now required to address the strengths and weaknesses of these studies. In this article, we evaluate the evidence that CD8+ T cells are critical in immunity to M. tuberculosis infection. We discuss the specific mycobacterial proteins that are recognized by CD8+ T cells elicited during infection. Finally, we examine the effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells generated during infection and synthesize recent studies to consider the protective roles that these T cells serve in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S M Woodworth
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, La Mendola C, Guggino G, Dieli F, Salerno A. Phenotypical and functional analysis of memory and effector human CD8 T cells specific for mycobacterial antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1780-5. [PMID: 16849488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one-third of the global population and claims two million lives every year. Because memory CD8 T cells exhibit a high heterogeneity in terms of phenotype and functional characteristic, we investigated the frequency, phenotype, and functional properties of Ag85A epitope-specific HLA-A*0201 CD8 T cells in children affected by tuberculosis (TB) before and 4 mo after chemotherapy and healthy contact children. Using Ag85A peptide/HLA-A*0201 pentamer, we found a low frequency of blood peptide-specific CD8 T cells in tuberculous children before therapy, which consistently increased after therapy to levels detected in healthy contacts. Ex vivo analysis of the expression of CD45RA and CCR7 surface markers indicated a skewed representation of Ag85A epitope-specific CD8 T cells during active TB, with a predominance of T central memory cells and a decrease of terminally differentiated T cells, which was reversed after therapy. Accordingly, pentamer-specific CD8 T cells from tuberculous patients produced low levels of IFN-gamma and had low expression of perforin, which recovered after therapy. The finding of an elevated frequency of pentamer-specific CD8 T cells with T effector memory and terminally differentiated phenotypes in the cerebrospinal fluid of a child with tuberculous meningitis strongly indicates compartmentalization of such CD8 effectors at the site of disease. Our study represents the first characterization of Ag-specific memory and effector CD8 T cells during TB and may help to understand the type of immune response that vaccine candidates should stimulate to achieve protection.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/blood
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/cerebrospinal fluid
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- HLA-A Antigens/blood
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Tuberculin/biosynthesis
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/blood
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/cerebrospinal fluid
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/cerebrospinal fluid
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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