1
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Luo H, Cortés-López M, Tam CL, Xiao M, Wakiro I, Chu KL, Pierson A, Chan M, Chang K, Yang X, Fecko D, Han G, Ahn EYE, Morris QD, Landau DA, Kharas MG. SON is an essential m 6A target for hematopoietic stem cell fate. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1658-1673.e10. [PMID: 38065069 PMCID: PMC10752439 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells regulate their self-renewal and differentiation fate outcomes through both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. m6A RNA methylation controls symmetric commitment and inflammation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through unknown mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the nuclear speckle protein SON is an essential m6A target required for murine HSC self-renewal, symmetric commitment, and inflammation control. Global profiling of m6A identified that m6A mRNA methylation of Son increases during HSC commitment. Upon m6A depletion, Son mRNA increases, but its protein is depleted. Reintroduction of SON rescues defects in HSC symmetric commitment divisions and engraftment. Conversely, Son deletion results in a loss of HSC fitness, while overexpression of SON improves mouse and human HSC engraftment potential by increasing quiescence. Mechanistically, we found that SON rescues MYC and suppresses the METTL3-HSC inflammatory gene expression program, including CCL5, through transcriptional regulation. Thus, our findings define a m6A-SON-CCL5 axis that controls inflammation and HSC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariela Cortés-López
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cyrus L Tam
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isaac Wakiro
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen L Chu
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aspen Pierson
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mandy Chan
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Fecko
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Han
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Quaid D Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan A Landau
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Renelt S, Schult-Dietrich P, Baldauf HM, Stein S, Kann G, Bickel M, Kielland-Kaisen U, Bonig H, Marschalek R, Rieger MA, Dietrich U, Duerr R. HIV-1 Infection of Long-Lived Hematopoietic Precursors In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192968. [PMID: 36230931 PMCID: PMC9562211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent reservoirs in human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals represent a major obstacle in finding a cure for HIV-1. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been described as potential HIV-1 targets, but their roles as HIV-1 reservoirs remain controversial. Here we provide additional evidence for the susceptibility of several distinct HSPC subpopulations to HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. In vitro infection experiments of HSPCs were performed with different HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped lentiviral particles and with replication-competent HIV-1. Low-level infection/transduction of HSPCs, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPP), was observed, preferentially via CXCR4, but also via CCR5-mediated entry. Multi-lineage colony formation in methylcellulose assays and repetitive replating of transduced cells provided functional proof of susceptibility of primitive HSPCs to HIV-1 infection. Further, the access to bone marrow samples from HIV-positive individuals facilitated the detection of HIV-1 gag cDNA copies in CD34+ cells from eight (out of eleven) individuals, with at least six of them infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains. In summary, our data confirm that primitive HSPC subpopulations are susceptible to CXCR4- and CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo, which qualifies these cells to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Renelt
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schult-Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Kann
- Department of Medicine II/Infectious Diseases, Goethe University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Bickel
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Arhgef2 regulates mitotic spindle orientation in hematopoietic stem cells and is essential for productive hematopoiesis. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3120-3133. [PMID: 34406376 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) coordinate their divisional axis and whether this orientation is important for stem cell-driven hematopoiesis is poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, show that ARHGEF2, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor and determinant of mitotic spindle orientation, is specifically downregulated in SDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We demonstrate that transplanted Arhgef2-/- fetal liver and bone marrow cells yield impaired hematopoietic recovery and a production deficit from long-term HSCs, phenotypes that are not the result of differences in numbers of transplanted HSCs, their cell cycle status, level of apoptosis, progenitor output, or homing ability. Notably, these defects are functionally restored in vivo by overexpression of ARHGEF2 or its downstream activated RHOA GTPase. By using live imaging of dividing HSPCs, we show an increased frequency of misoriented divisions in the absence of Arhgef2. ARHGEF2 knockdown in human HSCs also impairs their ability to regenerate hematopoiesis, culminating in significantly smaller xenografts. Together, these data demonstrate a conserved role for Arhgef2 in orienting HSPC division and suggest that HSCs may divide in certain orientations to establish hematopoiesis, the loss of which could contribute to HSC dysfunction in bone marrow failure.
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4
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Asymmetric organelle inheritance predicts human blood stem cell fate. Blood 2021; 139:2011-2023. [PMID: 34314497 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human hematopoietic stem cell fate control is important for their improved therapeutic manipulation. Asymmetric cell division, the asymmetric inheritance of factors during division instructing future daughter cell fates, was recently described in mouse blood stem cells. In human blood stem cells, the possible existence of asymmetric cell division remained unclear due to technical challenges in its direct observation. Here, we use long-term quantitative single-cell imaging to show that lysosomes and active mitochondria are asymmetrically inherited in human blood stem cells and that their inheritance is a coordinated, non-random process. Furthermore, multiple additional organelles, including autophagosomes, mitophagosomes, autolysosomes and recycling endosomes show preferential asymmetric co-segregation with lysosomes. Importantly, asymmetric lysosomal inheritance predicts future asymmetric daughter cell cycle length, differentiation and stem cell marker expression, while asymmetric inheritance of active mitochondria correlates with daughter metabolic activity. Hence, human hematopoietic stem cell fates are regulated by asymmetric cell division, with both mechanistic evolutionary conservation and differences to the mouse system.
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5
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Tak T, Prevedello G, Simon G, Paillon N, Benlabiod C, Marty C, Plo I, Duffy KR, Perié L. HSPCs display within-family homogeneity in differentiation and proliferation despite population heterogeneity. eLife 2021; 10:60624. [PMID: 34002698 PMCID: PMC8175087 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell methods have uncovered substantial heterogeneity in the pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), but how much instruction is inherited by offspring from their heterogeneous ancestors remains unanswered. Using a method that enables simultaneous determination of common ancestor, division number, and differentiation status of a large collection of single cells, our data revealed that murine cells that derived from a common ancestor had significant similarities in their division progression and differentiation outcomes. Although each family diversifies, the overall collection of cell types observed is composed of homogeneous families. Heterogeneity between families could be explained, in part, by differences in ancestral expression of cell surface markers. Our analyses demonstrate that fate decisions of cells are largely inherited from ancestor cells, indicating the importance of common ancestor effects. These results may have ramifications for bone marrow transplantation and leukemia, where substantial heterogeneity in HSPC behavior is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tak
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Giulio Prevedello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Gaël Simon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Camélia Benlabiod
- INSERM, UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.,INSERM, UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.,INSERM, UMR1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Leïla Perié
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
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6
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Thompson BJ. Par-3 family proteins in cell polarity & adhesion. FEBS J 2021; 289:596-613. [PMID: 33565714 PMCID: PMC9290619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Par‐3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR‐3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par‐3 (PARD3), and human Par‐3‐like (PARD3B). The C. elegans PAR‐3 protein localises to the anterior pole of asymmetrically dividing zygotes with cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and PAR‐6. The same C. elegans ‘PAR complex’ can also localise in an apical ring in epithelial cells. Drosophila Baz localises to the apical pole of asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6, while in epithelial cells localises both in an apical ring with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6 and with E‐cadherin at adherens junctions. These apical and junctional localisations have become separated in human PARD3, which is strictly apical in many epithelia, and human PARD3B, which is strictly junctional in many epithelia. We discuss the molecular basis for this fundamental difference in localisation, as well as the possible functions of Par‐3/Baz family proteins as oligomeric clustering agents at the apical domain or at adherens junctions in epithelial stem cells. The evolution of Par‐3 family proteins into distinct apical PARD3 and junctional PARD3B orthologs coincides with the emergence of stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates, where PARD3B, but not PARD3, is strongly expressed in basal layer stem cells – which lack a typical apical domain. We speculate that PARD3B may contribute to clustering of E‐cadherin, signalling from adherens junctions via Src family kinases or mitotic spindle orientation by adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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7
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Ganuza M, Hall T, Obeng EA, McKinney-Freeman S. Clones assemble! The clonal complexity of blood during ontogeny and disease. Exp Hematol 2020; 83:35-47. [PMID: 32006606 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) govern the daily expansion and turnover of billions of specialized blood cells. Given their clinical utility, much effort has been made toward understanding the dynamics of hematopoietic production from this pool of stem cells. An understanding of hematopoietic stem cell clonal dynamics during blood ontogeny could yield important insights into hematopoietic regulation, especially during aging and repeated exposure to hematopoietic stress-insults that may predispose individuals to the development of hematopoietic disease. Here, we review the current state of research regarding the clonal complexity of the hematopoietic system during embryogenesis, adulthood, and hematologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ganuza
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Trent Hall
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Esther A Obeng
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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8
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Haas S, Trumpp A, Milsom MD. Causes and Consequences of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Heterogeneity. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:627-638. [PMID: 29727678 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood and immune cells derive from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Classically, stem and progenitor populations have been considered discrete homogeneous populations. However, recent technological advances have revealed significant HSC heterogeneity, with evidence for early HSC lineage segregation and the presence of lineage-biased HSCs and lineage-restricted progenitors within the HSC compartment. These and other findings challenge many aspects of the classical view of HSC biology. We review the most recent findings regarding the causes and consequences of HSC heterogeneity, discuss their far-reaching implications, and suggest that so-called continuum-based models may help consolidate apparently divergent experimental observations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haas
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Milsom
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Moussy A, Cosette J, Parmentier R, da Silva C, Corre G, Richard A, Gandrillon O, Stockholm D, Páldi A. Integrated time-lapse and single-cell transcription studies highlight the variable and dynamic nature of human hematopoietic cell fate commitment. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001867. [PMID: 28749943 PMCID: PMC5531424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells take lineage commitment decisions in a way that is not necessarily uniform. We address this issue by characterising transcriptional changes in cord blood-derived CD34+ cells at the single-cell level and integrating data with cell division history and morphological changes determined by time-lapse microscopy. We show that major transcriptional changes leading to a multilineage-primed gene expression state occur very rapidly during the first cell cycle. One of the 2 stable lineage-primed patterns emerges gradually in each cell with variable timing. Some cells reach a stable morphology and molecular phenotype by the end of the first cell cycle and transmit it clonally. Others fluctuate between the 2 phenotypes over several cell cycles. Our analysis highlights the dynamic nature and variable timing of cell fate commitment in hematopoietic cells, links the gene expression pattern to cell morphology, and identifies a new category of cells with fluctuating phenotypic characteristics, demonstrating the complexity of the fate decision process (which is different from a simple binary switch between 2 options, as it is usually envisioned). Hematopoietic stem cells are classically defined as a specific category of cells at the top of the hierarchy that can differentiate all blood cell types following step-by-step the instructions of a deterministic program. We have analysed this process, and our findings support a much more dynamic view than previously described. We apply time-lapse microscopy coupled to single-cell molecular analyses in human hematopoietic stem cells and find that fate decision is not a unique, programmed event but a process of spontaneous variation and selective stabilisation reminiscent of trial–error processes. We show that each cell explores (at its own pace and independently of cell division) many different possibilities before reaching a stable combination of genes to be expressed. Our results suggest, therefore, that multipotency seems to be more like a transitory state than a feature of a specific cell category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Moussy
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, INSERM, Univ-Evry, Evry, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Cindy da Silva
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, INSERM, Univ-Evry, Evry, France
| | | | - Angélique Richard
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Stockholm
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, INSERM, Univ-Evry, Evry, France
| | - András Páldi
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, INSERM, Univ-Evry, Evry, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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The development of T cells from stem cells in mice and humans. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO186. [PMID: 28883990 PMCID: PMC5583695 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the specialized microenvironment of the thymus. The main transcriptional players of T-cell differentiation such as Notch, Tcf-1, Gata3 and Bcl11b have been identified, but their role and regulation are not yet completely understood. In humans, functional experiments on T-cell development have traditionally been rather difficult to perform, but novel in vitro culture systems and in vivo xenograft models have allowed detailed studies on human T-cell development. Recent work has allowed the use of human severe combined immunodeficiency stem cells to unravel developmental checkpoints for human thymocyte development.
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11
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Werner B, Traulsen A, Dingli D. Ontogenic growth as the root of fundamental differences between childhood and adult cancer. Stem Cells 2015; 34:543-50. [PMID: 26689724 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, the unregulated proliferation of cells, can occur at any age and may arise from almost all cell types. However, the incidence and types of cancer differ with age. Some cancers are predominantly observed in children, others are mostly restricted to older ages. Treatment strategies of some cancers are very successful and cure is common in childhood, while treatment of the same cancer type is much more challenging in adults. Here, we develop a stochastic model of stem cell proliferation that considers both tissue development and homeostasis and discuss the disturbance of such a system by mutations. Due to changes in population size, mutant fitness becomes context dependent and consequently the effects of mutations on the stem cell population can vary with age. We discuss different mutant phenotypes and show the age dependency of their expected abundances. Most importantly, fitness of particular mutations can change with age and advantageous mutations can become deleterious or vice versa. This perspective can explain unique properties of childhood disorders, for example, the frequently observed phenomenon of a self-limiting leukemia in newborns with trisomy 21, but also explains other puzzling observations such as the increased risk of leukemia in patients with bone marrow failure or chemotherapy induced myelodysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Werner
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - David Dingli
- Division of Haematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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12
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13
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Beier F, Masouleh BK, Buesche G, Ventura Ferreira MS, Schneider RK, Ziegler P, Wilop S, Vankann L, Gattermann N, Platzbecker U, Giagounidis A, Götze KS, Nolte F, Hofmann WK, Haase D, Kreipe H, Panse J, Blasco MA, Germing U, Brümmendorf TH. Telomere dynamics in patients with del (5q) MDS before and under treatment with lenalidomide. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30380-5. [PMID: 26427727 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) associated with an acquired, isolated deletion of chromosome 5q (del (5q) MDS), represent a clonal disorder of hematopoiesis and a clinically distinct entity of MDS. Treatment of del (5q) MDS with the drug lenalidomide has significantly improved quality of life leading to transfusion independence and complete cytogenetic response rates (CCR) in the majority of patients. Telomeres are located at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes and are linked to replicative history/potential as well as genetic (in) stability of hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we analyzed telomere length (TL) dynamics before and under lenalidomide treatment in the peripheral blood and/or bone marrow of del (5q) patients enrolled in the LEMON-5 study (NCT01081431). Hematopoietic cells from del (5q) MDS patients were characterized by significantly shortened TL compared to age-matched healthy controls. Telomere loss was more accelerated in patients with longer disease duration (>2 years) and more pronounced cytopenias. Sequential analysis under lenalidomide treatment revealed that previously shortened TL in peripheral blood cells was significantly "elongated" towards normal levels within the first six months suggesting a shift from clonal del (5q) cells towards normal hematopoiesis in lenalidomide treated MDS patients. Taken together our findings suggest that the development of the del (5q) clone is associated with accelerated telomere shortening at diagnosis. However, upon induction of CCR and reoccurrence of normal hematopoiesis, the lack of a persistent TL deficit argues against telomere-mediated genetic instability neither as a disease-promoting event of del (5q) MDS nor for lenalidomide mediated development of secondary primary malignancies of the hematopoietic system in responding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Beier
- Telomere and Telomerase Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Behzad Kharabi Masouleh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Guntram Buesche
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monica S Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wilop
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucia Vankann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Gattermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aristoteles Giagounidis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, St Johannes Hospital, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Technical University München, München, Germany
| | - Florian Nolte
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Detlef Haase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomere and Telomerase Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrich Germing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Görgens A, Ludwig AK, Möllmann M, Krawczyk A, Dürig J, Hanenberg H, Horn PA, Giebel B. Multipotent hematopoietic progenitors divide asymmetrically to create progenitors of the lymphomyeloid and erythromyeloid lineages. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1058-72. [PMID: 25448068 PMCID: PMC4263999 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can self-renew and create committed progenitors, a process supposed to involve asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs). Previously, we had linked the kinetics of CD133 expression with ACDs but failed to detect asymmetric segregation of classical CD133 epitopes on fixed, mitotic HSPCs. Now, by using a novel anti-CD133 antibody (HC7), we confirmed the occurrence of asymmetric CD133 segregation on paraformaldehyde-fixed and living HSPCs. After showing that HC7 binding does not recognizably affect biological features of human HSPCs, we studied ACDs in different HSPC subtypes and determined the developmental potential of arising daughter cells at the single-cell level. Approximately 70% of the HSPCs of the multipotent progenitor (MPP) fraction studied performed ACDs, and about 25% generated lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP) as wells as erythromyeloid progenitor (EMP) daughter cells. Since MPPs hardly created daughter cells maintaining MPP characteristics, our data suggest that under conventional culture conditions, ACDs are lineage instructive rather than self-renewing. The HC7 anti-CD133 antibody allows analyses of ACDs on fixed human HSPCs HC7 and AC133 anti-CD133 antibodies allow tracking of CD133 in living HSPCs Cells of the MPP fraction divide asymmetrically to create LMPP- and EMP-like cells ACDs of MPPs are lineage instructive rather than self-renewing
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Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK).
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK).
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15
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Jasnos L, Sawado T. Determining cell division symmetry through the dissection of dividing cells using single-cell expression analysis. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:505-16. [PMID: 24504476 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric cell divisions give rise to two sister cells that are identical to each other, whereas asymmetric divisions produce two sister cells with distinctive phenotypes. Although cell division symmetry is usually determined on the basis of a few markers or biological functions, the overall similarity between sister cells has not been thoroughly examined at a molecular level. Here we provide a protocol to separate sister embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to conduct multiplexed gene expression analyses at the single-cell level by using 48 ESC genes. The procedure includes the dissection of dividing, paired sister cells by micromanipulation, followed by cell lysis, reverse transcription, gene-specific cDNA amplification and multiplexed quantitative PCR analyses. This protocol can be completed in 10 d, and it can be readily adapted to other cell types that are able to grow in suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Jasnos
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Sawado
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, UK
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16
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Mabed M, Elhefni AM, Damnhouri G. Imatinib-induced aplastic anemia in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:2310-1. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.680452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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La Porta CAM, Zapperi S. Human breast and melanoma cancer stem cells biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:69-73. [PMID: 22445909 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression in humans is difficult to infer because we do not routinely sample patients at multiple stages of their disease. The identification cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations inside tumor opens a new view of cancer development, since it implies that tumors can only be eradicated by targeting CSCs. Several markers have been proposed in the literature to identify CSCs both in breast and melanoma but no consensus has been reached, leading to the hypothesis that the CSC phenotype might be dynamically switched. Herein we provide a critical discussion of the biological markers described in the literature for breast cancer and melanoma. Due to its complexity the field would benefit from an interdisciplinary approach to investigate tumor heterogeneity and its progression. Similar considerations could also be relevant for normal tissue stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina A M La Porta
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Prodduturi P, Perry AM, Aoun P, Weisenburger DD, Akhtari M. Recurrent bone marrow aplasia secondary to nilotinib in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2012; 18:440-4. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155212438112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor of breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL), which has been approved as front-line therapy for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and as second-line therapy after imatinib failure in chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been associated with myelosuppression and grade 3 or grade 4 cytopenias are not uncommon in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with these drugs. There are a few reports of imatinib-associated bone marrow aplasia, but to our knowledge only one reported case of bone marrow aplasia associated with nilotinib. Herein, we report a 49-year-old male patient with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia, who developed severe bone marrow aplasia due to nilotinib. Possible mechanisms for this significant adverse drug reaction are discussed along with a review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Prodduturi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anamarija M Perry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Patricia Aoun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dennis D Weisenburger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mojtaba Akhtari
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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19
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Luis TC, Killmann NMB, Staal FJT. Signal transduction pathways regulating hematopoietic stem cell biology: introduction to a series of Spotlight Reviews. Leukemia 2012; 26:86-90. [PMID: 22234366 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Bragado P, Estrada Y, Sosa MS, Avivar-Valderas A, Cannan D, Genden E, Teng M, Ranganathan AC, Wen HC, Kapoor A, Bernstein E, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. Analysis of marker-defined HNSCC subpopulations reveals a dynamic regulation of tumor initiating properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29974. [PMID: 22276135 PMCID: PMC3262798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors carry dismal long-term prognosis and the role of tumor initiating cells (TICs) in this cancer is unclear. We investigated in HNSCC xenografts whether specific tumor subpopulations contributed to tumor growth. We used a CFSE-based label retentions assay, CD49f (α6-integrin) surface levels and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity to profile HNSCC subpopulations. The tumorigenic potential of marker-positive and -negative subpopulations was tested in nude (Balb/c nu/nu) and NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice and chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Here we identified in HEp3, SQ20b and FaDu HNSCC xenografts a subpopulation of G0/G1-arrested slow-cycling CD49fhigh/ALDH1A1high/H3K4/K27me3low subpopulation (CD49f+) of tumor cells. A strikingly similar CD49fhigh/H3K27me3low subpopulation is also present in primary human HNSCC tumors and metastases. While only sorted CD49fhigh/ALDHhigh, label retaining cells (LRC) proliferated immediately in vivo, with time the CD49flow/ALDHlow, non-LRC (NLRC) tumor cell subpopulations were also able to regain tumorigenic capacity; this was linked to restoration of CD49fhigh/ALDHhigh, label retaining cells. In addition, CD49f is required for HEp3 cell tumorigenicity and to maintain low levels of H3K4/K27me3. CD49f+ cells also displayed reduced expression of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 and ERK1/2phosphorylation. This suggests that although transiently quiescent, their unique chromatin structure is poised for rapid transcriptional activation. CD49f− cells can “reprogram” and also achieve this state eventually. We propose that in HNSCC tumors, epigenetic mechanisms likely driven by CD49f signaling dynamically regulate HNSCC xenograft phenotypic heterogeneity. This allows multiple tumor cell subpopulations to drive tumor growth suggesting that their dynamic nature renders them a “moving target” and their eradication might require more persistent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Bragado
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Sosa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Avivar-Valderas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Cannan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marita Teng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aparna C. Ranganathan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Avnish Kapoor
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Werner B, Dingli D, Lenaerts T, Pacheco JM, Traulsen A. Dynamics of mutant cells in hierarchical organized tissues. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002290. [PMID: 22144884 PMCID: PMC3228763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most tissues in multicellular organisms are maintained by continuous cell renewal processes. However, high turnover of many cells implies a large number of error-prone cell divisions. Hierarchical organized tissue structures with stem cell driven cell differentiation provide one way to prevent the accumulation of mutations, because only few stem cells are long lived. We investigate the deterministic dynamics of cells in such a hierarchical multi compartment model, where each compartment represents a certain stage of cell differentiation. The dynamics of the interacting system is described by ordinary differential equations coupled across compartments. We present analytical solutions for these equations, calculate the corresponding extinction times and compare our results to individual based stochastic simulations. Our general compartment structure can be applied to different tissues, as for example hematopoiesis, the epidermis, or colonic crypts. The solutions provide a description of the average time development of stem cell and non stem cell driven mutants and can be used to illustrate general and specific features of the dynamics of mutant cells in such hierarchically structured populations. We illustrate one possible application of this approach by discussing the origin and dynamics of PIG-A mutant clones that are found in the bloodstream of virtually every healthy adult human. From this it is apparent, that not only the occurrence of a mutant but also the compartment of origin is of importance. We investigate the average stem cell driven dynamics of cell counts in an abstract multi compartment model. Within this framework one can represent different tissue structures, as for example hematopoiesis, the skin or the colonic crypt. Our analysis is based on an individual cell model in which cells can differentiate, reproduce or die. We give closed solutions to the corresponding system of coupled differential equations, that describe the average dynamics of all cell types. There are three cases of interest: (i) Mutations at the stem cell level, (ii) Mutations in downstream compartments associated with more mature, non stem cell types, (iii) Mutations in downstream compartments with cells acquiring stem cell like properties. The average dynamics shows for (i) and (iii) an increase of mutants towards an equilibrium, in case (ii) the average mutant cell count goes through a maximum, but mutants die out in the long run. We calculate the corresponding extinction times for every compartment. We discuss applications to hematopoietic diseases such as, PIG-A mutant cells or the classic oncogene BCR-ABL. Although the abstract model is a simplified sketch of cell differentiation, it is capable of describing many aspects of a wide variety of such tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Werner
- Evolutionary Theory Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- * E-mail: (BW); (AT)
| | - David Dingli
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- MLG, Département d'Informatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- AI-LAB Computer Science Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge M. Pacheco
- Departmento de Matemática e Aplicacões, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ATP-group, CMAF, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Evolutionary Theory Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- * E-mail: (BW); (AT)
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22
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High-throughput analysis of single hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in microfluidic cell culture arrays. Nat Methods 2011; 8:581-6. [PMID: 21602799 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in cell populations poses a major obstacle to understanding complex biological processes. Here we present a microfluidic platform containing thousands of nanoliter-scale chambers suitable for live-cell imaging studies of clonal cultures of nonadherent cells with precise control of the conditions, capabilities for in situ immunostaining and recovery of viable cells. We show that this platform mimics conventional cultures in reproducing the responses of various types of primitive mouse hematopoietic cells with retention of their functional properties, as demonstrated by subsequent in vitro and in vivo (transplantation) assays of recovered cells. The automated medium exchange of this system made it possible to define when Steel factor stimulation is first required by adult hematopoietic stem cells in vitro as the point of exit from quiescence. This technology will offer many new avenues to interrogate otherwise inaccessible mechanisms governing mammalian cell growth and fate decisions.
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23
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Liang S, LiHua H. The normal flora may contribute to the quantitative preponderance of myeloid cells under physiological conditions. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:141-3. [PMID: 20889261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the innate immune cells derived from myeloid lineage absolutely outnumber the lymphoid cells. At present, two theories are attributed to the maintenance of haemopoiesis: the asymmetric cell division and the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment or "niche". However, the former only explains the self-renewal of haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) and the start of haemopoietic differentiation but fails to address the inducers of cell fate decisions; the latter has to admit that the hematopoietic cytokines, despite their significance in the maintenance of haemopoiesis, have no specific effect on lineage commitment. Given these flaws, the advantageous mechanism of myeloid haemopoiesis has not yet been uncovered in the current theories. The discoveries that bacterial components (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and intestinal decontamination affect the mobilization of HSC trigger the interest in normal flora, which together with their components may have an effect on haemopoiesis. In the experiments in dogs and mice, researchers documented that the generation of myeloid cells has undergone changes in the bone marrow and periphery when antibiotics are used to regulate the normal intestinal flora and the concentration of its components. However, the same changes are not involved in lymphoid cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that in human body normal flora and its components are a driving force to maintain myeloid haemopoiesis under physiological conditions. To account for the selectiveness in haemopoiesis, these facts should be taken into consideration, such as HSC and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) functionally expressed pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and both of them can self-migrate or be recruited by normal flora or its components into periphery. Dynamically monitoring the myeloid haemopoiesis may provide an important complementary program that precludes the abuse of antibiotics, which prevents diseases triggered by the imbalance of normal flora. Meanwhile, the regulation of normal flora and the use of purified microecological modulator may serve as valuable auxiliary treatments to mobilize HSC prior to the HSC transplantation as well as to promote hematopoietic recovery after transplantation or chemotherapy in the blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liang
- Clinical Immunology Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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24
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Kanji S, Pompili VJ, Das H. Plasticity and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells during development. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2011; 5:40-53. [PMID: 21517745 PMCID: PMC3294454 DOI: 10.2174/187220811795655896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) pool depends on fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs. HSCs normally reside within the bone marrow niche of an adult mammal. The embryonic development of HSCs is a complex process that involves the migration of developing HSCs in multiple anatomical sites. Throughout the process, developing HSCs receive internal (transcriptional program) and external (HSC niche) signals, which direct them to maintain balance between self-renewal and differentiation, also to generate a pool of HSCs. In physiological condition HSCs differentiate into all mature cell types present in the blood. However, in pathological condition they may differentiate into non-hematological cells according to the need of the body. It was shown that HSCs can transdifferentiate into cell types that do not belong to the hematopoietic system suggests a complete paradigm shift of the hierarchical hematopoietic tree. This review describes the developmental origins and regulation of HSCs focusing on developmental signals that induce the adult hematopoietic stem cell program, as these informations are very critical for manipulating conditions for expansion of HSCs in ex vivo condition. This review also states clinical application and related patents using HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanji
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vincent J. Pompili
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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An RNAi screen identifies Msi2 and Prox1 as having opposite roles in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell activity. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 7:101-13. [PMID: 20621054 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an in vivo RNA interference functional genetics approach to evaluate the role of 20 different conserved polarity factors and fate determinants in mouse hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity. In total, this screen revealed three enhancers and one suppressor of HSC-derived reconstitution. Pard6a, Prkcz, and Msi2 shRNA-mediated depletion significantly impaired HSC repopulation. An in vitro promotion of differentiation was observed after the silencing of these genes, consistent with their function in regulating HSC self-renewal. Conversely, Prox1 knockdown led to in vivo accumulation of primitive and differentiated cells. HSC activity was also enhanced in vitro when Prox1 levels were experimentally reduced, identifying it as a potential antagonist of self-renewal. HSC engineered to overexpress Msi2 or Prox1 showed the reverse phenotype to those transduced with corresponding shRNA vectors. Gene expression profiling studies identified a number of known HSC and cell cycle regulators as potential downstream targets to Msi2 and Prox1.
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26
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Imren S, Zhang XB, Humphries RK, Kiem HP. Insights into leukemia-initiating cell frequency and self-renewal from a novel canine model of leukemia. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:124-32. [PMID: 20933571 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) have been the subject of considerable investigation because of their ability to self-renew and maintain leukemia. Thus, selective targeting and killing of LICs would provide highly efficient and novel therapeutic strategies. Here we explored whether we could use a canine leukemia cell line (G374) derived from a dog that received HOXB4-transduced repopulating cells to study leukemia in the murine xenograft model and the dog. MATERIALS AND METHODS G374 cells were infused in dogs intravenously and in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient and nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/IL2Rγ(null) mice either intravenously or directly into the bone cavity. Animals were bled to track engraftment and proliferation of G374 cells, and were sacrificed when they appeared ill. RESULTS We found that canine LICs are capable of sustained in vitro self-renewal while maintaining their ability to induce acute myeloid leukemia, which resembles human disease in both dogs and mice. Furthermore, we developed a novel strategy for the quantification of LIC frequency in large animals and showed that this frequency was highly comparable to that determined by limited dilution in mouse xenotransplants. We also demonstrated, using single-cell analysis, that LICs are heterogeneous in their self-renewal capacity and regenerate a leukemic cell population consistent with a hierarchical leukemia model. CONCLUSIONS The availability of this novel framework should accelerate the characterization of LICs and the translation of animal studies into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Imren
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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27
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Marciniak-Czochra A, Stiehl T, Wagner W. Modeling of replicative senescence in hematopoietic development. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:723-32. [PMID: 20195386 PMCID: PMC2830082 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) give rise to an enormous number of blood cells throughout our life. In contrast their number of cell divisions preceding senescence is limited underin vitro culture conditions. Here we consider the question whether HSC can rejuvenate indefinitely or if the number of cell divisions is restricted. We have developed a multi-compartmental model for hematopoietic differentiation based on ordinary differential equations. The model is based on the hypothesis that in each step of maturation, the percentage of self-renewal versus differentiation is regulated by a single external feedback mechanism. We simulate the model under the assumption that hematopoietic differentiation precedes the six steps of maturation and the cells ultimately cease to proliferate after 50 divisions. Our results demonstrate that it is conceivable to maintain hematopoiesis over a life-time if HSC have a slow division rate and a high self-renewal rate. With age, the feedback signal increases and this enhances self-renewal, which results in the increase of the number of stem and progenitor cells. This study demonstrates that replicative senescence is compatible with life-long hematopoiesis and that model predictions are in line with experimental observations. Thus, HSC might not divide indefinitely with potentially important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR), Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Gorjup E, Danner S, Rotter N, Habermann J, Brassat U, Brummendorf TH, Wien S, Meyerhans A, Wollenberg B, Kruse C, von Briesen H. Glandular tissue from human pancreas and salivary gland yields similar stem cell populations. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:409-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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29
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Walenda T, Bork S, Horn P, Wein F, Saffrich R, Diehlmann A, Eckstein V, Ho AD, Wagner W. Co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells increases proliferation and maintenance of haematopoietic progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:337-50. [PMID: 19432817 PMCID: PMC3837622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been suggested to provide a suitable cellular environment for in vitro expansion of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC) from umbilical cord blood. In this study, we have simultaneously analysed the cell division history and immunophenotypic differentiation of HPC by using cell division tracking with carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Co-culture with MSC greatly enhanced proliferation of human HPC, especially of the more primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) fraction. Without co-culture CD34 and CD133 expressions decreased after several cell divisions, whereas CD38 expression was up-regulated after some cell divisions and then diminished in fast proliferating cells. Co-culture with MSC maintained a primitive immunophenotype (CD34(+), CD133(+) and CD38(-)) for more population doublings, whereas up-regulation of differentiation markers (CD13, CD45 and CD56) in HPC was delayed to higher numbers of cell divisions. Especially MSC of early cell passages maintained CD34 expression in HPC over more cell divisions, whereas MSC of higher passages further enhanced their proliferation rate. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) impaired proliferation and differentiation of HPC, but not maintenance of long-term culture initiating cells. siRNA knockdown of N-cadherin and VCAM1 in feeder layer cells increased the fraction of slow dividing HPC, whereas knockdown of integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) and CD44 impaired their differentiation. In conclusion, MSC support proliferation as well as self-renewal of HPC with primitive immunophenotype. The use of early passages of MSC and genetic manipulation of proteins involved in HPC-MSC interaction might further enhance cord blood expansion on MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walenda
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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La Porta C. Cancer stem cells: lessons from melanoma. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2008; 5:61-5. [PMID: 19093230 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The model of cancer stem cells in tumor development states that tumors contain a subset of cells that both self renew and give rise to differentiated progeny. Like normal adult tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells are a minority of the whole tumor and are the only cells that are able to maintain tumor growth indefinitely. In the present review is critically discussed the actually existence of a cancer stem cell subpopulation in melanoma. The self-renewal signaling pathways as well as specific markers like as CD133, ABCB5 and ABCG2 recently identified in putative melanoma cancer stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina La Porta
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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31
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Holmes DK, Bellantuono I, Walkinshaw SA, Alfirevic Z, Johnston TA, Subhedar NV, Chittick R, Swindell R, Wynn RF. Telomere length dynamics differ in foetal and early post-natal human leukocytes in a longitudinal study. Biogerontology 2008; 10:279-84. [PMID: 18989747 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) undergo a process of self renewal to constantly maintain blood cell turnover. However, it has become apparent that adult HSC lose their self-renewal ability with age. Telomere shortening in peripheral blood leukocytes has been seen to occur with age and it has been associated with loss of HSC proliferative capacity and cellular ageing. In contrast foetal HSC are known to have greater proliferative capacity than post-natal stem cells. However it is unknown whether they undergo a similar process of telomere shortening. In this study we show a more accentuated rate of telomere loss in leukocytes from pre term infants compared to human foetuses of comparable age followed longitudinally for 8-12 weeks in a longitudinal study. Our results point to a difference in HSC behaviour between foetal and early postnatal life which is independent of age but may be influenced by events at birth itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K Holmes
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M27 4HA, UK
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32
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Wu M, Kwon HY, Rattis F, Blum J, Zhao C, Ashkenazi R, Jackson TL, Gaiano N, Oliver T, Reya T. Imaging hematopoietic precursor division in real time. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:541-54. [PMID: 18345353 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are thought to balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric and symmetric divisions, but whether such divisions occur during hematopoietic development remains unknown. Using a Notch reporter mouse, in which GFP acts as a sensor for differentiation, we image hematopoietic precursors and show that they undergo both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. In addition we show that the balance between these divisions is not hardwired but responsive to extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Precursors in a prodifferentiation environment preferentially divide asymmetrically, whereas those in a prorenewal environment primarily divide symmetrically. Oncoproteins can also influence division pattern: although BCR-ABL predominantly alters the rate of division and death, NUP98-HOXA9 promotes symmetric division, suggesting that distinct oncogenes subvert different aspects of cellular function. These studies establish a system for tracking division of hematopoietic precursors and show that the balance of symmetric and asymmetric division can be influenced by the microenvironment and subverted by oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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De Meyer T, De Buyzere ML, Langlois M, Rietzschel ER, Cassiman P, De Bacquer D, Van Oostveldt P, De Backer GG, Gillebert TC, Van Criekinge W, Bekaert S. Lower red blood cell counts in middle-aged subjects with shorter peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length. Aging Cell 2008; 7:700-5. [PMID: 18665909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although telomere biology was revealed to play an important role in several hematopoietic disorders, its impact on the age-dependent dynamics of regular hematopoiesis is poorly understood. In vitro results suggest that particularly the erythropoietic capacity might be limited by critically short telomere length (TL). However, it remains unclear whether TL also affects erythropoiesis in healthy individuals in vivo. Therefore, we analyzed the associations between relevant hematopoietic parameters and peripheral blood leukocyte TL in the apparently healthy Asklepios study population, aged approximately 35-55 years (N > 2500). Our data indicate a clear positive, age and paternal age at birth adjusted, correlation between TL and red blood cell count, both in men (p < 0.001) and women (p = 0.011). This association was particularly significant in the older segment of the population (> 45 years old, both sexes: p = 0.003) and in younger men (p = 0.013), but not in younger women (p = 0.521). Further adjustment for known determinants in a general linear model revealed that peripheral blood leukocyte TL is most probably an independent predictor of red blood cell count (p < 0.001), suggesting that critical telomere shortening might also limit erythropoiesis in vivo. While negligible in a middle-aged population, the clinical consequences might be important in the elderly (e.g. in anemia of chronic disease). Further studies are required to confirm the impact of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim De Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
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34
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Pearson T, Shultz LD, Miller D, King M, Laning J, Fodor W, Cuthbert A, Burzenski L, Gott B, Lyons B, Foreman O, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Non-obese diabetic-recombination activating gene-1 (NOD-Rag1 null) interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2r gamma null) null mice: a radioresistant model for human lymphohaematopoietic engraftment. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:270-84. [PMID: 18785974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient hosts engrafted with human lymphohaematopoietic cells hold great promise as a preclinical bridge for understanding human haematopoiesis and immunity. We now describe a new immunodeficient radioresistant non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) stock based on targeted mutations in the recombination activating gene-1 (Rag1(null)) and interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rgamma(null)), and compare its ability to support lymphohaematopoietic cell engraftment with that achieved in radiosensitive NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid) (NOD-Prkdc(scid)) IL2rgamma(null) mice. We observed that immunodeficient NOD-Rag1(null) IL2rgamma(null) mice tolerated much higher levels of irradiation conditioning than did NOD-Prkdc(scid) IL2rgamma(null) mice. High levels of human cord blood stem cell engraftment were observed in both stocks of irradiation-conditioned adult mice, leading to multi-lineage haematopoietic cell populations and a complete repertoire of human immune cells, including human T cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells also engrafted at high levels in unconditioned adult mice of each stock. These data document that Rag1(null) and scid stocks of immunodeficient NOD mice harbouring the IL2rgamma(null) mutation support similar levels of human lymphohaematopoietic cell engraftment. NOD-Rag1(null) IL2rgamma(null) mice will be an important new model for human lymphohaematopoietic cell engraftment studies that require radioresistant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pearson
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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35
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Croker AK, Goodale D, Chu J, Postenka C, Hedley BD, Hess DA, Allan AL. High aldehyde dehydrogenase and expression of cancer stem cell markers selects for breast cancer cells with enhanced malignant and metastatic ability. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2236-2252. [PMID: 18681906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have recently been identified in leukaemia and solid tumours; however, the role of CSCs in metastasis remains poorly understood. This dearth of knowledge about CSCs and metastasis is due largely to technical challenges associated with the use of primary human cancer cells in pre-clinical models of metastasis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop suitable pre-clinical model systems for studying stem-like cells in breast cancer metastasis, and to test the hypothesis that stem-like cells play a key role in metastatic behaviour. We assessed four different human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7) for expression of prospective CSC markers CD44/CD24 and CD133, and for functional activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an enzyme involved in stem cell self-protection. We then used fluorescence-activated cell sorting and functional assays to characterize differences in malignant/metastatic behaviour in vitro (proliferation, colony-forming ability, adhesion, migration, invasion) and in vivo (tumorigenicity and metastasis). Sub-populations of cells demonstrating stem-cell-like characteristics (high expression of CSC markers and/or high ALDH) were identified in all cell lines except MCF-7. When isolated and compared to ALDH(low)CD44(low/-) cells, ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD24(-) (MDA-MB-231) and ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD133(+) (MDA-MB-468) cells demonstrated increased growth (P < 0.05), colony formation (P < 0.05), adhesion (P < 0.001), migration (P < 0.001) and invasion (P < 0.001). Furthermore, following tail vein or mammary fat pad injection of NOD/SCID/IL2gamma receptor null mice, ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD24(-) and ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD133(+) cells showed enhanced tumorigenicity and metastasis relative to ALDH(low)CD44(low/-) cells (P < 0.05). These novel results suggest that stem-like ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD24(-) and ALDH(hi)CD44(+)CD133(+) cells may be important mediators of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha K Croker
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Goodale
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Chu
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Postenka
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Abstract
When stem cells divide, they can generate progeny with the same developmental potential as the original cell, a process referred to as self-renewal. Self-renewal is driven intrinsically by gene expression in a cell-type-specific manner and is modulated through interactions with extrinsic cues from the environment, such as growth factors. However, despite the prevalence of the term self-renewal in the scientific literature, this process has not been defined at the molecular level. Haematopoietic stem cells are an excellent model for the study of self-renewal because they can be isolated prospectively, manipulated relatively easily and assessed by using well-defined assays. Establishing the principles of self-renewal in haematopoietic stem cells will lead to insights into the mechanisms of self-renewal in other tissues.
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37
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Cheshier SH, Prohaska SS, Weissman IL. The effect of bleeding on hematopoietic stem cell cycling and self-renewal. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:707-17. [PMID: 17999593 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) divide and give rise to more committed progenitors, which ultimately produce all lineages of blood cells. HSCs can be induced to enter the cell cycle in vitro and in vivo by stimulatory cytokines and in vivo by ablation of bone marrow (BM) cells with irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents. Although it has been postulated that rates of HSC proliferation increase with normal hematopoietic stresses, such as infection or hemorrhage, this hypothesis has never been directly tested. The ability to analyze HSCs prospectively by cell-surface phenotype c-kit(+), Thy1.1(lo), Sca-1(+), Linage(neg/lo) has allowed us to perform a detailed examination of the effects of bleeding on the cell cycle kinetics of HSCs. Our results demonstrate for the first time that HSCs in both the BM and the spleen proliferate and self-renew in response to tail-vein bleeding in mice. This response was suppressed when red blood cells, but not when white blood cells, were transferred after bleeding. Thus, regulators of HSC proliferation can sense and respond to red blood cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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38
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Giebel B. Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division within human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 188:116-26. [PMID: 18160821 DOI: 10.1159/000112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other somatic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) contain the capacity to self-renew and to give rise to committed progenitor cells that are able to replenish all hematopoietic cell types. To keep a constant level of HSC, the decision whether their progeny maintain the stem cell fate or become committed to differentiation needs to be highly controlled. In this context it became evident that HSC niches fulfill important functions in keeping the level of HSC more or less constant. Before discovering such niches, it was widely assumed that HSC divide asymmetrically to give birth to a daughter cell maintaining the stem cell fate and to another one which is committed to differentiation. Here, I summarize some of the experimental data being compatible with the model of asymmetric cell division and review some of our latest findings, which demonstrate the occurrence of asymmetric cell divisions within the HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cell compartment. Since cell polarity is an essential prerequisite for asymmetrically dividing as well as for migrating cells, I will also discuss some aspects of cell polarity of primitive hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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39
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40
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Ho AD, Wagner W. The beauty of asymmetry: asymmetric divisions and self-renewal in the haematopoietic system. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14:330-6. [PMID: 17534157 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3281900f12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The hallmark of stem cells is their dual abilities to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple lineages. To fulfill these functions they must undergo asymmetric division. A central question in developmental biology is how can a single cell divide to produce two progeny cells that adopt different fates? We provided evidence of the significance of asymmetric division in human haematopoietic stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS By monitoring the symmetry of divisions of haematopoietic stem cells and following their subsequent developmental potentials at the single cell level, we established a relationship between divisional kinetics and self-renewal capacity. Direct cell-cell contact with cellular determinants in the niche has been shown to play an essential role in maintaining stemness. The creation of in-vitro models for the niche, such as human mesenchymal stromal cells, has provided a controlled laboratory environment in which the relative significance of chemokines and adhesion molecules can be studied. SUMMARY Identification of the molecular interactions between stem cells and their niche has led to an understanding of the mechanisms that control the self-renewal of stem cells. Ultimately, molecular signals triggered by adhesion and junction complexes are responsible for the adoption of specific cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Drummond MW, Balabanov S, Holyoake TL, Brummendorf TH. Concise review: Telomere biology in normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1853-61. [PMID: 17510216 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of telomere length can give an insight into the replicative history of the cells in question. Much of the observed telomere loss occurs at the stem and progenitor cell level, even though these populations express the enzyme telomerase. Telomerase-transfected hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), although able to maintain telomere length, are still limited in terms of ability to undergo sequential transplantation, and other factors require to be addressed to achieve optimal levels of stem cell expansion. Unchecked telomere loss by HSC, meanwhile, would appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bone marrow failure, as observed in the condition dyskeratosis congenita. This heterogeneous inherited condition appears to exhibit telomerase dysfunction as a common final pathogenic mechanism. Although less well-established for acquired marrow failure syndromes, mutations in key telomerase components have been described. The identification of the leukemic stem cell (LSC), along with the desire to target this population with anti-leukemia therapy, demands that telomerase biology be fully understood in this cell compartment. Future studies using primary selected LSC-rich samples are required. A better understanding of telomerase regulation in this population may allow effective targeting of the telomerase enzyme complex using small molecule inhibitors or additional novel approaches. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Replication/physiology
- DNA, Neoplasm/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia/enzymology
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/pathology
- Leukemia/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Neural Tube Defects/enzymology
- Neural Tube Defects/genetics
- Neural Tube Defects/physiopathology
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Telomerase/physiology
- Telomere/metabolism
- Telomere/physiology
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42
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Beckmann J, Scheitza S, Wernet P, Fischer JC, Giebel B. Asymmetric cell division within the human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment: identification of asymmetrically segregating proteins. Blood 2007; 109:5494-501. [PMID: 17332245 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-055921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings that many primitive human hematopoietic cells give rise to daughter cells that adopt different cell fates and/or show different proliferation kinetics suggest that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) can divide asymmetrically. However, definitive experimental demonstration is lacking due to the current absence of asymmetrically segregating marker molecules within the primitive hematopoietic cell compartment. Thus, it remains an open question as to whether HSCs/HPCs have the capability to divide asymmetrically, or whether the differences that have been observed are established by extrinsic mechanisms that act on postmitotic progenitors. Here, we have identified 4 proteins (CD53, CD62L/L-selectin, CD63/lamp-3, and CD71/transferrin receptor) that segregate differentially in about 20% of primitive human hematopoietic cells that divide in stroma-free cultures. Therefore, this indicates for the first time that HSCs/HPCs have the capability to divide asymmetrically. Remarkably, these proteins, in combination with the surrogate stem-cell marker CD133, help to discriminate the more primitive human cultivated HSCs/HPCs. Since 3 of these proteins, the transferrin receptor and the tetraspanins CD53 and CD63, are endosomal-associated proteins, they may provide a link between the endosomal compartment and the process of asymmetric cell division within the HSC/HPC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beckmann
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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Balabanov S, Gontarewicz A, Ziegler P, Hartmann U, Kammer W, Copland M, Brassat U, Priemer M, Hauber I, Wilhelm T, Schwarz G, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C, Hauber J, Holyoake TL, Nordheim A, Brümmendorf TH. Hypusination of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A): a novel therapeutic target in BCR-ABL-positive leukemias identified by a proteomics approach. Blood 2007; 109:1701-11. [PMID: 17008552 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-037648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase with imatinib represents a major breakthrough in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, resistance to imatinib develops frequently, particularly in late-stage disease. To identify new cellular BCR-ABL downstream targets, we analyzed differences in global protein expression in BCR-ABL-positive K562 cells treated with or without imatinib in vitro. Among the 19 proteins found to be differentially expressed, we detected the down-regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), a protein essential for cell proliferation. eIF5A represents the only known eukaryotic protein activated by posttranslational hypusination. Hypusination inhibitors (HIs) alone exerted an antiproliferative effect on BCR-ABL-positive and -negative leukemia cell lines in vitro. However, the synergistic dose-response relationship found for the combination of imatinib and HI was restricted to Bcr-Abl-positive cells. Furthermore, this synergistic effect was confirmed by cytotoxicity assays, cell-cycle analysis, and CFSE labeling of primary CD34+ CML cells. Specificity of this effect could be demonstrated by cotreatment of K562 cells with imatinib and siRNA against eIF5. In conclusion, through a comparative proteomics approach and further functional analysis, we identified the inhibition of eIF5A hypusination as a promising new approach for combination therapy in BCR-ABL-positive leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Appel S, Balabanov S, Brümmendorf TH, Brossart P. Effects of imatinib on normal hematopoiesis and immune activation. Stem Cells 2006; 23:1082-8. [PMID: 16140870 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Glivec; Novartis International, Basel, Switzerland, http://www.glivec.com/content/home.jsp) is increasingly used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and other malignancies. In principle, the drug is well tolerated and clinical side effects are mostly moderate. However, it was shown that imatinib can affect the function of normal, nonmalignant cells, resulting in myelosuppression in treated patients. Recently, it has been demonstrated that imatinib might affect mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells while leaving hematopoietic stem cells unaffected. Furthermore, in several in vitro studies and animal models, it was demonstrated that imatinib can affect the function and differentiation of antigen-presenting cells and inhibit the effector functions of T lymphocytes. Moreover, the induction of specific cytotoxic T cells seems to be impaired in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib compared with patients receiving interferon-alpha. This is of importance because some of the therapeutic effects in the treatment of patients with CML are mediated by the induction of leukemia-specific T-cell responses. Further studies investigating the effects of imatinib on normal hematopoiesis are of interest as they might lead to a better understanding of the clinically observed side effects and also might help identify new therapeutic applications of the drug, possibly in Bcr-Abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders and potentially as an immunomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Appel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Brümmendorf TH, Balabanov S. Telomere length dynamics in normal hematopoiesis and in disease states characterized by increased stem cell turnover. Leukemia 2006; 20:1706-16. [PMID: 16888616 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres both reflect and limit the replicative lifespan of normal somatic cells. Immature sub-populations of human CD34+38- hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) can be identified in vitro based on their growth kinetics and telomere length. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry (flow-FISH) has been used to characterize telomere length dynamics as a surrogate marker for HSC turnover in vivo. Investigations in normal steady-state hematopoiesis provided the basis for follow-up studies in model scenarios characterized by increased HSC turnover. Disorders with underlying malignant transformation of HSC (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)) can be discriminated from disease states with increased HSC turnover rates secondary to depletion of the stem cell compartment, for example, as in defined bone marrow failure syndromes. In some of these model scenarios, the degree of telomere shortening can be correlated with disease duration, disease stage and severity as well as with response to disease-modifying treatment strategies. Whether increased telomere shortening represents a causal link between HSC turnover, replicative senescence and/or the induction of genetic instability in acquired HSC disorders remains to be shown. However, data from congenital disorders, like dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), suggest that disturbed telomere maintenance may play a role for replicative exhaustion of the HSC pool in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Brümmendorf
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Dykstra B, Ramunas J, Kent D, McCaffrey L, Szumsky E, Kelly L, Farn K, Blaylock A, Eaves C, Jervis E. High-resolution video monitoring of hematopoietic stem cells cultured in single-cell arrays identifies new features of self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8185-90. [PMID: 16702542 PMCID: PMC1461403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602548103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for new indicators of self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), highly purified populations were isolated from adult mouse marrow, micromanipulated into a specially designed microscopic array, and cultured for 4 days in 300 ng/ml Steel factor, 20 ng/ml IL-11, and 1 ng/ml flt3-ligand. During this period, each cell and its progeny were imaged at 3-min intervals by using digital time-lapse photography. Individual clones were then harvested and assayed for HSCs in mice by using a 4-month multilineage repopulation endpoint (>1% contribution to lymphoid and myeloid lineages). In a first experiment, 6 of 14 initial cells (43%) and 17 of 61 clones (28%) had HSC activity, demonstrating that HSC self-renewal divisions had occurred in vitro. Characteristics associated with HSC activity included longer cell-cycle times and the absence of uropodia on a majority of cells within the clone during the final 12 h of culture. Combining these criteria maximized the distinction of clones with HSC activity from those without and identified a subset of 27 of the 61 clones. These 27 clones included all 17 clones that had HSC activity; a detection efficiency of 63% (2.26 times more frequently than in the original group). The utility of these characteristics for discriminating HSC-containing clones was confirmed in two independent experiments where all HSC-containing clones were identified at a similar 2- to 3-fold-greater efficiency. These studies illustrate the potential of this monitoring system to detect new features of proliferating HSCs that are predictive of self-renewal divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Dykstra
- *Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3; and
| | - John Ramunas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - David Kent
- *Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3; and
| | - Lindsay McCaffrey
- *Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - Erin Szumsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Liam Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Kristen Farn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - April Blaylock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Connie Eaves
- *Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3; and
| | - Eric Jervis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1. E-mail:
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Giebel B, Zhang T, Beckmann J, Spanholtz J, Wernet P, Ho AD, Punzel M. Primitive human hematopoietic cells give rise to differentially specified daughter cells upon their initial cell division. Blood 2006; 107:2146-52. [PMID: 16249381 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often predicted that stem cells divide asymmetrically, creating a daughter cell that maintains the stem-cell capacity, and 1 daughter cell committed to differentiation. While asymmetric stem-cell divisions have been proven to occur in model organisms (eg, in Drosophila), it remains illusive whether primitive hematopoietic cells in mammals actually can divide asymmetrically. In our experiments we have challenged this question and analyzed the developmental capacity of separated offspring of primitive human hematopoietic cells at a single-cell level. We show for the first time that the vast majority of the most primitive, in vitro–detectable human hematopoietic cells give rise to daughter cells adopting different cell fates; 1 inheriting the developmental capacity of the mother cell, and 1 becoming more specified. In contrast, approximately half of the committed progenitor cells studied gave rise to daughter cells, both of which adopted the cell fate of their mother. Although our data are compatible with the model of asymmetric cell division, other mechanisms of cell fate specification are discussed. In addition, we describe a novel human hematopoietic progenitor cell that has the capacity to form natural killer (NK) cells as well as macrophages, but not cells of other myeloid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Despite intensive research, many longstanding questions of experimental hematology remain unsolved. One major reason is the fact that hematopoiesis is usually followed by analyzing populations of cells rather than individual cells, at few points in time during an experiment and without knowing (or quickly loosing) the cells' individual identities. The static picture yielded by this approach makes it impossible to appreciate the dynamic developmental processes leading to the generation of the full hematopoietic system from individual hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Real-time tracking of individual cells in culture, tissues, or whole organisms would be an extremely powerful approach to fully understand the developmental complexity of hematopoiesis. To this end, a computer-aided culture and bioimaging system is being developed to follow the fate of individual cells over long periods of time. This system is used to follow the development of multilineage cobblestone colonies from adult HSCs in stroma cocultures at the single cell level over many generations. To facilitate noninvasive detection of lineage commitment in these cultures, new subcellular forms of optimized fluorescent proteins have been developed to allow simultaneous marking of multiple hematopoietic lineages within the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Schroeder
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Balabanov S, Appel S, Kanz L, Brossart P, Brümmendorf TH. Effect of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Using Imatinib on Normal Lymphohematopoietic Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1044:168-77. [PMID: 15958710 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1349.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and other malignancies. An important clinical observation is that imatinib can affect the function of normal nonmalignant cells resulting in myelosuppression in treated patients. This observation is supported by the recent findings suggesting that imatinib might affect mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells while leaving hematopoietic stem cells unaffected. Furthermore, the induction of a specific T cell response seems to be impaired in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib in contrast to patients receiving interferon-alpha. Recent studies demonstrate that in vitro exposure of mobilized human CD34(+) progenitors to imatinib inhibits their differentiation into dendritic cells. This is of importance as some of the therapeutic effects in the treatment of patients with CML are mediated by the induction of leukemia-specific T cell responses. Studies investigating the effects of imatinib on normal hematopoiesis are of interest because they might help us better understand the side effects observed clinically and might lead to the identification of novel therapeutic applications of the drug (e.g., in Bcr-Abl(-) myeloproliferative disorders and potentially as an immunomodulatory agent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balabanov
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und KMT, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitäts-Klinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Kozlov
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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