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Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Hafezi S, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Frommenwiler N, Halwani R. Hemizygous BTK Gene Variant Causing X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia in Two Siblings. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1533-1536. [PMID: 37341860 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shirin Hafezi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naomi Frommenwiler
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Prince Abdullah Bin Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Buxbaum NP, Socié G, Hill GR, MacDonald KPA, Tkachev V, Teshima T, Lee SJ, Ritz J, Sarantopoulos S, Luznik L, Zeng D, Paczesny S, Martin PJ, Pavletic SZ, Schultz KR, Blazar BR. Chronic GvHD NIH Consensus Project Biology Task Force: evolving path to personalized treatment of chronic GvHD. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4886-4902. [PMID: 36322878 PMCID: PMC10463203 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) remains a prominent barrier to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantion as the leading cause of nonrelapse mortality and significant morbidity. Tremendous progress has been achieved in both the understanding of pathophysiology and the development of new therapies for cGvHD. Although our field has historically approached treatment from an empiric position, research performed at the bedside and bench has elucidated some of the complex pathophysiology of cGvHD. From the clinical perspective, there is significant variability of disease manifestations between individual patients, pointing to diverse biological underpinnings. Capitalizing on progress made to date, the field is now focused on establishing personalized approaches to treatment. The intent of this article is to concisely review recent knowledge gained and formulate a path toward patient-specific cGvHD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Gerard Socié
- Hematology-Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris & University of Paris - INSERM UMR 676, Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Division of Medical Oncology, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Leo Luznik
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Defu Zeng
- Arthur D. Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute, Hematologic Maligancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Immunology Program, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Paul J Martin
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneappolis, MN
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3
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Current Perspectives: Evidence to Date on BTK Inhibitors in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3473-3490. [PMID: 36238195 PMCID: PMC9553159 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Basic and translational studies have shown that B cells and myeloid cells are critical players for the development and course of the disease. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B cell receptor-mediated B cell activation and for normal B cell development and maturation. In addition to its role in B cells, BTK is also involved in several functions of myeloid cells. Although significant number of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) have been approved for clinical use in MS patients, novel targeted therapies should be studied in refractory patients and patients with progressive forms of the disease. On the basis of its role in B cells and myeloid cells, BTK inhibitors can provide attractive therapeutic benefits for MS. In this article, we review the main effects of BTK inhibitors on different cell types involved in the pathogenesis of MS and summarise recent advances in the development of BTK inhibitors as novel therapeutic approaches in different MS clinical trials. Available data regarding the efficacy and safety of these drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Carnero Contentti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Correspondence: Edgar Carnero Contentti; Jorge Correale, Email ;
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquimíca Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Good L, Benner B, Carson WE. Bruton's tyrosine kinase: an emerging targeted therapy in myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2439-2451. [PMID: 33818636 PMCID: PMC8019691 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase belonging to the Tec family of kinases. The role of BTK in B cell receptor signaling is well defined and is known to play a key role in the proliferation and survival of malignant B cells. Moreover, BTK has been found to be expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. BTK has been shown to contribute to a variety of cellular pathways in myeloid cells including signaling in the NLRP3 inflammasome, receptor activation of nuclear factor-κβ and inflammation, chemokine receptor activation affecting migration, and phagocytosis. Myeloid cells are crucial components of the tumor microenvironment and suppressive myeloid cells contribute to cancer progression, highlighting a potential role for BTK inhibition in the treatment of malignancy. The increased interest in BTK inhibition in cancer has resulted in many preclinical studies that are testing the efficacy of using single-agent BTK inhibitors. Moreover, the ability of tumor cells to develop resistance to single-agent checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in clinical studies utilizing BTK inhibitors in combination with these agents to improve clinical responses. Furthermore, BTK regulates the immune response in microbial and viral infections through B cells and myeloid cells such as monocytes and macrophages. In this review, we describe the role that BTK plays in supporting suppressive myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), while also discussing the anticancer effects of BTK inhibition and briefly describe the role of BTK signaling and BTK inhibition in microbial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Good
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Benner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E Carson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Tzagournis Medical Research Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Seymour BJ, Singh S, Certo HM, Sommer K, Sather BD, Khim S, Clough C, Hale M, Pangallo J, Ryu BY, Khan IF, Adair JE, Rawlings DJ. Effective, safe, and sustained correction of murine XLA using a UCOE-BTK promoter-based lentiviral vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:635-651. [PMID: 33718514 PMCID: PMC7907679 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). BTK is expressed in B and myeloid cells, and its deficiency results in a lack of mature B cells and protective antibodies. We previously reported a lentivirus (LV) BTK replacement therapy that restored B cell development and function in Btk and Tec double knockout mice (a phenocopy of human XLA). In this study, with the goal of optimizing both the level and lineage specificity of BTK expression, we generated LV incorporating the proximal human BTK promoter. Hematopoietic stem cells from Btk−/−Tec−/− mice transduced with this vector rescued lineage-specific expression and restored B cell function in Btk−/−Tec−/− recipients. Next, we tested addition of candidate enhancers and/or ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs), as well as codon optimization to improve BTK expression. An Eμ enhancer improved B cell rescue, but increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Addition of the UCOE avoided autoantibody generation while improving B cell development and function and reducing vector silencing. An optimized vector containing a truncated UCOE upstream of the BTK promoter and codon-optimized BTK cDNA resulted in stable, lineage-regulated BTK expression that mirrored endogenous BTK, making it a strong candidate for XLA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Seymour
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah M Certo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Blythe D Sather
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Courtnee Clough
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Byoung Y Ryu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram F Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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6
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Chong EA, Roeker LE, Shadman M, Davids MS, Schuster SJ, Mato AR. BTK Inhibitors in Cancer Patients with COVID-19: "The Winner Will be the One Who Controls That Chaos" (Napoleon Bonaparte). Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3514-3516. [PMID: 32345646 PMCID: PMC7367762 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic spreads and the number of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi)-treated COVID-19-affected patients grows, we must consider the pros and cons of BTKi discontinuation for our patients. In favor of BTKi continuation, BTK plays an active role in macrophage polarization. By modulating key transcription factors, BTK may regulate macrophage polarization downstream of classic M1 and M2 polarizing stimuli and mitigate the hyperinflammatory state associated with COVID-19. In favor of BTKi discontinuation, we note a potentially increased risk of secondary infections and impaired humoral immunity. We hypothesize that the potential benefit of blunting a hyperinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 through attenuation of M1 polarization outweighs the potential risk of impaired humoral immunity, not to mention the risk of rapid progression of B-cell malignancy following BTKi interruption. On the basis of this, we suggest continuing BTKi in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Chong
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Mazyar Shadman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Stephen J Schuster
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony R Mato
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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7
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Jo SI, Bae JH, Kim SJ, Lee JM, Jeong JH, Moon JS. PF-04620110, a Potent Antidiabetic Agent, Suppresses Fatty Acid-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:683-699. [PMID: 31694081 PMCID: PMC6834844 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). High-fat diet (HFD)-derived fatty acid is associated with the activation of chronic inflammation in T2DM. PF-04620110, which is currently in phase 1 clinical trials as a selective acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitor, is a potent anti-diabetic agent that may be important for the regulation of chronic inflammation in T2DM. However, the mechanisms by which PF-04620110 regulates fatty acid-induced chronic inflammation remain unclear. METHODS PF-04620110 was used in vitro and in vivo. DGAT1-targeting gRNAs were used for deletion of mouse DGAT1 via CRISPR ribonucleoprotein (RNP) system. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was measured by immunoblot or cytokine analysis in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Here we show that PF-04620110 suppressed fatty acid-induced nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptor (NLR), pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in macrophages. In contrast, PF-04620110 did not change the activation of the NLR family, CARD-domain-containing 4 (NLRC4), or the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes. Moreover, PF-04620110 inhibited K⁺ efflux and the NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation, which are required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PF-04620110 reduced the production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and blood glucose levels in the plasma of mice fed HFD. Furthermore, genetic inhibition of DGAT1 suppressed fatty acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PF-04620110 suppresses fatty acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Il Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Bae
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji Hun Jeong
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea.
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8
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Ye B, Zhou C, Guo H, Zheng M. Effects of BTK signalling in pathogenic microorganism infections. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6522-6529. [PMID: 31397086 PMCID: PMC6787465 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is widely considered as a vital kinase in many aspects of different physiologic processes. It is engaged in many important signalling pathways related to the immune response, such as the B cell receptor pathway, pattern‐recognition receptor pathway, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell pathway. Recent studies have increasingly focused on the important role of Btk in various inflammatory diseases, which are related to Btk expression in myeloid innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Although some investigations have explored the role of Btk in microbial infections, many aspects remain elusive, and some of the results are opposite and controversial. Considering the complicated and multiple roles of Btk in the immune system, we summarized the engagement of Btk signalling in various pathogenic microorganism infections, the possible mechanisms involved and its therapeutic potential in the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjue Ye
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiting Guo
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Sanaei R, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A, Delbandi AA, Tavasolian P, Tajik N. Disturbed Transcription of TLRs' Negative Regulators and Cytokines Secretion among TLR4- and 9-Activated PBMCs of Agammaglobulinemic Patients. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:860-874. [PMID: 31185757 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1604742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are inevitable elements for immunity development and antibody production. TLRs are in close interaction with Bruton's tyrosine kinase which has been found mutated and malfunctioned in the prototype antibody deficiency disease named X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). TLRs' ability was evaluated to induce transcription of TLR-negative regulators, including suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK-M), tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20), and Ring finger protein 216 (RNF216), and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interferon-α (IFN-α) production via Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-A ODN). Measured by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), meaningfully increased transcripts of SOCS1 and RNF216 were found in XLA peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Also, TLR inductions of XLA have led to similar downregulations in the regulator's transcription which was different from that in healthy donors. Cytokine measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a significant lower TNF-α production both before and after LPS. By selected molecules in this study, TLRs' potential defectiveness range expands TLRs expression, downstream signaling, and cytokine production. The results show new potential elements that could play a part in TLRs defect and pathogenesis of agammaglobulinemia as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Sanaei
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parsova Tavasolian
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nader Tajik
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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10
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Dong M, Jin H, Zuo M, Bai H, Wang L, Shi C, Niu W. The potential effect of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in refractory periapical periodontitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108710. [PMID: 30818138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in refractory periapical periodontitis and analyze the relationship between BTK and bone resorption in refractory periapical periodontitis. The mechanism of bone resorption is also discussed. The OneArray Plus expression microarray was used to screen for genes related to refractory periapical periodontitis. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of BTK in refractory periapical periodontitis tissues. A model of periapical periodontitis was established by sealing E.faecalis into the pulp of rats. To establish a model of E.faecalis LTA infection of osteoclasts, the relationship between BTK and bone destruction during refractory periapical periodontitis was analyzed. OneArray Plus expression microarray results showed that we found that the expression of 1787 genes in the two samples was different. After validating these samples, we found that BTK was closely related to refractory periapical periodontitis. The results showed that the expression of BTK in refractory periapical periodontitis tissues was higher than that in normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry and real-time PCR showed that the BTK expression curve in the experimental model resembled a reverse V shape from week 1 to week 4. Osteoclasts were cultured in vitro and treated with E. faecalis LTA. The expression of BTK in the E. faecalis model was greater than that in the control group. BTK played an important role in the progression of refractory periapical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Haiwei Jin
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Meina Zuo
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chun Shi
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Weidong Niu
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
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11
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Keaney J, Gasser J, Gillet G, Scholz D, Kadiu I. Inhibition of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Modulates Microglial Phagocytosis: Therapeutic Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:448-461. [PMID: 30758770 PMCID: PMC6707957 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a critical component of B cell receptor signaling, has recently been implicated in regulation of the peripheral innate immune response. However, the role of BTK in microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, and its involvement in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disease has not been explored. Here we found that BTK is a key regulator of microglial phagocytosis. Using potent BTK inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against BTK, we observed that blockade of BTK activity decreased activation of phospholipase gamma 2, a recently identified genetic risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and reduced phagocytosis in rodent microglia and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Inhibition of BTK signaling also decreased microglial uptake of synaptosomes but did not have major impacts on other key microglial functions such as migration and cytokine release. Similarly, blocking BTK function ex vivo in acute brain slices reduced microglial phagocytosis and maintained numbers of resting microglia. In brain tissues from the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, levels of microglial BTK were elevated while in two gene expression datasets of post-mortem AD patient brain tissues, upregulation of BTK transcript was observed. Our study provides novel insights into the role of BTK in regulating microglial phagocytosis and uptake of synaptic structures and suggests that inhibiting microglial BTK may improve cognition in AD by preventing microglial activation and synaptic loss. Microglial-mediated synapse loss has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Inhibition of BTK decreases activation of PLCγ2, a genetic risk factor in AD, and reduces microglial phagocytosis and uptake of synaptic structures. As such BTK inhibition may represent a therapeutic route to prevent microglial activation and synapse loss in AD ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keaney
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Julien Gasser
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Gillet
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Diana Scholz
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Luk ADW, Ni K, Wu Y, Lam KT, Chan KW, Lee PP, Tu W, Mao H, Lau YL. Type I and III Interferon Productions Are Impaired in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patients Toward Poliovirus but Not Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1826. [PMID: 30147693 PMCID: PMC6095995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutation. Patients are susceptible to severe enterovirus infections. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. BTK is involved in toll-like receptors pathway, which initiates antiviral responses including interferon (IFN) productions. Objective To demonstrate type I and III IFN productions in dendritic cells of XLA patients is decreased in response to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) but not H1N1 virus. Methods Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were derived from nine XLA patients aged 22-32 years old and 23 buffy coats from Hong Kong Red Cross blood donors. LFM-A13 was used to inhibit BTK. OPV Sabin type 1 and H1N1 influenza virus were used to stimulate MoDCs with RPMI as mock stimulation. The antiviral cytokine productions and phenotypic maturation of MoDCs were determined 24 h post-stimulation. OPV RNA was determined at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-stimulation. Results Upon OPV stimulation, IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions in MoDCs from XLA patients and BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly lower than that from healthy controls. Whereas upon H1N1 stimulation, the IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions were similar in MoDCs from XLA patients, BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls and healthy controls. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs from XLA patients in response to OPV was similar to that in response to mock stimulation, while the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II were significantly higher in response to H1N1 stimulation than that in response to mock stimulation. Whereas, the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly higher in response to both OPV and H1N1 stimulation compared to that in response to mock stimulation. Conclusion Production of type I and III IFN in response to OPV was deficient in MoDCs from XLA patients, but was normal in response to H1N1 due to deficient BTK function. Moreover, phenotypic maturation of MoDCs from XLA patients was impaired in response to OPV but not to H1N1. These selective impairments may account for the unique susceptibility of XLA patients toward severe enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dik Wai Luk
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuet Wu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Fan Z, Wang Y, Xu X, Wu Y. Inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinases, PCI-32765, decreases pro-inflammatory mediators' production in high glucose-induced macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:145-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Page TH, Urbaniak AM, Espirito Santo AI, Danks L, Smallie T, Williams LM, Horwood NJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase regulates TLR7/8-induced TNF transcription via nuclear factor-κB recruitment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:260-266. [PMID: 29567473 PMCID: PMC5887515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is produced by primary human macrophages in response to stimulation by exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. However, uncontrolled TNF production can be deleterious and hence it is tightly controlled at multiple stages. We have previously shown that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) regulates TLR4-induced TNF production via p38 MAP Kinase by stabilising TNF messenger RNA. Using both gene over-expression and siRNA-mediated knockdown we have examined the role of Btk in TLR7/8 mediated TNF production. Our data shows that Btk acts in the TLR7/8 pathway and mediates Ser-536 phosphorylation of p65 RelA and subsequent nuclear entry in primary human macrophages. These data show an important role for Btk in TLR7/8 mediated TNF production and reveal distinct differences for Btk in TLR4 versus TLR7/8 signalling. Btk is required for TLR7/8 signalling in primary human macrophages. R848-induced TNF mRNA is more Btk dependent than LPS-induced TNF mRNA. Btk transcriptional control of TNF following R848 requires the promoter and 3′UTR. Btk knockdown reduces p65RelA translocation to the nucleus upon TLR7/8 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H Page
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Urbaniak
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I Espirito Santo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Lynett Danks
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Smallie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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15
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Sponges: A Reservoir of Genes Implicated in Human Cancer. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010020. [PMID: 29320389 PMCID: PMC5793068 DOI: 10.3390/md16010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the majority of genes linked to human diseases, such as cancer genes, evolved in two major evolutionary transitions—the emergence of unicellular organisms and the transition to multicellularity. Therefore, it has been widely accepted that the majority of disease-related genes has already been present in species distantly related to humans. An original way of studying human diseases relies on analyzing genes and proteins that cause a certain disease using model organisms that belong to the evolutionary level at which these genes have emerged. This kind of approach is supported by the simplicity of the genome/proteome, body plan, and physiology of such model organisms. It has been established for quite some time that sponges are an ideal model system for such studies, having a vast variety of genes known to be engaged in sophisticated processes and signalling pathways associated with higher animals. Sponges are considered to be the simplest multicellular animals and have changed little during evolution. Therefore, they provide an insight into the metazoan ancestor genome/proteome features. This review compiles current knowledge of cancer-related genes/proteins in marine sponges.
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Ge Y, Wang C, Song S, Huang J, Liu Z, Li Y, Meng Q, Zhang J, Yao J, Liu K, Ma X, Sun X. Identification of highly potent BTK and JAK3 dual inhibitors with improved activity for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1847-1857. [PMID: 29146136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The BTK and JAK3 receptor tyrosine kinases are two validated and therapeutically amenable targets in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas. Here we report the identification of several classes of pyrimidine derivatives as potent BTK and JAK3 dual inhibitors. Among these molecules, approximately two thirds displayed strong inhibitory capacity at less than 10 nM concentration, and four compounds (7e, 7g, 7m and 7n) could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of BTK and JAK3 enzymes at concentrations lower than 1 nM. Additionally, these pyrimidine derivatives also exhibited enhanced activity to block the proliferation of B-cell lymphoma cells compared with the representative BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. In particular, two structure-specific compounds 7b and 7e displayed stronger activity than reference agents in cell-based evaluation, with IC50 values lower than 10 μM. Further biological studies, including flow cytometric analysis, and a xenograft model for in vivo evaluation, also indicated their efficacy and low toxicity in the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. These findings provide a new insight for the development of novel anti-B-cell lymphoma drugs with multi-target actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China; College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shijie Song
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yongming Li
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Qiang Meng
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
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18
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Arora S, Dev K, Agarwal B, Das P, Syed MA. Macrophages: Their role, activation and polarization in pulmonary diseases. Immunobiology 2017; 223:383-396. [PMID: 29146235 PMCID: PMC7114886 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, circulating in the blood or concatenated into different organs and tissues constitute the first barrier against any disease. They are foremost controllers of both innate and acquired immunity, healthy tissue homeostasis, vasculogenesis and congenital metabolism. Two hallmarks of macrophages are diversity and plasticity due to which they acquire a wobbling array of phenotypes. These phenotypes are appropriately synchronized responses to a variety of different stimuli from either the tissue microenvironment or - microbes or their products. Based on the phenotype, macrophages are classified into classically activated/(M1) and alternatively activated/(M2) which are further sub-categorized into M2a, M2b, M2c and M2d based upon gene expression profiles. Macrophage phenotype metamorphosis is the regulating factor in initiation, progression, and termination of numerous inflammatory diseases. Several transcriptional factors and other factors controlling gene expression such as miRNAs contribute to the transformation of macrophages at different points in different diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and modulation of their phenotypes to adjust to the micro environmental conditions might provide us a great prospective for designing novel therapeutic strategy. In view of the above, this review summarises the activation of macrophages, the factors intricated in activation along with benefaction of macrophage polarization in response to microbial infections, pulmonary toxicity, lung injury and other inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary dysplasia (COPD), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), asthma and sepsis, along with the existing efforts to develop therapies targeting this facet of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Department of Hematopathology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467-2401, United States.
| | - Pragnya Das
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19134, United States.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Liver Damage in a Mouse Warm Ischemia and Reperfusion Model. Transplantation 2017; 101:322-331. [PMID: 27820779 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a central player in multiple signaling pathways of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are crucial early effectors in organ ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. BTKB66 is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of Btk. In this study, we hypothesized that Btk inhibition would reduce hepatocellular injury in a murine model of liver warm hepatic IR. METHODS First, BTKB66 was tested in in vitro models of lipopolysaccharide-mediated neutrophil and macrophage activation. Then, to assess its efficacy in vivo, BTKB66 was administered orally to mice for 7 days before subjecting them to 90 minutes of warm hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion for 6 or 24 hours. Clinical and pathologic features in the livers, including AST, ALT, and a panel of cytokines and chemokines, were examined. RESULTS BTKB66 potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of bone marrow-derived neutrophils and macrophages in vitro. It also reduced the severity of IR injury as determined by AST and ALT levels, as well as immune cell infiltrates. BTKB66 significantly decreased hepatic markers of sterile inflammation, such as C-X-C motif chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10, in parallel with depression of serum markers of the myeloid cell activation, such as CCL5, CCL11, and C-X-C motif chemokine 5. CONCLUSIONS BTKB66 treatment ameliorated hepatocellular injury in a well-established model of liver partial warm ischemia and in situ reperfusion. These findings confirm that neutrophil recruitment and activation play an essential role in IR stress, and that targeting Btk activity may provide a useful approach for preventing hepatocellular damage and improving outcomes in liver transplantation.
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20
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Liu X, Zhang J, Han W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Xiang L. Inhibition of BTK protects lungs from trauma-hemorrhagic shock-induced injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:192-200. [PMID: 28487990 PMCID: PMC5482099 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by trauma‑hemorrhagic shock (THS), and to examine the pulmonary protective effects of BTK inhibition. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=12/group): i) A Sham group, which received surgery without induced trauma; ii) a THS‑induced injury group; iii) a THS‑induced injury group that also received treatment with the BTK inhibitor LFM‑A13 prior to trauma induction; and iv) a Sham group that was pretreated with LFM‑A13 prior to surgery but did not receive induced trauma. The expression of phosphorylated‑BTK protein in the lungs was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein concentration, total leukocyte and eosinophil numbers, and the expression levels of peripheral blood proinflammatory factors were measured. Morphological alterations in the lungs were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Pulmonary nitric oxide (NO) concentration and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were also assessed. Activities of the nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were determined by western blotting or electrophoretic mobility shift assay. BTK was notably activated in lungs of THS rats. BALF protein concentration, total leukocytes and eosinophils, peripheral blood expression levels of tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were significantly upregulated after THS induction, and each exhibited decreased expression upon LFM‑A13 treatment. THS‑induced interstitial hyperplasia, edema and neutrophilic infiltration in lungs were improved by the inhibition of BTK. In addition, THS‑induced NO release, iNOS overexpression, and NF‑κB and MAPK signaling were suppressed by BTK inhibition. Results from the present study demonstrate that BTK may serve a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of THS‑related lung injury, and the inhibition of BTK may significantly alleviate THS‑induced lung damage. These results provide a potential therapeutic application for the treatment of THS‑induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Laboratory of Severe and War‑Related Trauma Center, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yubiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Severe and War‑Related Trauma Center, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rescue Center for Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Mueller-Ortiz SL, Calame DG, Shenoi N, Li YD, Wetsel RA. The Complement Anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a Suppress IFN-β Production in Response to Listeria monocytogenes by Inhibition of the Cyclic Dinucleotide-Activated Cytosolic Surveillance Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3237-3244. [PMID: 28275134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular Gram-positive bacterium that induces expression of type I IFNs (IFN-α/IFN-β) during infection. These cytokines are detrimental to the host during infection by priming leukocytes to undergo L. monocytogenes-mediated apoptosis. Our previous studies showed that C5aR1-/- and C3aR-/- mice are highly susceptible to L. monocytogenes infection as a result of increased IFN-β-mediated apoptosis of major leukocyte cell populations, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the mechanisms by which C3a and C5a modulate IFN-β expression during L. monocytogenes infection were not examined in these initial investigations. Accordingly, we report in this article that C5a and C3a suppress IFN-β production in response to L. monocytogenes via cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), a secondary messenger molecule of L. monocytogenes, in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Moreover, C5a and C3a suppress IFN-β production by acting through their respective receptors, because no inhibition was seen in C5aR1-/- or C3aR-/- BMDCs, respectively. C5a and C3a suppress IFN-β production in a manner that is dependent on Bruton's tyrosine kinase, p38 MAPK, and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), as demonstrated by the individual use of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, p38 MAPK, and TBK1 inhibitors. Pretreatment of cells with C5a and C3a reduced the expression of the IFN-β signaling molecules DDX41, STING, phosphorylated TBK1, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK in wild-type BMDCs following treatment with c-di-AMP. Collectively, these data demonstrate that C3a and C5a, via direct signaling through their specific receptors, suppress IFN-β expression by modulation of a distinct innate cytosolic surveillance pathway involving DDX41, STING, and other downstream molecular targets of L. monocytogenes-generated c-di-AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Daniel G Calame
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Nancy Shenoi
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Yi-Dong Li
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; and .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
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22
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Borzęcka-Solarz K, Dembińska J, Hromada-Judycka A, Traczyk G, Ciesielska A, Ziemlińska E, Świątkowska A, Kwiatkowska K. Association of Lyn kinase with membrane rafts determines its negative influence on LPS-induced signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1147-1159. [PMID: 28228554 PMCID: PMC5391190 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and triggers proinflammatory reactions of macrophages. TLR4 signaling is negatively regulated by Lyn tyrosine kinase, provided the kinase accumulates in membrane rafts as a result of palmitoylation, the catalytic activity, and SH2- and SH3-mediated intermolecular interactions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the component of Gram-negative bacteria that activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to trigger proinflammatory responses. We examined the involvement of Lyn tyrosine kinase in TLR4 signaling of macrophages, distinguishing its catalytic activity and intermolecular interactions. For this, a series of Lyn-GFP constructs bearing point mutations in particular domains of Lyn were overexpressed in RAW264 macrophage-like cells or murine peritoneal macrophages, and their influence on LPS-induced responses was analyzed. Overproduction of wild-type or constitutively active Lyn inhibited production of TNF-α and CCL5/RANTES cytokines and down-regulated the activity of NFκB and IRF3 transcription factors in RAW264 cells. The negative influence of Lyn was nullified by point mutations of Lyn catalytic domain or Src homology 2 (SH2) or SH3 domains or of the cysteine residue that undergoes LPS-induced palmitoylation. Depending on the cell type, overproduction of those mutant forms of Lyn could even up-regulate LPS-induced responses, and this effect was reproduced by silencing of endogenous Lyn expression. Simultaneously, the Lyn mutations blocked its LPS-induced accumulation in the raft fraction of RAW264 cells. These data indicate that palmitoylation, SH2- and SH3-mediated intermolecular interactions, and the catalytic activity of Lyn are required for its accumulation in rafts, thereby determining the negative regulation of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Borzęcka-Solarz
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Justyna Dembińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Gabriela Traczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewelina Ziemlińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Świątkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Ren L, Campbell A, Fang H, Gautam S, Elavazhagan S, Fatehchand K, Mehta P, Stiff A, Reader BF, Mo X, Byrd JC, Carson WE, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S. Analysis of the Effects of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) Inhibitor Ibrutinib on Monocyte Fcγ Receptor (FcγR) Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3043-52. [PMID: 26627823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The irreversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib has shown efficacy against B-cell tumors such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune cells such as macrophages play an important role in tumor-specific antibody-mediated immune responses, but many such responses involve Btk. Here we tested the effects of ibrutinib on FcγR-mediated activities in monocytes. We found that ibrutinib did not affect monocyte FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, even at concentrations higher than those achieved physiologically, but suppressed FcγR-mediated cytokine production. We confirmed these findings in macrophages from Xid mice in which Btk signaling is defective. Because calcium flux is a major event downstream of Btk, we tested whether it was involved in phagocytosis. The results showed that blocking intracellular calcium flux decreased FcγR-mediated cytokine production but not phagocytosis. To verify this, we measured activation of the GTPase Rac, which is responsible for actin polymerization. Results showed that ibrutinib did not inhibit Rac activation, nor did the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester). We next asked whether the effect of ibrutinib on monocyte FcγR-mediated cytokine production could be rescued by IFNγ priming because NK cells produce IFNγ in response to antibody therapy. Pretreatment of monocytes with IFNγ abrogated the effects of ibrutinib on FcγR-mediated cytokine production, suggesting that IFNγ priming could overcome this Btk inhibition. Furthermore, in monocyte-natural killer cell co-cultures, ibrutinib did not inhibit FcγR-mediated cytokine production despite doing so in single cultures. These results suggest that combining ibrutinib with monoclonal antibody therapy could enhance chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell killing without affecting macrophage effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- From the Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Maglione PJ, Simchoni N, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor signaling in primary immune deficiencies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:1-21. [PMID: 25930993 PMCID: PMC4629506 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common microbial or host-derived macromolecules and have important roles in early activation of the immune system. Patients with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) affecting TLR signaling can elucidate the importance of these proteins to the human immune system. Defects in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) lead to susceptibility to infections with bacteria, while mutations in nuclear factor-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and other downstream mediators generally induce broader susceptibility to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In contrast, TLR3 signaling defects are specific for susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis. Other PIDs induce functional alterations of TLR signaling pathways, such as common variable immunodeficiency in which plasmacytoid dendritic cell defects enhance defective responses of B cells to shared TLR agonists. Dampening of TLR responses is seen for TLRs 2 and 4 in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Enhanced TLR responses, meanwhile, are seen for TLRs 5 and 9 in CGD, TLRs 4, 7/8, and 9 in XLA, TLRs 2 and 4 in hyper IgE syndrome, and for most TLRs in adenosine deaminase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Noa Simchoni
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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Yu CH, Micaroni M, Puyskens A, Schultz TE, Yeo JC, Stanley AC, Lucas M, Kurihara J, Dobos KM, Stow JL, Blumenthal A. RP105 Engages Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase p110δ To Facilitate the Trafficking and Secretion of Cytokines in Macrophages during Mycobacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3890-900. [PMID: 26371254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key regulators of adequate immune responses to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate that the p110δ catalytic subunit of PI3K acts as a downstream effector of the TLR family member RP105 (CD180) in promoting mycobacteria-induced cytokine production by macrophages. Our data show that the significantly reduced release of TNF and IL-6 by RP105(-/-) macrophages during mycobacterial infection was not accompanied by diminished mRNA or protein expression. Mycobacteria induced comparable activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling in wild-type (WT) and RP105(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, mycobacteria-induced phosphorylation of Akt was abrogated in RP105(-/-) macrophages. The p110δ-specific inhibitor, Cal-101, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of p110δ diminished mycobacteria-induced TNF secretion by WT but not RP105(-/-) macrophages. Such interference with p110δ activity led to reduced surface-expressed TNF in WT but not RP105(-/-) macrophages, while leaving TNF mRNA and protein expression unaffected. Activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase was required for RP105-mediated activation of Akt phosphorylation and TNF release by mycobacteria-infected macrophages. These data unveil a novel innate immune signaling axis that orchestrates key cytokine responses of macrophages and provide molecular insight into the functions of RP105 as an innate immune receptor for mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiung Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Massimo Micaroni
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas E Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeremy Changyu Yeo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda C Stanley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Jade Kurihara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Espirito Santo AI, Ersek A, Freidin A, Feldmann M, Stoop AA, Horwood NJ. Selective inhibition of TNFR1 reduces osteoclast numbers and is differentiated from anti-TNF in a LPS-driven model of inflammatory bone loss. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1145-1150. [PMID: 26208457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of autoimmune disorders has been revolutionised by the introduction of biologics such as anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF). Although in rheumatoid arthritis patients a bone sparing effect of anti-TNF has been shown, the mechanism is not fully understood. Anti-TNF molecules block tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and prevent signalling via both TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1; p55) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2; p75). However, signalling via TNFR2 is reported to have protective effects in a number of cell and organ systems. Hence we set out to investigate if pharmacological inhibition of TNFR1 had differential effects compared to pan-TNF inhibition in both an in vitro cell-based model of human osteoclast activity and an in vivo mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteolysis. For the in vitro experiments the anti-human TNFR1 domain antibody (dAb) DMS5541 was used, whereas for the in vivo mouse experiments the anti-mouse TNFR1 dAb DMS5540 was used. We show that selective blocking of TNFR1 signalling reduced osteoclast formation in the presence of TNF. Subcutaneous LPS injection over the calvaria leads to the development of osteolytic lesions within days due to inflammation driven osteoclast formation. In this model, murine TNFR2 genetically fused with mouse IgG1 Fc domain (mTNFR2.Fc), an anti-TNF, did not protect from bone loss in contrast to anti-TNFR1, which significantly reduced lesion development, inflammatory infiltrate, and osteoclast number and size. These results support further exploring the use of TNFR1-selective inhibition in inflammatory bone loss disorders such as osteomyelitis and peri-prosthetic aseptic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Espirito Santo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - A Ersek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - A Freidin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - M Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - A A Stoop
- GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - N J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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Tampella G, Kerns HM, Niu D, Singh S, Khim S, Bosch KA, Garrett ME, Moguche A, Evans E, Browning B, Jahan TA, Nacht M, Wolf-Yadlin A, Plebani A, Hamerman JA, Rawlings DJ, James RG. The Tec Kinase-Regulated Phosphoproteome Reveals a Mechanism for the Regulation of Inhibitory Signals in Murine Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:246-56. [PMID: 26026062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown conflicting roles for Tec family kinases in regulation of TLR-dependent signaling in myeloid cells. In the present study, we performed a detailed investigation of the role of the Tec kinases Btk and Tec kinases in regulating TLR signaling in several types of primary murine macrophages. We demonstrate that primary resident peritoneal macrophages deficient for Btk and Tec secrete less proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR stimulation than do wild-type cells. In contrast, we found that bone marrow-derived and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages deficient for Btk and Tec secrete more proinflammatory cytokines than do wild-type cells. We then compared the phosphoproteome regulated by Tec kinases and LPS in primary peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages. From this analysis we determined that Tec kinases regulate different signaling programs in these cell types. In additional studies using bone marrow-derived macrophages, we found that Tec and Btk promote phosphorylation events necessary for immunoreceptor-mediated inhibition of TLR signaling. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model where Tec kinases (Btk, Tec, Bmx) are required for TLR-dependent signaling in many types of myeloid cells. However, our data also support a cell type-specific TLR inhibitory role for Btk and Tec that is mediated by immunoreceptor activation and signaling via PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deqiang Niu
- Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Swati Singh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101
| | - Socheath Khim
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101
| | | | | | - Albanus Moguche
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195
| | - Erica Evans
- Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA 01730
| | | | - Tahmina A Jahan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195
| | | | - Alejandro Wolf-Yadlin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Civil Hospital of Brescia, 25100 Bescia, Italy
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195
| | - Richard G James
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA 98195
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The clinically approved drugs dasatinib and bosutinib induce anti-inflammatory macrophages by inhibiting the salt-inducible kinases. Biochem J 2015; 465:271-9. [PMID: 25351958 PMCID: PMC4286194 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages switch to an anti-inflammatory, ‘regulatory’-like phenotype characterized by the production of high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote the resolution of inflammation. A potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases would be to administer drugs that could induce the formation of ‘regulatory’-like macrophages at sites of inflammation. In the present study, we demonstrate that the clinically approved cancer drugs bosutinib and dasatinib induce several hallmark features of ‘regulatory’-like macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with bosutinib or dasatinib elevates the production of IL-10 while suppressing the production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Moreover, macrophages treated with bosutinib or dasatinib express higher levels of markers of ‘regulatory’-like macrophages including LIGHT, SPHK1 and arginase 1. Bosutinib and dasatinib were originally developed as inhibitors of the protein tyrosine kinases Bcr-Abl and Src but we show that, surprisingly, the effects of bosutinib and dasatinib on macrophage polarization are the result of the inhibition of the salt-inducible kinases. Consistent with the present finding, bosutinib and dasatinib induce the dephosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 3 (CRTC3) and its nuclear translocation where it induces a cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent gene transcription programme including that of IL-10. Importantly, these effects of bosutinib and dasatinib on IL-10 gene expression are lost in macrophages expressing a drug-resistant mutant of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2). In conclusion, our study identifies the salt-inducible kinases as major targets of bosutinib and dasatinib that mediate the effects of these drugs on the innate immune system and provides novel mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of these drugs. We have discovered that bosutinib and dasatinib, which are protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in the clinic to treat human cancer, induce anti-inflammatory but block pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the serine/threonine kinases known as the salt-inducible kinases.
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30
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Guendel I, Iordanskiy S, Sampey GC, Van Duyne R, Calvert V, Petricoin E, Saifuddin M, Kehn-Hall K, Kashanchi F. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in HIV-1-infected cells. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:257-75. [PMID: 25672887 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular cofactors have been documented to be critical for various stages of viral replication. Using high-throughput proteomic assays, we have previously identified Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a host protein that was uniquely upregulated in the plasma membrane of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected T cells. Here, we have further characterized the BTK expression in HIV-1 infection and show that this cellular factor is specifically expressed in infected myeloid cells. Significant upregulation of the phosphorylated form of BTK was observed in infected cells. Using size exclusion chromatography, we found BTK to be virtually absent in the uninfected U937 cells; however, new BTK protein complexes were identified and distributed in both high molecular weight (∼600 kDa) and a small molecular weight complex (∼60-120 kDa) in the infected U1 cells. BTK levels were highest in cells either chronically expressing virus or induced/infected myeloid cells and that BTK translocated to the membrane following induction of the infected cells. BTK knockdown in HIV-1-infected cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in selective death of infected, but not uninfected, cells. Using BTK-specific antibody and small-molecule inhibitors including LFM-A13 and a FDA-approved compound, ibrutinib (PCI-32765), we have found that HIV-1-infected cells are sensitive to apoptotic cell death and result in a decrease in virus production. Overall, our data suggests that HIV-1-infected cells are sensitive to treatments targeting BTK expressed in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guendel
- Department of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
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Wang N, Liang H, Zen K. Molecular mechanisms that influence the macrophage m1-m2 polarization balance. Front Immunol 2014; 5:614. [PMID: 25506346 PMCID: PMC4246889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1221] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classical M1 and alternative M2 activation of macrophages, mirroring the Th1–Th2 polarization of T cells, represent two extremes of a dynamic changing state of macrophage activation. M1-type macrophages release cytokines that inhibit the proliferation of surrounding cells and damage contiguous tissue, and M2-type macrophages release cytokines that promote the proliferation of contiguous cells and tissue repair. M1–M2 polarization of macrophage is a tightly controlled process entailing a set of signaling pathways, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks. An imbalance of macrophage M1–M2 polarization is often associated with various diseases or inflammatory conditions. Therefore, identification of the molecules associated with the dynamic changes of macrophage polarization and understanding their interactions is crucial for elucidating the molecular basis of disease progression and designing novel macrophage-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
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Płóciennikowska A, Hromada-Judycka A, Borzęcka K, Kwiatkowska K. Co-operation of TLR4 and raft proteins in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:557-581. [PMID: 25332099 PMCID: PMC4293489 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at eradication of the bacteria. Dysregulation of the host responses to LPS can lead to a systemic inflammatory condition named sepsis. In a typical scenario, activation of TLR4 is preceded by binding of LPS to CD14 protein anchored in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane called rafts. CD14 then transfers the LPS to the TLR4/MD-2 complex which dimerizes and triggers MyD88- and TRIF-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. The TRIF-dependent signaling is linked with endocytosis of the activated TLR4, which is controlled by CD14. In addition to CD14, other raft proteins like Lyn tyrosine kinase of the Src family, acid sphingomyelinase, CD44, Hsp70, and CD36 participate in the TLR4 signaling triggered by LPS and non-microbial endogenous ligands. In this review, we summarize the current state of the knowledge on the involvement of rafts in TLR4 signaling, with an emphasis on how the raft proteins regulate the TLR4 signaling pathways. CD14-bearing rafts, and possibly CD36-rich rafts, are believed to be preferred sites of the assembly of a multimolecular complex which mediates the endocytosis of activated TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Płóciennikowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Borzęcka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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BTK inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a glimpse to the future. Oncogene 2014; 34:2426-36. [PMID: 24954503 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with inhibitors targeting B cell receptor signaling and other survival mechanisms holds great promise. Especially the early clinical success of Ibrutinib, an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has received widespread attention. In this review we will focus on the fundamental and clinical aspects of BTK inhibitors in CLL, with emphasis on Ibrutinib as the best studied of this class of drugs. Furthermore, we summarize recent laboratory as well as clinical findings relating to the first cases of Ibrutinib resistance. Finally, we address combination strategies with Ibrutinib, and attempt to extrapolate its current status to the near future in the clinic.
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34
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Knockdown of Burton’s tyrosine kinase confers potent protection against sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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He X, Jing Z, Cheng G. MicroRNAs: new regulators of Toll-like receptor signalling pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:945169. [PMID: 24772440 PMCID: PMC3977468 DOI: 10.1155/2014/945169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a critical family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are responsible for the innate immune responses via signalling pathways to provide effective host defence against pathogen infections. However, TLR-signalling pathways are also likely to stringently regulate tissue maintenance and homeostasis by elaborate modulatory mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators and as an essential part of the networks involved in regulating TLR-signalling pathways. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the regulation of miRNA expression profiles by TLR-signalling pathways and the regulation of TLR-signalling pathways by miRNAs. We focus on the roles of miRNAs in regulating TLR-signalling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs themselves, their associated signalling proteins and regulatory molecules, and transcription factors and functional cytokines induced by them, at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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36
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Ní Gabhann J, Hams E, Smith S, Wynne C, Byrne JC, Brennan K, Spence S, Kissenpfennig A, Johnston JA, Fallon PG, Jefferies CA. Btk regulates macrophage polarization in response to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85834. [PMID: 24465735 PMCID: PMC3897530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a strong inducer of inflammation and does so by inducing polarization of macrophages to the classic inflammatory M1 population. Given the role of Btk as a critical signal transducer downstream of TLR4, we investigated its role in M1/M2 induction. In Btk deficient (Btk−\−) mice we observed markedly reduced recruitment of M1 macrophages following intraperitoneal administration of LPS. Ex vivo analysis demonstrated an impaired ability of Btk−/− macrophages to polarize into M1 macrophages, instead showing enhanced induction of immunosuppressive M2-associated markers in response to M1 polarizing stimuli, a finding accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced STAT6 phosphorylation. In addition to STAT activation, M1 and M2 polarizing signals modulate the expression of inflammatory genes via differential activation of transcription factors and regulatory proteins, including NF-κB and SHIP1. In keeping with a critical role for Btk in macrophage polarization, we observed reduced levels of NF-κB p65 and Akt phosphorylation, as well as reduced induction of the M1 associated marker iNOS in Btk−/− macrophages in response to M1 polarizing stimuli. Additionally enhanced expression of SHIP1, a key negative regulator of macrophage polarisation, was observed in Btk−/− macrophages in response to M2 polarizing stimuli. Employing classic models of allergic M2 inflammation, treatment of Btk−/− mice with either Schistosoma mansoni eggs or chitin resulted in increased recruitment of M2 macrophages and induction of M2-associated genes. This demonstrates an enhanced M2 skew in the absence of Btk, thus promoting the development of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ní Gabhann
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Hams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Smith
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Wynne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C. Byrne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kiva Brennan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shaun Spence
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline A. Jefferies
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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López-Herrera G, Vargas-Hernández A, González-Serrano ME, Berrón-Ruiz L, Rodríguez-Alba JC, Espinosa-Rosales F, Santos-Argumedo L. Bruton's tyrosine kinase--an integral protein of B cell development that also has an essential role in the innate immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:243-50. [PMID: 24249742 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Btk is the protein affected in XLA, a disease identified as a B cell differentiation defect. Btk is crucial for B cell differentiation and activation, but its role in other cells is not fully understood. This review focuses on the function of Btk in monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets and the receptors and signaling cascades in such cells with which Btk is associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela López-Herrera
- 1.Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Torre de Investigación 9o. piso, Mexico, D.F., Mexico 04530.
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Fiedler K, Kokai E, Bresch S, Brunner C. MyD88 is involved in myeloid as well as lymphoid hematopoiesis independent of the presence of a pathogen. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2013; 3:124-140. [PMID: 23675564 PMCID: PMC3649812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 was originally described as a primary response gene up-regulated during myeloid differentiation after IL-6 induction. Later, MyD88 was shown to be a key molecule necessary for IL1, IL18 and Toll-like receptor signaling. Since these receptors recognize abundantly produced cytokines during infection or molecular patterns of pathogens, MyD88 itself was suggested to be an important regulator of the first line of defense against invading pathogens, including the differentiation and maturation of myeloid cells. Here we describe that MyD88 is important for early and late hematopoietic events that occur independently of antigen under steady-state conditions. In MyD88-deficient mice the earliest alteration in hematopoiesis was found at the level of long-term hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, we found that MyD88 influences not only the development of the myeloid lineage but also the differentiation of B cells. The B cell defect observed in Btk-deficient mice is further enhanced when both molecules, Btk and MyD88, are not expressed. Therefore, MyD88 affects myeloid as well as lymphoid hematopoiesis. Since Btk and MyD88 deficiencies influence differentially myeloid and lymphoid development, both molecules seem to act in different signaling pathways important for appropriate developmental events during myelo- and lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fiedler
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Byrne JC, Ní Gabhann J, Stacey KB, Coffey BM, McCarthy E, Thomas W, Jefferies CA. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is required for apoptotic cell uptake via regulating the phosphorylation and localization of calreticulin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5207-15. [PMID: 23596312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to regulating B cell development and activation, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) functions downstream of multiple TLRs, including TLR7, to regulate innate immune responses in myeloid cells. Although critical for defense against RNA viruses such as influenza and Sendai virus, recognition of self-RNA by TLR7 also has been shown to be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. To date, the role of Btk in regulating TLR7-mediated responses is poorly understood. In the current study, we have demonstrated a hitherto undiscovered role for Btk in apoptotic cell uptake, identifying the molecular chaperone calreticulin (CRT) as a novel substrate for Btk in regulating this response. CRT together with the transmembrane receptor CD91 function at the cell membrane and regulate uptake of C1q-opsonised apoptotic cells. Our results show that Btk directly phosphorylates CRT and that in the absence of Btk, CRT fails to localize with CD91 at the cell surface and at the phagocytic cup. Critically, a blocking Ab against CRT in wild-type macrophages mimics the inability of Btk-deficient macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells efficiently, indicating the critical importance of Btk in regulating CRT-driven apoptotic cell uptake. Our data have revealed a novel regulatory role for Btk in mediating apoptotic cell clearance, with CRT identified as the critical component of the CRT/CD91/C1q system targeted by Btk. Given the importance of clearing apoptotic cell debris to prevent inappropriate exposure of TLRs to endogenous ligands, our results have important implications regarding the role of Btk in myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Byrne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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B-cell linker protein expression contributes to controlling allergic and autoimmune diseases by mediating IL-10 production in regulatory B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1674-82. [PMID: 23534976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells that exhibit the cell-surface CD1d(hi)CD5(+) phenotype and produce IL-10 are termed B10 cells. Although B10 cells exert potent suppressive functions in patients with various allergic and autoimmunity disorders, the precise signaling mechanisms required for B10 cell functions remain unknown. B-cell linker protein (BLNK) is an essential component of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway and is required for optimal B-cell development. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the signaling pathways that are responsible for IL-10 production in B10 cells and in vivo mechanisms of how impaired B10 cell functions influence allergic and autoimmune responses. METHOD For in vitro assays, splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from BLNK-deficient (BLNK(-/-)) mice were analyzed for intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis were examined by using BLNK(-/-) mice. RESULTS Although the CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B-cell population was present in BLNK(-/-) mice, IL-10 production was impaired both in vitro and in vivo. BLNK(-/-) mice had exaggerated CHS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis responses, which were normalized by adoptive transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from wild-type mice. In mice with CHS, BLNK(-/-) mice exhibited decreased B-cell and regulatory T-cell percentages and increased CD8(+) T-cell percentages in the skin and lymph nodes. In vitro BLNK was required for LPS-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells. Finally, secreted IL-10 leads to autocrine expansion of IL-10-producing B cells. CONCLUSION BLNK serves as a critical signaling component for B10 cell function by mediating IL-10 production.
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Li Y, Shi X. MicroRNAs in the regulation of TLR and RIG-I pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:65-71. [PMID: 23262976 PMCID: PMC4003181 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes invading pathogens through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which elicit innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and initiate adaptive immunity to control or eliminate infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are the key innate immune PRRs and are tightly regulated by elaborate mechanisms to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. Although much of the focus in the literature has been on the study of protein regulators of inflammation, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important controllers of certain features of the inflammatory process. Several miRNAs are induced by TLR and RIG-I activation in myeloid cells and act as feedback regulators of TLR and RIG-I signaling. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the recent understanding of how miRNA networks respond to TLR and RIG-I signaling and their role in the initiation and termination of inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence also indicates that both virus-encoded miRNAs and cellular miRNAs have important functions in viral replication and host anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Human macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis: microarray evidence for an early inflammatory response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1866. [PMID: 23145196 PMCID: PMC3493378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous findings indicate that susceptibility to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection of monocyte-derived macrophages from patients and asymptomatically infected individuals were associated with the adaptive immune response and clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand the basis for this difference we examined differential gene expression of human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to L. (V.) panamensis. Gene activation profiles were determined using macrophages from healthy volunteers cultured with or without stationary phase promastigotes of L. (V.) panamensis. Significant changes in expression (>1.5-fold change; p<0.05; up- or down-regulated) were identified at 0.5, 4 and 24 hours. mRNA abundance profiles varied over time, with the highest level of activation occurring at earlier time points (0.5 and 4 hrs). In contrast to observations for other Leishmania species, most significantly changed mRNAs were up- rather than down-regulated, especially at early time points. Up-regulated transcripts over the first 24 hours belonged to pathways involving eicosanoid metabolism, oxidative stress, activation of PKC through G protein coupled receptors, or mechanism of gene regulation by peroxisome proliferators via PPARα. Additionally, a marked activation of Toll-receptor mediated pathways was observed. Comparison with published microarray data from macrophages infected with L. (Leishmania) chagasi indicate differences in the regulation of genes involved in signaling, motility and the immune response. Conclusions Results show that the early (0.5 to 24 hours) human monocyte-derived macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis is not quiescent, in contrast to published reports examining later response times (48–96 hours). Early macrophage responses are important for the developing cellular response at the site of infection. The kinetics and the mRNA abundance profiles induced by L. (Viannia) panamensis illustrate the dynamics of these interactions and the distinct biologic responses to different Leishmania species from the outset of infection within their primary host cell. Leishmania parasites cause a spectrum of diseases (cutaneous, visceral and the deforming forms—chronic cutaneous and mucocutaneous) known as leishmaniasis. The macrophage, a key cell in the immune system, is the cellular target of Leishmania parasites in the mammalian host. Previous studies showed the responses of monocytederived macrophages from naturally infected humans to infection with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis were key to adaptive immune responses and clinical outcome. Consequently, an mRNA microarray approach was employed to assess the changes in macrophage gene expression over time (0.5 to 24 hours) induced by L. panamensis. The highest level of gene expression induction occurred early (0.5–4 hours); the early pathways (groups of genes) activated included those involved in the innate immune response (signaling, phagocytosis, TLR activation, and inflammatory). Early gene activation is presumed to be important for the developing cellular milieu at the site of infection. By 24 hours post-infection the dominant pathways involved metabolic functions. However, a comparison of the macrophage response to L. (V.) panamensis to that of L. (L.) chagasi (causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) at 24 hours revealed a differential up-regulation of genes (cell adhesion, signaling, and inflammation) in response to these species. These observations underscore the distinct biology of different Leishmania species from the outset of infection.
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Filková M, Jüngel A, Gay RE, Gay S. MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: potential role in diagnosis and therapy. BioDrugs 2012; 26:131-41. [PMID: 22494429 DOI: 10.2165/11631480-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder with progressive articular damage that may result in lifelong disability. Although major strides in understanding the disease have been made, the pathogenesis of RA has not yet been fully elucidated. Early treatment can prevent severe disability and lead to remarkable patient benefits, although a lack of therapeutic efficiency in a considerable number of patients remains problematic. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that, depending upon base pairing to messenger RNA (mRNA), mediate mRNA cleavage, translational repression or mRNA destabilization. As fine tuning regulators of gene expression, miRNAs are involved in crucial cellular processes and their dysregulation has been described in many cell types in different diseases. In body fluids, miRNAs are present in microvesicles or incorporated into complexes with Argonaute 2 (Ago2) or high-density lipoproteins and show high stability. Therefore, they are of interest as potential biomarkers of disease in daily diagnostic applications. Targeting miRNAs by gain or loss of function approaches have brought therapeutic effects in various animal models. Over the past several years it has become clear that alterations exist in the expression of miRNAs in patients with RA. Increasing numbers of studies have shown that dysregulation of miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or isolated T lymphocytes, in synovial tissue and synovial fibroblasts that are considered key effector cells in joint destruction, contributes to inflammation, degradation of extracellular matrix and invasive behaviour of resident cells. Thereby, miRNAs maintain the pathophysiological process typical of RA. The aim of the current review is to discuss the available evidence linking the expression of miRNAs to inflammatory and immune response in RA and their potential as biomarkers and the novel targets for treatment in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Filková
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Over the last decade, the Tec family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Btk, Tec, Bmx, Itk, and Rlk) have been shown to play a key role in inflammation and bone destruction. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) has been the most widely studied due to the critical role of this kinase in B-cell development and recent evidence showing that blocking Btk signaling is effective in ameliorating lymphoma progression and experimental arthritis. This review will examine the role of TFK in myeloid cell function and the potential of targeting these kinases as a therapeutic intervention in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Horwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, London, UK.
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Sandig H, Bulfone-Paus S. TLR signaling in mast cells: common and unique features. Front Immunol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 22783258 PMCID: PMC3389341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well known role of mast cells in immunity to multi-cellular parasites and in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma, the importance of mast cells in the immune defense against bacteria and viruses is increasingly being recognized. Their location in the skin, gut, and airways puts mast cells in an ideal location to encounter and respond to pathogens, and in order to perform this function, these cells express a variety of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mast cells respond to TLR ligands by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, and some studies have found that TLR ligands can also cause degranulation, although this finding is contentious. In addition, stimulation via TLR ligands can synergize with signaling via the FcεRI, potentially enhancing the response of the cells to antigen in vivo. A great deal is now known about TLR signaling pathways. Some features of these pathways are cell type-specific, however, and work is under way to fully elucidate the TLR signaling cascades in the mast cell. Already, some interesting differences have been identified. This review aims to address what is known about the responses of mast cells to TLR ligands and the signaling pathways involved. Given the location of mast cells at sites exposed to the environment, the response of these cells to TLR ligands must be carefully regulated. The known mechanisms behind this regulation are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sandig
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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González-Serrano ME, Estrada-García I, Mogica-Martínez D, González-Garay A, López-Herrera G, Berrón-Ruiz L, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Vargas-Hernández A, Santos-Argumedo L, Estrada-Parra SA, Espinosa-Rosales FJ. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:967-74. [PMID: 22665224 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from XLA patients. METHODS Thirteen patients with XLA were included in the study. LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 production was determined in PBMCs from patients and matched healthy controls by ELISA. Cytokine production was correlated with the severity of mutation, affected domain and clinical characteristics. RESULTS In response to LPS, PBMCs from XLA patients produced significantly higher amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 compared to controls, and this production was influenced neither by the severity of the mutation nor the affected domain. PBMCs from patients with a history of more hospital admissions before their diagnosis produced higher levels of TNF-α. PBMCs from patients with lower serum IgA levels showed a higher production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Less severe (punctual) mutations in the Btk gene were associated with higher serum IgG levels at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a predominantly inflammatory response in XLA patients after LPS stimulation and suggest a deregulation of TLR signaling in the absence of Btk. This response may be influenced by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Edith González-Serrano
- Immunodeficiency Research Unit, National Institute of Pediatrics (INP), Av. Imán # 1, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Deleg. Coyoacán, Mexico City, ZP 04530, Mexico
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Ní Gabhann J, Spence S, Wynne C, Smith S, Byrne JC, Coffey B, Stacey K, Kissenpfennig A, Johnston J, Jefferies CA. Defects in acute responses to TLR4 in Btk-deficient mice result in impaired dendritic cell-induced IFN-γ production by natural killer cells. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:373-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Marron TU, Yu JE, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor function in primary B cell defects. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:1853-63. [PMID: 22202002 DOI: 10.2741/507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases include more than 150 different genetic defects, classified on the basis of the mutations or physiological defects involved. The first immune defects to be well recognized were those of adaptive immunity affecting B cell function and resulting in hypogammaglobulinemia and defects of specific antibody production; more recently, novel defects of innate immunity have been described, some involving Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways. Furthermore, it is increasingly evident that the innate and adaptive pathways intersect and reinforce each other. B cells express a number of TLRs, which when activated lead to cell activation, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, secretion of cytokines, up-regulation of recombination enzymes, isotype switch and immune globulin production. TLR activation of antigen presenting cells leads to heightened cytokine production, providing additional stimuli for B cell development and maturation. Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) have altered TLR responsiveness. We review TLR defects in these disorders of B cell development, and discuss how B cell gene defects may modulate TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Marron
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Marron TU, Martinez-Gallo M, Yu JE, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor 4-, 7-, and 8-activated myeloid cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia produce enhanced inflammatory cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:184-90.e1-4. [PMID: 22088613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a component of signaling pathways downstream from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, 7, 8, and 9. Previous work in BTK-deficient mice, cell lines, and cultured cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) suggested defective TLR-driven cytokine production. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare TLR-4-, TLR-7-, and TLR-8-induced cytokine production of primary cells from patients with XLA with that seen in control cells. METHODS PBMCs from patients with XLA, freshly isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes, and monocytoid dendritic cells were activated with TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-8 agonists. Signaling intermediates and intracellular and secreted cytokine levels were compared with those seen in control cells. RESULTS Although TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-8 activation of nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in cells from patients with XLA and control cells were comparable, TLR-activated freshly isolated monocytes and monocytoid dendritic cells from patients with XLA produced significantly more TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 than control cells. TLR-7/8-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced normal amounts of IFN-α. In murine models BTK regulates the degradation of Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein, terminating TLR-4-induced cytokine production. Although this might explain the heightened TLR-4-driven cytokine production we observed, Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein degradation is intact in cells from patients with XLA, excluding this explanation. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies with BTK-deficient mice, cell lines, and cultured cells from patients with XLA suggesting impaired TLR-driven cytokine production, these data suggest that BTK inhibits TLR-induced cytokine production in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Marron
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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