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Liu S, Cao Y, Cui K, Ren G, Zhao T, Wang X, Wei D, Chen Z, Gurram RK, Liu C, Wu C, Zhu J, Zhao K. Regulation of T helper cell differentiation by the interplay between histone modification and chromatin interaction. Immunity 2024; 57:987-1004.e5. [PMID: 38614090 PMCID: PMC11096031 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The development and function of the immune system are controlled by temporospatial gene expression programs, which are regulated by cis-regulatory elements, chromatin structure, and trans-acting factors. In this study, we cataloged the dynamic histone modifications and chromatin interactions at regulatory regions during T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Our data revealed that the H3K4me1 landscape established by MLL4 in naive CD4+ T cells is critical for restructuring the regulatory interaction network and orchestrating gene expression during the early phase of Th differentiation. GATA3 plays a crucial role in further configuring H3K4me1 modification and the chromatin interaction network during Th2 differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HSS3-anchored chromatin loops function to restrict the activity of the Th2 locus control region (LCR), thus coordinating the expression of Th2 cytokines. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of how the interplay between histone modifications, chromatin looping, and trans-acting factors contributes to the differentiation of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuezheng Wang
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danping Wei
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rama Krishna Gurram
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kandel A, Li L, Wang Y, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Differentiation and Regulation of Bovine Th2 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38727273 PMCID: PMC11083891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues. To determine if bovine CD4+ T cells may develop into Th2 cells, naïve cells were stimulated with anti-bovine CD3 under a Th2 differentiation kit in vitro. The cells produced primarily IFNγ proteins, with only a small fraction (<10%) co-expressing IL4 proteins. Quantitative PCR confirmed elevated IFNγ transcription but no significant change in IL4 transcription. Surprisingly, GATA3, the master regulator of IL4, was highest in naïve CD4+ T cells but was considerably reduced following differentiation. To determine if the differentiated cells were true Th2 cells, an unbiased proteomic assay was carried out. The assay identified 4212 proteins, 422 of which were differently expressed compared to those in naïve cells. Based on these differential proteins, Th2-related upstream components were predicted, including CD3, CD28, IL4, and IL33, demonstrating typical Th2 differentiation. To boost IL4 expression, T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength was reduced by lowering anti-CD3 concentrations. Consequently, weak TCR stimulation essentially abolished Th2 expansion and survival. In addition, extra recombinant bovine IL4 (rbIL4) was added during Th2 differentiation, but, despite enhanced expansion, the IL4 level remained unaltered. These findings suggest that, while bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to Th2 differentiation stimuli, the bovine IL4 pathway is not regulated in the same way as in mice and humans. Furthermore, Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) extract, a gastrointestinal nematode in cattle, inhibited signaling via CD3, CD28, IL4, and TLRs/MYD88, indicating that external pathogens can influence bovine Th2 differentiation. In conclusion, though bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to IL4-driven differentiation, IL4 expression is not a defining feature of differentiated bovine Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kandel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
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3
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Nakano K, Whitehead GS, Lyons-Cohen MR, Grimm SA, Wilkinson CL, Izumi G, Livraghi-Butrico A, Cook DN, Nakano H. Chemokine CCL19 promotes type 2 T-cell differentiation and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:487-502.e9. [PMID: 37956733 PMCID: PMC10922373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is driven largely by allergen-specific TH2 cells, which develop in regional lymph nodes on the interaction of naive CD4+ T cells with allergen-bearing dendritic cells that migrate from the lung. This migration event is dependent on CCR7 and its chemokine ligand, CCL21. However, is has been unclear whether the other CCR7 ligand, CCL19, has a role in allergic airway disease. OBJECTIVE This study sought to define the role of CCL19 in TH2 differentiation and allergic airway disease. METHODS Ccl19-deficient mice were studied in an animal model of allergic asthma. Dendritic cells or fibroblastic reticular cells from wild-type and Ccl19-deficient mice were cultured with naive CD4+ T cells, and cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Recombinant CCL19 was added to CD4+ T-cell cultures, and gene expression was assessed by RNA-sequencing and quantitative PCR. Transcription factor activation was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Lungs of Ccl19-deficient mice had less allergic airway inflammation, reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, and less IL-4 and IL-13 production compared with lungs of Ccl19-sufficient animals. Naive CD4+ T cells cocultured with Ccl19-deficient dendritic cells or fibroblastic reticular cells produced lower amounts of type 2 cytokines than did T cells cocultured with their wild-type counterparts. Recombinant CCL19 increased phosphorylation of STAT5 and induced expression of genes associated with TH2 cell and IL-2 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a novel, TH2 cell-inducing function of CCL19 in allergic airway disease and suggest that strategies to block this pathway might help to reduce the incidence or severity of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakano
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Gregory S Whitehead
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Miranda R Lyons-Cohen
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Christina L Wilkinson
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Gentaro Izumi
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
| | - Hideki Nakano
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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4
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Tiligada E, Gafarov D, Zaimi M, Vitte J, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel Immunopharmacological Drugs for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:481-506. [PMID: 37722722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051623-091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the mid-twentieth century has led to a genuine public health emergency and has also fostered major progress in research on the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments. The management of allergic diseases benefits from the biological revolution, with an array of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic and investigational tools targeting players of allergic inflammation at distinct pathophysiological steps. Prominent examples include therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, alarmins, and their receptors, as well as small-molecule modifiers of signal transduction mainly mediated by Janus kinases and Bruton's tyrosine kinases. However, the first-line therapeutic options have yet to switch from symptomatic to disease-modifying interventions. Here we present an overview of available drugs in the context of our current understanding of allergy pathophysiology, identify potential therapeutic targets, and conclude by providing a selection of candidate immunopharmacological molecules under investigation for potential future use in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Daria Gafarov
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Maria Zaimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joana Vitte
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM
- Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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5
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Kang KM, Han JH, Kim KS, Kim EK, Shin Y, Park JH, Kim H, Kim NY, Kim YG, Kim H, Park H, Kim YM, Kee SJ, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Kim YC. Chlorophyll a and novel synthetic derivatives alleviate atopic dermatitis by suppressing Th2 cell differentiation via IL-4 receptor modulation. Clin Immunol 2024; 258:109852. [PMID: 38029848 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment has largely relied on non-specific broad immunosuppressants despite their long-term toxicities until the approval of dupilumab, which blocks IL-4 signaling to target Th2 cell responses. Here, we report the discovery of compound 4aa, a novel compound derived from the structure of chlorophyll a, and the efficacy of chlorophyll a to alleviate AD symptoms by oral administration in human AD patients. 4aa downregulated GATA3 and IL-4 in differentiating Th2 cells by potently blocking IL-4 receptor dimerization. In the murine model, oral administration of 4aa reduced the clinical severity of symptoms and scratching behavior by 76% and 72%, respectively. Notably, the elevated serum levels of Th2 cytokines reduced to levels similar to those in the normal group after oral administration of 4aa. Additionally, the toxicological studies showed favorable safety profiles and good tolerance. In conclusion, 4aa may be applied for novel therapeutic developments for patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon Mook Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Han
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seok Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Youna Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Kim
- R&D Center, Huons co. Ltd., 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Gyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- R&D Center, Huons co. Ltd., 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- R&D Center, Huons co. Ltd., 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Khantakova JN, Sennikov SV. T-helper cells flexibility: the possibility of reprogramming T cells fate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284178. [PMID: 38022605 PMCID: PMC10646684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various disciplines cooperate to find novel approaches to cure impaired body functions by repairing, replacing, or regenerating cells, tissues, or organs. The possibility that a stable differentiated cell can reprogram itself opens the door to new therapeutic strategies against a multitude of diseases caused by the loss or dysfunction of essential, irreparable, and specific cells. One approach to cell therapy is to induce reprogramming of adult cells into other functionally active cells. Understanding the factors that cause or contribute to T cell plasticity is not only of clinical importance but also expands the knowledge of the factors that induce cells to differentiate and improves the understanding of normal developmental biology. The present review focuses on the advances in the conversion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, the conditions of their reprogramming, and the methods proposed to control such cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Khantakova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Tatsumi N, El-Fenej J, Davila-Pagan A, Kumamoto Y. Rapid activation of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD301b + DC-derived IL-2 dictates the outcome of helper T cell differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564276. [PMID: 37961107 PMCID: PMC10634899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Effector T helper (Th) cell differentiation is fundamental to functional adaptive immunity. Different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) preferentially induce different types of Th cells, but the fate instruction mechanism for Th type 2 (Th2) differentiation remains enigmatic, as the critical DC-derived cue has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that CD301b+ DCs, a major Th2-inducing DC subset, drive Th2 differentiation through cognate interaction by 'kick-starting' IL-2 receptor signaling in CD4T cells. Mechanistically, CD40 engagement induces IL-2 production selectively from CD301b+ DCs to maximize CD25 expression in CD4 T cells, which is required specifically for the Th2 fate decision. On the other hand, CD25 in CD301b+ DCs facilitates directed action of IL-2 toward cognate CD4T cells. Furthermore, CD301b+ DC-derived IL-2 skews CD4T cells away from the T follicular helper fate. These results highlight the critical role of DC-intrinsic CD40-IL-2 axis in bifurcation of Th cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Tatsumi
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Jihad El-Fenej
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Alejandro Davila-Pagan
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
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8
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Chen H, Han Z, Fan Y, Chen L, Peng F, Cheng X, Wang Y, Su J, Li D. CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmune hepatitis: A review. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0269. [PMID: 37695088 PMCID: PMC10497257 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that can lead to hepatocyte destruction, inflammation, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. The diagnosis of AIH requires the identification of lymphoblast cell interface hepatitis and serum biochemical abnormalities, as well as the exclusion of related diseases. According to different specific autoantibodies, AIH can be divided into AIH-1 and AIH-2. The first-line treatment for AIH is a corticosteroid and azathioprine regimen, and patients with liver failure require liver transplantation. However, the long-term use of corticosteroids has obvious side effects, and patients are prone to relapse after drug withdrawal. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an imbalance in immune tolerance of self-antigens, activation of autoreactive T cells, overactivity of B cells, and increased production of autoantibodies. CD4+ T cells are key players in adaptive immunity and can secrete cytokines, activate B cells to produce antibodies, and influence the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. According to their characteristics, CD4+ T cells can be divided into different subsets. In this review, we discuss the changes in T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, Th9, Th22, regulatory T cell, T follicular helper, and T peripheral helper cells and their related factors in AIH and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting CD4+ T-cell subsets in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyue Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Liuyan Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyan Su
- The First People’s Hospital of Longquanyi District, Chengdu, China
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9
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Bao K, Isik Can U, Miller MM, Brown IK, Dell'Aringa M, Dooms H, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Lee Reinhardt R. A bifurcated role for c-Maf in Th2 and Tfh2 cells during helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:357-372. [PMID: 37088263 PMCID: PMC10290510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences in transcriptomes, transcription factor usage, and function have identified T follicular helper 2 (Tfh2) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells as distinct clusters of differentiation 4+",(CD4) T-cell subsets in settings of type-2 inflammation. Although the transcriptional programs driving Th2 cell differentiation and cytokine production are well defined, dependence on these classical Th2 programs by Tfh2 cells is less clear. Using cytokine reporter mice in combination with transcription factor inference analysis, the b-Zip transcription factor c-Maf and its targets were identified as an important regulon in both Th2 and Tfh2 cells. Conditional deletion of c-Maf in T cells confirmed its importance in type-2 cytokine expression by Th2 and Tfh2 cells. However, while c-Maf was not required for Th2-driven helminth clearance or lung eosinophilia, it was required for Tfh2-driven Immunoglobulin E production and germinal center formation. This differential regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity by c-Maf was a result of redundant pathways in Th2 cells that were absent in Tfh2 cells, and c-Maf-specific mechanisms in Tfh2 cells that were absent in Th2 cells. Thus, despite shared expression by Tfh2 and Th2 cells, c-Maf serves as a unique regulator of Tfh2-driven humoral hallmarks during type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Uryan Isik Can
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Ivy K Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mark Dell'Aringa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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10
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Meitei HT, Lal G. T cell receptor signaling in the differentiation and plasticity of CD4 + T cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:14-27. [PMID: 36028461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical components of the adaptive immune system. The T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptor signaling cascades shape the phenotype and functions of CD4+ T cells. TCR signaling plays a crucial role in T cell development, antigen recognition, activation, and differentiation upon recognition of foreign- or auto-antigens. In specific autoimmune conditions, altered TCR repertoire is reported and can predispose autoimmunity with organ-specific inflammation and tissue damage. TCR signaling modulates various signaling cascades and regulates epigenetic and transcriptional regulation during homeostasis and disease conditions. Understanding the mechanism by which coreceptors and cytokine signals control the magnitude of TCR signal amplification will aid in developing therapeutic strategies to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the role of the TCR signaling cascade and its components in the activation, differentiation, and plasticity of various CD4+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, SPPU campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH 411007, India.
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11
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Smith MR, Satter LRF, Vargas-Hernández A. STAT5b: A master regulator of key biological pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1025373. [PMID: 36755813 PMCID: PMC9899847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-5 proteins are required in immune regulation and homeostasis and play a crucial role in the development and function of several hematopoietic cells. STAT5b activation is involved in the expression of genes that participate in cell development, proliferation, and survival. STAT5a and STAT5b are paralogs and only human mutations in STAT5B have been identified leading to immune dysregulation and hematopoietic malignant transformation. The inactivating STAT5B mutations cause impaired post-natal growth, recurrent infections and immune dysregulation, whereas gain of function somatic mutations cause dysregulated allergic inflammation. These mutations are rare, and they are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations which provide a disease model elucidating the biological mechanism of STAT5 by studying the consequences of perturbations in STAT5 activity. Further, the use of Jak inhibitors as therapy for a variety of autoimmune and malignant disorders has increased substantially heading relevant lessons for the consequences of Jak/STAT immunomodulation from the human model. This review summarizes the biology of the STAT5 proteins, human disease associate with molecular defects in STAT5b, and the connection between aberrant activation of STAT5b and the development of certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,William T. Shearer Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa R. Forbes Satter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,William T. Shearer Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,William T. Shearer Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Alexander Vargas-Hernández,
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12
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León B. Understanding the development of Th2 cell-driven allergic airway disease in early life. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1080153. [PMID: 36704753 PMCID: PMC9872036 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy, are caused by abnormal responses to relatively harmless foreign proteins called allergens found in pollen, fungal spores, house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or certain foods. In particular, the activation of allergen-specific helper T cells towards a type 2 (Th2) phenotype during the first encounters with the allergen, also known as the sensitization phase, is the leading cause of the subsequent development of allergic disease. Infants and children are especially prone to developing Th2 cell responses after initial contact with allergens. But in addition, the rates of allergic sensitization and the development of allergic diseases among children are increasing in the industrialized world and have been associated with living in urban settings. Particularly for respiratory allergies, greater susceptibility to developing allergic Th2 cell responses has been shown in children living in urban environments containing low levels of microbial contaminants, principally bacterial endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], in the causative aeroallergens. This review highlights the current understanding of the factors that balance Th2 cell immunity to environmental allergens, with a particular focus on the determinants that program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) toward or away from a Th2 stimulatory function. In this context, it discusses transcription factor-guided functional specialization of type-2 cDCs (cDC2s) and how the integration of signals derived from the environment drives this process. In addition, it analyzes observational and mechanistic studies supporting an essential role for innate sensing of microbial-derived products contained in aeroallergens in modulating allergic Th2 cell immune responses. Finally, this review examines whether hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimulation, particularly to LPS, is a risk factor for the induction of Th2 cell responses and allergic sensitization during infancy and early childhood and the potential factors that may affect early-age response to LPS and other environmental microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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Fang D, Healy A, Zhu J. Differential regulation of lineage-determining transcription factor expression in innate lymphoid cell and adaptive T helper cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081153. [PMID: 36685550 PMCID: PMC9846361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T helper (Th) cell subsets, including Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells, and their innate counterparts innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets consisting of ILC1s, ILC2s and ILC3s, display similar effector cytokine-producing capabilities during pro-inflammatory immune responses. These lymphoid cell subsets utilize the same set of lineage-determining transcription factors (LDTFs) for their differentiation, development and functions. The distinct ontogeny and developmental niches between Th cells and ILCs indicate that they may adopt different external signals for the induction of LDTF during lineage commitment. Increasing evidence demonstrates that many conserved cis-regulatory elements at the gene loci of LDTFs are often preferentially utilized for the induction of LDTF expression during Th cell differentiation and ILC development at different stages. In this review, we discuss the functions of lineage-related cis-regulatory elements in inducing T-bet, GATA3 or RORγt expression based on the genetic evidence provided in recent publications. We also review and compare the upstream signals involved in LDTF induction in Th cells and ILCs both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms and physiological importance of regulating LDTF dynamic expression during ILC development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difeng Fang
- *Correspondence: Difeng Fang, ; Jinfang Zhu,
| | | | - Jinfang Zhu
- *Correspondence: Difeng Fang, ; Jinfang Zhu,
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14
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Chenuet P, Marquant Q, Fauconnier L, Youness A, Mellier M, Marchiol T, Rouxel N, Messaoud-Nacer Y, Maillet I, Ledru A, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Horsnell W, Végran F, Apetoh L, Togbe D. NLRP6 negatively regulates type 2 immune responses in mice. Allergy 2022; 77:3320-3336. [PMID: 35615773 DOI: 10.1111/all.15388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that assemble in the cytosol in response to danger such as tissue damage or infection. Following activation, inflammasomes trigger cell death and the release of biologically active forms of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) inflammasome is required for IL-18 secretion by intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and T cells, contributing to homeostasis and self-defense against pathogenic microbes. However, the involvement of NLRP6 in type 2 lung inflammation remains elusive. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Nlrp6-/- mice were used. Birch pollen extract (BPE)-induced allergic lung inflammation, eosinophil recruitment, Th2-related cytokine and chemokine production, airway hyperresponsiveness, and lung histopathology, Th2 cell differentiation, GATA3, and Th2 cytokines expression, were determined. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) infection, worm count in intestine, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), and Th2 cells in lungs were evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrate in Nlrp6-/- mice that a mixed Th2/Th17 immune responses prevailed following birch pollen challenge with increased eosinophils, ILC2, Th2, and Th17 cell induction and reduced IL-18 production. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infected Nlrp6-/- mice featured enhanced early expulsion of the parasite due to enhanced type 2 immune responses compared to WT hosts. In vitro, NLRP6 repressed Th2 polarization, as shown by increased Th2 cytokines and higher expression of the transcription factor GATA3 in the absence of NLRP6. Exogenous IL-18 administration partially reduced the enhanced airways inflammation in Nlrp6-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data identify NLRP6 as a negative regulator of type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Marquant
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Ali Youness
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | | - Yasmine Messaoud-Nacer
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | - Isabelle Maillet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Valérie F J Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
| | - William Horsnell
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town 7925, South Africa & South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans-Cedex 2, France
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15
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Sheikh A, Lu J, Melese E, Seo JH, Abraham N. IL-7 induces type 2 cytokine response in lung ILC2s and regulates GATA3 and CD25 expression. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1105-1113. [PMID: 35603486 PMCID: PMC9790234 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab1220-819rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a cytokine with well-established roles in lymphocyte development and more recently, an expanded role in immune function. IL-7Rα is highly expressed by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), but how IL-7 directs the development or function of ILCs is not well studied. Using mice with inducible deletion of IL-7Rα, we showed that loss of IL-7 signaling led to impaired production of IL-5, IL-13 and amphiregulin in lung ST2+ group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) following influenza/A infection. Conversely, mice treated with IL-7 increased production of IL-5 and IL-13 by lung ILC2s. Moreover, we showed that IL-7 enhanced GATA3 and CD25 expression in ILC2s and loss of IL-7 signaling led to their reduced expression. Altogether, this study demonstrates that IL-7 regulates the function of ILC2s during airway viral infection and induces GATA3 and CD25 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Julia Lu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Etienne Melese
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Jung Hee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada,Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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16
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Yang C, Blaize G, Marrocco R, Rouquié N, Bories C, Gador M, Mélique S, Joulia E, Benamar M, Dejean AS, Daniels-Treffandier H, Love PE, Fazilleau N, Saoudi A, Lesourne R. THEMIS enhances the magnitude of normal and neuroinflammatory type 1 immune responses by promoting TCR-independent signals. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabl5343. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Signals that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4
+
T helper (T
H
) cells into specific effector cell subsets are primarily stimulated by cytokines, but additional signals are required to adjust the magnitude of T
H
cell responses and set the balance between effective immunity and immunological tolerance. By inducing the post-thymic deletion of the T cell lineage signaling protein THEMIS, we showed that THEMIS promoted the development of optimal type 1 immune responses to foreign antigens but stimulated signals that favored encephalitogenic responses to self-neuroantigens. THEMIS was required to stimulate the expression of the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator T-BET and the production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and it enhanced the ability of encephalitogenic CD4
+
T cells to migrate into the central nervous system. Consistently, analysis of THEMIS expression in polarized CD4
+
T cells showed that THEMIS was selectively increased in abundance in T
H
1 cells. The stimulation of predifferentiated effector CD4
+
T cells with antigen-presenting cells revealed a stimulatory function for THEMIS on type 1 cytokine responses, similar to those observed ex vivo after immunization. In contrast, THEMIS exerted opposing effects on naïve CD4
+
T cells in vitro by inhibiting the T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signals that lead to T
H
1 cell responses. These data suggest that THEMIS exerts TCR-independent functions in effector T cells, which increase the magnitude of normal and pathogenic T
H
1 cell–mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëtan Blaize
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Marrocco
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Nelly Rouquié
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrielle Bories
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Mylène Gador
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Suzanne Mélique
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Joulia
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne S. Dejean
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Daniels-Treffandier
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul E. Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
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17
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Cunha C, Koike T, Seki Y, Yamamoto M, Iwashima M. Schnurri 3 promotes Th2 cytokine production during the late phase of T-cell antigen stimulation. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1077-1094. [PMID: 35490426 PMCID: PMC9276650 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Th1 and Th2 polarization is determined by the coordination of numerous factors including the affinity and strength of the antigen-receptor interaction, predominant cytokine environment, and costimulatory molecules present. Here, we show that Schnurri (SHN) proteins have distinct roles in Th1 and Th2 polarization. SHN2 was previously found to block the induction of GATA3 and Th2 differentiation. We found that, in contrast to SHN2, SHN3 is critical for IL-4 production and Th2 polarization. Strength of stimulation controls SHN2 and SHN3 expression patterns, where higher doses of antigen receptor stimulation promoted SHN3 expression and IL-4 production, along with repression of SHN2 expression. SHN3-deficient T cells showed a substantial defect in IL-4 production and expression of AP-1 components, particularly c-Jun and Jun B. This loss of early IL-4 production led to reduced GATA3 expression and impaired Th2 differentiation. Together, these findings uncover SHN3 as a novel, critical regulator of Th2 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Toru Koike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceShizuoka UniversityShizuokaJapan
| | - Yoichi Seki
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Van Kampen Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Stritch School of MedicineLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mutsumi Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Van Kampen Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Stritch School of MedicineLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Makio Iwashima
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Van Kampen Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Stritch School of MedicineLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
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18
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Liu W, Fan M, Lu W, Zhu W, Meng L, Lu S. Emerging Roles of T Helper Cells in Non-Infectious Neuroinflammation: Savior or Sinner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872167. [PMID: 35844577 PMCID: PMC9280647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells, also known as T helper (Th) cells, contribute to the adaptive immunity both in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). At least seven subsets of Th cells along with their signature cytokines have been identified nowadays. Neuroinflammation denotes the brain’s immune response to inflammatory conditions. In recent years, various CNS disorders have been related to the dysregulation of adaptive immunity, especially the process concerning Th cells and their cytokines. However, as the functions of Th cells are being discovered, it’s also found that their roles in different neuroinflammatory conditions, or even the participation of a specific Th subset in one CNS disorder may differ, and sometimes contrast. Based on those recent and contradictory evidence, the conflicting roles of Th cells in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury as well as some typical mental disorders will be reviewed herein. Research progress, limitations and novel approaches concerning different neuroinflammatory conditions will also be mentioned and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
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19
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Dwyer GK, Mathews LR, Villegas JA, Lucas A, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Blazar BR, Girard JP, Poholek AC, Luther SA, Shlomchik W, Turnquist HR. IL-33 acts as a costimulatory signal to generate alloreactive Th1 cells in graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:150927. [PMID: 35503257 PMCID: PMC9197517 DOI: 10.1172/jci150927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) integrate signals emanating from local pathology and program appropriate T cell responses. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT), recipient conditioning releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that generate proinflammatory APCs that secrete IL-12, which is a driver of donor Th1 responses, causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Nevertheless, other mechanisms exist to initiate alloreactive T cell responses, as recipients with disrupted DAMP signaling or lacking IL-12 develop GVHD. We established that tissue damage signals are perceived directly by donor CD4+ T cells and promoted T cell expansion and differentiation. Specifically, the fibroblastic reticular cell–derived DAMP IL-33 is increased by recipient conditioning and is critical for the initial activation, proliferation, and differentiation of alloreactive Th1 cells. IL-33 stimulation of CD4+ T cells was not required for lymphopenia-induced expansion, however. IL-33 promoted IL-12–independent expression of Tbet and generation of Th1 cells that infiltrated GVHD target tissues. Mechanistically, IL-33 augmented CD4+ T cell TCR-associated signaling pathways in response to alloantigen. This enhanced T cell expansion and Th1 polarization, but inhibited the expression of regulatory molecules such as IL-10 and Foxp3. These data establish an unappreciated role for IL-33 as a costimulatory signal for donor Th1 generation after alloHCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Lisa R Mathews
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jose A Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lucas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Warren Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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20
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Dai W, Zhang J, Li S, He F, Liu Q, Gong J, Yang Z, Gong Y, Tang F, Wang Z, Xie C. Protein Arginine Methylation: An Emerging Modification in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865964. [PMID: 35493527 PMCID: PMC9046588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) have emerged as new members of a gene expression regulator family in eukaryotes, and are associated with cancer pathogenesis and progression. Cancer immunotherapy has significantly improved cancer treatment in terms of overall survival and quality of life. Protein arginine methylation is an epigenetic modification function not only in transcription, RNA processing, and signal transduction cascades, but also in many cancer-immunity cycle processes. Arginine methylation is involved in the activation of anti-cancer immunity and the regulation of immunotherapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize the most up-to-date information on regulatory molecular mechanisms and different underlying arginine methylation signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune responses during cancer. We also outline the potential of PRMT-inhibitors as effective combinatorial treatments with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Dai
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fajian He
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zetian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Tang, ; Conghua Xie, ; Zhihao Wang, ;
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Tang, ; Conghua Xie, ; Zhihao Wang, ;
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Tang, ; Conghua Xie, ; Zhihao Wang, ;
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21
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Zheng R, Kong M, Wang S, He B, Xie X. Spermine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating T cell activation and differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108702. [PMID: 35305382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease which causes demyelination, axonal damage and even disability. Th1 and Th17 cells, more precisely, the IFNγ/IL17a double producing CD4+ T cells, have been known to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, a mouse model of MS. Polyamines not only regulate the immune system, but also are essential for the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrate that the supplementation of spermine (SPM), a biogenic polyamine, significantly suppresses EAE progression in both preventative and therapeutic ways. Further study suggests that spermine significantly reduces IFNγ+/IL17a-, IFNγ-/IL17a+ and IFNγ+/IL17a+ cells in periphery, and thus reducing the infiltration of these pathogenic cells into the CNS. In vitro, spermine has been shown to suppress the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells and also significantly impede the polarization of T effector cells in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Consistently, a number of MEK/ERK inhibitors (including PD0325901, FR180204 and selumetinib) have been found to mimic the effects of spermine in inhibiting CD4+ T cell activation and T effector cell differentiation. Collectively, spermine alleviates EAE progression by inhibiting CD4+ T cells activation and T effector cell differentiation in a MAPK/ERK-dependent manner, suggesting this pathway might be a target to develop effective therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Miaomiao Kong
- Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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22
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Tsiomita S, Liveri EM, Vardaka P, Vogiatzi A, Skiadaresis A, Saridis G, Tsigkas I, Michaelidis TM, Mavrothalassitis G, Thyphronitis G. ETS2 repressor factor (ERF) is involved in T lymphocyte maturation acting as regulator of thymocyte lineage commitment. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:641-657. [PMID: 35258130 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1a0720-439r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte differentiation and lineage commitment is regulated by an extensive network of transcription factors and signaling molecules among which Erk plays a central role. However, Erk effectors as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this network are not well understood. Erf is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional repressor regulated by Erk-dependent phosphorylation. Here, we investigated the role of Erf in T cell maturation and lineage commitment, using a double-fluorescent Erf-floxed mouse to produce thymus-specific Erf knockouts. We observed significant accumulation of thymocytes in the CD4/CD8 DP stage, followed by a significant reduction in CD4SP cells, a trend for lower CD8SP cell frequency, and an elevated percentage of γδ expressing thymocytes in Erf-deficient mice. Also, an elevated number of CD69+ TCRβ+ cells indicates that thymocytes undergoing positive selection accumulate at this stage. The expression of transcription factors Gata3, ThPOK, and Socs1 that promote CD4+ cell commitment was significantly decreased in Erf-deficient mice. These findings suggest that Erf is involved in T cell maturation, acting as a positive regulator during CD4 and eventually CD8 lineage commitment, while negatively regulates the production of γδ T cells. In addition, Erf-deficient mice displayed decreased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes and elevated levels of IL-4 indicating that Erf may have an additional role in the homeostasis, differentiation, and immunologic response of helper and cytotoxic T cells in the periphery. Overall, our results show, for the first time, Erf's involvement in T cell biology suggesting that Erf acts as a potential regulator during thymocyte maturation and thymocyte lineage commitment, in γδ T cell generation, as well as in Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Tsiomita
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Maria Liveri
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiota Vardaka
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Vogiatzi
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Argyris Skiadaresis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Saridis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsigkas
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theologos M Michaelidis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Mavrothalassitis
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,IMBB, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Thyphronitis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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23
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Castellanos CA, Ren X, Gonzalez SL, Li HK, Schroeder AW, Liang HE, Laidlaw BJ, Hu D, Mak AC, Eng C, Rodríguez-Santana JR, LeNoir M, Yan Q, Celedón JC, Burchard EG, Zamvil SS, Ishido S, Locksley RM, Cyster JG, Huang X, Shin JS. Lymph node-resident dendritic cells drive T H2 cell development involving MARCH1. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh0707. [PMID: 34652961 PMCID: PMC8736284 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 T helper (TH2) cells are protective against parasitic worm infections but also aggravate allergic inflammation. Although the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in TH2 cell differentiation is well established, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that DC induction of TH2 cells depends on membrane-associated RING-CH-1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase. The pro-TH2 effect of MARCH1 relied on lymph node (LN)–resident DCs, which triggered T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and induced GATA-3 expression from naïve CD4+ T cells independent of tissue-driven migratory DCs. Mice with mutations in the ubiquitin acceptor sites of MHCII and CD86, the two substrates of MARCH1, failed to develop TH2 cells. These findings suggest that TH2 cell development depends on ubiquitin-mediated clearance of antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules by LN-resident DCs and consequent control of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Steven Lomeli Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong Kun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew W. Schroeder
- Department of Pulmonology, Genomics CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian J. Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Angel C.Y. Mak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Qi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Juan C. Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott S. Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaozhu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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24
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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25
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Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, Szűcs G, Sokolowska M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:100995. [PMID: 34364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity. Its development is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. The most common, as well as the most well characterized subtype of asthma is allergic eosinophilic asthma, which is characterized by a type 2 airway inflammation. The prevalence of asthma has substantially increased in industrialized countries during the last 60 years. The mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however increased exposure to various environmental pollutants probably plays a role. Disease inception is thought to be enabled by a disadvantageous shift in the balance between protective and harmful lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to protective commensal microbes versus infection with pathogens, collectively leading to airway epithelial cell damage and disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines are one of the main drivers of the type 2 immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately leading to infiltration of lung tissue with type 2 T helper (TH2) cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages and eosinophils. This review outlines the mechanisms responsible for the orchestration of type 2 inflammation and summarizes the novel findings, including but not limited to dysregulated epithelial barrier integrity, alarmin release and innate lymphoid cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt I Komlósi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Lung Health Hospital, Munkácsy Mihály Str. 70, 2045, Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Tömő Str. 25-29, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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26
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Zhao Q, Dai H, Liu X, Jiang H, Liu W, Feng Z, Zhang N, Gao Y, Dong Z, Zhou X, Du J, Zhang N, Rui H, Yuan L, Liu B. Helper T Cells in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665629. [PMID: 34093559 PMCID: PMC8173183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system produces an antibody response to its own antigens due to impaired immune tolerance. Although antibodies are derived from plasma cells differentiated by B cells, the T-B cells also contribute a lot to the immune system. In particular, the subsets of helper T (Th) cells, including the dominant subsets such as Th2, Th17, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the inferior subsets such as regulatory T (Treg) cells, shape the immune imbalance of IMN and promote the incidence and development of autoimmune responses. After reviewing the physiological knowledge of various subpopulations of Th cells and combining the existing studies on Th cells in IMN, the role model of Th cells in IMN was explained in this review. Finally, the existing clinical treatment regimens for IMN were reviewed, and the importance of the therapy for Th cells was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Liu
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxue Jiang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Naiqian Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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27
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Abstract
For over 35 years since Mosmann and Coffman proposed the seminal “type 1 T helper (Th1)/type 2 T helper (Th2)” hypothesis in 1986, the immunological community has appreciated that naïve CD4 T cells need to make important decisions upon their activation, namely to differentiate towards a Th1, Th2, Th17 (interleukin-17-producing T helper), follicular T helper (Tfh), or regulatory T cell (Treg) fate to orchestrate a variety of adaptive immune responses. The major molecular underpinnings of the Th1/Th2 effector fate choice had been initially characterized using excellent reductionist in vitro culture systems, through which the transcription factors T-bet and GATA3 were identified as the master regulators for the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. However, Th1/Th2 cell differentiation and their cellular heterogeneity are usually determined by a combinatorial expression of multiple transcription factors, particularly in vivo, where dendritic cell (DC) and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets can also influence T helper lineage choices. In addition, inflammatory cytokines that are capable of inducing Th17 cell differentiation are also found to be induced during typical Th1- or Th2-related immune responses, resulting in an alternative differentiation pathway, transiting from a Th17 cell phenotype towards Th1 or Th2 cells. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the field, focusing on some new players in the transcriptional network, contributions of DCs and ILCs, and alternative differentiation pathways towards understanding the Th1/Th2 effector choice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Kato H, Perl A. Double-Edged Sword: Interleukin-2 Promotes T Regulatory Cell Differentiation but Also Expands Interleukin-13- and Interferon-γ-Producing CD8 + T Cells via STAT6-GATA-3 Axis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635531. [PMID: 33763079 PMCID: PMC7982885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) expands the depleted T regulatory (Treg) cell population, and it has emerged as a potential therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, IL-2 administration may involve the risk of expanding unwanted pro-inflammatory cells. We herein studied the effects of IL-2 on pro-inflammatory cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in parallel with Treg development following CD3/CD28 co-stimulation. While Treg cells are depleted in SLE patients, their CD4+ T cells were poised to receive and activate IL-2 signaling as evidenced by upregulation of CD25 and enhanced IL-2-incued STAT5 phosphorylation during Treg differentiation. In patients with SLE, however, IL-2 also expanded CD8+ T cells capable of producing interleukin-5, interkeukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) that occurred with enhanced expression of GATA-3 and phosphorylation of STAT6 but not STAT5. Our data pinpoint a safety signal for systemic administration of IL-2 and challenges a long-held conceptual platform of type 1 and 2 cytokine antagonism by newly documenting the IL-2-dependent development of IL-13 and IFN-γ double-positive (IL-13+IFNγ+) CD8+ T cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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29
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Ma X, Nakayamada S. Multi-Source Pathways of T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621105. [PMID: 33717120 PMCID: PMC7947315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells participate in humoral immune by promoting inflammation and aiding B cells survival, proliferation, maturation, and generation autoantibodies. The plasticity of Tfh cells enables the immune system to adjust the direction of differentiation according to the degree of the immune response, regulate the germinal center (GC) response and maintain homeostasis. Tfh differentiation involves several signaling factors, including multiple cytokines, receptors, transcription factors and genes. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family signaling pathways are crucial for Tfh formation. However, because of the multi-factorial and multi-stage features of Tfh differentiation, every STAT member plays a role in Tfh differentiation, but is not completely depended on. With the gradual recognition of different Tfh subsets (Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17), the process of Tfh differentiation can no longer be explained by straight-line derivation models. In this review, we summarize the roles of different STATs in mediating Tfh subsets, analyze the contributions of mutual restraint and cooperation among cytokine-STAT signals to terminal Tfh differentiation, and clarify the multi-source pathways of Tfh differentiation with a three-dimensional illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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30
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Sekiya T, Kagawa S, Masaki K, Fukunaga K, Yoshimura A, Takaki S. Regulation of peripheral Th/Treg differentiation and suppression of airway inflammation by Nr4a transcription factors. iScience 2021; 24:102166. [PMID: 33665581 PMCID: PMC7907427 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation programs promote the eradication of pathogens, while minimizing adverse immune reactions. Here, we found that Nr4a family of nuclear receptors supports Treg cell induction and represses Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. Nr4a factors are transiently induced in CD4+ T cells immediately after antigen stimulation, thereby mediating epigenetic changes. In differentiating Treg cells, Nr4a factors mainly upregulated the early responsive genes in the Treg cell-specifying gene set, either directly or in cooperation with Ets family transcription factors. In contrast, Nr4a factors repressed AP-1 activity by interrupting a positive feedback loop for Batf factor expression, thus suppressing Th2 cell-associated genes. In an allergic airway inflammation model, Nr4a factors suppressed the pathogenesis, mediating oral tolerance. Lastly, pharmacological activation of an engineered Nr4a molecule prevented allergic airway inflammation, indicating that Nr4a factors may be novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Among “Treg signature genes”, Nr4a factors mainly induce early responsive ones Nr4a activate target genes directly or by supporting Ets factors' function Nr4a factors repress Th2-driving positive feedback loop for Batf factor expression Pharmacological activation of Nr4a factors' activity prevented airway inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sekiya
- Section of Immune Response Modification, Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8516, Japan.,Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kagawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
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31
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Spinner CA, Lazarevic V. Transcriptional regulation of adaptive and innate lymphoid lineage specification. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:65-81. [PMID: 33615514 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Once alerted to the presence of a pathogen, activated CD4+ T cells initiate distinct gene expression programs that produce multiple functionally specialized T helper (Th) subsets. The cytokine milieu present at the time of antigen encounter instructs CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon-(IFN)-γ-producing Th1 cells, interleukin-(IL)-4-producing Th2 cells, IL-17-producing Th17 cells, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, or regulatory T (Treg) cells. In each of these Th cell subsets, a single transcription factor has been identified as a critical regulator of its specialized differentiation program. In this context, the expression of the "master regulator" is necessary and sufficient to activate lineage-specific genes while restricting the gene expression program of alternative Th fates. Thus, the transcription factor T-bet controls Th1 differentiation program, while the development of Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells is dependent on transcription factors GATA3, RORγt, Bcl6, and Foxp3, respectively. Nevertheless, master regulators or, more precisely, lineage-defining transcription factors do not function in isolation. In fact, they interact with a complex network of transcription factors, orchestrating cell lineage specification programs. In this review, we discuss the concept of the combinatorial interactions of key transcription factors in determining helper T cell identity. Additionally, lineage-defining transcription factors have well-established functions beyond their role in CD4+ Th subsets. They play critically important functions at distinct stages during T cell development in the thymus and they control the development of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the bone marrow. In tracking the journey of T cells traversing from the thymus to the periphery and during the immune response, we discuss in broad terms developmental stage and context-dependent functions of lineage-defining transcription factors in regulating specification programs of innate and adaptive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Spinner
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Bevington SL, Keane P, Soley JK, Tauch S, Gajdasik DW, Fiancette R, Matei-Rascu V, Willis CM, Withers DR, Cockerill PN. IL-2/IL-7-inducible factors pioneer the path to T cell differentiation in advance of lineage-defining factors. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105220. [PMID: 32930455 PMCID: PMC7667885 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When dormant naïve T cells first become activated by antigen-presenting cells, they express the autocrine growth factor IL-2 which transforms them into rapidly dividing effector T cells. During this process, hundreds of genes undergo epigenetic reprogramming for efficient activation, and also for potential reactivation after they return to quiescence as memory T cells. However, the relative contributions of IL-2 and T cell receptor signaling to this process are unknown. Here, we show that IL-2 signaling is required to maintain open chromatin at hundreds of gene regulatory elements, many of which control subsequent stimulus-dependent alternative pathways of T cell differentiation. We demonstrate that IL-2 activates binding of AP-1 and STAT5 at sites that can subsequently bind lineage-determining transcription factors, depending upon what other external factors exist in the local T cell environment. Once established, priming can also be maintained by the stroma-derived homeostatic cytokine IL-7, and priming diminishes if Il7r is subsequently deleted in vivo. Hence, IL-2 is not just a growth factor; it lays the foundation for T cell differentiation and immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jake K Soley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saskia Tauch
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dominika W Gajdasik
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Remi Fiancette
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Veronika Matei-Rascu
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire M Willis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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33
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Kambayashi T, Deshpande DA. The role of diacylglycerol kinases in allergic airway disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:50-58. [PMID: 32836013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an obstructive inflammatory airway disease. Airway obstruction is mediated by hyperresponsive airway smooth muscle cell contraction, which is induced and compounded by inflammation caused by T lymphocytes. One important signal transduction pathway that is involved in the activation of these cell types involves the generation of a lipid second messenger known as diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG levels are controlled in cells by a negative regulator known as DAG kinase (DGK). In this review, we discuss how the DAG signaling pathway attenuates the pathological function of immune cells and airway smooth muscle cells in allergic airway disease and asthma. Furthermore, we discuss how the enhancement of the DAG signaling pathway through the inhibition of DGK may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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34
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Bhattacharyya ND, Feng CG. Regulation of T Helper Cell Fate by TCR Signal Strength. Front Immunol 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 32508803 PMCID: PMC7248325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells initiates T cell activation, division, and clonal expansion in secondary lymphoid organs. T cells must also integrate multiple T cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals to acquire the effector functions essential for the defense against invading microbes. In the case of T helper cell differentiation, while innate cytokines have been demonstrated to shape effector CD4+ T lymphocyte function, the contribution of TCR signaling strength to T helper cell differentiation is less understood. In this review, we summarize the signaling cascades regulated by the strength of TCR stimulation. Various mechanisms in which TCR signal strength controls T helper cell expansion and differentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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Han SA, Ko Y, Shin SJ, Jhun BW. Characteristics of Circulating CD4 + T Cell Subsets in Patients with Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051331. [PMID: 32375214 PMCID: PMC7290757 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is increasing, limited data are available regarding vulnerability to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. To understand the pathobiology of interaction between MAC and host-immunity, it is important to understand the characteristics for circulating T cells in terms of the immunological phenotype and functional correlates in MAC-PD. We aimed to characterize immunophenotype, cytokine profile, and immune inhibitory receptors of circulating CD4+ T cells in MAC-PD patients. We enrolled 71 MAC-PD and 20 control individuals. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine T cell subsets and immune checkpoint markers. Ex vivo cytokine productions in response to MAC were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells and CD4+IL-17+ T cells decreased, while CD4+IL-4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MAC-PD individuals upon MAC stimulation compared with those cells in healthy donor-PBMCs. Additionally, we found increased PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3-expressing T cells in MAC- PD individuals in response to MAC-stimulation, indicating that suppressed T cell-mediated response is associated with the susceptibility to MAC infection. These results may help to explain impaired T cell-mediated responses and pave the way for better strategies to achieve protective immunity against MAC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ae Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Yousang Ko
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 05355, Korea;
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (B.W.J.)
| | - Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (B.W.J.)
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36
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PD-1 Imposes Qualitative Control of Cellular Transcriptomes in Response to T Cell Activation. Mol Cell 2020; 77:937-950.e6. [PMID: 31926851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted blockade of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), an immune-checkpoint receptor that inhibits T cell activation, provides clinical benefits in various cancers. However, how PD-1 modulates gene expression in T cells remains enigmatic. Here we investigated how PD-1 affects transcriptome changes induced by T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Intriguingly, we identified a huge variance in PD-1 sensitivity among TCR-inducible genes. When we quantified the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) as the relationship between change in gene expression and TCR signal strength, we found that genes associated with survival and proliferation were efficiently expressed upon TCR activation and resistant to PD-1-mediated inhibition. Conversely, genes encoding cytokines and effector molecules were expressed less efficiently and sensitive to PD-1-mediated inhibition. We further demonstrated that transcription factor binding motifs and CpG frequency in the promoter region affect EC50 and thus the PD-1 sensitivity of genes. Our findings explain how PD-1, dependent on the TCR signal strength, calibrates cellular transcriptomes to shape functional properties of T cell populations.
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37
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New insights into roles of basophils in initiating T helper type 2 immunity. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:14-18. [PMID: 36117560 PMCID: PMC9476796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, mainly mediated by T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity, have become a worldwide public health problem. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used in treating and preventing allergic symptoms. As the new target of anti-allergy TCM, basophils, after approximately 140 years since their discovery, are just now gaining respect as important contributors in the pathogenesis underlying allergic inflammation and disease. In addition to their role as effector cells, basophils can release early IL-4, migrate from circulatory system into draining lymph nodes, present antigen to naive CD4+T cells, and promote the differentiation of Th2 cells. Herein, we briefly summarized the recent research advances of the essential contributions of basophils in the initiation of Th2 immune responses.
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38
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Mai J, Liang B, Xiong Z, Ai X, Gao F, Long Y, Yao S, Liu Y, Gong S, Zhou Z. Oral administration of recombinant
Bacillus subtilis
spores expressing
Helicobacter pylori
neutrophil‐activating protein suppresses peanut allergy via up‐regulation of Tregs. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1605-1614. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Mai
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhile Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaolan Ai
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Fei Gao
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Long
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Department Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
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39
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Singh BK, Lu W, Schmidt Paustian AM, Ge MQ, Koziol-White CJ, Flayer CH, Killingbeck SS, Wang N, Dong X, Riese MJ, Deshpande DA, Panettieri RA, Haczku A, Kambayashi T. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ promotes allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness through distinct mechanisms. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/597/eaax3332. [PMID: 31481522 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic allergic inflammatory airway disease caused by aberrant immune responses to inhaled allergens, which leads to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to contractile stimuli and airway obstruction. Blocking T helper 2 (TH2) differentiation represents a viable therapeutic strategy for allergic asthma, and strong TCR-mediated ERK activation blocks TH2 differentiation. Here, we report that targeting diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase zeta (DGKζ), a negative regulator of DAG-mediated cell signaling, protected against allergic asthma by simultaneously reducing airway inflammation and AHR though independent mechanisms. Targeted deletion of DGKζ in T cells decreased type 2 inflammation without reducing AHR. In contrast, loss of DGKζ in airway smooth muscle cells decreased AHR but not airway inflammation. T cell-specific enhancement of ERK signaling was only sufficient to limit type 2 airway inflammation, not AHR. Pharmacological inhibition of DGK diminished both airway inflammation and AHR in mice and also reduced bronchoconstriction of human airway samples in vitro. These data suggest that DGK is a previously unrecognized therapeutic target for asthma and reveal that the inflammatory and AHR components of asthma are not as interdependent as generally believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenal K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda M Schmidt Paustian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Moyar Q Ge
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Cameron H Flayer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sara S Killingbeck
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nadan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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40
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ILC2s Induce Adaptive Th2-Type Immunity in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3140183. [PMID: 31320835 PMCID: PMC6610743 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3140183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ILC2s on Th2-type adaptive immunity during the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), the study enrolled healthy people, stable COPD patients, and AECOPD patients. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th1, Th2, and ILC2 in the peripheral blood and CD80 and MHC II levels on ILC2. The mRNA levels of GATA3, RORα, and CRTH2 of ILC2s were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, ILC2s from the peripheral blood of AECOPD patients were cocultured with CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood of healthy controls. Cytokine levels in serum of the three groups and the in vitro coculture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Compared with the stable COPD group or the healthy control group, Th2 in the peripheral blood of AECOPD group increased dramatically, inducing an increase of Th2/Th1 ratio in AECOPD patients. Meanwhile, the level of IL-4 in the serum of this group was also increased. However, we also detected ILC2s in the peripheral blood of the AECOPD group and found that it was also increased, alone with the increased GATA3, RORα, and CRTH2 mRNA levels. We also found that the CD80 and MHC II on ILC2 were significantly upregulated and the proportion of MHC II+ ILC2 cells was significantly positively correlated with the proportion of Th2 cells in AECOPD patients. To further demonstrate the effect of ILC2 on Th2 cells, we cocultured ILC2 with CD4+ T cells in vitro, which also showed a significant increase of Th2 ratio as well as Th2-associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. However, we found that this effect of ILC2s on Th2 cells could be inhibited by the addition of anti-MHC II. The Th2/Th1 balance shifts to Th2 in AECOPD. ILC2s may function as APC by the upregulation of MHC II and regulate adaptive immunity shift to Th2-type response in AECOPD.
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41
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Hung LY, Johnson JL, Ji Y, Christian DA, Herbine KR, Pastore CF, Herbert DR. Cell-Intrinsic Wnt4 Influences Conventional Dendritic Cell Fate Determination to Suppress Type 2 Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:511-519. [PMID: 31175162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Whether conventional dendritic cells (cDC) acquire subset identity under direction of Wnt family glycoproteins is unknown. We demonstrate that Wnt4, a β-catenin-independent Wnt ligand, is produced by both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and is both necessary and sufficient for preconventional DC1/cDC1 maintenance. Whereas bone marrow cDC precursors undergo phosphoJNK/c-Jun activation upon Wnt4 treatment, loss of cDC Wnt4 in CD11cCreWnt4flox/flox mice impaired differentiation of CD24+, Clec9A+, CD103+ cDC1 compared with CD11cCre controls. Conversely, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of bone marrow revealed a 2-fold increase in cDC2 gene signature genes, and flow cytometry demonstrated increased numbers of SIRP-α+ cDC2 amid lack of Wnt4. Increased cDC2 numbers due to CD11c-restricted Wnt4 deficiency increased IL-5 production, group 2 innate lymphoid cell expansion, and host resistance to the hookworm parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Collectively, these data uncover a novel and unexpected role for Wnt4 in cDC subset differentiation and type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yin Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John L Johnson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yingbiao Ji
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David A Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karl R Herbine
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher F Pastore
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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42
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León B, Lund FE. Compartmentalization of dendritic cell and T-cell interactions in the lymph node: Anatomy of T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:84-100. [PMID: 30977197 PMCID: PMC6464380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving cognate and co-stimulatory priming signals from antigen (Ag)-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid tissues, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector and memory populations. These alternate cell fate decisions, which ultimately control the T-cell functional attributes, are dictated by programming signals provided by Ag-bearing DCs and by other cells that are present in the microenvironment in which T-cell priming occurs. We know that DCs can be subdivided into multiple populations and that the various DC subsets exhibit differential capacities to initiate development of the different CD4+ T-helper populations. What is less well understood is why different subanatomic regions of secondary lymphoid tissues are colonized by distinct populations of Ag-presenting DCs and how the location of these DCs influences the type of T-cell response that will be generated. Here we review how chemokine receptors and their ligands, which position allergen and nematode-activated DCs within different microdomains of secondary lymphoid tissues, contribute to the establishment of IL-4 committed follicular helper T and type 2 helper cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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43
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Zhan X, Zhang W, Sun T, Feng Y, Xi Y, Jiang Y, Tang X. Bulleyaconitine A Effectively Relieves Allergic Lung Inflammation in a Murine Asthmatic Model. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1656-1662. [PMID: 30828084 PMCID: PMC6413559 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bulleyaconitine A (BLA) has been widely used as analgesic against chronic inflammatory pain in China. However, its potential therapeutic role in asthma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BLA on airway inflammation in mice with allergic asthma. Material/Methods Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into the following 6 groups: (1) Control group (NC), (2) Asthma group (AS), (3) BLA-L group, (4) BLA-M group, (5) BLA-H group, and (6) Dexamethasone group. An asthma mouse model was established by administration of ovalbumin (OVA) and mice were sacrificed within 24 h after the last challenge. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the relative expression levels of IgE and IgG in mouse serum. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and IL-4, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels were determined by ELISA. Furthermore, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in BALF were classified and analyzed, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways of mice was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression of NF-κB1 and PKC-δ in mouse lung tissue was determined by Western blot analysis. Results The levels of serum IgE and IgG in BLA- or Dex- treated mice were significantly reduced compared to those in the asthma (AS) group (P<0.01), whereas the levels of cytokines IL-4, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were significantly decreased (P<0.01). HE-staining showed that BLA significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus secretion in lung tissue. Moreover, BLA inhibited the expression of NF-κB1 and PKC-δ via the NF-κB signaling pathway in the lung. Conclusions Our data show that BLA activates PKC-δ/NF-κB to reduce airway inflammation in allergic asthma mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Tian Sun
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yuling Feng
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yilong Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoniu Tang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
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44
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Yin W, Song Y, Chang X. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis identifies a noncoding interleukin 4 ( IL-4) RNA that post-transcriptionally up-regulates IL-4 production in T helper cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:290-298. [PMID: 30404921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has revealed a tremendous complexity of cellular transcriptomes, which is partly due to the generation of multiple alternative transcripts from a single gene locus. Because alternative transcripts often have low abundance in bulk cells, the functions of most of these transcripts and their relationship with their canonical counterparts remain unclear. Here we applied single-cell RNA-Seq to analyze the transcriptome complexity of in vitro-differentiated, murine type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. We found that cytokine gene transcripts contribute most of the intercellular heterogeneity, with a group of universal cytokines, including interleukins 1a, 2, 3, and 16, being bimodally expressed. At the single-cell level, use of alternative promoters prevalently generated alternative transcripts. For instance, although undetectable in bulk cells, a noncoding RNA isoform of IL-4 (IL4nc), which was driven by an intronic promoter in the IL-4 locus, was predominantly expressed in a subset of Th2 cells. IL4nc displayed distinct temporal expression patterns compared with the canonical IL-4 mRNA and post-transcriptionally promoted the production of IL-4 protein in Th2 cells. In conclusion, our findings reveal a mechanism whereby minor noncanonical transcripts post-transcriptionally regulate expression of their cognate canonical genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xing Chang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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45
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Bernard I, Sacquin A, Kassem S, Benamar M, Colacios C, Gador M, Pérals C, Fazilleau N, Saoudi A. A Natural Variant of the Signaling Molecule Vav1 Enhances Susceptibility to Myasthenia Gravis and Influences the T Cell Receptor Repertoire. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2399. [PMID: 30410484 PMCID: PMC6210741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 is essential for transducing T cell receptor (TCR) signals and plays an important role in T cell development and activation. Previous genetic studies identified a natural variant of Vav1 characterized by the substitution of an arginine (R) residue by a tryptophane (W) at position 63 (Vav1R63W). This variant impacts Vav1 adaptor functions and controls susceptibility to T cell-mediated neuroinflammation. To assess the implication of this Vav1 variant on the susceptibility to antibody-mediated diseases, we used the animal model of myasthenia gravis, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). To this end, we generated a knock-in (KI) mouse model bearing a R to W substitution in the Vav1 gene (Vav1R63W) and immunized it with either torpedo acetylcholine receptor (tAChR) or the α146-162 immunodominant peptide. We observed that the Vav1R63W conferred increased susceptibility to EAMG, revealed by a higher AChR loss together with an increased production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, GM-CSF) by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, as well as an increased frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. This correlated with the emergence of a dominant antigen-specific T cell clone in KI mice that was not present in wild-type mice, suggesting an impact on thymic selection and/or a different clonal selection threshold following antigen encounter. Our results highlight the key role of Vav1 in the pathophysiology of EAMG and this was associated with an impact on the TCR repertoire of AChR reactive T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bernard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Sacquin
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mylène Gador
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corine Pérals
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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46
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Li Y, Guan X, Liu W, Chen HL, Truscott J, Beyatli S, Metwali A, Weiner GJ, Zavazava N, Blumberg RS, Urban JF, Blazar BR, Elliott DE, Ince MN. Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2910-2922. [PMID: 30291167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminths stimulate the secretion of Th2 cytokines, like IL-4, and suppress lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation. This suppression depends on the production of immune-modulatory TGF-β and is associated with TGF-β-dependent in vivo expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In vivo expansion of Tregs is under investigation for its potential as a therapy for GVHD. Nonetheless, the mechanism of induced and TGF-β-dependent in vivo expansion of Tregs, in a Th2 polarized environment after helminth infection, is unknown. In this study, we show that helminth-induced IL-4 production by host cells is critical to the induction and maintenance of TGF-β secretion, TGF-β-dependent expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs, and the suppression of GVHD. In mice with GVHD, the expanding donor Tregs express the Th2-driving transcription factor, GATA3, which is required for helminth-induced production of IL-4 and TGF-β. In contrast, TGF-β is not necessary for GATA3 expression by Foxp3+ Tregs or by Foxp3- CD4 T cells. Various cell types of innate or adaptive immune compartments produce high quantities of IL-4 after helminth infection. As a result, IL-4-mediated suppression of GVHD does not require invariant NKT cells of the host, a cell type known to produce IL-4 and suppress GVHD in other models. Thus, TGF-β generation, in a manner dependent on IL-4 secretion by host cells and GATA3 expression, constitutes a critical effector arm of helminthic immune modulation that promotes the in vivo expansion of Tregs and suppresses GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xiaoqun Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Weiren Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jamie Truscott
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sonay Beyatli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ahmed Metwali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - George J Weiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nicholas Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David E Elliott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - M Nedim Ince
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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47
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Zhu J. T Helper Cell Differentiation, Heterogeneity, and Plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a030338. [PMID: 28847903 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to a variety of infections and are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases including autoimmunity, allergy, and asthma. The differentiation of Th cells relies on the strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and signals triggered by polarizing cytokines that activate and/or up-regulate particular transcription factors. Several lineage-specific master transcription factors dictate Th cell fates and functions. Although these master regulators cross-regulate each other, their expression can be dynamic. Sometimes, they are even coexpressed, resulting in massive Th-cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Similar regulation mediated by these master regulators is also found in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are innate counterparts of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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48
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Puniya BL, Todd RG, Mohammed A, Brown DM, Barberis M, Helikar T. A Mechanistic Computational Model Reveals That Plasticity of CD4 + T Cell Differentiation Is a Function of Cytokine Composition and Dosage. Front Physiol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 30116195 PMCID: PMC6083813 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells provide cell-mediated immunity in response to various antigens. During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into specialized effector T helper (Th1, Th2, and Th17) cells and induced regulatory (iTreg) cells based on a cytokine milieu. In recent studies, complex phenotypes resembling more than one classical T cell lineage have been experimentally observed. Herein, we sought to characterize the capacity of T cell differentiation in response to the complex extracellular environment. We constructed a comprehensive mechanistic (logical) computational model of the signal transduction that regulates T cell differentiation. The model's dynamics were characterized and analyzed under 511 different environmental conditions. Under these conditions, the model predicted the classical as well as the novel complex (mixed) T cell phenotypes that can co-express transcription factors (TFs) related to multiple differentiated T cell lineages. Analyses of the model suggest that the lineage decision is regulated by both compositions and dosage of signals that constitute the extracellular environment. In this regard, we first characterized the specific patterns of extracellular environments that result in novel T cell phenotypes. Next, we predicted the inputs that can regulate the transition between the canonical and complex T cell phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we predicted the optimal levels of inputs that can simultaneously maximize the activity of multiple lineage-specifying TFs and that can drive a phenotype toward one of the co-expressed TFs. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the plasticity of CD4+ T cell differentiation, and also acts as a tool to design testable hypotheses for the generation of complex T cell phenotypes by various input combinations and dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Robert G Todd
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Mount Mercy University, Cedar Rapids, IA, United States
| | - Akram Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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49
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Aki D, Li H, Zhang W, Zheng M, Elly C, Lee JH, Zou W, Liu YC. The E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 cooperate to limit T H2 differentiation by enhancing signaling through the TCR. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:766-775. [PMID: 29925997 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells to stimulation by the cognate antigen via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determines their differentiation into distinct helper T cell subsets remain elusive. Here we demonstrate functional collaboration of the ubiquitin E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 in regulating the strength of the TCR signal. Mice lacking both Itch and WWP2 in T cells showed spontaneous autoimmunity and lung inflammation. CD4+ T cells deficient in Itch and WWP2 exhibited hypo-responsiveness to TCR stimulation and a bias toward differentiation into the TH2 subset of helper T cells. Itch and WWP2 formed a complex and cooperated to enhance TCR-proximal signaling by catalyzing the conjugation of atypical ubiquitin chains to the phosphatase SHP-1 and reducing the association of SHP-1 with the tyrosine kinase Lck. These findings indicate that targeted ubiquitination regulates the strength of the TCR signal and differentiation toward the TH2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chris Elly
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jee H Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weiguo Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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50
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Morel PA. Differential T-cell receptor signals for T helper cell programming. Immunology 2018; 155:63-71. [PMID: 29722021 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon encounter with their cognate antigen, naive CD4 T cells become activated and are induced to differentiate into several possible T helper (Th) cell subsets. This differentiation depends on a number of factors including antigen-presenting cells, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. The strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signal, related to the affinity of TCR for antigen and antigen dose, has emerged as a dominant factor in determining Th cell fate. Recent studies have revealed that TCR signals of high or low strength do not simply induce quantitatively different signals in the T cells, but rather qualitatively distinct pathways can be induced based on TCR signal strength. This review examines the recent literature in this area and highlights important new developments in our understanding of Th cell differentiation and TCR signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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