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Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Liao J, Wen W, Chen Y, Cui H. Release of damaged mitochondrial DNA: A novel factor in stimulating inflammatory response. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155330. [PMID: 38733868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular double-stranded genome that exists independently of the nucleus. In recent years, research on mtDNA has significantly increased, leading to a gradual increase in understanding of its physiological and pathological characteristics. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors can damage mtDNA. This damaged mtDNA can escape from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm or extracellular space, subsequently activating immune signaling pathways, such as NLR family pyrin domain protein 3 (NLRP3), and triggering inflammatory responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of mtDNA damage and leakage in the pathological mechanisms underlying various diseases including infectious diseases, metabolic inflammation, and immune disorders. Consequently, comprehensive investigation of mtDNA can elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying numerous diseases. The prevention of mtDNA damage and leakage has emerged as a novel approach to disease treatment, and mtDNA has emerged as a promising target for drug development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying mtDNA-induced inflammation, its association with various diseases, and the methods used for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuting Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of TCM Endocrinology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of TCM Encephalopathy, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China.
| | - Huantian Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
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2
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Chen L, Luo R, Ma L, Xu Y, Cao J, Jiang Z, Chen S, Huang X, Zhang M, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Yu J, Zheng X, Zheng L, Huang P, Liang G. Discovery of LC-MI-3: A Potent and Orally Bioavailable Degrader of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8060-8076. [PMID: 38722184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a promising therapeutic target in inflammation-related diseases. However, the inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity may lead to moderate anti-inflammatory efficacy owing to the dual role of IRAK4 as an active kinase and a scaffolding protein. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of an efficient and selective IRAK4 proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecule that eliminates IRAK4 scaffolding functions. The most potent compound, LC-MI-3, effectively degraded cellular IRAK4, with a half-maximal degradation concentration of 47.3 nM. LC-MI-3 effectively inhibited the activation of downstream nuclear factor-κB signaling and exerted more potent pharmacological effects than traditional kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, LC-MI-3 exerted significant therapeutic effects in lipopolysaccharide- and Escherichia coli-induced acute and chronic inflammatory skin models compared with kinase inhibitors in vivo. Therefore, LC-MI-3 is a candidate IRAK4 degrader in alternative targeting strategies and advanced drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruixiang Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingwan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Pereira M, Ramalho T, Andrade WA, Durso DF, Souza MC, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT, Silverman N, Gazzinelli RT. The IRAK1/IRF5 axis initiates IL-12 response by dendritic cells and control of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113795. [PMID: 38367238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9, and TLR11/12 is a key event in the resistance against the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Endosomal TLR engagement leads to expression of interleukin (IL)-12 via the myddosome, a protein complex containing MyD88 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 in addition to IRAK1 or IRAK2. In murine macrophages, IRAK2 is essential for IL-12 production via endosomal TLRs but, surprisingly, Irak2-/- mice are only slightly susceptible to T. gondii infection, similar to Irak1-/- mice. Here, we report that upon T. gondii infection IL-12 production by different cell populations requires either IRAK1 or IRAK2, with conventional dendritic cells (DCs) requiring IRAK1 and monocyte-derived DCs (MO-DCs) requiring IRAK2. In both populations, we identify interferon regulatory factor 5 as the main transcription factor driving the myddosome-dependent IL-12 production during T. gondii infection. Consistent with a redundant role of DCs and MO-DCs, mutations that affect IL-12 production in both cell populations show high susceptibility to infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Pereira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Theresa Ramalho
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Warrison A Andrade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Danielle F Durso
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maria C Souza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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4
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Ferrante L, Opdal SH, Byard RW. Understanding the immune profile of sudden infant death syndrome - proteomic perspectives. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:249-255. [PMID: 37792385 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate a panel of immune proteins in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It was hypothesised that, in at least a subset of SIDS, a dysregulated immune response may be a contributing factor leading to death. METHODS The subjects included 46 SIDS cases and 41 controls autopsied at the Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway. The causes of death in the controls were accidents/trauma. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analysed quantitatively by Proximity Extension Assay (PEA). RESULTS Initial results revealed that normalised protein expression differed in 35 proteins. For the purposes of this report five proteins that are involved in immune system were selected for analysis: IFNLR1 (p = 0.003), IL10 (p = 0.007), IRAK4 (p < 0.001) and IL6 (p = 0.035); all had lower protein concentrations in SIDS cases compared to controls except for CD28 (p = 0.024) which had higher protein concentrations in SIDS cases. CONCLUSION The results confirm previous studies indicating that a dysregulation of the immune system may be a predisposing factor for SIDS. The results may indicate that these aberrant protein concentrations could lead to an inadequate response to immune triggers and uncontrolled defence mechanisms towards the common cold or other non-fatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ferrante
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri H Opdal
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger W Byard
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Behairy MY, Eid RA, Otifi HM, Mohammed HM, Alshehri MA, Asiri A, Aldehri M, Zaki MSA, Darwish KM, Elhady SS, El-Shaer NH, Eldeen MA. Unraveling Extremely Damaging IRAK4 Variants and Their Potential Implications for IRAK4 Inhibitor Efficacy. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1648. [PMID: 38138875 PMCID: PMC10744719 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) possesses a crucial function in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and the dysfunction of this molecule could lead to various infectious and immune-related diseases in addition to cancers. IRAK4 genetic variants have been linked to various types of diseases. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to recognize the missense variants with the most damaging impacts on IRAK4 with the employment of diverse bioinformatics tools to study single-nucleotide polymorphisms' effects on function, stability, secondary structures, and 3D structure. The residues' location on the protein domain and their conservation status were investigated as well. Moreover, docking tools along with structural biology were engaged in analyzing the SNPs' effects on one of the developed IRAK4 inhibitors. By analyzing IRAK4 gene SNPs, the analysis distinguished ten variants as the most detrimental missense variants. All variants were situated in highly conserved positions on an important protein domain. L318S and L318F mutations were linked to changes in IRAK4 secondary structures. Eight SNPs were revealed to have a decreasing effect on the stability of IRAK4 via both I-Mutant 2.0 and Mu-Pro tools, while Mu-Pro tool identified a decreasing effect for the G198E SNP. In addition, detrimental effects on the 3D structure of IRAK4 were also discovered for the selected variants. Molecular modeling studies highlighted the detrimental impact of these identified SNP mutant residues on the druggability of the IRAK4 ATP-binding site towards the known target inhibitor, HG-12-6, as compared to the native protein. The loss of important ligand residue-wise contacts, altered protein global flexibility, increased steric clashes, and even electronic penalties at the ligand-binding site interfaces were all suggested to be associated with SNP models for hampering the HG-12-6 affinity towards IRAK4 target protein. This given model lays the foundation for the better prediction of various disorders relevant to IRAK4 malfunction and sheds light on the impact of deleterious IRAK4 variants on IRAK4 inhibitor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. Behairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Refaat A. Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.E.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Hassan M. Otifi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.E.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Heitham M. Mohammed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 61421, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.M.); (M.A.); (M.S.A.Z.)
| | - Mohammed A. Alshehri
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.)
| | - Ashwag Asiri
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.)
| | - Majed Aldehri
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 61421, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.M.); (M.A.); (M.S.A.Z.)
| | - Mohamed Samir A. Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 61421, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.M.); (M.A.); (M.S.A.Z.)
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Sameh S. Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nahla H. El-Shaer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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6
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Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264889. [PMID: 38077393 PMCID: PMC10704247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are part of the innate immune system. They are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of damaged tissues. Activation of TLR4 initiates downstream signaling pathways that trigger the secretion of cytokines, type I interferons, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that are necessary for an immediate immune response. However, the systemic release of pro-inflammatory proteins is a powerful driver of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Over the past decades, immense progress has been made in clarifying the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in inflammation. However, the most common strategies used to study TLR4 signaling rely on genetic manipulation of the TLR4 or the treatment with agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are often associated with the generation of irreversible phenotypes in the target cells or unintended cytotoxicity and signaling crosstalk due to off-target or pleiotropic effects. Here, optogenetics offers an alternative strategy to control and monitor cellular signaling in an unprecedented spatiotemporally precise, dose-dependent, and non-invasive manner. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and signaling pathways of the TLR4 and its fundamental role in endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, as well as the advances in TLR4 modulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department Science & Technology, Institute Biotechnology, IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
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7
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Yadav H, Shirumalla RK. Emerging trends in IRAK-4 kinase research. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7825-7837. [PMID: 37490192 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The IRAK-4 kinase lies at a critical signaling node that drives cancer cell survival through multiple mechanisms, activation, and translocation of NF-κB mediated inflammatory responses and innate immune signaling through regulation of interferon-α/β receptor (IFNα/β). Inhibition, of IRAK-4, has consequently drawn a lot of attention in recent years to address indications ranging from oncology to autoimmune disorders to neurodegeneration, etc. However, the key stumbling block in targeting IRAK-4 is that despite the inhibition of the kinase activity using an inhibitor the target remains effective, reducing the potential of an inhibitor. This is due to the "scaffolding effect" because of which although regulation of downstream processes by IRAK-4 has been primarily linked with kinase function; however, still, various reports have suggested that IRAK-4 has a non-kinase function in a variety of cell types. This is attributed to the myddosome complex formed by IRAK-4 with myd88, IRAK-2, and IRAK-1 which by itself can cause the activation of downstream effector TRAF6 despite inhibition of the kinase domain of IRAK-4. With this challenge, several groups initiated the development of targeting protein degraders of IRAK-4 using Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology to completely remove the IRAK-4 from the cellular milieu. In this review, we will capture all these developments and the evolving science around this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Yadav
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | - Raj Kumar Shirumalla
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.
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8
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Galant-Swafford J, Druey KM, Verma D, Alam R. Identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in IRAK4 in an adult patient with pneumococcal sepsis, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, and idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100116. [PMID: 37304620 PMCID: PMC10249487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Galant-Swafford
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Divya Verma
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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9
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Inami H, Mizutani T, Watanabe J, Hayashida H, Ito T, Terasawa T, Kontani T, Yamagishi H, Usuda H, Aoyama N, Imamura E, Ishikawa T. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of N-(3-carbamoyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 inhibitors with reduced potential for cytochrome P450 1A2 induction. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 87:117302. [PMID: 37201454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a critical molecule in Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor signaling and an attractive therapeutic target for a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancers. In our search for novel IRAK4 inhibitors, we conducted structural modification of a thiazolecarboxamide derivative 1, a lead compound derived from high-throughput screening hits, to elucidate structure-activity relationship and improve drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. First, conversion of the thiazole ring of 1 to an oxazole ring along with introduction of a methyl group at the 2-position of the pyridine ring aimed at reducing cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition were conducted to afford 16. Next, modification of the alkyl substituent at the 1-position of the pyrazole ring of 16 aimed at improving CYP1A2 induction properties revealed that branched alkyl and analogous substituents such as isobutyl (18) and (oxolan-3-yl)methyl (21), as well as six-membered saturated heterocyclic groups such as oxan-4-yl (2), piperidin-4-yl (24, 25), and dioxothian-4-y (26), are effective for reducing induction potential. Representative compound AS2444697 (2) exhibited potent IRAK4 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 20 nM and favorable DMPK properties such as low risk of drug-drug interactions mediated by CYPs as well as excellent metabolic stability and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inami
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizutani
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hayashida
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ito
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terasawa
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Kontani
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagishi
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usuda
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoyama
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Imamura
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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10
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Pereira M, Gazzinelli RT. Regulation of innate immune signaling by IRAK proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133354. [PMID: 36865541 PMCID: PMC9972678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most TLRs and IL-1Rs is mediated by the protein myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88). This signaling adaptor forms the scaffold of the myddosome, a molecular platform that employs IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) proteins as main players for transducing signals. These kinases are essential in controlling gene transcription by regulating myddosome assembly, stability, activity and disassembly. Additionally, IRAKs play key roles in other biologically relevant responses such as inflammasome formation and immunometabolism. Here, we summarize some of the key aspects of IRAK biology in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Pereira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Milton Pereira, ; Ricardo T. Gazzinelli,
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil,*Correspondence: Milton Pereira, ; Ricardo T. Gazzinelli,
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11
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Pereira M, Durso DF, Bryant CE, Kurt-Jones EA, Silverman N, Golenbock DT, Gazzinelli RT. The IRAK4 scaffold integrates TLR4-driven TRIF and MYD88 signaling pathways. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111225. [PMID: 35977521 PMCID: PMC9446533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) -4, -2, and -1 are involved in transducing signals from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) via the adaptor myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MYD88). How MYD88/IRAK4/2/1 complexes are formed, their redundancies, and potential non-enzymatic roles are subjects of debate. Here, we examine the hierarchical requirements for IRAK proteins in the context of TLR4 activation and confirmed that the kinase activity of IRAK4 is essential for MYD88 signaling. Surprisingly, the IRAK4 scaffold is required for activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) by both MYD88 and TIR domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β (TRIF), a unique adaptation in the TLR4 response. IRAK4 scaffold is, therefore, essential in integrating MYD88 and TRIF in TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Pereira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Danielle F Durso
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Wang Z, Zhong H, Tang C, Wang J, Sun H, Mao H, Yan J. A novel interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) is involved in inflammatory response via MyD88-mediated NF-κB signal pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:23-34. [PMID: 35661767 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a crucial role in the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R signal pathway, which mediates the downstream signal transduction involved in innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, an IRAK4 homologue (named as MaIRAK4) from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) was cloned and characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of MaIRAK4 contains 1422 nucleotides, encoding a putative protein of 473 amino acids. Protein structural analysis revealed that MaIRAK4 has an N-terminal death domain (DD) and a central kinase domain (S_TKc), similar to those of mammals and other fishes. Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that MaIRAK4 is highly homologous with that of grass carp (97.67%). The qRT-PCR analysis showed that MaIRAK4 expressed widely in all examined tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, head-kidney, gill, intestine and muscle, with the highest expression in the liver and spleen. After stimulation with LPS, MaIRAK4 expression upregulated significantly and reached a peak at 6 h and 12 h post LPS stimulation in the spleen and head-kidney, respectively. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, MaIRAK4 expression peaked at 48 h and 72 h in spleen/head-kidney and liver, respectively. These results implied that MaIRAK4 is involved in the host defense against bacterial infection. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that MaIRAK4 distributed in the cytoplasm. Co-immunoprecipitation and subcellular co-localization assay revealed that MaIRAK4 can combine with MaMyD88 through DD domain. MaIRAK4 overexpression can induce slightly the NF-κB promoter activity in HEK 293 cells. However, the activity of NF-κB promoter was dramatically enhanced after co-transfection with MaIRAK4 and MaMyD88 plasmids. The results showed that MaIRAK4 was involved in NF-κB signal pathway mediated by maMyD88. The expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) decreased significantly after the siRNA-mediated knockdown of MaIRAK4. Together, these results suggest that MaIRAK4 plays an important function in the innate immunity of M. amblycephala by inducing cytokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Yandong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Zuzhen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chenchen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hongyang Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China
| | - Haibin Mao
- Department of Biology Education, ZhouNan High School, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jinpeng Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410017, China.
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13
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Luo S, Yang M, Zhao H, Han Y, Liu Y, Xiong X, Chen W, Li C, Sun L. Mitochondrial DNA-dependent inflammation in kidney diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Somani V, Zhang D, Dodhiawala PB, Lander VE, Liu X, Kang LI, Chen HP, Knolhoff BL, Li L, Grierson PM, Ruzinova MB, DeNardo DG, Lim KH. IRAK4 Signaling Drives Resistance to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:2047-2062. [PMID: 35271824 PMCID: PMC9387774 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Checkpoint immunotherapy is largely ineffective in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The innate immune nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway promotes PDAC cell survival and stromal fibrosis, and is driven by Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-4 (IRAK4), but its impact on tumor immunity has not been directly investigated. METHODS We interrogated The Cancer Genome Atlas data to identify the correlation between NF-κB and T cell signature, and a PDAC tissue microarray (TMA) to correlate IRAK4 activity with CD8+ T cell abundance. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on IRAK4-deleted PDAC cells, and single-cell RNA-seq on autochthonous KPC (p48-Cre/TP53f/f/LSL-KRASG12D) mice treated with an IRAK4 inhibitor. We generated conditional IRAK4-deleted KPC mice and complementarily used IRAK4 inhibitors to determine the impact of IRAK4 on T cell immunity. RESULTS We found positive correlation between NF-κB activity, IRAK4 and T cell exhaustion from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We observed inverse correlation between phosphorylated IRAK4 and CD8+ T cell abundance in a PDAC tissue microarray. Loss of IRAK4 abrogates NF-κB activity, several immunosuppressive factors, checkpoint ligands, and hyaluronan synthase 2, all of which drive T cell dysfunction. Accordingly, conditional deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of IRAK4 markedly decreased tumor desmoplasia and increased the abundance and activity of infiltrative CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in KPC tumors. Single-cell RNA-seq showed myeloid and fibroblast reprogramming toward acute inflammatory responses following IRAK4 inhibition. These changes set the stage for successful combination of IRAK4 inhibitors with checkpoint immunotherapy, resulting in excellent tumor control and markedly prolonged survival of KPC mice. CONCLUSION IRAK4 drives T cell dysfunction in PDAC and is a novel, promising immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Somani
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Corresponding author: Kian-Huat Lim, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, Saint Louis, MO 63110, Tel: 314-362-6157, Fax: 314-747-9329,
| | - Daoxiang Zhang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Current address: School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China,Corresponding author: Kian-Huat Lim, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, Saint Louis, MO 63110, Tel: 314-362-6157, Fax: 314-747-9329,
| | - Paarth B. Dodhiawala
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Varintra E. Lander
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hung-Po Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brett L. Knolhoff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Patrick M. Grierson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mariana B. Ruzinova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David G. DeNardo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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15
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Amini-Farsani Z, Yadollahi-Farsani M, Arab S, Forouzanfar F, Yadollahi M, Asgharzade S. Prediction and analysis of microRNAs involved in COVID-19 inflammatory processes associated with the NF-kB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108071. [PMID: 34482267 PMCID: PMC8378592 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the cause of a pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. As yet, there is no available approved drug to eradicate the virus. In this review article, we present an alternative study area that may contribute to the development of therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Growing evidence is revealing further pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 related to the disregulation of inflammation pathways that seem to play a critical role toward COVID-19 complications. The NF-kB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways are highly activated in acute inflammation, and the excessive activity of these pathways in COVID-19 patients likely exacerbates the inflammatory responses of the host. A group of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) manage certain features of the inflammatory process. In this study, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of miRNAs and their connection to inflammatory responses. Additionally, we consider the link between perturbations in miRNA levels and the onset of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, previous studies published in the online databases, namely web of science, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Scopus, were reviewed for the potential role of miRNAs in the inflammatory manifestations of COVID-19. Moreover, we disclosed the interactions of inflammatory genes using STRING DB and designed interactions between miRNAs and target genes using Cityscape software. Several miRNAs, particularly miR-9, miR-98, miR-223, and miR-214, play crucial roles in the regulation of NF-kB and JAK-STAT signaling pathways as inflammatory regulators. Therefore, this group of miRNAs that mitigate inflammatory pathways can be further regarded as potential targets for far-reaching-therapeutic strategies in COVID-19 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Amini-Farsani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Yadollahi-Farsani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Yadollahi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzade
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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16
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Winkler A, Sun W, De S, Jiao A, Sharif MN, Symanowicz PT, Athale S, Shin JH, Wang J, Jacobson BA, Ramsey SJ, Dower K, Andreyeva T, Liu H, Hegen M, Homer BL, Brodfuehrer J, Tilley M, Gilbert SA, Danto SI, Beebe JJ, Barnes BJ, Pascual V, Lin LL, Kilty I, Fleming M, Rao VR. The Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 Inhibitor PF-06650833 Blocks Inflammation in Preclinical Models of Rheumatic Disease and in Humans Enrolled in a Randomized Clinical Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:2206-2218. [PMID: 34423919 PMCID: PMC8671219 DOI: 10.1002/art.41953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of PF-06650833, a highly potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of interleukin-1-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), in autoimmune pathophysiology in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinical setting. METHODS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory pathophysiology was modeled in vitro through 1) stimulation of primary human macrophages with anti-citrullinated protein antibody immune complexes (ICs), 2) RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) cultures stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, as well as 3) additional human primary cell cocultures exposed to inflammatory stimuli. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathophysiology was simulated in human neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with TLR ligands and SLE patient ICs. PF-06650833 was evaluated in vivo in the rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model and the mouse pristane-induced and MRL/lpr models of lupus. Finally, RNA sequencing data generated with whole blood samples from a phase I multiple-ascending-dose clinical trial of PF-06650833 were used to test in vivo human pharmacology. RESULTS In vitro, PF-06650833 inhibited human primary cell inflammatory responses to physiologically relevant stimuli generated with RA and SLE patient plasma. In vivo, PF-06650833 reduced circulating autoantibody levels in the pristane-induced and MRL/lpr murine models of lupus and protected against CIA in rats. In a phase I clinical trial (NCT02485769), PF-06650833 demonstrated in vivo pharmacologic action pertinent to SLE by reducing whole blood interferon gene signature expression in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity can reduce levels of inflammation markers in humans and provide confidence in the rationale for clinical development of IRAK4 inhibitors for rheumatologic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saurav De
- The Feinstein Institute, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | | | - Shruti Athale
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Ju Wang
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Heng Liu
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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17
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Bhagchandani S, Johnson JA, Irvine DJ. Evolution of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist therapeutics and their delivery approaches: From antiviral formulations to vaccine adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113803. [PMID: 34058283 PMCID: PMC9003539 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imidazoquinoline derivatives (IMDs) and related compounds function as synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) and one is FDA approved for topical antiviral and skin cancer treatments. Nevertheless, these innate immune system-activating drugs have potentially much broader therapeutic utility; they have been pursued as antitumor immunomodulatory agents and more recently as candidate vaccine adjuvants for cancer and infectious disease. The broad expression profiles of TLR7/8, poor pharmacokinetic properties of IMDs, and toxicities associated with systemic administration, however, are formidable barriers to successful clinical translation. Herein, we review IMD formulations that have advanced to the clinic and discuss issues related to biodistribution and toxicity that have hampered the further development of these compounds. Recent strategies aimed at enhancing safety and efficacy, particularly through the use of bioconjugates and nanoparticle formulations that alter pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and cellular targeting, are described. Finally, key aspects of the biology of TLR7 signaling, such as TLR7 tolerance, that may need to be considered in the development of new IMD therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhagchandani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Chen Y, Sun D, Yang R, Lim J, Sondey C, Presland J, Rakhilina L, Addona G, Kariv I, Chen H. Establishing and Validating Cellular Functional Target Engagement Assay for Selective IRAK4 Inhibitor Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1040-1054. [PMID: 34130529 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211021074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the main reasons for the lack of drug efficacy in late-stage clinical trials is the lack of specific and selective target engagement. To increase the likelihood of success of new therapeutics, one approach is to conduct proximal target engagement testing during the early phases of preclinical drug discovery. To identify and optimize selective IRAK4 inhibitors, a kinase that has been implicated in multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, we established an electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based cellular endogenous IRAK1 activation assay as the most proximal functional evaluation of IRAK4 engagement to support structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Since IRAK1 activation is dependent on both the IRAK4 scaffolding function in Myddosome formation and IRAK4 kinase activity for signal transduction, this assay potentially captures inhibitors with different mechanisms of action. Data from this IRAK1 assay with compounds representing different structural classes showed statistically significant correlations when compared with results from both IRAK4 biochemical kinase activity and functional peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion assays, validating the biological relevancy of the IRAK1 target engagement as a biomarker of the IRAK4 activity. Plate uniformity and potency reproducibility evaluations demonstrated that this assay is amenable to high throughput. Using Bland-Altman assay agreement analysis, we demonstrated that incorporating such proximal pharmacological assessment of cellular target engagement to an in vitro screening funnel for SAR studies can prevent compound optimization toward off-target activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Chen
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dongyu Sun
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruojing Yang
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Presland
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larissa Rakhilina
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Addona
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilona Kariv
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Quantitative Bioscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Nissink JWM, Bazzaz S, Blackett C, Clark MA, Collingwood O, Disch JS, Gikunju D, Goldberg K, Guilinger JP, Hardaker E, Hennessy EJ, Jetson R, Keefe AD, McCoull W, McMurray L, Olszewski A, Overman R, Pflug A, Preston M, Rawlins PB, Rivers E, Schimpl M, Smith P, Truman C, Underwood E, Warwicker J, Winter-Holt J, Woodcock S, Zhang Y. Generating Selective Leads for Mer Kinase Inhibitors-Example of a Comprehensive Lead-Generation Strategy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3165-3184. [PMID: 33683117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mer is a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) kinase family that has been associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Their essential function in immune homeostasis has prompted an interest in their role as modulators of antitumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Here we illustrate the outcomes of an extensive lead-generation campaign for identification of Mer inhibitors, focusing on the results from concurrent, orthogonal high-throughput screening approaches. Data mining, HT (high-throughput), and DECL (DNA-encoded chemical library) screens offered means to evaluate large numbers of compounds. We discuss campaign strategy and screening outcomes, and exemplify series resulting from prioritization of hits that were identified. Concurrent execution of HT and DECL screening successfully yielded a large number of potent, selective, and novel starting points, covering a range of selectivity profiles across the TAM family members and modes of kinase binding, and offered excellent start points for lead development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Bazzaz
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Carolyn Blackett
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jeremy S Disch
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Diana Gikunju
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | | | | | | | - Edward J Hennessy
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rachael Jetson
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | | | - William McCoull
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Pflug
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Preston
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip B Rawlins
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rivers
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Smith
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Truman
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juli Warwicker
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Winter-Holt
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Woodcock
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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20
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, unmet medical needs in some areas still exist. One of the main therapeutic approaches to alleviate dysregulated inflammation has been to target the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators. Small-molecule kinase inhibitors have the potential for broad efficacy, convenience and tissue penetrance, and thus often offer important advantages over biologics. However, designing kinase inhibitors with target selectivity and minimal off-target effects can be challenging. Nevertheless, immense progress has been made in advancing kinase inhibitors with desirable drug-like properties into the clinic, including inhibitors of JAKs, IRAK4, RIPKs, BTK, SYK and TPL2. This Review will address the latest discoveries around kinase inhibitors with an emphasis on clinically validated autoimmunity and inflammatory pathways. Unmet medical needs in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases still exist. This Review discusses the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators and the recent advances in developing inhibitors to target such kinases.
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21
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Hie B, Bryson BD, Berger B. Leveraging Uncertainty in Machine Learning Accelerates Biological Discovery and Design. Cell Syst 2020; 11:461-477.e9. [PMID: 33065027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning that generates biological hypotheses has transformative potential, but most learning algorithms are susceptible to pathological failure when exploring regimes beyond the training data distribution. A solution to address this issue is to quantify prediction uncertainty so that algorithms can gracefully handle novel phenomena that confound standard methods. Here, we demonstrate the broad utility of robust uncertainty prediction in biological discovery. By leveraging Gaussian process-based uncertainty prediction on modern pre-trained features, we train a model on just 72 compounds to make predictions over a 10,833-compound library, identifying and experimentally validating compounds with nanomolar affinity for diverse kinases and whole-cell growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Uncertainty facilitates a tight iterative loop between computation and experimentation and generalizes across biological domains as diverse as protein engineering and single-cell transcriptomics. More broadly, our work demonstrates that uncertainty should play a key role in the increasing adoption of machine learning algorithms into the experimental lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hie
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryan D Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Khurana N, Dodhiawala PB, Bulle A, Lim KH. Deciphering the Role of Innate Immune NF-ĸB Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092675. [PMID: 32961746 PMCID: PMC7564842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic inflammation is a major mechanism that underlies the aggressive nature and treatment resistance of pancreatic cancer. In many ways, the molecular mechanisms that drive chronic inflammation in pancreatic cancer are very similar to our body’s normal innate immune response to injury or invading microorganisms. Therefore, during cancer development, pancreatic cancer cells hijack the innate immune pathway to foster a chronically inflamed tumor environment that helps shield them from immune attack and therapeutics. While blocking the innate immune pathway is theoretically reasonable, untoward side effects must also be addressed. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the literature that describe the role of innate immune signaling in pancreatic cancer, emphasizing the specific role of this pathway in different cell types. We review the interaction of the innate immune pathway and cancer-driving signaling in pancreatic cancer and provide an updated overview of novel therapeutic opportunities against this mechanism. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with no effective treatment option. A predominant hallmark of PDAC is the intense fibro-inflammatory stroma which not only physically collapses vasculature but also functionally suppresses anti-tumor immunity. Constitutive and induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factors is a major mechanism that drives inflammation in PDAC. While targeting this pathway is widely supported as a promising therapeutic strategy, clinical success is elusive due to a lack of safe and effective anti-NF-κB pathway therapeutics. Furthermore, the cell type-specific contribution of this pathway, specifically in neoplastic cells, stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells, has not been critically appraised. In this article, we highlighted seminal and recent literature on molecular mechanisms that drive NF-κB activity in each of these major cell types in PDAC, focusing specifically on the innate immune Toll-like/IL-1 receptor pathway. We reviewed recent evidence on the signaling interplay between the NF-κB and oncogenic KRAS signaling pathways in PDAC cells and their collective contribution to cancer inflammation. Lastly, we reviewed clinical trials on agents that target the NF-κB pathway and novel therapeutic strategies that have been proposed in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Khurana
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paarth B Dodhiawala
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ashenafi Bulle
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and The Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Zhang J, Fu L, Shen B, Liu Y, Wang W, Cai X, Kong L, Yan Y, Meng R, Zhang Z, Chen YNP, Liu Q, Wan ZK, Zhou T, Wang X, Gavine P, Del Rosario A, Ahn K, Philippar U, Attar R, Yang J, Xu Y, Edwards JP, Dai X. Assessing IRAK4 Functions in ABC DLBCL by IRAK4 Kinase Inhibition and Protein Degradation. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1500-1509.e13. [PMID: 32888499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor-activated kinase 4 (IRAK4) belongs to the IRAK family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a central role in the innate immune response. However, the function of IRAK4 in tumor growth and progression remains elusive. Here we sought to determine the enzymatic and scaffolding functions of IRAK4 in activated B-cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL). We chose a highly selective IRAK4 kinase inhibitor to probe the biological effects of kinase inhibition and developed a series of IRAK4 degraders to evaluate the effects of protein degradation in ABC DLBCL cells. Interestingly, the results demonstrated that neither IRAK4 kinase inhibition nor protein degradation led to cell death or growth inhibition, suggesting a redundant role for IRAK4 in ABC DLBCL cell survival. IRAK4 degraders characterized in this study provide useful tools for understanding IRAK4 protein scaffolding function, which was previously unachievable using pharmacological perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liqiang Fu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Biomarker, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Linglong Kong
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Biomarker, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ryan Meng
- Nonclinical Safety, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhuming Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ying-Nan P Chen
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhou
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Biomarker, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Paul Gavine
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Amanda Del Rosario
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Kay Ahn
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ulrike Philippar
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Attar
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Oncology Biology, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - James P Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Xuedong Dai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201210, China.
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24
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Central IRAK-4 kinase inhibition for the treatment of pain following nerve injury in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:781-790. [PMID: 32439472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence for the role of the immune system in developing chronic pain following peripheral nerve injury. Especially Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their associated signaling components and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, induced after injury, are involved in nociceptive processes and believed to contribute to the manifestation of chronic neuropathic pain states. Whereas the inhibition of the kinase function of IRAK-4, a central kinase downstream of TLRs and IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), seems efficacious in various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune models, it's role in regulating chronic neuropathic pain remained elusive to date. Here, we examined whether pharmacological inhibition of IRAK-4 kinase activity using PF-06650833 and BMS-986147, two clinical-stage kinase inhibitors, is effective for controlling persistent pain following nerve injury. Both inhibitors potently inhibited TLR-triggered cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) as well as human and rat whole blood cultures. BMS-986147 showing favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, significantly inhibited R848-triggered plasma TNF levels in a rat in vivo cytokine release model after single oral dosing. However, BMS-986147 dose dependently reversed cold allodynia in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model following intrathecal administration only, supporting the notion that central neuro-immune modulation is beneficial for treating chronic neuropathic pain. Although both inhibitors were efficacious in inhibiting IL-1β- or TLR-triggered cytokine release in rat dorsal root ganglion cultures, only partial efficacy was reached in IL-1β-stimulated human glial cultures indicating that inhibiting IRAK-4́'s kinase function might be partially dispensable for human IL-1β driven neuroinflammation. Overall, our data demonstrate that IRAK-4 inhibitors could provide therapeutic benefit in chronic pain following nerve injury, and the central driver for efficacy in the neuropathic pain model as well as potential side effects of centrally available IRAK-4 inhibitors warrant further investigation to develop effective analgesia for patients in high unmet medical need.
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25
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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26
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Corzo CA, Varfolomeev E, Setiadi AF, Francis R, Klabunde S, Senger K, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Drobnick J, Do S, Suto E, Huang Z, Eastham-Anderson J, Katewa A, Pang J, Domeyer M, Dela Cruz C, Paler-Martinez A, Lau VWC, Hadadianpour A, Ramirez-Carrozi V, Sun Y, Bao K, Xu D, Hunley E, Brightbill HD, Warming S, Roose-Girma M, Wong A, Tam L, Emson CL, Crawford JJ, Young WB, Pappu R, McKenzie BS, Asghari V, Vucic D, Hackney JA, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lekkerkerker A, Ghilardi N, Bryan MC, Kiefer JR, Townsend MJ, Zarrin AA. The kinase IRAK4 promotes endosomal TLR and immune complex signaling in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/634/eaaz1053. [PMID: 32487715 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, including those through endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), and antigen receptors in B cells (BCR), promote an autoinflammatory loop in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we used selective small-molecule inhibitors to assess the regulatory roles of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in these pathways. The inhibition of IRAK4 repressed SLE immune complex- and TLR7-mediated activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Correspondingly, the expression of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes (IRGs) in cells and in mice was positively regulated by the kinase activity of IRAK4. Both IRAK4 and BTK inhibition reduced the TLR7-mediated differentiation of human memory B cells into plasmablasts. TLR7-dependent inflammatory responses were differentially regulated by IRAK4 and BTK by cell type: In pDCs, IRAK4 positively regulated NF-κB and MAPK signaling, whereas in B cells, NF-κB and MAPK pathways were regulated by both BTK and IRAK4. In the pristane-induced lupus mouse model, inhibition of IRAK4 reduced the expression of IRGs during disease onset. Mice engineered to express kinase-deficient IRAK4 were protected from both chemical (pristane-induced) and genetic (NZB/W_F1 hybrid) models of lupus development. Our findings suggest that kinase inhibitors of IRAK4 might be a therapeutic in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Corzo
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Ross Francis
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sha Klabunde
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kate Senger
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Joy Drobnick
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Do
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jodie Pang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melanie Domeyer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Vivian W C Lau
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Yonglian Sun
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katherine Bao
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daqi Xu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Hunley
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Soren Warming
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Alfred Wong
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Claire L Emson
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James J Crawford
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy B Young
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vida Asghari
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Nico Ghilardi
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ali A Zarrin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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27
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Huang LR, Huang CM, Huang CYF, Chuang TH. Adjuvant Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation on Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 32547560 PMCID: PMC7274158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes of such immunotherapy are highly heterogeneous between patients. Depending on the cancer type, the patient response rates to this immunotherapy are limited to 20–30%. Based on the mechanism underlying the antitumor immune response, new therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of increasing the effectiveness and specificity of the antitumor immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade agents. The activation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by its synthetic agonists induces the antitumor response within the innate immunity arm, generating adjuvant effects and priming the adaptive immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade during the effector phase of tumor-cell killing. This review first describes the underlying mechanisms of action and current status of monotherapy using TLR9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy. The rationale for combining these two agents is discussed, and evidence indicating the current status of such combination therapy as a novel cancer treatment strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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28
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Wiese MD, Manning-Bennett AT, Abuhelwa AY. Investigational IRAK-4 inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:475-482. [PMID: 32255710 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1752660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory auto-immune disease that can lead to permanent disability and deformity. Despite current treatment modalities, many patients are still unable to reach remission. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) inhibitors are novel agents designed to suppress immune signaling pathways involved in inflammation and joint destruction in RA. Four IRAK-4 inhibitors have entered clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current stage of development of IRAK-4 inhibitors in clinical trials, detailing their chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic potential in the treatment of RA. PubMed, Embase and restricted Google searches were conducted using the term 'IRAK-4', and publicly accessible clinical trial databases were reviewed. EXPERT OPINION IRAK-4 inhibitors are an exciting therapeutic option in RA management because unlike other targeted disease-modifying agents, they target the innate immune system. The role of IRAK-4 as a key component of Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor signaling and its potential for a low rate of infectious complications is particularly exciting and this may facilitate their use in combination treatment. A key aspect of upcoming clinical trials will be the identification of biomarkers predictive of treatment efficacy, which will help to define if and how they will be used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wiese
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia.,Health and Biomedical Innovation Group, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Arkady T Manning-Bennett
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia.,Health and Biomedical Innovation Group, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ahmad Y Abuhelwa
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia.,Australian Centre for Precision Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
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29
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IRAK family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Protective Effects of Oridonin on Acute Liver Injury via Impeding Posttranslational Modifications of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signaling Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7634761. [PMID: 31611735 PMCID: PMC6757283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7634761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent researches have demonstrated that inflammation-related diseases are effectively regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation and acetylation. Our previous study found a new acetyltransferase inhibitor, oridonin, which had a protective effect on acute liver injury (ALI). In the present study, we further investigated its protective mechanism against D-galactosamine (D-Gal) combined with lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced ALI in mice. Methods Intraperitoneal injections of LPS (40 μg/mouse)/D-Gal (5 mg/mouse) were given to the mice, and the experimental group was pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of oridonin (0.2 mg/mouse). To elucidate the protective mechanism of oridonin, we collected liver specimens and used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. We focused on the genes that were upregulated by LPS/D-Gal and downregulated after pretreatment with oridonin. The downregulated genes examined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were further verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. Results GO analysis showed that genes that were downregulated after pretreatment with oridonin were extremely concentrated in immune response, chemotaxis, and inflammatory response. Real-time PCR confirmed that the expression of these genes was upregulated by LPS/D-Gal induction and reduced after treatment with oridonin, which was consistent with RNA-Seq results. KEGG pathway analysis showed a significantly enriched downregulated gene that was present in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling cascade. Our results manifested that phosphorylation levels of upstream signaling molecules in the TLR4 signaling cascade, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), P38, and IκB, were significantly inhibited by oridonin. Furthermore, LPS/D-Gal stimulation triggered posttranslational modifications of related gene loci in the TLR4 signaling pathway, including phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4 T345/S346) and acetylation of IRAK4 (K34). However, after treatment with oridonin, the modification pattern of IRAK4 expression stimulated by LPS/D-Gal was suggestively attenuated. Conclusion Our study revealed that the protective effects of oridonin on LPS/D-Gal-induced ALI mediated by inhibition of the PTMs of IRAK4, including phosphorylation of T345/S346 and acetylation of K34.
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31
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Bryan MC, Drobnick J, Gobbi A, Kolesnikov A, Chen Y, Rajapaksa N, Ndubaku C, Feng J, Chang W, Francis R, Yu C, Choo EF, DeMent K, Ran Y, An L, Emson C, Huang Z, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Brightbill H, DiPasquale A, Maher J, Wai J, McKenzie BS, Lupardus PJ, Zarrin AA, Kiefer JR. Development of Potent and Selective Pyrazolopyrimidine IRAK4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6223-6240. [PMID: 31082230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitors of IRAK4 were developed from a high-throughput screen (HTS). Modification of an HTS hit led to a series of bicyclic heterocycles with improved potency and kinase selectivity but lacking sufficient solubility to progress in vivo. Structure-based drug design, informed by cocrystal structures with the protein and small-molecule crystal structures, yielded a series of dihydrobenzofurans. This semisaturated bicycle provided superior druglike properties while maintaining excellent potency and selectivity. Improved physicochemical properties allowed for progression into in vivo experiments, where lead molecules exhibited low clearance and showed target-based inhibition of IRAK4 signaling in an inflammation-mediated PK/PD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Bryan
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Joy Drobnick
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Aleksandr Kolesnikov
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- WuXi Apptec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Naomi Rajapaksa
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Chudi Ndubaku
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Willy Chang
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Ross Francis
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Christine Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Edna F Choo
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Yingqing Ran
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Le An
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Claire Emson
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Hans Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Antonio DiPasquale
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi Apptec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone , Shanghai 200131 , P. R. China
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Patrick J Lupardus
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - James R Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc. , One DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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Chrétien S, Zerdes I, Bergh J, Matikas A, Foukakis T. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition: What the Future Holds for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E628. [PMID: 31060337 PMCID: PMC6562626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has altered the management of human malignancies, improving outcomes in an expanding list of diseases. Breast cancer - presumably due to its perceived low immunogenicity - is a late addition to this list. Furthermore, most of the focus has been on the triple negative subtype because of its higher tumor mutational load and lymphocyte-enriched stroma, although emerging data show promise on the other breast cancer subtypes as well. To this point the clinical use of immunotherapy is limited to the inhibition of two immune checkpoints, Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4). Consistent with the complexity of the regulation of the tumor - host interactions and their lack of reliance on a single regulatory pathway, combinatory approaches have shown improved efficacy albeit at the cost of increased toxicity. Beyond those two checkpoints though, a large number of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules play major roles on tumor evasion from immunosurveillance. These molecules likely represent future targets of immunotherapy provided that the promise shown in early data is translated into improved patient survival in randomized trials. The biological role, prognostic and predictive implications regarding breast cancer and early clinical efforts on exploiting these immune-related therapeutic targets are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Chrétien
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
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Candan G, Kahraman R, Ergen A. Irak-4 rs4251481 gene variant: as a risk factor on inflammatory bowel disease. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:478-482. [PMID: 30997787 PMCID: PMC7018251 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1807-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Abnormal immune response occurs in individuals who have alleles associated with innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) involved in the pathway produces cytokines that initiate and maintain inflammation through Toll-like receptors and interleukin-1 receptors on the membranes of innate immune cells are stimulated with antigens. It was aimed to investigate whether IRAK-4 rs3794262 and rs4251481 polymorphisms predispose to IBD and the possible effects of these polymorphisms by examining these gene polymorphisms with the clinic and prognostic parameters of IBD. Material and methods Real-time PCR technique was used to detect IRAK-4 polymorphisms in 107 patients with IBD and 103 healthy controls. Results As a result of experimental studies, the frequency of occurrence of rs4251481 polymorphism related AG genotype (P = 0.029) and G allele (P = 0.005) was found to increase statistically in patients compared to controls. In the control group, the rs4251481 AA genotype rate of incidence increased compared with the patient group (P = 0.005). Conclusion Consequently, this is the first study in terms of both polymorphisms on IBD. These results suggest that rs4251481 AG genotype and G allele are associated with increased IBD risk in patients.
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Qi P, Huang H, Guo B, Liao Z, Liu H, Tang Z, He Y. A novel interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 from thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus is involved in inflammatory response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:213-222. [PMID: 30308290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) is considered as the most upstream kinase of IRAKs and plays a vital role in Toll-like receptor/Interleukin-1 receptor (TLR/IL-1R) signal transduction. In the present study, IRAK4 from thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus (McIRAK4) was identified and characterized. McIRAK4 showed the most similarity to its counterparts in bivalves. The conserved death domain (DD) and catalytic domain of serine/threonine kinases (STKc) were predicted in all examined IRAK4s. McIRAK4 transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with the higher expression level in immune related tissues, and were significantly induced in haemocytes upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) challenge. Further, the expression of McIRAK4 was obviously repressed by dsRNA mediated RNA interference (RNAi), meanwhile the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL17 were down-regulated while the antiinflammatory cytokine TGF-β was up-regulated. Additionally, McIRAK4 showed a global cytoplasmic localization in HEK293T cells through fluorescence microscopy. These results collectively indicated that McIRAK4 is one member of IRAK4 subfamily and might play the potential signal transducer role in inflammatory response. The present study provides supplement for TLR-mediated signaling pathway triggered by pathogenic invasions in thick shell mussel, and contributes to the clarification of the innate immune response in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China.
| | - Huanqing Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Baoying Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Zurong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Yuehua He
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
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Yuan X, Wu H, Bu H, Zhou J, Zhang H. Targeting the immunity protein kinases for immuno-oncology. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:413-427. [PMID: 30530193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of immuno-oncology, small-molecule modulators targeting immune system and inflammatory processes are becoming a research hotspot. This work mainly focuses on key kinases acting as central nodes in immune signaling pathways. Although over thirty small-molecule kinase inhibitors have been approved by FDA for the treatment of various cancers, only a few are associated with immuno-oncology. With the going deep of the research work, more and more immunity protein kinase inhibitors are approved for clinical trials to treat solid tumors and hematologic malignancies by FDA, which remain good prospects. Meanwhile, in-depth understanding of biological function of immunity protein kinases in immune system is pushing the field forward. This article focuses on the development of safe and effective small-molecule immunity protein kinase inhibitors and further work needs to keep the promises of these inhibitors for patients' welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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36
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Balka KR, De Nardo D. Understanding early TLR signaling through the Myddosome. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:339-351. [PMID: 30256449 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are expressed on the plasma and endosomal membranes of innate immune cells acting as sensors of foreign and inherent danger signals that threaten the host. Upon activation, TLRs facilitate the assembly of large intracellular oligomeric signaling complexes, termed Myddosomes, which initiate key signal transduction pathways to elicit critical inflammatory immune responses. The formation of the Myddosome is integral for TLR signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling its formation, disassembly, and the subsequent proximal signaling events remain to be clearly defined. In this review, we present a brief overview of TLR signal transduction pathways, summarize the current understanding of the Myddosome and the proteins that comprise its structure, including MyD88 and members of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family. Finally, we will discuss recent advances and open questions regarding early TLR signaling in the context of the Myddosome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Ippagunta SK, Pollock JA, Sharma N, Lin W, Chen T, Tawaratsumida K, High AA, Min J, Chen Y, Guy RK, Redecke V, Katzenellenbogen JA, Häcker H. Identification of Toll-like receptor signaling inhibitors based on selective activation of hierarchically acting signaling proteins. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/543/eaaq1077. [PMID: 30108181 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize various pathogen- and host tissue-derived molecules and initiate inflammatory immune responses. Exaggerated or prolonged TLR activation, however, can lead to etiologically diverse diseases, such as bacterial sepsis, metabolic and autoimmune diseases, or stroke. Despite the apparent medical need, no small-molecule drugs against TLR pathways are clinically available. This may be because of the complex signaling mechanisms of TLRs, which are governed by a series of protein-protein interactions initiated by Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology domains (TIR) found in TLRs and the cytoplasmic adaptor proteins TIRAP and MyD88. Oligomerization of TLRs with MyD88 or TIRAP leads to the recruitment of members of the IRAK family of kinases and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6. We developed a phenotypic drug screening system based on the inducible homodimerization of either TIRAP, MyD88, or TRAF6, that ranked hits according to their hierarchy of action. From a bioactive compound library, we identified methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP) as a TLR-specific inhibitor. Structure-activity relationship analysis, quantitative proteomics, protein-protein interaction assays, and cellular thermal shift assays suggested that MPP targets the TIR domain of MyD88. Chemical evolution of the original MPP scaffold generated compounds with selectivity for distinct TLRs that interfered with specific TIR interactions. Administration of an MPP analog to mice protected them from TLR4-dependent inflammation. These results validate this phenotypic screening approach and suggest that the MPP scaffold could serve as a starting point for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish K Ippagunta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Julie A Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Naina Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kazuki Tawaratsumida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony A High
- St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yizhe Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vanessa Redecke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Hans Häcker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1864-1879. [PMID: 29981161 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. The innate immune system, via toll-like receptors (TLRs), identifies distinct signatures of invading microbes and damage-associated molecular patterns and triggers a chain of downstream signalling cascades, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and shaping the adaptive immune response. Over the past decade, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response, particularly via TLR4, has been suggested to support a chronic inflammatory state in hypertension, inducing deleterious local and systemic effects in host cells and tissues and contributing to disease progression. While the underlying mechanisms triggering TLR4 need further research, evidence suggests that sustained elevations in BP disrupt homeostasis, releasing endogenous TLR4 ligands in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether targeting this receptor and its signalling pathways could offer a therapeutic strategy for management of this multifaceted disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
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39
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De Nardo D, Balka KR, Cardona Gloria Y, Rao VR, Latz E, Masters SL. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a dual role in myddosome formation and Toll-like receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15195-15207. [PMID: 30076215 PMCID: PMC6166714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form part of the host innate immune system, in which they act as sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals. Upon TLR activation, the intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains of TLR dimers initiate oligomerization of a multiprotein signaling platform comprising myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and members of the interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinase (IRAK) family. Formation of this myddosome complex initiates signal transduction pathways, leading to the activation of transcription factors and the production of inflammatory cytokines. To date, little is known about the assembly and disassembly of the myddosome and about the mechanisms by which these complexes mediate multiple downstream signaling pathways. Here, we isolated myddosome complexes from whole-cell lysates of TLR-activated primary mouse macrophages and from IRAK reporter macrophages to examine the kinetics of myddosome assembly and disassembly. Using a selective inhibitor of IRAK4's kinase activity, we found that whereas TLR cytokine responses were ablated, myddosome formation was stabilized in the absence of IRAK4's kinase activity. Of note, IRAK4 inhibition had only a minimal effect on NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In summary, our results indicate that IRAK4 has a critical scaffold function in myddosome formation and that its kinase activity is dispensable for myddosome assembly and activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways but is essential for MyD88-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that the scaffold function of IRAK4 may be an attractive target for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic De Nardo
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine R Balka
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yamel Cardona Gloria
- the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vikram R Rao
- the Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Eicke Latz
- the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Seth L Masters
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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40
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Hrdinka M, Schlicher L, Dai B, Pinkas DM, Bufton JC, Picaud S, Ward JA, Rogers C, Suebsuwong C, Nikhar S, Cuny GD, Huber KV, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Degterev A, Gyrd-Hansen M. Small molecule inhibitors reveal an indispensable scaffolding role of RIPK2 in NOD2 signaling. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899372. [PMID: 30026309 PMCID: PMC6120666 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 mediates inflammatory signaling by the bacteria‐sensing receptors NOD1 and NOD2. Kinase inhibitors targeting RIPK2 are a proposed strategy to ameliorate NOD‐mediated pathologies. Here, we reveal that RIPK2 kinase activity is dispensable for NOD2 inflammatory signaling and show that RIPK2 inhibitors function instead by antagonizing XIAP‐binding and XIAP‐mediated ubiquitination of RIPK2. We map the XIAP binding site on RIPK2 to the loop between β2 and β3 of the N‐lobe of the kinase, which is in close proximity to the ATP‐binding pocket. Through characterization of a new series of ATP pocket‐binding RIPK2 inhibitors, we identify the molecular features that determine their inhibition of both the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction, and of cellular and in vivoNOD2 signaling. Our study exemplifies how targeting of the ATP‐binding pocket in RIPK2 can be exploited to interfere with the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction for modulation of NOD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matous Hrdinka
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Schlicher
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Pinkas
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Ward
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sameer Nikhar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kilian Vm Huber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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41
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Agarwal P, Cole LK, Chandrakumar A, Hauff KD, Ravandi A, Dolinsky VW, Hatch GM. Phosphokinome Analysis of Barth Syndrome Lymphoblasts Identify Novel Targets in the Pathophysiology of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072026. [PMID: 30002286 PMCID: PMC6073761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth Syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease in which the specific biochemical deficit is a reduction in the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) as a result of a mutation in the CL transacylase tafazzin. We compared the phosphokinome profile in Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed lymphoblasts prepared from a BTHS patient with that of an age-matched control individual. As expected, mass spectrometry analysis revealed a significant (>90%) reduction in CL in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to controls. In addition, increased oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels were observed in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control. Given the broad shifts in metabolism associated with BTHS, we hypothesized that marked differences in posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation would be present in the lymphoblast cells of a BTHS patient. Phosphokinome analysis revealed striking differences in the phosphorylation levels of phosphoproteins in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control cells. Some phosphorylated proteins, for example, adenosine monophosphate kinase, have been previously validated as bonafide modified phosphorylation targets observed in tafazzin deficiency or under conditions of reduced cellular CL. Thus, we report multiple novel phosphokinome targets in BTHS lymphoblasts and hypothesize that alteration in the phosphokinome profile may provide insight into the pathophysiology of BTHS and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Abin Chandrakumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Kristin D Hauff
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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42
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Su BC, Chen JY. Antimicrobial Peptide Epinecidin-1 Modulates MyD88 Protein Levels via the Proteasome Degradation Pathway. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110362. [PMID: 29144391 PMCID: PMC5706051 DOI: 10.3390/md15110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptide epinecidin-1 was identified from Epinephelus coioides and possesses multiple biological functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, epinecidin-1 suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by neutralizing LPS and ameliorating LPS/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 internalization. However, it is unclear whether the actions of epinecidin-1 depend on the regulation of TLR adaptor protein MyD88 or endogenous TLR signaling antagonists, which include A20, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK)-M, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1. Our results demonstrate that epinecidin-1 alone does not affect A20, IRAK-M, or SOCS-1 protein levels. However, pre-incubation of epinecidin-1 significantly inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of A20, IRAK-M, and SOCS-1. In addition, epinecidin-1 significantly reduces the abundance of MyD88 protein. Both MG132 (a specific proteasome inhibitor) and Heclin (a specific Smurf E3 ligase inhibitor) are able to abolish epinecidin-1-mediated MyD88 degradation. Thus, our data suggest that epinecidin-1 directly inhibits MyD88 via induction of the Smurf E3 ligase proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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43
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Zinc Signals and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102222. [PMID: 29064429 PMCID: PMC5666901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is crucial for an adequate function of the immune system. Zinc deficiency as well as zinc excess result in severe disturbances in immune cell numbers and activities, which can result in increased susceptibility to infections and development of especially inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the role of zinc in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate as well as adaptive immune cells. Main underlying molecular mechanisms and targets affected by altered zinc homeostasis, including kinases, caspases, phosphatases, and phosphodiesterases, will be highlighted in this article. In addition, the interplay of zinc homeostasis and the redox metabolism in affecting intracellular signaling will be emphasized. Key signaling pathways will be described in detail for the different cell types of the immune system. In this, effects of fast zinc flux, taking place within a few seconds to minutes will be distinguish from slower types of zinc signals, also designated as “zinc waves”, and late homeostatic zinc signals regarding prolonged changes in intracellular zinc.
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Srivastava N, Shelly A, Kumar M, Pant A, Das B, Majumdar T, Mazumder S. Aeromonas hydrophila utilizes TLR4 topology for synchronous activation of MyD88 and TRIF to orchestrate anti-inflammatory responses in zebrafish. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17067. [PMID: 29142761 PMCID: PMC5680545 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in host immunity against Gram-negative bacteria. It transduces signals through two distinct TIR-domain-containing adaptors, MyD88 and TRIF, which function at the plasma membrane and endosomes, respectively. Using zebrafish Aeromonas hydrophila infection model, we demonstrate that synchronization of MyD88 and TRIF dependent pathways is critical for determining the fate of infection. Zebrafish were infected with A. hydrophila, and bacterial recovery studies suggested its effective persistence inside the host. Histopathological assessment elucidates that A. hydrophila did not provoke inflammatory responses in the spleen. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of TLR4-bound A. hydrophila on the plasma membrane at 3 h post-infection (p.i.), and inside endosomes 1 day p.i. Quantitative PCR studies suggest that TLR4 activates the downstream pathway of MyD88–IRAK4 axis at early stages followed by a shift to TRIF–TRAF6 axis at late stages of infection coupled with fold increase in NFκB. Our results implicated the involvement of p110δ isoform of PI(3)Kinase in this transition. Coupled to this, we noted that the TLR4–TRIF–NFκB axis prompted burgeoned secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We observed that A. hydrophila inhibits endosome maturation and escapes to cytoplasm. Significant downregulation of cytosolic-NLR receptors further suggested that A. hydrophila represses pro-inflammatory responses in cytosol aiding its persistence. Our findings suggest a novel role of ‘TLR4 topology’ in A. hydrophila-induced pathogenesis. We propose that A. hydrophila manipulates translocation of TLR4 and migrates to endosome, where it triggers TRIF-dependent anti-inflammatory responses, interferes with endosomal maturation and escapes to cytosol. Inside the cytosol, A. hydrophila avoids detection by suppressing NLRs, facilitating its survival and ensuing pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Srivastava
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Archana Pant
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanmay Majumdar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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45
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Cushing L, Winkler A, Jelinsky SA, Lee K, Korver W, Hawtin R, Rao VR, Fleming M, Lin LL. IRAK4 kinase activity controls Toll-like receptor-induced inflammation through the transcription factor IRF5 in primary human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18689-18698. [PMID: 28924041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a critical role in innate immune signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and loss of IRAK4 activity in mice and humans increases susceptibility to bacterial infections and causes defects in TLR and IL1 ligand sensing. However, the mechanism by which IRAK4 activity regulates the production of downstream inflammatory cytokines is unclear. Using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of human monocytes treated with a highly potent and selective inhibitor of IRAK4, we show that IRAK4 kinase activity controls the activation of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a transcription factor implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. Following TLR7/8 stimulation by its agonist R848, chemical inhibition of IRAK4 abolished IRF5 translocation to the nucleus and thus prevented IRF5 binding to and activation of the promoters of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. We also found that IKKβ, an upstream IRF5 activator, is phosphorylated in response to the agonist-induced TLR signaling. Of note, IRAK4 inhibition blocked IKKβ phosphorylation but did not block the nuclear translocation of NFκB, which was surprising, given the canonical role of IKKβ in phosphorylating IκB to allow NFκB activation. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of either IKKβ or the serine/threonine protein kinase TAK1 in monocytes blocked TLR-induced cytokine production and IRF5 translocation to the nucleus, but not nuclear translocation of NFκB. Taken together, our data suggest a mechanism by which IRAK4 activity regulates TAK1 and IKKβ activation, leading to the nuclear translocation of IRF5 and induction of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cushing
- From the Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and
| | - Aaron Winkler
- From the Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and
| | | | - Katherine Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Wouter Korver
- Nodality Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Vikram R Rao
- From the Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and
| | | | - Lih-Ling Lin
- From the Departments of Inflammation and Immunology and
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46
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Lim R, Barker G, Lappas M. TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in human primary myometrial cells. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 122:28-36. [PMID: 28844021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth continues to be a significant global health care issue, due to our lack of understanding of the mechanisms that drive human labour and delivery. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential in triggering an inflammatory response in human gestational tissues, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators, and thus preterm birth. The aims of this study were to determine whether the adaptor molecules associated with TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 signalling are involved in human myometrium. Primary human myometrial cells were transfected with siRNA against TIRAP, IRAK1, IRAK4, TAK1and stimulated with bacterial product fsl-1 (TLR2); TRIF, TRADD, TRAF6, RIP1, TAK1 and stimulated with dsRNA viral analogue poly(I:C) (TLR3); IRAK1, IRAK4, TAK1 and stimulated with bacterial product flagellin (TLR5), and assayed for production of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators. Cells transfected with TIRAP, IRAK1, IRAK4 or TAK1 all showed a decrease in fsl-1-induced expression of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6), chemokines (GRO-α, IL-8, MCP-1), adhesion molecule ICAM-1, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and release of PGF2α and MMP-9 expression. Cells transfected with TRIF, TRAF6, RIP1 or TAK1 all decreased production of poly(I:C)-induced IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, GRO-α, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and MMP-9 expression. Cells transfected with IRAK1, IRAK4 or TAK1 all showed decreased expression of flagellin-induced cytokine and chemokine expression, ICAM-1 and MMP-9 expression. Lastly, transfection with these siRNAs decreased fsl-1, poly(I:C) and flagellin-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. Our study signifies that these adaptor molecules are necessary for the proper production of cytokines, chemokines and pro-labour mediators after TLR ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Lim
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillian Barker
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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47
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Upregulated IRAK1 and IRAK4 promoting the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in Behcet’s disease. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:1947-1953. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Farrokhi S, Abbasirad N, Movahed A, Khazaei HA, Pishjoo M, Rezaei N. TLR9-based immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:339-346. [PMID: 28303762 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors expressed on many cell types of innate immunity, recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of microbes. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a reduced microbial exposure in early childhood increases the susceptibility to allergic diseases due to deviation in development of the immune system. TLRs are key roles in the right and healthy direction of adaptive immunity with the induction of T-helper 2 toward Th1 immune responses and regulatory T cells. TLR ligand CpG-ODN-based immunomodulation is independent of allergen and it mainly affects innate immune system. While, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-based vaccination is allergen specific and induces adaptive immune system. The use of agonists of TLR9 in two distinct strategies of immunotherapy, immunomodulation and vaccination, could be presented as the curative method for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, Asthma & Allergy, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Narjes Abbasirad
- Department of Immunology, Asthma & Allergy, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Movahed
- Department of Biochemistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khazaei
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology & Hematology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Masoud Pishjoo
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zou PF, Huang XN, Yao CL, Sun QX, Li Y, Zhu Q, Yu ZX, Fan ZJ. Cloning and functional characterization of IRAK4 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) that associates with MyD88 but impairs NF-κB activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:452-464. [PMID: 27989863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As crucial signaling transducer in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling pathway, IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) mediates downstream signaling cascades and plays important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, an IRAK4 orthologue was characterized from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), named Lc-IRAK4, with a conservative N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal protein kinase domain. The genome of Lc-IRAK4 is structured into eleven exons and ten introns. Expression analysis indicated that Lc-IRAK4 was widely expressed in tested tissues, with the highest level in liver and weakest in muscle. Additionally, in the spleen, liver tissues and blood, it could be induced by poly I:C and LPS stimulation, but not be induced by Vibrio parahemolyticus infection. Fluorescence microscopy assays revealed that Lc-IRAK4 localized in the cytoplasm in HEK 293T cells. It was also determined that Lc-IRAK4 could interact with MyD88, whereas MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation was significantly impaired when co-transfected the two in HEK 293T cells. These findings collectively indicated that although Lc-IRAK4 was evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, the exact function especially the signaling transduction mediated by IRAK4 in fish immune response was different from that in mammals, which impaired MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei Zou
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Xue Na Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Cui Luan Yao
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
| | - Qing Xue Sun
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363105, China; Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363105, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Zhen Xing Yu
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ze Jun Fan
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
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50
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Murphy M, Pattabiraman G, Manavalan TT, Medvedev AE. Deficiency in IRAK4 activity attenuates manifestations of murine Lupus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:880-891. [PMID: 28295231 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 mediates host defense against infections. As an active kinase, IRAK4 elicits full spectra of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD) 88-dependent responses, while kinase-inactive IRAK4 induces a subset of cytokines and negative regulators whose expression is not regulated by mRNA stability. IRAK4 kinase activity is critical for resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but its involvement in autoimmunity is incompletely understood. In this study, we determined the role of IRAK4 kinase activity in murine lupus. Lupus development in BXSB mice expressing the Y chromosome autoimmunity accelerator (Yaa) increased basal and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/7-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 5 gene expression in splenic macrophages, but decreased levels of Toll-interacting protein and IRAK-M, without affecting IRAK4 or IRAK1 expression. Mice harboring kinase-inactive IRAK4 on the lupus-prone Yaa background manifested blunted TLR signaling in macrophages and reduced glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly, serum anti-nuclear antibodies, numbers of splenic macrophages, total and TNF-α+ dendritic cells, activated T- and B-lymphocytes, and lower TNF-α expression in macrophages compared with lupus-prone mice with functional IRAK4. Thus, IRAK4 kinase activity contributes to murine lupus and could represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tissa T Manavalan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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