1
|
Haas KM. Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1257-1265. [PMID: 37844278 PMCID: PMC10593487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Levinson M, Khass M, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Germline-enforced enrichment for charged amino acids in TCR beta chain (TCRβ) complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-B3) alters T cell development, repertoire content, and antigen recognition. Immunogenetics 2023:10.1007/s00251-023-01304-w. [PMID: 37119386 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor beta chain (TCRβ) diversity (Dβ) gene segments are highly conserved across evolution, with trout Dβ1 sequence identical to human and mouse Dβ1. A key conserved feature is enrichment for glycine in all three Dβ reading frames (RFs). Previously, we found that replacement of mouse Dβ1 with a typical immunoglobulin DH sequence, which unlike Dβ is enriched for tyrosine, leads to an increase in the use of tyrosine in TCRβ complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-B3) after thymic selection, altering T cell numbers, CDR-B3 diversity, and T cell function. To test whether the incorporation of charged amino acids into the Dβ sequence in place of glycine would also influence T cell biology, we targeted the TCRβ locus with a novel glycine-deficient DβDKRQ allele that replaces Dβ1 coding sequence with charged amino acids in all three reading frames. Developing T cells using DβDKRQ expressed TCR CDR-B3s depleted of tyrosine and glycine and enriched for germline-encoded lysine, arginine, and glutamine. Total thymocytes declined in number during the process of β selection that occurs during the transition from the DN3bc to DN4 stage. Conventional thymocyte and T cell numbers remained reduced at all subsequent thymic stages and in the spleen. By contrast, regulatory T cell numbers were increased in Peyer's patches and the large intestine. In terms of functional consequences, T cell reactivity to an ovalbumin immunodominant epitope was reduced. These findings buttress the view that natural selection of Dβ sequence is used to shape the pre-immune TCRβ repertoire, affecting both conventional and regulatory T cell development and influencing epitope recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Division of Investigative Medicine, Center of Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Webster SE, Tsuji NL, Clemente MJ, Holodick NE. Age-related changes in antigen-specific natural antibodies are influenced by sex. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1047297. [PMID: 36713434 PMCID: PMC9878317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural antibody (NAb) derived from CD5+ B-1 cells maintains tissue homeostasis, controls inflammation, aids in establishing long-term protective responses against pathogens, and provides immediate protection from infection. CD5+ B-1 cell NAbs recognize evolutionarily fixed epitopes, such as phosphatidylcholine (PtC), found on bacteria and senescent red blood cells. Anti-PtC antibodies are essential in protection against bacterial sepsis. CD5+ B-1 cell-derived NAbs have a unique germline-like structure that lacks N-additions, a feature critical for providing protection against infection. Previously, we demonstrated the repertoire and germline status of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cell IgM obtained from male mice changes with age depending on the anatomical location of the B-1 cells. More recently, we demonstrated serum antibody from aged female mice maintains protection against pneumococcal infection, whereas serum antibody from male mice does not provide protection. Results Here, we show that aged female mice have significantly more splenic PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells and more PtC specific serum IgM than aged male mice. Furthermore, we find both age and biological sex related repertoire differences when comparing B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing results of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells. While BCR germline status of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells from aged male and female mice is similar in the peritoneal cavity, it differs significantly in the spleen, where aged females retain germline configuration and aged males do not. Nucleic acid sensing toll-like receptors are critical in the maintenance of PtC+ B-1 cells; therefore, to begin to understand the mechanism of differences observed between the male and female PtC+CD5+ B-1 cell repertoire, we analyzed levels of cell-free nucleic acids and found increases in aged females. Conclusion Our results suggest the antigenic milieu differs between aged males and females, leading to differential selection of antigen-specific B-1 cells over time. Further elucidation of how biological sex differences influence the maintenance of B-1 cells within the aging environment will be essential to understand sex and age-related disparities in the susceptibility to bacterial infection and will aid in the development of more effective vaccination and/or therapeutic strategies specific for males and females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Webster
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Naomi L. Tsuji
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Michael J. Clemente
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States,Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core, Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nichol E. Holodick
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States,Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core, Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Nichol E. Holodick,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoshimatsu H, Kataoka K, Fujihashi K, Miyake T, Ono Y. A nasal double DNA adjuvant system induces atheroprotective IgM antibodies via dendritic cell-B-1a B cell interactions. Vaccine 2022; 40:1116-1127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Qiu Q, Zhang P, Zhang N, Shen Y, Lou S, Deng J. Development of a Prognostic Nomogram for Acute Myeloid Leukemia on IGHD Gene Family. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4303-4316. [PMID: 34408473 PMCID: PMC8364394 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s317528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a common haematological disease in adults. The overall survival (OS) remains unsatisfactory. It is critical to identify potential prognostic biomarkers and develop a nomogram that predicts overall survival in patients with AML. Patients and Methods We used gene expression dataset and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) to identify differential expression analysis, survival analysis, and prognostic value of IGHD gene family (IGHDs) in AML patients. A risk score model was built through Lasso analysis and multivariate Cox regression. We also developed a nomogram and evaluated its accuracy with Harrell’s Harmony Index (C-index) and calibration curve. Last, the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database was used for external validation. Results IGHD1-20 mRNA expression level was an independent prognostic factor for patients with AML by multivariate analysis. After Lasso analysis and multivariate Cox regression, we constructed a 3-gene model (IGHD1-1, IGHD1-20, IGHD3-16) associated with OS in AML. Risk score and age were validated as independent risk factors for prognosis and were used to build a nomogram. The C index and calibration curve results show that its ability to predict 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival is accurate. Conclusion The mRNA level of IGHDs was increased in AML patients. IGHD1-20 was an independent risk factor for OS in AML patients. The IGHDs risk model (IGHD1-1, IGHD1-20, IGHD3-16) relates to the OS of AML patients. The nomogram, including risk score and age, can conveniently and effectively predict the overall survival rate of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunxiang Qiu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Hematology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Lou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchuan Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Levinson M, Khass M, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Replacement of TCR Dβ With Immunoglobulin D H DSP2.3 Imposes a Tyrosine-Enriched TCR Repertoire and Adversely Affects T Cell Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573413. [PMID: 33133088 PMCID: PMC7550431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment for tyrosine in immunoglobulin CDR-H3 is due in large part to natural selection of germline immunoglobulin DH sequence. We have previously shown that when DH sequence is modified to reduce the contribution of tyrosine codons, epitope recognition is altered and B cell development, antibody production, autoantibody production, and morbidity and mortality following pathogen challenge are adversely affected. TCRβ diversity (Dβ) gene segment sequences are even more highly conserved than DH, with trout Dβ1 identical to human and mouse Dβ1. We hypothesized that natural selection of Dβ sequence also shapes CDR-B3 diversity and influences T cell development and T cell function. To test this, we used a mouse strain that lacked Dβ2 and contained a novel Dβ1 allele (DβYTL) that replaces Dβ1 with an immunoglobulin DH, DSP2.3. Unlike Dβ1, wherein glycine predominates in all three reading frames (RFs), in DSP2.3 there is enrichment for tyrosine in RF1, threonine in RF2, and leucine in RF3. Mature T cells using DβYTL expressed TCRs enriched at particular CDR-B3 positions for tyrosine but depleted of leucine. Changing Dβ sequence altered thymocyte and peripheral T cell numbers and the T cell response to an ovalbumin immunodominant epitope. The differences in tyrosine content might explain, at least in part, why TCRs are more polyspecific and of lower affinity for their cognate antigens than their immunoglobulin counterparts.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Tyrosine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khass M, Levinson M, Schelonka RL, Kapoor P, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Preimmune Control of the Variance of TCR CDR-B3: Insights Gained From Germline Replacement of a TCR Dβ Gene Segment With an Ig D H Gene Segment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2079. [PMID: 33042119 PMCID: PMC7518465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the sequence of the immunoglobulin diversity gene segment (D H ) helps dictate the structure and composition of complementarity determining region 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CDR-H3). In order to test the role of germline D sequence on the diversity of the preimmune TCRβ repertoire of T cells, we generated a mouse with a mutant TCRβ DJC locus wherein the Dβ2-Jβ2 gene segment cluster was deleted and the remaining diversity gene segment, Dβ1 (IMGT:TRDB1), was replaced with DSP2.3 (IMGT:IGHD2-02), a commonly used B cell immunoglobulin D H gene segment. Crystallographic studies have shown that the length and thus structure of TCR CDR-B3 places amino acids at the tip of CDR-B3 in a position to directly interact with peptide bound to an MHC molecule. The length distribution of complementarity determining region 3 of the T cell receptor beta chain (CDR-B3) has been proposed to be restricted largely by MHC-specific selection, disfavoring CDR-B3 that are too long or too short. Here we show that the mechanism of control of CDR-B3 length depends on the Dβ sequence, which in turn dictates exonucleolytic nibbling. By contrast, the extent of N addition and the variance of created CDR3 lengths are regulated by the cell of origin, the thymocyte. We found that the sequence of the D and control of N addition collaborate to bias the distribution of CDR-B3 lengths in the pre-immune TCR repertoire and to focus the diversity provided by N addition and the sequence of the D on that portion of CDR-B3 that is most likely to interact with the peptide that is bound to the presenting MHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Levinson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert L. Schelonka
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Microbiology, and Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zou J, Wang G, Li H, Yu X, Tang C. IgM natural antibody T15/E06 in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Khass M, Vale AM, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. The sequences encoded by immunoglobulin diversity (D H ) gene segments play key roles in controlling B-cell development, antigen-binding site diversity, and antibody production. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:106-119. [PMID: 29944758 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although at first glance the diversity of the immunoglobulin repertoire appears random, there are a number of mechanisms that act to constrain diversity. For example, key mechanisms controlling the diversity of the third complementarity determining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CDR-H3) include natural selection of germline diversity (DH ) gene segment sequence and somatic selection upon passage through successive B-cell developmental checkpoints. To test the role of DH gene segment sequence, we generated a panel of mice limited to the use of a single germline or frameshifted DH gene segment. Specific individual amino acids within core DH gene segment sequence heavily influenced the absolute numbers of developing and mature B-cell subsets, antibody production, epitope recognition, protection against pathogen challenge, and susceptibility to the production of autoreactive antibodies. At the tip of the antigen-binding loop (PDB position 101) in CDR-H3, both natural (germline) and somatic selection favored tyrosine while disfavoring the presence of hydrophobic amino acids. Enrichment for arginine in CDR-H3 appeared to broaden recognition of epitopes of varying hydrophobicity, but led to diminished binding intensity and an increased likelihood of generating potentially pathogenic dsDNA-binding autoreactive antibodies. The phenotype of altering the sequence of the DH was recessive for T-independent antibody production, but dominant for T-cell-dependent responses. Our work suggests that the antibody repertoire is structured, with the sequence of individual DH selected by evolution to preferentially generate an apparently preferred category of antigen-binding sites. The result of this structured approach appears to be a repertoire that has been adapted, or optimized, to produce protective antibodies for a wide range of pathogen epitopes while reducing the likelihood of generating autoreactive specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andre M Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khass M, Blackburn T, Elgavish A, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. In the Absence of Central pre-B Cell Receptor Selection, Peripheral Selection Attempts to Optimize the Antibody Repertoire by Enriching for CDR-H3 Y101. Front Immunol 2018; 9:120. [PMID: 29472919 PMCID: PMC5810287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential developmental checkpoints are used to “optimize” the B cell antigen receptor repertoire by minimizing production of autoreactive or useless immunoglobulins and enriching for potentially protective antibodies. The first and apparently most impactful checkpoint requires μHC to form a functional pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) by associating with surrogate light chain, which is composed of VpreB and λ5. Absence of any of the preBCR components causes a block in B cell development that is characterized by severe immature B cell lymphopenia. Previously, we showed that preBCR controls the amino acid content of the third complementary determining region of the H chain (CDR-H3) by using a VpreB amino acid motif (RDR) to select for tyrosine at CDR-H3 position 101 (Y101). In antibodies bound to antigen, Y101 is commonly in direct contact with the antigen, thus preBCR selection impacts the antigen binding characteristics of the repertoire. In this work, we sought to determine the forces that shape the peripheral B cell repertoire when it is denied preBCR selection. Using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and evaluation of apoptosis, we found that in the absence of preBCR there is increased turnover of B cells due to increased apoptosis. CDR-H3 sequencing revealed that this is accompanied by adjustments to DH identity, DH reading frame, JH, and CDR-H3 amino acid content. These adjustments in the periphery led to wild-type levels of CDR-H3 Y101 content among transitional (T1), mature recirculating, and marginal zone B cells. However, peripheral selection proved incomplete, with failure to restore Y101 levels in follicular B cells and increased production of dsDNA-binding IgM antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tessa Blackburn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prohaska TA, Que X, Diehl CJ, Hendrikx S, Chang MW, Jepsen K, Glass CK, Benner C, Witztum JL. Massively Parallel Sequencing of Peritoneal and Splenic B Cell Repertoires Highlights Unique Properties of B-1 Cell Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1702-1717. [PMID: 29378911 PMCID: PMC5821571 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells are a unique subset of B cells that are positively selected for expressing autoreactive BCRs. We isolated RNA from peritoneal (B-1a, B-1b, B-2) and splenic (B-1a, marginal zone, follicular) B cells from C57BL/6 mice and used 5'-RACE to amplify the IgH V region using massively parallel sequencing. By analyzing 379,000 functional transcripts, we demonstrate that B-1a cells use a distinct and restricted repertoire. All B-1 cell subsets, especially peritoneal B-1a cells, had a high proportion of sequences without N additions, suggesting predominantly prenatal development. Their transcripts differed markedly and uniquely contained VH11 and VH12 genes, which were rearranged only with a restricted selection of D and J genes, unlike other V genes. Compared to peritoneal B-1a, the peritoneal B-1b repertoire was larger, had little overlap with B-1a, and most sequences contained N additions. Similarly, the splenic B-1a repertoire differed from peritoneal B-1a sequences, having more unique sequences and more frequent N additions, suggesting influx of B-1a cells into the spleen from nonperitoneal sites. Two CDR3s, previously described as Abs to bromelain-treated RBCs, comprised 43% of peritoneal B-1a sequences. We show that a single-chain variable fragment designed after the most prevalent B-1a sequence bound oxidation-specific epitopes such as the phosphocholine of oxidized phospholipids. In summary, we provide the IgH V region library of six murine B cell subsets, including, to our knowledge for the first time, a comparison between B-1a and B-1b cells, and we highlight qualities of B-1 cell Abs that indicate unique selection processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Prohaska
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Cody J Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sabrina Hendrikx
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cohn M. Somatic diversification of the B cell repertoire requires two cell subsets. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group; The Salk Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miles K, Simpson J, Brown S, Cowan G, Gray D, Gray M. Immune Tolerance to Apoptotic Self Is Mediated Primarily by Regulatory B1a Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1952. [PMID: 29403471 PMCID: PMC5780629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome, develop when tolerance to apoptotic cells (ACs) is lost. We have previously reported that this tolerance is maintained by innate-like, IL-10 secreting regulatory B cells. Two questions remained. First, do these regulatory B cells belong predominantly to a single subset of steady-state B cells and second, what is their specificity? We report here that innate-like B cells with markers characteristic for B1a cells (CD43+veCD19hiCD5+veIgMhiIgDlo) constitute 80% of splenic and 96% of peritoneal B cells that respond to ACs by secreting IL-10. AC responsive B1a cells secrete self-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) and IL-10, which is augmented by toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 or TLR9 stimulation. In so doing, they both accelerate the clearance of dying cells by macrophages and inhibit their potential to mount proinflammatory immune responses. While B1a cells make prolonged contact with ACs, they do not require TIM1 or complement to mediate their regulatory function. In an animal model of neural inflammation (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), just 105 activated B1a B cells was sufficient to restrain inflammation. Activated B1a B cells also induced antigen-specific T cells to secrete IL-10. Hence, regulatory B1a cells specifically recognize and augment tolerance to apoptotic self via IL-10 and NAbs; but once activated, can also prevent autoimmune mediated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Simpson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Cowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gray
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
On being the right size: antibody repertoire formation in the mouse and human. Immunogenetics 2017; 70:143-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
McKay JT, Haro MA, Daly CA, Yammani RD, Pang B, Swords WE, Haas KM. PD-L2 Regulates B-1 Cell Antibody Production against Phosphorylcholine through an IL-5-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2020-2029. [PMID: 28768724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells produce natural Abs which provide an integral first line of defense against pathogens while also performing important homeostatic housekeeping functions. In this study, we demonstrate that programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) regulates the production of natural Abs against phosphorylcholine (PC). Naive PD-L2-deficient (PD-L2-/-) mice produced significantly more PC-reactive IgM and IgA. This afforded PD-L2-/- mice with selectively enhanced protection against PC-expressing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, but not PC-negative nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, relative to wild-type mice. PD-L2-/- mice had significantly increased PC-specific CD138+ splenic plasmablasts bearing a B-1a phenotype, and produced PC-reactive Abs largely of the T15 Id. Importantly, PC-reactive B-1 cells expressed PD-L2 and irradiated chimeras demonstrated that B cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression regulated PC-specific Ab production. In addition to increased PC-specific IgM, naive PD-L2-/- mice and irradiated chimeras reconstituted with PD-L2-/- B cells had significantly higher levels of IL-5, a potent stimulator of B-1 cell Ab production. PD-L2 mAb blockade of wild-type B-1 cells in culture significantly increased CD138 and Blimp1 expression and PC-specific IgM, but did not affect proliferation. PD-L2 mAb blockade significantly increased IL-5+ T cells in culture. Both IL-5 neutralization and STAT5 inhibition blunted the effects of PD-L2 mAb blockade on B-1 cells. Thus, B-1 cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression inhibits IL-5 production by T cells and thereby limits natural Ab production by B-1 cells. These findings have broad implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at altering natural Ab levels critical for protection against infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khass M, Schelonka RL, Liu CR, Elgavish A, Morel L, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Alterations in B cell development, CDR-H3 repertoire and dsDNA-binding antibody production among C57BL/6 ΔD-iD mice congenic for the lupus susceptibility loci sle1, sle2 or sle3. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:42-51. [PMID: 28166678 PMCID: PMC5551388 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1272597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that reflects a failure to block the production of self-reactive antibodies, especially those that bind double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Backcrossing the lupus-prone NZM2410 genome onto C57BL/6 led to the identification of three genomic intervals, termed sle1, sle2 and sle3, which are associated with lupus susceptibility. We previously generated a C57BL/6 strain congenic for an immunoglobulin DH locus (ΔD-iD) that enriches for arginine at dsDNA-binding positions. We individually introduced the ΔD-iD allele into the three sle strains to test whether one or more of these susceptibility loci could affect the developmental fate of B cells bearing arginine-enriched CDR-H3s, the CDR-H3 repertoire created by the DH and the prevalence of dsDNA-binding antibodies. We found that the combination of the ΔD-iD allele and the sle1 locus led to a decrease in mature, recirculating B cell numbers and an increase in marginal zone cell numbers while maintaining a highly charged CDR-H3 repertoire. ΔD-iD and sle2 had no effect on peripheral B cell numbers, but the CDR-H3 repertoire was partially normalized. ΔD-iD and sle3 led to an increase in marginal zone B cell numbers, with some normalization of hydrophobicity. Mice with ΔD-iD combined with either sle1 or sle3 had increased production of dsDNA-binding IgM and IgG by 12 months of age. These findings indicate that the peripheral CDR-H3 repertoire can be categorically manipulated by the effects of nonimmunoglobulin genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Robert L Schelonka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Cun Ren Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Avrameas S. Autopolyreactivity Confers a Holistic Role in the Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:227-34. [PMID: 26808310 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss some key findings from the study of naturally occurring autoantibodies. The B-cell compartment of the immune system appears to recognize almost all endogenous and environmental antigens. This ability is accomplished principally through autopolyreactive humoral and cellular immune receptors. This extended autopolyreactivity (1) along immunoglobulin gene recombination contributes to the immune system's ability to recognize a very large number of self and non-self constituents; and (2) generates a vast immune network that creates communication channels between the organism's interior and exterior. Thus, the immune system continuously evolves depending on the internal and external stimuli it encounters. Furthermore, this far-reaching network's existence implies activities resembling those of classical biological factors or activities that modulate the function of other classical biological factors. A few such antibodies have already been found. Another important concept is that natural autoantibodies are highly dependent on the presence or absence of commensal microbes in the organism. These results are in line with past and recent findings showing the fundamental influence of the microbiota on proper immune system development, and necessitate the existence of a host-microbe homeostasis. This homeostasis requires that the participating humoral and cellular receptors are able to recognize self-antigens and commensal microbes without damaging them. Autopolyreactive immune receptors expressing low affinity for both types of antigens fulfil this role. The immune system appears to play a holistic role similar to that of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Avrameas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vale AM, Cavazzoni CB, Nobrega A, Schroeder HW. The Global Self-Reactivity Profile of the Natural Antibody Repertoire Is Largely Independent of Germline DH Sequence. Front Immunol 2016; 7:296. [PMID: 27559334 PMCID: PMC4979587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAbs) are produced in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation and circulate in the blood of normal, healthy individuals. These antibodies have been shown to provide one of the first lines of defense against both bacterial and viral pathogens. Conservation of the NAb repertoire reactivity profile is observed both within and across species. One view holds that this conservation of NAb self-reactivities reflects the use of germline antibody sequence, whereas the opposing view holds that the self-reactivities reflect selection driven by key conserved self-antigens. In mice, B-1a B cells are a major source of NAbs. A significant fraction of the B-1a antibody repertoire is devoid of N nucleotides in H chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-H3) and, thus, completely germline encoded. To test the role of germline DH sequence on the self-reactivity profile of the NAb repertoire, we examined the composition and self-antigen specificity of NAbs produced by a panel of DH gene-targeted BALB/c mice, each strain of which expresses a polyclonal, altered CDR-H3 repertoire that differs from the wild-type norm. We found that in most cases the same key self-antigens were recognized by the NAbs created by each DH-altered strain. The differences in reactivity appeared to represent the genetic signature of the NAb repertoire of each mouse strain. These findings suggest that although germline CDR-H3 sequence may facilitate the production of certain NAbs, a core set of self-antigens are likely the main force driving the selection of Nab self-specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Program in Immunobiology, Laboratory of Immunereceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília B Cavazzoni
- Program in Immunobiology, Laboratory of Immunereceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Holodick NE, Vizconde T, Hopkins TJ, Rothstein TL. Age-Related Decline in Natural IgM Function: Diversification and Selection of the B-1a Cell Pool with Age. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4348-57. [PMID: 27183643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia, which claims the lives of people over the age of 65 y seven times more frequently than those aged 5-49 y. B-1a cells provide immediate and essential protection from S. pneumoniae through production of natural Ig, which has minimal insertion of N-region additions added by the enzyme TdT. In experiments with SCID mice infected with S. pneumoniae, we found passive transfer of IgG-depleted serum from aged (18-24 mo old) mice had no effect whereas IgG-depleted serum from young (3 mo old) mice was protective. This suggests protective natural IgM changes with age. Using single cell PCR we found N-region addition, which is initially low in fetal-derived B-1a cell IgM developing in the absence of TdT, increased in 7- to 24-mo-old mice as compared with 3-mo-old mice. To determine the mechanism responsible for the age related change in B-1a cell IgM, we established a mixed chimera system in which mice were reconstituted with allotype-marked mature peritoneal B-1a cells and adult bone marrow cells. We demonstrated even in the presence of mature peritoneal B-1a cells, adult bone marrow contributed to the mature B-1a cell pool. More importantly, using this system we found over a 10-mo-period peritoneal B-1a cell IgM changed, showing the number of cells lacking N-region additions at both junctions fell from 49 to 29% of sequences. These results strongly suggest selection-induced skewing alters B-1a cell-derived natural Ab, which may in turn be responsible for the loss of natural IgM-mediated protection against pneumococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030;
| | - Teresa Vizconde
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas J Hopkins
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang ZQ, Raska M, Stewart TJ, Reily C, King RG, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, Hargett A, Zhang Z, Suzuki H, Hall S, Wyatt RJ, Julian BA, Renfrow MB, Gharavi AG, Novak J. Somatic Mutations Modulate Autoantibodies against Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3278-3284. [PMID: 26966014 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against galactose-deficient IgA1 drive formation of pathogenic immune complexes in IgA nephropathy. IgG autoantibodies against galactose-deficient IgA1 in patients with IgA nephropathy have a specific amino-acid sequence, Y1CS3, in the complementarity-determining region 3 of the heavy chain variable region compared with a Y1CA3 sequence in similar isotype-matched IgG from healthy controls. We previously found that the S3 residue is critical for binding galactose-deficient IgA1. To determine whether this difference is due to a rare germline sequence, we amplified and sequenced the corresponding germline variable region genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of seven patients with IgA nephropathy and six healthy controls from whom we had cloned single-cell lines secreting monoclonal IgG specific for galactose-deficient IgA1. Sanger DNA sequencing revealed that complementarity-determining region 3 in the variable region of the germline genes encoded the Y1C(A/V)3 amino-acid sequence. Thus, the A/V>S substitution in the complementarity-determining region 3 of anti-galactose-deficient-IgA1 autoantibodies of the patients with IgA nephropathy is not a rare germline gene variant. Modeling analyses indicated that the S3 hydroxyl group spans the complementarity-determining region 3 loop stem, stabilizing the adjacent β-sheet and stem structure, important features for effective binding to galactose-deficient IgA1. Understanding processes leading to production of the autoantibodies may offer new approaches to treat IgA nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milan Raska
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Colin Reily
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - R Glenn King
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Audra Hargett
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stacy Hall
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert J Wyatt
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Bruce A Julian
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Jan Novak
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Y, Kapoor P, Parks R, Silva-Sanchez A, Alam SM, Verkoczy L, Liao HX, Zhuang Y, Burrows P, Levinson M, Elgavish A, Cui X, Haynes BF, Schroeder H. HIV-1 gp140 epitope recognition is influenced by immunoglobulin DH gene segment sequence. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:145-55. [PMID: 26687685 PMCID: PMC4729650 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complementarity Determining Region 3 of the immunoglobulin (Ig) H chain (CDR-H3) lies at the center of the antigen-binding site where it often plays a decisive role in antigen recognition and binding. Amino acids encoded by the diversity (DH) gene segment are the main component of CDR-H3. Each DH has the potential to rearrange into one of six DH reading frames (RFs), each of which exhibits a characteristic amino acid hydrophobicity signature that has been conserved among jawed vertebrates by natural selection. A preference for use of RF1 promotes the incorporation of tyrosine into CDR-H3 while suppressing the inclusion of hydrophobic or charged amino acids. To test the hypothesis that these evolutionary constraints on DH sequence influence epitope recognition, we used mice with a single DH that has been altered to preferentially use RF2 or inverted RF1. B cells in these mice produce a CDR-H3 repertoire that is enriched for valine or arginine in place of tyrosine. We serially immunized this panel of mice with gp140 from HIV-1 JR-FL isolate and then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or peptide microarray to assess antibody binding to key or overlapping HIV-1 envelope epitopes. By ELISA, serum reactivity to key epitopes varied by DH sequence. By microarray, sera with Ig CDR-H3s enriched for arginine bound to linear peptides with a greater range of hydrophobicity but had a lower intensity of binding than sera containing Ig CDR-H3s enriched for tyrosine or valine. We conclude that patterns of epitope recognition and binding can be heavily influenced by DH germ line sequence. This may help explain why antibodies in HIV-infected patients must undergo extensive somatic mutation in order to bind to specific viral epitopes and achieve neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Levinson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Harry Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kidd MJ, Jackson KJL, Boyd SD, Collins AM. DJ Pairing during VDJ Recombination Shows Positional Biases That Vary among Individuals with Differing IGHD Locus Immunogenotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1158-64. [PMID: 26700767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human IgH diversity is influenced by biases in the pairing of IGHD and IGHJ genes, but these biases have not been described in detail. We used high-throughput sequencing of VDJ rearrangements to explore DJ pairing biases in 29 individuals. It was possible to infer three contrasting IGHD-IGHJ haplotypes in nine of these individuals, and two of these haplotypes include deletion polymorphisms involving multiple contiguous IGHD genes. Therefore, we were able to explore how the underlying genetic makeup of the H chain locus influences the formation of particular DJ pairs. Analysis of nonproductive rearrangements demonstrates that 3' IGHD genes tend to pair preferentially with 5' IGHJ genes, whereas 5' IGHD genes pair preferentially with 3' IGHJ genes; the relationship between IGHD gene pairing frequencies and IGHD gene position is a near linear one for each IGHJ gene. However, striking differences are seen in individuals who carry deletion polymorphisms in the D locus. The absence of different blocks of IGHD genes leads to increases in the utilization frequencies of just a handful of genes, and these genes have no clear positional relationships to the deleted genes. This suggests that pairing frequencies may be influenced by additional complex positional relationships that perhaps arise from chromatin structure. In contrast to IGHD gene usage, IGHJ gene usage is unaffected by the IGHD gene-deletion polymorphisms. Such an outcome would be expected if the recombinase complex associates with an IGHJ gene before associating with an IGHD gene partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Kidd
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andrew M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Centa M, Gruber S, Nilsson D, Polyzos KA, Johansson DK, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ, Binder CJ, Malin S. Atherosclerosis Susceptibility in Mice Is Independent of the V1 Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:25-36. [PMID: 26564818 PMCID: PMC4684249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The V1 (VHS107.1.42) immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is thought to be critical in producing IgM natural antibodies of the T15-idiotype that protect against both atherosclerosis and infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our aim was to determine whether genetic loss of the V1 gene increased atherosclerotic plaque burden in vivo because of a reduction in the T15-idiotype or other atheroprotective antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Centa
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Sabrina Gruber
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel K Johansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Stephen Malin
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.).
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vale AM, Nobrega A, Schroeder HW. The role of evolutionarily conserved germ-line DH sequence in B-1 cell development and natural antibody production. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:48-56. [PMID: 26104486 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of N addition and variation in the site of VDJ joining, the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse component of the initial immunoglobulin antigen-binding site repertoire. A large component of the peritoneal cavity B-1 cell component is the product of fetal and perinatal B cell production. The CDR-H3 repertoire is thus depleted of N addition, which increases dependency on germ-line sequence. Cross-species comparisons have shown that DH gene sequence demonstrates conservation of amino acid preferences by reading frame. Preference for reading frame 1, which is enriched for tyrosine and glycine, is created both by rearrangement patterns and by pre-BCR and BCR selection. In previous studies, we have assessed the role of conserved DH sequence by examining peritoneal cavity B-1 cell numbers and antibody production in BALB/c mice with altered DH loci. Here, we review our finding that changes in the constraints normally imposed by germ-line-encoded amino acids within the CDR-H3 repertoire profoundly affect B-1 cell development, especially B-1a cells, and thus natural antibody immunity. Our studies suggest that both natural and somatic selection operate to create a restricted B-1 cell CDR-H3 repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Absence of surrogate light chain results in spontaneous autoreactive germinal centres expanding V(H)81X-expressing B cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7077. [PMID: 25959489 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Random recombination of antibody heavy- and light-chain genes results in a diverse B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire including self-reactive BCRs. However, tolerance mechanisms that prevent the development of self-reactive B cells remain incompletely understood. The absence of the surrogate light chain, which assembles with antibody heavy chain forming a pre-BCR, leads to production of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Here we show that the naive follicular B-cell pool is enriched for cells expressing prototypic ANA heavy chains in these mice in a non-autoimmune background with a broad antibody repertoire. This results in the spontaneous formation of T-cell-dependent germinal centres that are enriched with B cells expressing prototypic ANA heavy chains. However, peripheral tolerance appears maintained by selection thresholds on cells entering the memory B-cell and plasma cell pools, as exemplified by the exclusion of cells expressing the intrinsically self-reactive V(H)81X from both pools.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sterile inflammation in the spleen during atherosclerosis provides oxidation-specific epitopes that induce a protective B-cell response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2030-8. [PMID: 25848033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421227112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell response in atherosclerosis is directed toward oxidation-specific epitopes such as phosphorylcholine (PC) that arise during disease-driven oxidation of self-antigens. PC-bearing antigens have been used to induce atheroprotective antibodies against modified low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), leading to plaque reduction. Previous studies have found that B-cell transfer from aged atherosclerotic mice confers protection to young mice, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we dissected the atheroprotective response in the spleen and found an ongoing germinal center reaction, accumulation of antibody-forming cells, and inflammasome activation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (Apoe(-/-)). Specific B-cell clone expansion involved the heavy chain variable region (Vh) 5 and Vh7 B-cell receptor families that harbor anti-PC reactivity. oxLDL also accumulated in the spleen. To investigate whether protection could be induced by self-antigens alone, we injected apoptotic cells that carry the same oxidation-specific epitopes as oxLDL. This treatment reduced serum cholesterol and inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in a B-cell-dependent manner. Thus, we conclude that the spleen harbors a protective B-cell response that is initiated in atherosclerosis through sterile inflammation. These data highlight the importance of the spleen in atherosclerosis-associated immunity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Silva-Sanchez A, Liu CR, Vale AM, Khass M, Kapoor P, Elgavish A, Ivanov II, Ippolito GC, Schelonka RL, Schoeb TR, Burrows PD, Schroeder HW. Violation of an evolutionarily conserved immunoglobulin diversity gene sequence preference promotes production of dsDNA-specific IgG antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118171. [PMID: 25706374 PMCID: PMC4338297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in the developing antibody repertoire is focused on the third complementarity determining region of the H chain (CDR-H3), which lies at the center of the antigen binding site where it often plays a decisive role in antigen binding. The power of VDJ recombination and N nucleotide addition has led to the common conception that the sequence of CDR-H3 is unrestricted in its variability and random in its composition. Under this view, the immune response is solely controlled by somatic positive and negative clonal selection mechanisms that act on individual B cells to promote production of protective antibodies and prevent the production of self-reactive antibodies. This concept of a repertoire of random antigen binding sites is inconsistent with the observation that diversity (DH) gene segment sequence content by reading frame (RF) is evolutionarily conserved, creating biases in the prevalence and distribution of individual amino acids in CDR-H3. For example, arginine, which is often found in the CDR-H3 of dsDNA binding autoantibodies, is under-represented in the commonly used DH RFs rearranged by deletion, but is a frequent component of rarely used inverted RF1 (iRF1), which is rearranged by inversion. To determine the effect of altering this germline bias in DH gene segment sequence on autoantibody production, we generated mice that by genetic manipulation are forced to utilize an iRF1 sequence encoding two arginines. Over a one year period we collected serial serum samples from these unimmunized, specific pathogen-free mice and found that more than one-fifth of them contained elevated levels of dsDNA-binding IgG, but not IgM; whereas mice with a wild type DH sequence did not. Thus, germline bias against the use of arginine enriched DH sequence helps to reduce the likelihood of producing self-reactive antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Cun Ren Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Center of Egypt, Ad Doqi, Egypt
| | - Pratibha Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ada Elgavish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ivaylo I. Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Schelonka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Trenton R. Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ren W, Grimsholm O, Bernardi AI, Höök N, Stern A, Cavallini N, Mårtensson IL. Surrogate light chain is required for central and peripheral B-cell tolerance and inhibits anti-DNA antibody production by marginal zone B cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1228-37. [PMID: 25546233 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selection of the primary antibody repertoire takes place in pro-/pre-B cells, and subsequently in immature and transitional B cells. At the first checkpoint, μ heavy (μH) chains assemble with surrogate light (SL) chain into a precursor B-cell receptor. In mice lacking SL chain, μH chain selection is impaired, and serum autoantibody levels are elevated. However, whether the development of autoantibody-producing cells is due to an inability of the resultant B-cell receptors to induce central and/or peripheral B-cell tolerance or other factors is unknown. Here, we show that receptor editing is defective, and that a higher proportion of BM immature B cells are prone to undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, transitional B cells are also more prone to undergoing apoptosis, with a stronger selection pressure to enter the follicular B-cell pool. Those that enter the marginal zone (MZ) B-cell pool escape selection and survive, possibly due to the B-lymphopenia and elevated levels of B-cell activating factor. Moreover, the MZ B cells are responsible for the elevated IgM anti-dsDNA antibody levels detected in these mice. Thus, the SL chain is required for central and peripheral B-cell tolerance and inhibits anti-DNA antibody production by MZ B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cerecedo-López CD, Kim-Lee JH, Hernandez D, Acosta SA, Borlongan CV. Insulin-associated neuroinflammatory pathways as therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injury. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:171-4. [PMID: 24332562 PMCID: PMC3915295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by an abrupt blow or exchange of force against the head and can be categorized as mild, moderate, and severe. The secondary cell death after TBI displays ischemic-like patterns including neuroinflammation. The scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 is a lipid-associated protein capable of transducing intracellular signals to promote inflammatory mechanisms within different cell types. Expression and activation of CD36 is closely related to dyslipidemia secondary to diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been documented as a co-morbidity factor in TBI, in that patients with a history of diabetes present with more severe brain damage and slower recovery from TBI than non-diabetic patients. Indeed, a strict regulation of blood serum glucose by the use of insulin promotes a better outcome for TBI patients. Based on these recent findings, we now advance the hypothesis that CD36 via DM insulin-associated pathways is closely involved in TBI chronic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Cerecedo-López
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Estado de México, Mexico; Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kim-Lee
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Estado de México, Mexico; Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|