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Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of retinoblastoma. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024:S0008-4182(24)00031-0. [PMID: 38369298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent primitive intraocular malignancy in children, particularly in those younger than age 3 years. RB is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. In developing countries, mortality rates for this type of cancer are still high, whereas industrialized countries have achieved a survival rate of >95%-98%. Untreated, the condition can be fatal, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. The existing treatments primarily consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The detrimental effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been documented as factors that contribute to increased mortality rates and negatively affect the quality of life for patients. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of noncoding RNA, exerts a substantial influence on RB development and the emergence of treatment resistance by regulating diverse cellular processes. This review highlights recent developments in the involvement of miRNAs in RB. This encompasses the clinical significance of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RB. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and explores potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current and emerging treatment options for RB, focusing on recent studies investigating the application of different types of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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Jagadeesan M, Khetan V, Mallipatna A. Genetic perspective of retinoblastoma: From present to future. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 64:332-6. [PMID: 27380971 PMCID: PMC4966369 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.185585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. In the last decade, basic research has led to a better understanding of events after two hits in RB susceptibility gene (RB1), molecular mechanism of tumor growth, the cell of origin of RB, etc. This would pave way to identify biomarkers and molecular targeted therapy for better treatment option in the future. Furthermore, improvement in molecular techniques has led to enhanced diagnostic methods for early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prevention of the disease. This review will help to understand the essence of basic research work conducted in recent times and its implication in the management of RB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Jagadeesan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vasan Medical Research Trust, Chennai, Tamil Nadu; Dual Helix Genetic Diagnostics Private Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Sri Bhagavan Mahavir Vitreo-Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Viart V, Willems M, Ishmukhametova A, Dufernez F, Anahory T, Hamamah S, Schmitt S, Claustres M, Girardet A. Germline mosaicism is a pitfall in PGD for X-linked disorders. Single sperm typing detects very low frequency paternal gonadal mosaicism in a case of recurrent chondrodysplasia punctata misattributed to a maternal origin. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:201-205. [PMID: 27943351 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a molecularly demonstrated gonadal mosaicism from paternal origin for X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata by single sperm typing. A couple who had experienced two medical terminations of pregnancy of female fetuses was referred to our pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) centre with the diagnosis of maternally derived gonadal mosaicism. Indeed, genetic analyses of different DNA samples - including semen - from the healthy parents failed to detect the variant found in the fetuses. Six embryos, all male, were obtained during the PGD cycle. The causative variant was not detected in any embryo, whereas five embryos had inherited the 'at-risk' maternal haplotype. The assumption of a maternal gonadal mosaicism was still possible, but this finding allowed us to consider the possibility of a paternal rather than maternal gonadal mosaicism. It prompted us to perform extensive single sperm analyses, demonstrating a low-frequency paternal germline mosaicism, which led to completely different haplotype phasing and PGD counselling. In conclusion, this case further exemplifies that germline mosaicism is a pitfall in PGD where diagnosis largely relies on linkage analysis and suggests that tracing the parental inheritance through polar body analysis and/or single sperm typing experiments is of major importance for adequate genetic counselling and accurate PGD. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Viart
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Département de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Aliya Ishmukhametova
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Dufernez
- Laboratoire de Génétique (LCBGM), Hôpital St Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tal Anahory
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Hamamah
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Département de Biologie de la Reproduction et du Développement, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Schmitt
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Service de Génétique Médicale, CHRU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Claustres
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Girardet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Genetic mosaics and the germ line lineage. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:216-37. [PMID: 25898403 PMCID: PMC4488662 DOI: 10.3390/genes6020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaics provide information about cellular lineages that is otherwise difficult to obtain, especially in humans. De novo mutations act as cell markers, allowing the tracing of developmental trajectories of all descendants of the cell in which the new mutation arises. De novo mutations may arise at any time during development but are relatively rare. They have usually been observed through medical ascertainment, when the mutation causes unusual clinical signs or symptoms. Mutational events can include aneuploidies, large chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants, or point mutations. In this review we focus primarily on the analysis of point mutations and their utility in addressing questions of germ line versus somatic lineages. Genetic mosaics demonstrate that the germ line and soma diverge early in development, since there are many examples of combined somatic and germ line mosaicism for de novo mutations. The occurrence of simultaneous mosaicism in both the germ line and soma also shows that the germ line is not strictly clonal but arises from at least two, and possibly multiple, cells in the embryo with different ancestries. Whole genome or exome DNA sequencing technologies promise to expand the range of studies of genetic mosaics, as de novo mutations can now be identified through sequencing alone in the absence of a medical ascertainment. These technologies have been used to study mutation patterns in nuclear families and in monozygotic twins, and in animal model developmental studies, but not yet for extensive cell lineage studies in humans.
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Chen Z, Moran K, Richards-Yutz J, Toorens E, Gerhart D, Ganguly T, Shields CL, Ganguly A. Enhanced sensitivity for detection of low-level germline mosaic RB1 mutations in sporadic retinoblastoma cases using deep semiconductor sequencing. Hum Mutat 2013; 35:384-91. [PMID: 24282159 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic retinoblastoma (RB) is caused by de novo mutations in the RB1 gene. Often, these mutations are present as mosaic mutations that cannot be detected by Sanger sequencing. Next-generation deep sequencing allows unambiguous detection of the mosaic mutations in lymphocyte DNA. Deep sequencing of the RB1 gene on lymphocyte DNA from 20 bilateral and 70 unilateral RB cases was performed, where Sanger sequencing excluded the presence of mutations. The individual exons of the RB1 gene from each sample were amplified, pooled, ligated to barcoded adapters, and sequenced using semiconductor sequencing on an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. Six low-level mosaic mutations were identified in bilateral RB and four in unilateral RB cases. The incidence of low-level mosaic mutation was estimated to be 30% and 6%, respectively, in sporadic bilateral and unilateral RB cases, previously classified as mutation negative. The frequency of point mutations detectable in lymphocyte DNA increased from 96% to 97% for bilateral RB and from 13% to 18% for unilateral RB. The use of deep sequencing technology increased the sensitivity of the detection of low-level germline mosaic mutations in the RB1 gene. This finding has significant implications for improved clinical diagnosis, genetic counseling, surveillance, and management of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Barbosa RH, Vargas FR, Aguiar FCC, Ferman S, Lucena E, Bonvicino CR, Seuánez HN. Hereditary retinoblastoma transmitted by maternal germline mosaicism. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:598-602. [PMID: 18661485 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating transmission of a constitutive, g78238C > T (R552X), RB1 mutation in four affected children descended from three different unaffected fathers and an unaffected mother. PROCEDURES Sequence data analyses and allele-specific PCR assays were used to investigate the presence of the mutation in four affected children, five unaffected sibs (or half-sibs), and the unaffected mother. Haplotyping was carried out for confirming that the children descended from different fathers. RESULTS Haplotyping excluded the possibility of paternal transmission of a de novo mutation and provided evidence of maternal germline mosaicism. The mutation was apparently absent in blood- and buccal cell-DNA of the mother who also showed a normal fundoscopy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that mosaicism was restricted to the maternal germline. The mutational event must have occurred at least 4 weeks post-conception, unlike the early mutational events of most mosaics, occurring between fertilization and the 8th day of conception. The implications of these findings are discussed in view that genetic counselling should discriminate between germline mosaicism and de novo events in pseudo-low-penetrant hereditary retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel H Barbosa
- Genetics Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Niu DM, Huang JY, Li HY, Liu KM, Wang ST, Chen YJ, Udaka T, Izumi K, Kosaki K. Paternal gonadal mosaicism of NIPBL
mutation in a father of siblings with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:1054-7. [PMID: 16958143 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report two siblings, a boy and a girl, with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), born to unaffected parents, and attempt to delineate the underlying molecular mechanism leading to familial recurrence. METHODS Nipped-B-like (NIPBL) gene mutations were screened using in denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing in peripheral blood samples, from one of the affected siblings and her parents, as well as from a sperm sample from the father. RESULTS A heterozygous missense NIPBL mutation, D2433G, was identified in the peripheral blood sample of the affected girl, but not in the peripheral blood samples of her parents. The D2433G mutation was also found in the sperm sample of the father. CONCLUSION Gonadal mosaicism represents an underappreciated feature of the inheritance pattern of CdLS. To our knowledge, the girl represents the first CdLS patient whose father was documented to have a population of mutant sperm. When a sperm analysis indicates the presence of a mutant allele, it may be reasonable to offer prenatal genetic testing to the family in subsequent pregnancies, given that the sensitivity of fetal ultrasonography is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dau-Ming Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kumaramanickavel G, Joseph B, Narayana K, Natesh S, Mamatha G, Shanmugam MP, Elamparathi A, Biswas J. Molecular-genetic analysis of two cases with retinoblastoma: benefits for disease management. J Genet 2004; 82:39-44. [PMID: 14631101 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective counselling and management of retinoblastoma families using genetic information is presently practised in many parts of the world. We studied histopathological, chromosomal and molecular-genetic data of two retinoblastoma patients from India. The two patients, one with bilateral and the other with unilateral retinoblastoma, underwent complete ophthalmic examination, cytogenetic study, retinoblastoma gene (RB1) mutational analysis and RB1 promoter region methylation screening. In the bilateral retinoblastoma patient deletion of chromosome region 13q14 in peripheral blood lymphocytes and a hemizygous novel 8-bp deletion in exon 4 of RB1 in tumour sample were observed. In the unilaterally affected patient CGA to TGA transition protein truncation mutations were observed in exons 8 and 14 of RB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindasamy Kumaramanickavel
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, India.
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Cuevas-Covarrubias SA, Jiménez-Vaca AL, González-Huerta LM, Valdes-Flores M, Del Refugio Rivera-Vega M, Maya-Nunez G, Kofman-Alfaro SH. Somatic and germinal mosaicism for the steroid sulfatase gene deletion in a steroid sulfatase deficiency carrier. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:972-5. [PMID: 12406347 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.t01-1-00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase deficiency results in X-linked ichthyosis, an inborn error of metabolism in which the principal molecular defect is the complete deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and flanking markers. Mosaicism for the steroid sulfatase gene has not yet been reported in X-linked ichthyosis. In this study we describe an X-linked ichthyosis patient with complete deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and his mother with somatic and germinal mosaicism for this molecular defect. The family (X-linked ichthyosis patient, grandmother, mother, and sister) was analyzed through steroid sulfatase enzyme assay, polymerase chain reaction, DNA markers, and fluorescence in situ hybridization of the steroid sulfatase gene. Steroid sulfatase activity was undetectable in the X-linked ichthyosis patient, very low in the mother, and normal in the grandmother and sister. The X-linked ichthyosis patient showed a 2 Mb deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and flanking regions from 5'DXS1139 to 3'DXF22S1. The mother showed one copy of the steroid sulfatase gene in 98.5% of oral cells and in 80% of leukocytes. The grandmother and sister showed two copies of the steroid sulfatase gene. The origin of the X chromosome with the deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene corresponded to the grandfather of the proband. We report the first case of somatic and germinal mosaicism of the steroid sulfatase gene in an X-linked ichthyosis carrier and propose DNA slippage as the most plausible mechanism in the genesis of this mosaicism.
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Ross JA, Davies SM. Childhood cancer etiology: recent reports. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2001; 37:55-8. [PMID: 11466725 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Ross
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Alonso J, García-Miguel P, Abelairas J, Mendiola M, Sarret E, Vendrell MT, Navajas A, Pestaña A. Spectrum of germline RB1 gene mutations in Spanish retinoblastoma patients: Phenotypic and molecular epidemiological implications. Hum Mutat 2001; 17:412-22. [PMID: 11317357 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutation analysis of retinoblastoma is considered important for genetic counseling purposes, as well as for understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to tumors with different degrees of penetrance or expressivity. In the course of an analysis of 43 hereditary retinoblastoma Spanish patients and kindred, using direct PCR sequencing, we have observed 29 mutations; most of them (62%) have not been reported previously. Of the mutations, 69% correspond to nonsense mutations (mainly CpG transitions) and frameshifts, with the expected outcome of a truncated Rb protein that lacks the functional pocket domains and tail. The remainder corresponds to splicing mutations, most of them (62%) targeted to invariant nucleotides, with the predicted consequence of out of frame exon skipping. Two of the splicing mutations in our study were found associated to families with a low-penetrance phenotype. Additionally, most of the mutations affecting splice junctions corresponded to retinoblastoma cases of either sporadic or hereditary nature with delayed onset (32 months on average). In contrast, most of the nonsense and frameshift mutations are associated with an early age at diagnosis (8.7 months on average). These differences are discussed in the context of the relationships between genotype and low expressivity phenotype. The differences in the spectrum of RB1 mutations found in this and other European surveys are also discussed in the context of alternate DNA methylation and mismatch repair phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alonso
- OncoLab, Unidad de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Girardet A, McPeek MS, Leeflang EP, Munier F, Arnheim N, Claustres M, Pellestor F. Meiotic segregation analysis of RB1 alleles in retinoblastoma pedigrees by use of single-sperm typing. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:167-75. [PMID: 10631148 PMCID: PMC1288323 DOI: 10.1086/302715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1999] [Accepted: 09/29/1999] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In hereditary retinoblastoma, different epidemiological studies have indicated a preferential paternal transmission of mutant retinoblastoma alleles to offspring, suggesting the occurrence of a meiotic drive. To investigate this mechanism, we analyzed sperm samples from six individuals from five unrelated families affected with hereditary retinoblastoma. Single-sperm typing techniques were performed for each sample by study of two informative short tandem repeats located either in or close to the retinoblastoma gene (RB1). The segregation probability of mutant RB1 alleles in sperm samples was assessed by use of the SPERMSEG program, which includes experimental parameters, recombination fractions between the markers, and segregation parameters. A total of 2,952 single sperm from the six donors were analyzed. We detected a significant segregation distortion in the data as a whole (P=.0099) and a significant heterogeneity in the segregation rate across donors (.0092). Further analysis shows that this result can be explained by segregation distortion in favor of the normal allele in one donor only and that it does not provide evidence of a significant segregation distortion in the other donors. The segregation distortion favoring the mutant RB1 allele does not seem to occur during spermatogenesis, and, thus, meiotic drive may result either from various mechanisms, including a fertilization advantage or a better mobility in sperm bearing a mutant RB1 gene, or from the existence of a defectively imprinted gene located on the human X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girardet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie, and Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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