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Yan S, Si Y, Zhou W, Cheng R, Wang P, Wang D, Ding W, Shi W, Jiang Q, Yang F, Yao L. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the interaction between peripheral CD4+ CTLs and mesencephalic endothelial cells mediated by IFNG in Parkinson's disease. Comput Biol Med 2023; 158:106801. [PMID: 36989741 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurons degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Increasing evidence indicates that peripheral CD4+ T cells, a vital pathological component of PD, have been implicated in systemic inflammation activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, central nervous system infiltration, and consequent neurons degeneration. However, there is no consensus on CD4+ T cell types' exact phenotypic characteristics in systemic inflammation and the mechanism of CD4+ T cells traffic into the BBB in patients with PD. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to elucidate the potential mechanism of T cells on the breakdown of BBB. The PD-associated Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs) were characterized by a significant increase in proportion as well as enhancement of interferon-gamma (IFNG) response and cell adhesion. Meanwhile, TBX21, IRF1 and NFATC2, identified as the key transcription factors in effector CD4+ T cells differentiation, induced overexpression of target genes-IFNG in CD4+ CTLs. Interestingly, endothelial cells (ECs) in PD patients were discovered to be more responsive to IFNG than other cell types of midbrain. Furthermore, the cell-cell communication analysis between CD4+ T cells and midbrain cells identified IFNG/IFNGR1 and SPP1/ITGB1 as the ligand-receptor pairs to mediate CD4+ CTLs' infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) through the weakened ECs' tight junction. Together, these results suggested that PD-specific peripheral CD4+ CTLs might influence BBB function by migrating to mesencephalic endothelial cells (ECs) and activating the IFNG response in ECs.
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2
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Hobin K, Costas-Rodríguez M, Van Wonterghem E, Vandenbroucke RE, Vanhaecke F. High-Precision Isotopic Analysis of Cu and Fe via Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Effects in Blood Plasma and Brain Tissues. Front Chem 2022; 10:896279. [PMID: 35783204 PMCID: PMC9241339 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.896279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration and the isotopic composition of the redox-active essential elements Cu and Fe were investigated in blood plasma and specific brain regions (hippocampus, cortex, brain stem and cerebellum) of mice to assess potential alterations associated with sepsis-associated encephalopathy induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Samples were collected from young (16-22 weeks) and aged (44-65 weeks) mice after intraperitoneal injection of the LPS, an endotoxin inducing neuroinflammation, and from age- and sex-matched controls, injected with phosphate-buffered saline solution. Sector-field single-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was relied upon for elemental analysis and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for isotopic analysis. Significant variations were observed for the Cu concentration and for the Cu and Fe isotope ratios in the blood plasma. Concentrations and isotope ratios of Cu and Fe also varied across the brain tissues. An age- and an inflammatory-related effect was found affecting the isotopic compositions of blood plasma Cu and cerebellum Fe, whereas a regional Cu isotopic redistribution was found within the brain tissues. These findings demonstrate that isotopic analysis of essential mineral elements picks up metabolic changes not revealed by element quantification, making the two approaches complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Hobin
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Costas-Rodríguez
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070759. [PMID: 34209145 PMCID: PMC8301485 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are a component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular unit, in which they play a crucial role in BBB integrity and are also implicated in neuroinflammation. The association between pericytes, BBB dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of epilepsy has been investigated, and links between epilepsy and pericytes have been identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the role of pericytes in epilepsy. Clinical evidence has shown an accumulation of pericytes with altered morphology in the cerebral vascular territories of patients with intractable epilepsy. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, cause morphological changes in human-derived pericytes, where IL-6 leads to cell damage. Experimental studies using epileptic animal models have shown that cerebrovascular pericytes undergo redistribution and remodeling, potentially contributing to BBB permeability. These series of pericyte-related modifications are promoted by proinflammatory cytokines, of which the most pronounced alterations are caused by IL-1β, a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Furthermore, the pericyte-glial scarring process in leaky capillaries was detected in the hippocampus during seizure progression. In addition, pericytes respond more sensitively to proinflammatory cytokines than microglia and can also activate microglia. Thus, pericytes may function as sensors of the inflammatory response. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the potential of pericytes as a therapeutic target for seizure disorders.
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4
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Yegla B, Boles J, Kumar A, Foster TC. Partial microglial depletion is associated with impaired hippocampal synaptic and cognitive function in young and aged rats. Glia 2021; 69:1494-1514. [PMID: 33586813 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglia in mediating age-related changes in cognition and hippocampal synaptic function was examined by microglial depletion and replenishment using PLX3397. We observed age-related differences in microglial number and morphology, as well as increased Iba-1 expression, indicating microglial activation. PLX3397 treatment decreased microglial number, with aged rats exhibiting the lowest density. Young rats exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines during depletion and repopulation and maintenance of Iba-1 levels despite reduced microglial number. For aged rats, several cytokines increased with depletion and recovered during repopulation; however, aged rats did not fully recover microglial cell number or Iba-1 expression during repopulation, with a recovery comparable to young control levels rather than aged controls. Hippocampal CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission was impaired with age, and microglial depletion was associated with decreased total synaptic transmission in young and aged rats. A robust decline in N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission arose in young depleted rats specifically. Microglial replenishment normalized depletion-induced synaptic function to control levels; however, recovery of aged animals did not mirror young. Microglial depletion was associated with decreased context-object discrimination memory in both age groups, which recovered with microglial repopulation. Aged rats displayed impaired contextual and cued fear memory, and microglial replenishment did not recover their memory to the level of young. The current study indicates that cognitive function and synaptic transmission benefit from the support of aged microglia and are hindered by removal of these cells. Replenishment of microglia in aging did not ameliorate age-related cognitive impairments or senescent synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Yegla
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jake Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Flood L, Korol SV, Ekselius L, Birnir B, Jin Z. Interferon-γ potentiates GABA A receptor-mediated inhibitory currents in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577050. [PMID: 31505410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural transmission and plasticity can be differentially modulated by various elements of the immune system. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a "pro-inflammatory" cytokine mainly produced by T lymphocytes, activates its corresponding receptor and plays important roles under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. However, the impact of IFN-γ on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated currents in the hippocampus, a major brain region involved in the cognitive function, has not been investigated. Here we detected abundant expression of both IFN-γ receptor subunit gene transcripts (Ifngr1 and Ifngr2) in the rat hippocampus by quantitative PCR. In addition, we pre-incubated rat hippocampal slices with IFN-γ (100 ng/ml) and recorded GABA-activated spontaneous and miniature postsynaptic inhibitory currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) and tonic currents in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by the whole-cell patch-clamp method. The pre-incubation with IFN-γ increased the frequency but not the mean amplitude, rise time or decay time of both sIPSCs and mIPSCs in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, suggesting a presynaptic effect of IFN-γ. Moreover, the GABA-activated tonic currents were enhanced by IFN-γ. In conclusion, the potentiation of GABAergic currents in hippocampal neurons by IFN-γ may contribute to the disturbed neuronal excitability and cognitive dysfunction during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Flood
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergiy V Korol
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, NingXia, China.
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6
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Shin Y, Choi SH, Kim E, Bylykbashi E, Kim JA, Chung S, Kim DY, Kamm RD, Tanzi RE. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in a 3D In Vitro Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900962. [PMID: 31637161 PMCID: PMC6794630 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harmful materials in the blood are prevented from entering the healthy brain by a highly selective blood-brain barrier (BBB), and impairment of barrier function has been associated with a variety of neurological diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), BBB breakdown has been shown to occur even before cognitive decline and brain pathology. To investigate the role of the cerebral vasculature in AD, a physiologically relevant 3D human neural cell culture microfluidic model is developed having a brain endothelial cell monolayer with a BBB-like phenotype. This model is shown to recapitulate several key aspects of BBB dysfunction observed in AD patients: increased BBB permeability, decreased expression of claudin-1, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin, increased expression of matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and reactive oxygen species, and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides at the vascular endothelium. Thus, it provides a well-controlled platform for investigating BBB function as well as for screening of new drugs that need to pass the BBB to gain access to neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Enjana Bylykbashi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Biomedical Omics GroupKorea Basic Science InstituteCheongju28119Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio‐Analytical ScienceUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART)BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM)Singapore138602Singapore
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
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7
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Gorlé N, Vandenbroucke RE. Interferons: A molecular switch between damage and repair in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 183:111148. [PMID: 31541624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease was first described over 100 years ago, yet it remains incurable and affects 44 million people worldwide. Traditionally, research has largely focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, but interest in the importance of inflammation in the progression of the disease has recently been increasing. Interferons, a large family of cytokines that trigger the immune system, are believed to play a crucial role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on how interferons affect the brain during ageing and whether they could be candidate therapeutic targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorlé
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Pleet ML, DeMarino C, Stonier SW, Dye JM, Jacobson S, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050410. [PMID: 31052499 PMCID: PMC6563240 DOI: 10.3390/v11050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Department, Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - M Javad Aman
- Department. Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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9
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Zanandrea R, Dos Santos BE, Genario R, de Oliveira GG, Friend AJ, Amstislavskaya TG, Kalueff AV. Psychoneuroimmunology and immunopsychiatry of zebrafish. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:1-12. [PMID: 29609110 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of neural and immune disorders, their etiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. As the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful model organism in biomedical research, mounting evidence suggests these fish as a useful tool to study neural and immune mechanisms and their interplay. Here, we discuss zebrafish neuro-immune mechanisms and their pharmacological and genetic modulation, the effect of stress on cytokines, as well as relevant models of microbiota-brain interplay. As many human brain diseases are based on complex interplay between the neural and the immune system, here we discuss zebrafish models, as well as recent successes and challenges, in this rapidly expanding field. We particularly emphasize the growing utility of zebrafish models in translational immunopsychiatry research, as they improve our understanding of pathogenetic neuro-immune interactions, thereby fostering future discovery of potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Dos Santos
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ashton J Friend
- Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, and Department of Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Pesochny, Russia; Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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10
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Torres MD, Garcia O, Tang C, Busciglio J. Dendritic spine pathology and thrombospondin-1 deficits in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:10-14. [PMID: 28965914 PMCID: PMC7185223 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal dendritic spine structure and function is one of the most prominent features associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including Down syndrome (DS). Defects in both spine morphology and spine density may underlie alterations in neuronal and synaptic plasticity, ultimately affecting cognitive ability. Here we briefly examine the role of astrocytes in spine alterations and more specifically the involvement of astrocyte-secreted thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) deficits in spine and synaptic pathology in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Torres
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Octavio Garcia
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cindy Tang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jorge Busciglio
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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11
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Wang X, Shen B, Sun D, Cui X. Aspirin ameliorates cerebral infarction through regulation of TLR4/NF‑κB‑mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:479-487. [PMID: 29115440 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction is a cerebrovascular disease caused by local brain ischemic necrosis or softening, which is associated with diabetes, obesity, hypertension and rheumatic heart arrhythmia. Previous studies have indicated that aspirin is a potential oral anticoagulant in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the potential mechanism mediated by aspirin in cerebral infarction therapy is not well understood. The present study analyzed the therapeutic effects of aspirin on cerebral infarction and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of aspirin‑ameliorated benefits for thrombolysis. The results demonstrated that aspirin inhibited inflammation and apoptosis of cerebrovascular endothelial cells in a mouse model of cerebral infarction. Aspirin treatment suppressed toll‑like receptor (TLR)4 and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was suppressed by aspirin treatment through the downregulation of protein kinase R‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 and C/EBP homologous protein expression levels in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. It was identified that knockdown of TLR4 inhibited aspirin‑mediated downregulation of NF‑κB signaling pathway and ER stress in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Expression levels of adenosine diphosphate plasminogen activator inhibitors, von Willebrand factor and thromboxane were downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells and in serum in experimental mice. The results demonstrated that aspirin was beneficial forthrombolysis by decreasing thrombin‑activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 expression in a mouse model of cerebral infarction. These results suggested that aspirin may improve cerebral infarction by downregulating TLR4/NF‑κB‑mediated ER stress in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 420065, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 420065, P.R. China
| | - Dezhou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 420065, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 420065, P.R. China
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12
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Brain interference: Revisiting the role of IFNγ in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:149-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Jansson D, Scotter EL, Rustenhoven J, Coppieters N, Smyth LCD, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Graham ES, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. Interferon-γ blocks signalling through PDGFRβ in human brain pericytes. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:249. [PMID: 27654972 PMCID: PMC5031293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are common features of many brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and motor neuron disease. Inflammation is thought to be a driver of BBB breakdown, but the underlying mechanisms for this are unclear. Brain pericytes are critical cells for maintaining the BBB and are immunologically active. We sought to test the hypothesis that inflammation regulates the BBB by altering pericyte biology. METHODS We exposed primary adult human brain pericytes to chronic interferon-gamma (IFNγ) for 4 days and measured associated functional aspects of pericyte biology. Specifically, we examined the influence of inflammation on platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) expression and signalling, as well as pericyte proliferation and migration by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. RESULTS Chronic IFNγ treatment had marked effects on pericyte biology most notably through the PDGFRβ, by enhancing agonist (PDGF-BB)-induced receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and subsequent degradation. Functionally, chronic IFNγ prevented PDGF-BB-mediated pericyte proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Because PDGFRβ is critical for pericyte function and its removal leads to BBB leakage, our results pinpoint a mechanism linking chronic brain inflammation to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Jansson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter S Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
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14
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Monteiro S, Ferreira FM, Pinto V, Roque S, Morais M, de Sá-Calçada D, Mota C, Correia-Neves M, Cerqueira JJ. Absence of IFNγ promotes hippocampal plasticity and enhances cognitive performance. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e707. [PMID: 26731444 PMCID: PMC5073154 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functioning can be differentially modulated by components of the immune system. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose production is altered in many conditions displaying some degree of cognitive deficits, although its role in cognitive functioning is still unclear. Here we show that the absence of IFNγ selectively enhances cognitive behaviours in tasks in which the hippocampus is implicated. Moreover, the absence of IFNγ leads to volumetric and cell density changes that are restricted to the dorsal part of the hippocampus. In the dorsal hippocampus, the absence of this pro-inflammatory cytokine leads to an increase in the numbers of newly born neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG), an adult neurogenic niche known to support learning and memory, and to an enlargement of the dendritic arborization of DG granule and cornu ammonis (CA)1 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, it also modestly impacts synaptic plasticity, by decreasing the paired-pulse facilitation in the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapses. Taken together, our results provide evidence that IFNγ is a negative regulator of hippocampal functioning, as its absence positively impacts on dorsal hippocampus structure, cell density, neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, these neuroplastic changes are associated with improved performance in learning and memory tasks. Therefore, blockage of the IFNγ signalling may present as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammation-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - F M Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - V Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S Roque
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Morais
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - D de Sá-Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C Mota
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J J Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail:
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15
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Suen WW, Uddin MJ, Wang W, Brown V, Adney DR, Broad N, Prow NA, Bowen RA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Rabbits: An Alternative Model for Studying Induction of Disease and Virus Control. Pathogens 2015; 4:529-58. [PMID: 26184326 PMCID: PMC4584271 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The economic impact of non-lethal human and equine West Nile virus (WNV) disease is substantial, since it is the most common presentation of the infection. Experimental infection with virulent WNV strains in the mouse and hamster models frequently results in severe neural infection and moderate to high mortality, both of which are not representative features of most human and equine infections. We have established a rabbit model for investigating pathogenesis and immune response of non-lethal WNV infection. Two species of rabbits, New Zealand White (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and North American cottontail (Sylvilagus sp.), were experimentally infected with virulent WNV and Murray Valley encephalitis virus strains. Infected rabbits exhibited a consistently resistant phenotype, with evidence of low viremia, minimal-absent neural infection, mild-moderate neuropathology, and the lack of mortality, even though productive virus replication occurred in the draining lymph node. The kinetics of anti-WNV neutralizing antibody response was comparable to that commonly seen in infected horses and humans. This may be explained by the early IFNα/β and/or γ response evident in the draining popliteal lymph node. Given this similarity to the human and equine disease, immunocompetent rabbits are, therefore, a valuable animal model for investigating various aspects of non-lethal WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Muhammad J Uddin
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Vienna Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Danielle R Adney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Nicole Broad
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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16
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Smith AM, Dragunow M. The human side of microglia. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Hwang IK, Choi JH, Nam SM, Park OK, Yoo DY, Kim W, Yi SS, Won MH, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Activation of microglia and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Neurol Res 2014; 36:824-32. [PMID: 24571083 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of immune cells in the brain are comprised of microglia, which undergo morphological changes when activated to remove damaged neurons and infectious agents from the brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the effects of type 2 diabetes on microglial activation and the subsequent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), in the hippocampus using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats at various diabetic stages. METHODS Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty rats were sacrificed at 12 (early diabetic stage), 20, or 30 weeks of age (chronic diabetic stage), and the hippocampus was obtained via transcardiac perfusion or dissection for immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Zucker diabetic fatty rats demonstrated significantly higher glucose levels at 12 and 30 weeks of age compared to ZLC rats. Microglia immunoreactive to ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) had hypertrophied cytoplasm with retracted processes at 30 weeks of age. In contrast, Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia displayed similar morphology in ZDF and ZLC rats at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Similarly, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta protein levels were significantly increased in ZDF rats compared to ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age, but not at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity in the ZDF rats predominantly increased in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to that of ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age. In addition, IL-1beta immunoreactive structures in ZDF rats at 30 weeks of age were detected near the astrocytes and microglia. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic diabetes activates microglia and significantly increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.
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19
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Ebner F, Brandt C, Thiele P, Richter D, Schliesser U, Siffrin V, Schueler J, Stubbe T, Ellinghaus A, Meisel C, Sawitzki B, Nitsch R. Microglial activation milieu controls regulatory T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5594-602. [PMID: 24146044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although mechanisms leading to brain-specific inflammation and T cell activation have been widely investigated, regulatory mechanisms of local innate immune cells in the brain are only poorly understood. In this study, to our knowledge we show for the first time that MHC class II(+)CD40(dim)CD86(dim)IL-10(+) microglia are potent inducers of Ag-specific CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Microglia differentially regulated MHC class II expression, costimulatory molecules, and IL-10 depending on the amount of IFN-γ challenge and Ag dose, promoting either effector T cell or Treg induction. Microglia-induced Tregs were functionally active in vitro by inhibiting Ag-specific proliferation of effector T cells, and in vivo by attenuating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease course after adoptive transfer. These results indicate that MHC class II(+)CD40(dim)CD86(dim)IL-10(+) microglia have regulatory properties potentially influencing local immune responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Walter J, Dihné M. Species-dependent differences of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells after Interferon gamma treatment. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:52. [PMID: 23162429 PMCID: PMC3492763 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (pSC)-derived, neural stem cells (NSCs) are actually extensively explored in the field of neuroregeneration and to clarify disease mechanisms or model neurological diseases in vitro. Regarding the latter, proliferation and differentiation of pSC-derived NSCs are investigated under the influence of a variety of different substances among them key players of inflammation. However, results generated on a murine genetic background are not always representative for the human situation which increasingly leads to the application of human cell culture systems derived from human pSCs. We investigated here, if the recently described interferon gamma (IFNγ)-induced dysregulated neural phenotype characterized by simultaneous expression of glial and neuronal markers on murine NSCs (Walter et al., 2011, 2012) can also be found on a human genetic background. For this purpose, we performed experiments with human embryonic stem cell-derived NSCs. We could show that the IFNγ-induced dysregulated neural phenotype cannot be induced in human NSCs. This difference occurs, although typical genes like signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (Stat 1) or interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF-9) are similarly regulated by IFNγ in both, murine and human populations. These results illustrate that fundamental differences between murine and human neural populations exist in vitro, independent of anatomical system-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Walter
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany ; Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Walter J, Hartung HP, Dihné M. Interferon gamma and sonic hedgehog signaling are required to dysregulate murine neural stem/precursor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43338. [PMID: 22952668 PMCID: PMC3430684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ), a key player in various neurological diseases, was recently shown to induce a dysregulated phenotype in neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) that is characterized by the simultaneous expression of glial and neuronal markers and irregular electrophysiological properties. Thus far, the mechanisms of this phenomenon have remained unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine if binding of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat 1) to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) promoter is important for this phenomenon to occur, chromatin immunoprecipitation and pharmacological inhibition studies were performed. We report here that the activation of both the Stat 1 and SHH pathways is necessary to elicit the dysregulated phenotype. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, blocking these pathways might preserve functional differentiation of NSPCs under inflammatory conditions leading to more effective regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Walter
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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22
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Larochelle C, Alvarez JI, Prat A. How do immune cells overcome the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis? FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3770-80. [PMID: 21550344 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the movement of soluble mediators and leukocytes from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). Leukocyte entry into the CNS is nonetheless an early event in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Whether BBB dysfunction precedes immune cell infiltration or is the consequence of perivascular leukocyte accumulation remains enigmatic, but leukocyte migration modifies BBB permeability. Immune cells of MS subjects express inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes that can facilitate their migration to the CNS by influencing BBB function, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we describe how immune cells from the peripheral blood overcome the BBB and promote CNS inflammation in MS through BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Larochelle
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Neuromics, CRCHUM, Notre-Dame Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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23
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Comparison of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-immunoreactive microglia in the spinal cord between young adult and aged dogs. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:620-7. [PMID: 20012688 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are main form of active immune defense, and they are constantly moving and analyzing the CNS for damaged neurons and infectious agents. In this study, we compared microglia in the spinal cord of the young adult (1-2 years old) and aged (10-12 years old) German Shepherd dogs via immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), a microglial marker. In addition, we also observed the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), produced by activated microglia/macrophage, protein levels in these groups. At first, we found that neuronal nuclei (NeuN, a neuronal marker)-immunoreactive neurons were distributed throughout the grey mate of the spinal cord, and there were no significant differences between the adult and aged groups. Most of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were morphologically ramified microglia (resting form) in the adult group, while some Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were morphologically activated microglia in the aged group. In western blot analysis, Iba-1, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta expression were increased in the aged group. This result may be associated with age-dependent changes in the spinal cord.
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24
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Li L, Walker TL, Zhang Y, Mackay EW, Bartlett PF. Endogenous interferon gamma directly regulates neural precursors in the non-inflammatory brain. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9038-50. [PMID: 20610738 PMCID: PMC6632462 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5691-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of growth factors have been shown to be involved in neurogenesis, the role of inflammatory cytokines remains relatively unexplored in the normal brain. Here we investigated the effect of interferon gamma (IFNgamma) in the regulation of neural precursor (NP) activity in both the developing and the adult mouse brain. Exogenous IFNgamma inhibited neurosphere formation from the wild-type neonatal and adult subventricular zone (SVZ). More importantly, however, these effects were mirrored in vivo, with mutant mice lacking endogenous IFNgamma displaying enhanced neurogenesis, as demonstrated by an increase in proliferative bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells in the SVZ and an increased percentage of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, NPs isolated from IFNgamma null mice exhibited an increase in self-renewal ability and in the capacity to produce differentiated neurons and oligodendrocytes. These effects resulted from the direct action of IFNgamma on the NPs, as determined by single-cell assays and the fact that nearly all the neurospheres were derived from cells positive for major histocompatibility complex class I antigen, a downstream marker of IFNgamma-mediated activation. Moreover, the inhibitory effect was ameliorated in the presence of SVZ-derived microglia, with their removal resulting in almost complete inhibition of NP proliferation. Interestingly, in contrast to the results obtained in the adult, exogenous IFNgamma treatment stimulated neurosphere formation from the embryonic brain, an effect that was mediated by sonic hedgehog. Together these findings provide the first direct evidence that IFNgamma acts as a regulator of the active NP pool in the non-inflammatory brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Time Factors
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/deficiency
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Lynch MA. Age-related neuroinflammatory changes negatively impact on neuronal function. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 1:6. [PMID: 20552057 PMCID: PMC2874409 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.24.006.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory changes, characterized by an increase in microglial activation and often accompanied by upregulation of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are common to many, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases. Similar, though less dramatic neuroinflammatory changes, are also known to occur with age. Among the consequences of these changes is an impairment in synaptic function and the evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines may be the primary contributory factor responsible for the deficits in synaptic plasticity which have been identified in aged rodents. Specifically a decrease in the ability of aged rats to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant path-granule cells of the hippocampus is associated with increased microglial activation. This review considers the evidence which suggests a causal relationship between these changes and the factors which contribute to the age-related microglial activation, and reflects on data which demonstrate that agents which inhibit microglial activation also improve ability of rats to sustain LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Zhou F. Molecular mechanisms of IFN-gamma to up-regulate MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:239-60. [PMID: 19811323 DOI: 10.1080/08830180902978120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma up-regulates MHC class I expression and antigen processing and presentation on cells, since IFN-gamma can induce multiple gene expressions that are related to MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. MHC class I antigen presentation-associated gene expression is initiated by IRF-1. IRF-1 expression is initiated by phosphorylated STAT1. IFN-gamma binds to IFN receptors, and then activates JAK1/JAK2/STAT1 signal transduction via phosphorylation of JAK and STAT1 in cells. IFN-gamma up-regulates MHC class I antigen presentation via activation of JAK/STAT1 signal transduction pathway. Mechanisms of IFN-gamma to enhance MHC class I antigen processing and presentation were summarized in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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27
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André C, O'Connor JC, Kelley KW, Lestage J, Dantzer R, Castanon N. Spatio-temporal differences in the profile of murine brain expression of proinflammatory cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in response to peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 200:90-9. [PMID: 18653240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying in vivo activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that mediates in the brain the induction of depressive-like behavior by peripheral innate immune system stimulation are still poorly understood. By monitoring how cytokines parallel IDO mRNA expression in the brain in response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide injection in mice, we report a time-dependent induction of IDO expression in both the hippocampus and hypothalamus that was associated with a specific structure-dependent expression of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly interferon-gamma. This study suggests that different mechanisms regulate the activation of IDO by lipopolysaccharide in various brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline André
- INRA, UMR 1286 PsyNuGen, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5226, IFR8, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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28
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Comparison of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunoreactivity of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region in adult and aged dogs. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1309-15. [PMID: 18270819 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Similarities between age-related changes in the canine and human brain have resulted in the general acceptance of the canine brain as a model of human brain aging. The hippocampus is essentially required for intact cognitive ability and appears to be particularly vulnerable to the aging process. We observed changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1, a microglial marker) immunoreactivity and protein levels in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region of adult (2-3 years) and aged (10-12 years) dogs. We also observed the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, protein levels in these groups. In the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the adult dog, Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia were well distributed and their processes were highly ramified. However, in the aged dog, the processes of Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia were hypertrophied in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, Iba-1 protein level in the dentate gyrus in the aged dog was higher than in the adult dog. IFN-gamma expression was increased in the dentate gyrus homogenates of aged dogs than adult dogs. In addition, we found that some neurons were positive to Fluoro-Jade B (a marker for neuronal degeneration) in the dentate polymorphic layer, but not in the hippocampal CA1 region in the aged dog. These results suggest that Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia are hypertrophied in the dentate gyrus in the aged dog.
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Li Q, Zhang XQ, Nie L, Chen GS, Li H, Zhang F, Zhang LY, Hong L, Wang SF, Wang H. Expression of interferon-gamma in human adrenal gland and kidney tumours. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:420-5. [PMID: 17622250 PMCID: PMC2360327 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is produced by activated T and NK lymphoid cells, mononuclear cells, and macrophage and dendritic cells. Our previous studies have shown that IFN-γ-like immunoreactivity also appears in human adrenal cortical tumour and phaeochromocytoma. To investigate whether human tumour cells can produce IFN-γ, we examined 429 biopsy specimens of 30 kinds of tumour and tumour-surrounding tissues in adrenal glands and in kidneys by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. IFN-γ immunoactivity was shown in 34.3% of the adrenal cortical adenomas, 50% of the adrenal cortical carcinomas, 26.7% of the phaeochromocytomas, 26.7% of the clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), 22% of the adrenal cortexes and 40% of medullas adjacent to tumours. The positive samples and expression areas were well overlapped between the IFN-γ mRNA and the immunohistochemistry staining. Western blot analysis has further confirmed the immunohistochemistry results by showing a distinct IFN-γ band corresponding to 17.4 kDa in tissue extracts from adrenal cortical adenoma, phaeochromocytoma and clear cell RCCs. These results indicate that IFN-γ is produced by some types of tumour cells, suggesting it may play a dual role in the development of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032, China.
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Akiho H, Khan WI, Al-Kaabi A, Blennerhassett P, Deng Y, Collins SM. Cytokine modulation of muscarinic receptors in the murine intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G250-5. [PMID: 17431212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00545.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which gut motility and smooth muscle contractility are altered by intestinal inflammation depends on the nature of the underlying immune activation. The muscarinic receptor on smooth muscle plays a critical role in mediating acetylcholine-driven motor function. We examined the ability of cytokines to influence muscarinic receptor characteristics on intestinal longitudinal muscle and related the findings to studies on carbachol-induced contraction. Cells were isolated from longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP). Cytokine receptor expression, muscle contractility, and muscarinic agonist receptor characteristics were examined by agonist displacement of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine ([(3)H]NMS) binding. The TGF-beta1 receptor (543 bp) and the IFN-gamma receptor 1 (660 bp) were identified on smooth muscle cells. Scatchard analysis revealed dissociation constant and maximum binding values for [(3)H]NMS of 2.6 nM and 2.4 x 10(4) sites/cell, respectively, in control cells. Nematode infection was accompanied by a reduction in inhibitory constant of the high-affinity sites (K(H)), and this was independent of signal transduction and activator of transcription 6. Preincubation with TGF-beta1 enhanced longitudinal muscle contractility and decreased the K(H) to 2.2 pM (increased muscarinic receptor affinity), whereas preincubation with IFN-gamma increased the K(H) to 0.4 muM (decreased muscarinic receptor affinity) and decreased longitudinal muscle contractility. Preincubation of LMMP with IL-13 decreased the K(H) to 0.2 nM. Cytokines exert differential effects on the muscarinic receptor on intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle. These findings explain the basis for altered muscle contractility observed in Th1 and Th2 models of inflammation, as well as in the post-nematode-infected state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Akiho
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Biedenkapp JC, Rudy JW, Watkins LR, Maier SF. mRNA up-regulation of MHC II and pivotal pro-inflammatory genes in normal brain aging. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:717-22. [PMID: 15890435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In normal brain aging, CNS resident macrophages exhibit increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II expression. However, the transcriptional basis for this observation has not been clarified nor have age-related alterations in pivotal pro-inflammatory genes been characterized. Age-related mRNA alterations in MHC II, MHC II accessory molecules and several pro-inflammatory mediators were measured in older (24 months) and younger (3 months) male F344xBN F1 rats. Real time RT-PCR was utilized to measure steady state mRNA levels in hippocampus. Older as compared to younger animals exhibited increased mRNA levels of MHC II, CD86, CIITA and IFN-gamma. Furthermore, IL-10 and CD200 mRNA, molecules that down-regulate macrophage activation, was decreased in older animals. The present results indicate that normal brain aging is characterized by a shift towards a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
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Maher FO, Clarke RM, Kelly A, Nally RE, Lynch MA. Interaction between interferon ? and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hippocampus impacts on the ability of rats to sustain long-term potentiation. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1560-71. [PMID: 16464236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to suggest that inflammation significantly contributes to neurodegenerative changes. Consistent with this is the observation that several neurodegenerative disorders are accompanied by an increase in the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1beta. IL-1beta has a negative impact on synaptic plasticity and therefore an increased concentration of IL-1beta, such as that in the hippocampus of the aged rat, is associated with a deficit in long-term potentiation (LTP). IL-1beta is derived mainly from activated microglia but the trigger leading to this activation, specifically in the aged brain, remains to be identified. Here we examined the possibility that interferon (IFN)gamma may stimulate microglial activation and increase IL-1beta concentration, thereby inhibiting LTP. The IFNgamma concentration was increased in hippocampus prepared from aged, compared with young, rats and inversely correlated with the ability of rats to sustain LTP. Intracerebroventricular injection of IFNgamma inhibited LTP, and increased microglial activation was observed in both IFNgamma-injected and aged rats. The age-related increase in IFNgamma was accompanied by a decrease in the hippocampal concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. The evidence presented suggests that IGF-1 acts to antagonize the IFNgamma-induced microglial activation, the accompanying increase in IL-1beta concentration and the consequent deficit in LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank O Maher
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Physiology Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Ang ET, Wong PTH, Moochhala S, Ng YK. Cytokine changes in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca in the septum after running and stroke: a correlation to glial activation. Neuroscience 2005; 129:337-47. [PMID: 15501591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between running, glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines was studied in the context of neuroprotection against ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). This was investigated in four groups of rats, namely, (1) nonrunner, (2) runner after 12 weeks of treadmill running, (3) nonrunner with MCAO and (4) runner with MCAO. The horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB) in the septum was scrutinized for qualitative cum quantitative changes in the microglia and astrocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot work were carried out in the forebrain homogenate to determine, respectively, the gene and protein expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicated that the runner exhibited less immunoreactivity and reduced numbers of glial cells within the HDB compared with the nonrunner. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and interferon-gamma, were significantly downregulated in the runner. Our data also suggest albeit with some inconsistency that the runner/MCAO rats had benefited from running. These observations suggest that running can result in changes to the microenvironment, in which the microglia and astrocytes exist in a state of quiescence concomitant with a reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, that may lead to beneficial effects seen in ischemic stroke induced by MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Ang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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Edström E, Kullberg S, Ming Y, Zheng H, Ulfhake B. MHC class I, beta2 microglobulin, and the INF-gamma receptor are upregulated in aged motoneurons. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:892-900. [PMID: 15505791 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During aging, spinal cord motoneurons show characteristic changes including the loss of afferent boutons, a selective process that associates with gliosis and behavioral motor impairment. Evidence suggests that the major histocompatibility complex Class I (MHC I) system may be involved in synaptic plasticity of neurons during development and regeneration. In search of a mechanism governing senescent changes in synaptic connectivity, we report evidence for increased expression of MHC I and beta2 microglobulin (beta2M) in motoneurons and glial-like profiles of 30-month-old rats. The regulatory signal(s) for MHC I expression in normal neurons remains unresolved but among tentative molecules are cytokines such as interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Interestingly, aged motoneurons, overlapping with those showing increased levels of MHC I, contained increased levels of INF-gamma receptor message. INF-gamma mRNA was detected at low levels in most (8/9) of the aged spinal cords but only infrequently (2/9) in young adult spinal cords; however, the cellular localization of INF-gamma mRNA could not be determined. Our data also indicates that TNF-alpha is upregulated in the senescent spinal cord but that TNF-alpha immunoreactive protein does not associate with motoneurons. We report evidence for an increased expression of MHC I and beta2M in senescent spinal motoneurons and discuss the possibility that this regulation associates with INF-gamma or changes in neurotrophin signaling and neuron activity in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Edström
- Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Retzius Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Koller A, Edwards JG, Kaley G. Aging-induced proinflammatory shift in cytokine expression profile in coronary arteries. FASEB J 2003; 17:1183-5. [PMID: 12709402 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1049fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and functional changes of coronary arteries with aging promote ischemic heart disease. We hypothesized that these alterations reflect an aging-induced proinflammatory shift in vascular regulatory mechanisms. Thus, in isolated coronary arteries of young (3-month-old) and aged (25-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats the expression of 96 cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors were screened by a cDNA-based microarray technique. In aged vessels expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (3.3x), interleukin (IL)-1beta (3.0x), IL-6 (2.9x), IL-6Ralpha (2.8x) and IL-17 (6.1x) genes were significantly increased over young vessels. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed these results. Western blotting demonstrated that protein expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-17 were also significantly increased in vessels of aged rats compared with those of young rats. Immunofluorescent double labeling showed that in aged vessels IL-1beta and IL-6 are predominantly localized in the endothelium, whereas TNF-alpha and IL-17 are localized in smooth muscle. Thus, a proinflammatory shift in the profile of vascular cytokine expression may contribute to the aging-induced phenotypic changes in coronary arteries, promoting the development of ischemic heart disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Gromov P, Skovgaard GL, Palsdottir H, Gromova I, Østergaard M, Celis JE. Protein profiling of the human epidermis from the elderly reveals up-regulation of a signature of interferon-gamma-induced polypeptides that includes manganese-superoxide dismutase and the p85beta subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Mol Cell Proteomics 2003; 2:70-84. [PMID: 12644569 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200051-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the human skin is a complex process that consists of chronological and extrinsic aging, the latter caused mainly by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (photoaging). Here we present studies in which we have used proteomic profiling technologies and two-dimensional (2D) PAGE database resources to identify proteins whose expression is deregulated in the epidermis of the elderly. Fresh punch biopsies from the forearm of 20 pairs of young and old donors (21-30 and 75-92 years old, respectively) were dissected to yield an epidermal fraction that consisted mainly of differentiated cells. One- to two-mm3 epidermal pieces were labeled with [35S]methionine for 18 h, lysed, and subjected to 2D PAGE (isoelectric focusing and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis) and phosphorimage autoradiography. Proteins were identified by matching the gels with the master 2D gel image of human keratinocytes (proteomics.cancer.dk). In selected cases 2D PAGE immunoblotting and/or mass spectrometry confirmed the identity. Quantitative analysis of 172 well focused and abundant polypeptides showed that the level of most proteins (148) remains unaffected by the aging process. Twenty-two proteins were consistently deregulated by a factor of 1.5 or more across the 20 sample pairs. Among these we identified a group of six polypeptides (Mx-A, manganese-superoxide dismutase, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, the p85beta subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and proteasomal proteins PA28-alpha and SSP 0107) that is induced by interferon-gamma in primary human keratinocytes and that represents a specific protein signature for the effect of this cytokine. Changes in the expression of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, NM23 H2, cyclophilin A, HSP60, annexin I, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 were also observed. Two proteins exhibited irregular behavior from individual to individual. Besides arguing for a role of interferon-gamma in the aging process, the biological activities associated with the deregulated proteins support the contention that aging is linked with increased oxidative stress that could lead to apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gromov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology, The University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé, build. 170, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Fallani A, Grieco B, Barletta E, Mugnai G, Giorgi G, Salvini L, Ruggieri S. Synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in transformed cell lines of a different origin. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 70:209-26. [PMID: 12428690 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the possible involvement of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) in tumor growth and invasiveness has been stimulated by the recognition that PAF influences various biological responses relevant to metastatic diffusion, such as angiogenesis, adhesiveness to endothelia and cellular motility. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which PAF is synthesized by a series of human and murine transformed cell lines of a different histotype. Synthesis of PAF was studied by combining the 14C-acetate incorporation into PAF with the quantitative analysis of PAF performed by a procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a negative ion chemical ionization. In the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, cultures of human melanoma (Hs294T), fibrosarcoma (HT1080) and colon carcinoma (LS180) cell lines synthesized conspicuous amounts of PAF, comparable to those produced by resident peritoneal macrophages. Substantial quantities of PAF were also synthesized by the murine melanoma (F10-M3 cells). PAF synthesis was rather limited in RSV-transformed Balb/c3T3 (B77-3T3) cells and in one of their high metastatic variants (B77-AA6 cells), although it was more abundant in the latter. We also investigated whether certain cytokines, such as TNFalpha and IFNgamma might induce PAF synthesis in our systems of cell lines which we found to express mRNAs encoding receptors for these cytokines. We observed that PAF synthesis was enhanced in human melanoma and colon carcinoma cell lines and in the murine B77-AA6 cells to levels comparable to those obtained with the Ca2+ ionophore. Synthesis of PAF was not inducible by TNFalpha in murine F10-M3 melanoma cells. IFNgamma also stimulated PAF synthesis in human and murine melanoma lines, and in human LS180 colon carcinoma line, but not in the B77-AA6 cells. PAF synthesis was also inducible by exogenous PAF in the human and murine melanoma lines, and in the human LS180 colon carcinoma line, all of which expressed cell surface PAF receptors. PAF synthesis was not inducible by exogenous PAF in the B77-AA6 cells, which do not express PAF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fallani
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy.
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Timoshanko JR, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR, Tipping PG. IFN-gamma production by intrinsic renal cells and bone marrow-derived cells is required for full expression of crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4135-41. [PMID: 11937574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of IFN-gamma from bone marrow (BM) and non-BM-derived cells to glomerular and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was studied in mice. Chimeric IFN-gamma mice (IFN-gamma(+/+) BM chimera), in which IFN-gamma production was restricted to BM-derived cells, were created by transplanting normal C57BL/6 (wild-type (WT)) BM into irradiated IFN-gamma-deficient mice. BM IFN-gamma-deficient chimeric mice (IFN-gamma(-/-) BM chimera) were created by transplanting WT mice with IFN-gamma-deficient BM. WT and sham chimeric mice (WT mice transplanted with WT BM) developed crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) with features of DTH (including glomerular T cell and macrophage infiltration) in response to an Ag planted in their glomeruli and skin DTH following subdermal Ag challenge. IFN-gamma-deficient mice showed significant protection from crescentic GN and reduced cutaneous DTH. IFN-gamma(+/+) BM chimeric and IFN-gamma(-/-) BM chimeric mice showed similar attenuation of crescentic GN as IFN-gamma-deficient mice, whereas cutaneous DTH was reduced only in IFN-gamma(-/-) BM chimeras. In crescentic GN, IFN-gamma was expressed by tubular cells and occasional glomerular cells and was colocalized with infiltrating CD8(+) T cells, but not with CD4(+) T cells or macrophages. Renal MHC class II expression was reduced in IFN-gamma(+/+) BM chimeric mice and was more severely reduced in IFN-gamma-deficient mice and IFN-gamma(-/-) BM chimeric mice. These studies show that IFN-gamma expression by both BM-derived cells and intrinsic renal cells is required for the development of crescentic GN, but IFN-gamma production by resident cells is not essential for the development of cutaneous DTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Timoshanko
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, and Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Yu WH, Go L, Guinn BA, Fraser PE, Westaway D, McLaurin J. Phenotypic and functional changes in glial cells as a function of age. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:105-15. [PMID: 11755025 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both in vivo and in vitro investigations point to an important role for the immune system in the development of age-related neurodegeneration. Microglia isolated from aged female F344 rats, 18-20 months, show a higher percentage of cells with an ameboid morphology indicative of activation, whereas, astrocytes had a quiescent morphology. The ability of astrocytes and microglia to attenuate toxin-induced neuronal injury was examined. Post-natal day 1-3 pup cells optimally rescued neurons from Abeta-induced toxicity, whereas mixed glial cells from 18-20 month old rats were unable to rescue neurons from Abeta-induced toxicity. Our results suggested the appearance of a neurotoxic co-factor, therefore we investigated the basal level of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines to determine if altered levels of immune mediators play a role in the toxicity. Mitogen-stimulated nitric oxide production increased 10 fold with age of donor, whereas, only the pup cells expressed an increase in TNF-alpha production. Basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as measured by RNA protection assays, increased with age. In particular, IL-1beta was increased 2 fold between adult and aged glial cells. The elevated cytokine expression may contribute to enhanced susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai H Yu
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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