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IL-7: Comprehensive review. Cytokine 2022; 160:156049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kermarrec L, Durand T, Gonzales J, Pabois J, Hulin P, Neunlist M, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Rat enteric glial cells express novel isoforms of Interleukine-7 regulated during inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13467. [PMID: 30240048 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune interactions are essential to maintain gut homeostasis and prevent intestinal disorders but so far, the impact of enteric glial cells (EGC) on immune cells remains a relatively unexplored area of research. As a dysregulation of critical cytokines such as interleukine-7 (IL-7) was suggested to exacerbate gut chronic inflammation, we investigated whether EGC could be a source of IL-7 in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Expression of IL-7 in the rat enteric nervous system was analyzed by immunochemistry and Q-PCR. IL-7 variants were cloned and specific antibodies against rat IL-7 isoforms were raised to characterize their expression in the submucosal plexus. IL-7 isoforms were produced in vitro to analyze their impact on T-cell survival. KEY RESULTS Neurons and glial cells of the rat enteric nervous system expressed IL-7 at both mRNA and protein levels. Novel rat IL-7 isoforms with distinct C-terminal parts were detected. Three of these isoforms were found in EGC or in both enteric neurons and EGC. Exposure of EGC to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and/or TNFα) induced an upregulation of all IL-7 isoforms. Interestingly, time-course and intensity of the upregulation varied according to the presence or absence of exon 5a in IL-7 variants. Functional analysis on T lymphocytes revealed that only canonical IL-7 protects T cells from cell death. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES IL-7 and its variants are expressed by neurons and glial cells in the enteric nervous system. Their distinct expression and upregulation in inflammatory conditions suggest a role in gut homeostasis which could be critical in case of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kermarrec
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Pabois
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | | | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
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Kielsen K, Shamim Z, Thiant S, Faucher S, Decker W, Christensen IJ, Ryder LP, Yakoub-Agha I, Müller K. Soluble Interleukin-7 receptor levels and risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Immunol 2017; 187:26-32. [PMID: 28863969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a cytokine essential for T cell homeostasis. IL-7 binds to cellular IL-7 receptors in competition with a soluble form of the receptor (sIL-7Rα). We hypothesized that altered sIL-7Rα levels may cause adverse outcomes in patients undergoing HSCT. In parallel, we investigated the impact of the IL-7Rα SNP rs6897932, which has been associated with release of IL-7R. The sIL-7Rα levels decreased during HSCT (from 114ng/ml before to 48ng/ml at day +14 (P<0.0001)). This pattern was inversely mirrored by IL-7. The IL-7/sIL-7Rα ratio at day +14 was significantly higher in patients developing grades II-IV aGVHD (OR=4.3, P=0.026). Furthermore, donor carriage of the rs6897932 T allele was associated with reduced sIL-7Rα levels, increased risk of grades II-IV aGVHD (OR=2.4, P=0.055) and increased transplant-related mortality (CC=4.5%, CT=21.4% and TT=27.3%, P=0.0037). In conclusion, this study suggests an impact of sIL-7Rα levels and rs6897932 donor genotype on alloreactivity and outcome after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Zaiba Shamim
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Thiant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Boulevard de l'Assomption 5415, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Faucher
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Address Locator 0900C2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Decker
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Eglantine Drw 100, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Allé 30, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Ryder
- The Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Biology and Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Avenue Oscar Lambret 1, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Radiolabeled semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay for the analysis of alternative splicing of interleukin genes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1172:343-62. [PMID: 24908320 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0928-5_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing evolved as a very efficient way to generate proteome diversity from a limited number of genes, while at the same time modulating posttranscriptional events of gene expression-such as stability, turnover, subcellular localization, binding properties, and general activity of both mRNAs and proteins. Since the vast majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing, it comes to no surprise that interleukin genes also show extensive alternative splicing. In fact, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that alternative splicing plays a central role in modulating the pleiotropic functions of cytokines, and aberrant expression of alternatively spliced interleukin mRNAs has been linked to disease. However, while several interleukin splice variants have been described, their function is still poorly understood. This is particularly relevant, since alternatively spliced cytokine isoforms can act both as disease biomarkers and as candidate entry points for therapeutic intervention. In this chapter we describe a protocol that uses radiolabeled semi-quantitative RT-PCR to efficiently detect, analyze, and quantify alternative splicing patterns of cytokine genes.
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Splice variants of mda-7/IL-24 differentially affect survival and induce apoptosis in U2OS cells. Cytokine 2011; 56:272-81. [PMID: 21843952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a cytokine in the IL-10 family that has received a great deal of attention for its properties as a tumor suppressor and as a potential treatment for cancer. In this study, we have identified and characterized five alternatively spliced isoforms of this gene. Several, but not all of these isoforms induce apoptosis in the osteosarcoma cell line U2OS, while none affect the survival of the non-cancerous NOK cell line. One of these isoforms, lacking three exons and encoding the N-terminal end of the mda-7/IL-24 protein sequence, caused levels of apoptosis that were higher than those caused by the full-length mda-7/IL-24 variant. Additionally, we found that the ratio of isoform expression can be modified by the splice factor SRp55. This regulation suggests that alternative splicing of mda-7/IL-24 is under tight control in the cell, and can be modified under various cellular conditions, such as DNA damage. In addition to providing new insights into the function of an important tumor suppressor gene, these findings may also point toward new avenues for cancer treatment.
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Increased (6 exon) interleukin-7 production after M. tuberculosis infection and soluble interleukin-7 receptor expression in lung tissue. Genes Immun 2011; 12:513-22. [PMID: 21677672 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) have been shown to be alternatively spliced in infectious diseases. We tested IL-7 and IL-7R splicing in a tuberculosis (TB)-vaccine/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-challenge model in non-human primates (NHPs). Differential IL-7 splicing was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 15/15 NHPs showing 6 different IL-7 spliced isoforms. This pattern did not change after infection with virulent Mtb. We demonstrated increased IL-7 (6 exon) and IL-17 protein production in lung tissue along with concomitant decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) from NHPs (vaccinated with a recombinant BCG (rBCG)) who showed increased survival after Mtb challenge. IL-7 increased IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene and protein expression in PBMCs. Mtb-infected NHPs showed differential IL-7R splicing associated with the anatomical location and tissue origin, that is, in lung tissue, hilus, axillary lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen. Differential splicing of the IL-7R was typical for healthy (non-Mtb infected) and for Mtb-infected lung tissue with a dominant expression of soluble IL-7R (sIL-7R) receptor lacking exon 6 (9:1 ratio of sIL-7R/cell-bound IL-7R). Differential ratios of cell-bound vs sIL-7R could be observed in hilus and axillary LNs from Mtb-infected NHPs with an inversed ratio of 1:9 (sIL-7R/cell-bound IL-7R) in spleen and PBMCs. Soluble IL-7R is exclusively present in lung tissue.
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Ponchel F, Cuthbert RJ, Goëb V. IL-7 and lymphopenia. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:7-16. [PMID: 20850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a growth and anti-apoptotic factor for T-lymphocytes, with potential for clinical use in the treatment of immunodeficiencies due to loss of T-cells. Lymphopenia induced by disease (HIV infection, hemodialysis or Idiopathic CD4+ lymphopenia) or by treatment (high dose chemotherapy or depleting antibodies) for cancer or auto-immune diseases results in increased circulating levels of IL-7 which decline with T-cell recovery, however, the mechanism of such response remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, IL-7 is a major player in the regulation of peripheral T-cell homeostasis and as such is an important candidate cytokine for therapy aimed at improving T-cell reconstitution following lymphopenia. Anti- IL-7 is on the other hand proposed to treat conditions where IL-7 may play a more direct role in pathogenesis such as autoimmune disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis or Inflammatory Bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Ponchel
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section of Musculoskeletal disease, the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Siewe BT, Kalis SL, Esteves PJ, Zhou T, Knight KL. A novel functional rabbit IL-7 isoform. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:828-36. [PMID: 20304004 PMCID: PMC2871983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 is required for B cell development in mouse and is a key regulator of T cell development and peripheral T cell homeostasis in mouse and human. Recently, we found that IL-7 is expressed in rabbit bone marrow and in vitro, is required for differentiation of lymphoid progenitors to B and T lineage cells. Herein, we report the identification of a novel rabbit IL-7 isoform, IL-7II. Recombinant IL-7II (rIL-7II) binds lymphocytes via the IL-7R and induces phosphorylation of STAT5. Further, rIL-7II supports proliferation and differentiation of BM progenitor cells into B and T lineage cells. IL7-II is generated by alternative splicing, with an 11 amino acid insertion encoded by a separate exon, exon 2b. Exon 2b is conserved in other lagomorphs, in Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora, but is absent in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile T. Siewe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Susan L. Kalis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katherine L. Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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9
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Sahoo A, Im SH. Interleukin and Interleukin Receptor Diversity: Role of Alternative Splicing. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:77-109. [DOI: 10.3109/08830180903349651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-7 splice variants affect differentiation of human neural progenitor cells. Genes Immun 2009; 11:11-20. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Yuan Z, Wang R, Lee Y, Chen CY, Yu X, Wu Z, Huang D, Shen L, Chen ZW. Tuberculosis-induced variant IL-4 mRNA encodes a cytokine functioning as growth factor for (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:811-9. [PMID: 19124724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that mycobacterial infections induce variant cytokine mRNA encoding a functionally distinct protein for immune regulation has not been addressed. In this study, we reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections of macaques induced expression of variant IL-4 (VIL-4) mRNA encoding a protein comprised of N-terminal 97 aa identical with IL-4, and unique C-terminal 96 aa including a signaling-related proline-rich motif. While VIL-4 could be stably produced as intact protein, the purified VIL-4 induced apparent expansion of phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. The unique C-terminal 96 aa bearing the proline-rich motif (PPPCPP) of VIL-4 appeared to confer the ability to expand Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, since simultaneously produced IL-4 had only a subtle effect on these gammadelta T cells. Moreover, VIL-4 seemed to use IL-4R alpha for signaling and activation, as the VIL-4-induced expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells was blocked by anti-IL-4R alpha mAb but not anti-IL-4 mAb. Surprisingly, VIL-4-expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after HMBPP stimulation appeared to be heterologous effector cells capable of producing IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Thus, mycobacterial infections of macaques induced variant mRNA encoding VIL-4 that functions as growth factor promoting expansion of HMBPP-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhuQing Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Capitini CM, Fry TJ, Mackall CL. Cytokines as Adjuvants for Vaccine and Cellular Therapies for Cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 5:65-83. [PMID: 20182648 PMCID: PMC2826803 DOI: 10.3844/ajisp.2009.65.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM STATEMENT: The development of a potent vaccine that can help treat tumors resistant to conventional cytotoxic therapies remains elusive. While part of the problem may be that trials have focused on patients with bulky residual disease, the desire to maximize responses to the vaccine remains. APPROACH: The gamma(c) family of cytokines offer a unique opportunity to support the expansion and effector potential of vaccine-responding T-cells, as well as stimulate other effectors, such as natural killer (NK) cells, to become activated. RESULTS: Combining vaccines with cytokines seems logical but can bring unwanted toxicity, as has been observed with interleukin (IL)-2. In addition, the nonspecific activation or expansion of unwanted cell subsets, such as regulatory T-cells, can contribute to global immunosuppression and limit vaccine responses. The development of IL-7 and IL-21 for the clinic offers the promise of enhancing anti-tumor responses but with far less systemic toxicity and no expansion of regulatory T cells. Preclinical studies demonstrate that IL-15 could also improve T-cell, and especially NK-cell, responses as well. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Future work should expand the use of vaccines with IL-7, IL-21 and hopefully IL-15 in high-risk patients, and consider treatment while in a state of minimal residual disease to maximize benefit. Identifying tumors that can signal through gamma(c) cytokines will also be essential so that induction of relapse will be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Capitini
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terry J. Fry
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Vudattu NK, Magalhaes I, Hoehn H, Pan D, Maeurer MJ. Expression analysis and functional activity of interleukin-7 splice variants. Genes Immun 2008; 10:132-40. [PMID: 19092841 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing results in multiple protein isoforms derived from a single gene. The magnitude of this process ranges from a complete loss of function to gain of new function. We examined, as a paradigm, alternative splicing of the non-redundant human cytokine, interleukin-7 (IL-7). We show that extensive IL-7 splicing in human tissues of different histology, including MTB+ granuloma lesions, transformed tissue and tumor cell lines. IL-7 splice variants were expressed as recombinant proteins. A differentially spliced IL-7 isoform, lacking exon 5, leads to STAT-5 phosphorylation in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, promotes thymocyte maturation and T-cell survival. Human tumor lesions show aberrant IL-7 isoform expression, as compared with the autologous, non-transformed tissue. Alternatively spliced cytokines, such as IL-7, represent candidates for diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Vudattu
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Center and SMI, Nobels Väg 18, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cook RF, Cook SJ, Even DL, Schaffer C, Issel CJ. Full-length and internally deleted forms of interleukin-7 are present in horse (Equus caballus) lymph node tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:126-34. [PMID: 18573542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Horse IL-7 (HIL-7) cDNA was isolated from adult lymph node tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using oligonucleotide primers based on horse genomic sequences (The Broad Institute). In addition, to the full-length (FL) 531bp reading frame encoding 176 amino acids, shorter open-reading frames of 477, 396 and 264bp were also amplified. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these RT-PCR products demonstrated they were homologous except the shorter species were missing internal sequences consistent with multiple RNA splicing events. Consequently, the shorter open-reading frames were re-named splice variant (SV) 1 (477bp), 2 (396bp) and 3 (264bp). Organization of the horse IL-7 is predicted to be similar to that in humans with exon 5 deleted from SV1, exons 3, 5 deleted from SV2 and exons 3, 4, and 5 missing from SV3. Each of these open-reading frames has the potential to be stably expressed as demonstrated using a polyclonal antiserum against human IL-7 to visualize the protein products produced when the FL HIL-7 and each SV were molecularly cloned into pCI and transfected in brefeldin A treated HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, addition of supernatants to horse PBMC from HEK cells transfected (without brefeldin A treatment) with pCI HIL-7 FL, pCI HIL-7SV1, pCI HIL-7SV2 and pCI IL-7SV3 all induced significant incorporation of (3)H-thymidine in the presence of sub-stimulatory amounts of concanavalin A compared to supernatants from mock-transfected cells. Therefore, all isoforms of horse IL-7 described in this report have the ability to stimulate proliferative responses in ex vivo horse PBMC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frank Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Rahman M, Nara H, Onoda T, Araki A, Li J, Hoshino T, Asao H. Cloning and characterization of an isoform of interleukin-21. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4001-9. [PMID: 17673207 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has pleiotropic functions on the cells, which play roles in both innate and acquired immunity, such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells. In this study we identified a novel isoform of IL-21, IL-21iso in human and mouse. IL-21iso might be an alternative splicing variant form and the C-terminal region of predicted IL-21iso amino acid sequences were different from original IL-21 in both human and mouse. In spite of the differences in C-terminal amino acid sequences, both human IL-21 and IL-21iso showed comparable proliferative effect on anti-CD40 Ab-activated primary B cells, anti-CD3 Ab-activated primary T cells and human NK cell line, NK0, and upregulated IFN-gamma production from NK0. Furthermore IL-21 and IL-21iso similarly activated STAT1 and STAT3. IL-21iso mRNA was expressed in activated T cells as well as IL-21 mRNA. However, cycloheximide treatment partially blocked the upregulation of IL-21iso mRNA in activated T cells while little affected the IL-21 mRNA expression suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required for the full expression of IL-21iso transcript. We also show that the secretion efficiency of hIL-21iso is much lower than that of hIL-21. These results may suggest there are some different regulatory mechanisms to produce IL-21 or IL-21iso in transcriptional and secretory steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Wu S, Gessner R, Taube T, von Stackelberg A, Henze G, Seeger K. Expression of interleukin-10 splicing variants is a positive prognostic feature in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:3038-42. [PMID: 15860861 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.00.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biologic features of hematologic malignancies have prognostic implications and are essential elements in the design of current therapeutic trials. This study aimed to determine the expression of a splicing-derived variant of interleukin (IL) -10 in leukemic cells and its clinical relevance in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at first relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1997 and December 2001, bone marrow (BM) samples were collected from 98 children with first relapse of ALL at diagnosis. These patients were enrolled in the relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM (ALL-Relapse Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster) 95 and 96. The detection of IL-10 isoforms in leukemic cells of BM samples were performed by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and by immunoblotting. RESULTS IL-10 was detected in 93.9% BM samples. In addition to expressing full-length IL-10, a new splicing-derived IL-10 variant (termed IL-10delta3) that lacked the entire exon 3 was identified in leukemic cells. The IL-10delta3 variant was found in 80.4% of BM samples. Most importantly, expression of IL-10delta3 was associated with a significantly better response to chemotherapy (P = .001) and probability of event-free survival (P = .01) at 5 years. CONCLUSION These results indicate that splicing-derived IL-10 isoforms may modulate IL-10-mediated biologic effects and therapeutic efficacy in lymphatic disease, and expression of IL-10delta3 is a positive prognostic feature in relapsed childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Medical Center, Humboldt University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Laouar Y, Crispe IN, Flavell RA. Overexpression of IL-7Rα provides a competitive advantage during early T-cell development. Blood 2004; 103:1985-94. [PMID: 14592827 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCritical checkpoints controlling early thymic T-cell development and homeostasis are set by the proper signaling function of the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) and the pre–T-cell antigen receptor. Although αβ T-cell development is observed in IL-7– and IL-7Rα–deficient mice, the number of thymocytes is significantly reduced, implying a role for the IL-7R in controlling the size of the thymic T-cell compartment. Here, we report the overexpression of IL-7Rα that occurs in the early T-cell compartment from AKR/J mice, animals that are highly susceptible to the spontaneous development of thymoma. Increased IL-7Rα was revealed by surface staining, and increased IL-7Rα mRNA was documented by using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This resulted in increased survival of AKR/J early thymocytes, shown by the decreased frequency of TUNEL+ (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate [dUTP]–fluorescein nick end labeling) cells. In an in vivo thymocyte repopulation model, AKR/J thymocytes had a selective advantage over healthy thymocytes. This advantage occurred at early stages of T-cell development. Our findings support the model that overexpression of growth factor receptors can contribute to proliferation and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Laouar
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Ceda St, CAB S-569, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Golden-Mason L, Kelly AM, Traynor O, McEntee G, Kelly J, Hegarty JE, O'Farrelly C. Expression of interleukin 7 (IL-7) mRNA and protein in the normal adult human liver: implications for extrathymic T cell development. Cytokine 2001; 14:143-51. [PMID: 11396992 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) has been shown to play an essential role in T-cell development. Recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-1, RAG-2 and pre-TCR-alpha expression in the normal adult human liver (AHL), together with the presence of lymphoid-haematopoietic progenitors, is strong evidence that the AHL supports T cell maturation. We investigated IL-7 mRNA and protein levels in order to determine whether AHL could support T lymphocyte differentiation. Biopsies were snap frozen, powdered, and RNA/protein extracted. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect IL-7 using primers that amplified 620 base pair (bp) fragments and other smaller transcripts. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantify IL-7 protein in homogenates. The anatomic distribution of IL-7-secreting cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. IL-7-specific product (620 bp) was detected in nine of ten samples, with six also positive for a smaller splice-variant (488 bp). Levels of the 620 bp product were 2.5 times greater than the 488 bp fragment. IL-7 protein was detected in all samples (range 18.47-76.93 pg/100 mg tissue). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated IL-7 protein in discrete cells of lymphoid morphology, widely distributed throughout the parenchyma and within portal tracts. Large populations of innate T cells are found in normal AHL, some of which may differentiate locally. The presence of IL-7 RNA and protein throughout normal hepatic tissue provides evidence that the normal AHL is a suitable microenvironment for T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golden-Mason
- Education & Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Korte A, Köchling J, Badiali L, Eckert C, Andreae J, Geilen W, Kebelmann-Betzing C, Taube T, Wu S, Henze G, Seeger K. Expression analysis and characterization of alternatively spliced transcripts of human IL-7Ralpha chain encoding two truncated receptor proteins in relapsed childhood all. Cytokine 2000; 12:1597-608. [PMID: 11052810 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the family of cytokines and cytokine receptors, alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a frequently observed process that generates different protein isoforms from a single genetic locus. The splicing-derived cytokine receptor protein isoforms are mostly soluble receptors or show alterations in their cytoplasmic domain. It is possible that receptor abnormalities or a pathological ratio of different isoforms may contribute to leukaemia by circumventing normal growth factor control or altering the balance of proliferation and differentiation. IL-7 plays a critical role in early stages of both B and T cell maturation. Moreover, it stimulates the expansion of mature T cells including anti-tumour reactive cells as well as a number of T and B cell malignancies underlining its potential importance for deregulated lymphoid proliferation and leukaemogenesis. Here, we present detailed data on the expression of the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Ralpha) in leukaemic cells from 210 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and describe two novel alternatively spliced transcripts of human IL-7Ralpha coding for truncated receptor proteins which are still capable of binding IL-7. IL-7Ralpha mRNA expression was more frequent in more mature pre-B ALL [91% (30/33)] than in common [81% (81/100)] or pro-B ALL [64% (18/28)], or even in T ALL [64% (29/45)]. These results are in concordance with flow cytometric analyses on the proportion of IL-7Ralpha bearing cells among total blast cell population. Our results lead us to assume that splicing derived IL-7Ralpha isoforms play a potential role in modulating IL-7 signal transduction and might be important for the pathogenesis of leukaemia.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Exons
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Introns
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Korte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Medical Center, Campus Virchow, Germany.
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