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Gesek M, Fornal AD, Zarzycka D. Promoting Health in Pediatric Obesity: A Decade's Research of Physical Activity's Influence on Cardiometabolic Parameters. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940742. [PMID: 37771141 PMCID: PMC10546901 DOI: 10.12659/msm.940742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of childhood obesity highlights an urgent need to address its associated health complications. Cardiometabolic indicators, closely linked with obesity, can pose severe health risks, emphasizing the need for effective interventions. Among these, physical activity has shown many health benefits. However, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic indicators in obese children remains somewhat unclear. This integrative review aims to fill this knowledge gap by critically examining relevant research over the past decade, thereby providing insights into evidence-based strategies to improve health outcomes in this vulnerable population. We conducted an integrative literature review of articles published between 2012 and 2022, retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO. Our focus was limited to Polish and English-language research with full text availability. We deployed keywords such as "physical activity", "children", "cardiometabolic indicators" and "BMI" linked using Boolean operators "and" and "or". Methodological quality was independently assessed by two authors, and Rayyan software was utilized for review compilation. Out of the assessed articles, 55 met the inclusion criteria. The majority centered around programs and interventions targeting children, examining their impact on body composition, alterations in body fat content, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels. Interventions focusing on increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior demonstrate positive effects on body composition, aerobic capacity, and select biochemical markers in children. This underscores the potential of physical activity as a valuable tool in managing obesity-related health risks among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gesek
- Department of Pediatric and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Integrated Nursing Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra D. Fornal
- Department of Pediatric and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Integrated Nursing Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Danuta Zarzycka
- Department of Pediatric and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Integrated Nursing Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Chrisman SPD, Bollinger BJ, Mendoza JA, Palermo TM, Zhou C, Brooks MA, Rivara FP. Mobile Subthreshold Exercise Program (MSTEP) for concussion: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:355. [PMID: 35473570 PMCID: PMC9040347 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subthreshold exercise, defined as aerobic exercise below the level that causes symptoms, has been utilized as a treatment for youth with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS), but there is currently little evidence to guide use. In addition, prior studies of exercise for PPCS have all required multiple in-person visits. We developed a virtual approach for delivering subthreshold exercise to youth with PPCS called the Mobile Subthreshold Exercise Program (MSTEP), and we have now been funded to conduct a large national randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test its efficacy for reducing concussive symptoms and improving health-related quality of life. METHODS This investigation is an RCT comparing MSTEP to an active control. We will recruit 200 adolescents 11-18 years old with postconcussive symptoms persisting for at least 1 week but less than 1 year. Youth will be randomized to receive either 6 weeks of subthreshold exercise (MSTEP) or a stretching condition (control). Youth and parents will complete surveys of concussive symptoms at baseline, weekly during the intervention, and at 3 and 6 months. The primary outcomes will be trajectory of concussive symptoms and health-related quality of life over the 6 months of the study. Secondary outcomes will include depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. We will also assess potential mediators of treatment effects including moderate-vigorous physical activity and fear avoidance of concussive symptoms. DISCUSSION This multisite RCT of MSTEP will provide vital information regarding the efficacy of a virtually delivered subthreshold exercise program for youth with PPCS, and insight regarding potential mediators of treatment effects, including objectively measured physical activity and fear avoidance of concussive symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04688255. Registered on December 29, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P D Chrisman
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Beth J Bollinger
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA
| | - Jason A Mendoza
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Tonya M Palermo
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA
| | | | - Frederick P Rivara
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, PO Box 5371, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Kamel M, Smith BT, Wahi G, Carsley S, Birken CS, Anderson LN. Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1688-1699. [PMID: 30223304 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score. RESULTS Ninety-one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z-scores, and many articles age-standardized and sex-standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3-11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%). IMPORTANCE Continuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamel
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - B T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Carsley
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C S Birken
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L N Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hamila A, Younes M, Cottin F, Ben Amor Y, Shephard R, Tabka Z, Bouhlel E. Effects of walking exercises on body composition, heart rate variability, and perceptual responses in overweight and obese adolescents. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gomes TN, Nevill A, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S, dos Santos MM, Buranarugsa R, dos Santos FK, Souza M, Chaves R, Maia J. Identifying the best body-weight-status index associated with metabolic risk in youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2375-2383. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Faculty of Sport; CIFI D; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Physical Education; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão Brazil
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing; University of Wolverhampton; Walsall UK
| | | | - Sara Pereira
- Faculty of Sport; CIFI D; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | | | - Rojapon Buranarugsa
- Faculty of Education; Department of Physical Education; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | | | - Michele Souza
- Centre of Sports; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Raquel Chaves
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
| | - José Maia
- Faculty of Sport; CIFI D; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
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Rauber SB, Castro HDO, Marinho A, Vicente JB, Ribeiro HL, Monteiro LZ, Praça IR, Simoes HG, Campbell CSG. Effects of a physical activity and nutritional intervention in overweight and obese children through an educational and recreational camp. Nutr Health 2018; 24:145-152. [PMID: 29893164 DOI: 10.1177/0260106018771519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Educational camps have hosted millions of children around the world. However, few studies have described their benefits on weight control and health promotion for overweight and obese children. AIM: To investigate the impact of a health educational program for children composed of 5 days of camp and a 12-week follow up on the physical activity level, sedentary behaviour, anthropometric data and food intake in overweight and obese children. METHODS: 12 children attended the Health Educational Program for Children divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of pre-assessments and Phase 2 corresponded to 12 weeks of follow up. Physical activity level, sedentary behaviour and food intake were assessed throughout the questionnaire. RESULTS: After the follow up, 25% of the children became active (>1500 and <3000 Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks per week). In contrast, the number of sedentary children (<600 Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks per week) decreased by 15% and insufficiently active (600-1500 Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks per week) increased by 15%. The physical activity level of leisure time increased significantly throughout weekdays (26.0%) and weekends (14.1%) after the follow up compared to before the camp. Sedentary behaviour showed a significant reduction of 177.14 and 41.43 minutes on weekdays and weekends, respectively. Before the camp, the consumption of sugar and sweets was out of control (100% inadequate), and after the intervention, 58.4% started to consume these foods in a balanced way. CONCLUSIONS: The Health Educational Program for Children (5-day camp and the 12 weeks of follow up) contributed to an increase in the physical activity level and a reduction in the sedentary behaviour and anthropometric measures in overweight and obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliane Beatriz Rauber
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, University Center of the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Oliveira Castro
- 3 Department of Physical Education, Estacio University Center Brasilia, Brazil.,4 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Minas Gerais
| | - Alcyane Marinho
- 5 Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil
| | - Joyce Bomfim Vicente
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Henrique Lima Ribeiro
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Isabella Reis Praça
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Herbert Gustavo Simoes
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carmen Silvia Grubert Campbell
- 1 Graduate Program on Physical Education, Study Group on the Benefits of Physical Exercise for Children's Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil
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Hampe CS, Shaffer ML, Roth CL. Associations between Liver Enzyme Levels and Parameters of the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:265-273. [PMID: 28898874 DOI: 10.1159/000479868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and therefore risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is an increasing problem in youth. The potential role of elevated liver enzyme levels in this context needs to be further investigated. METHODS This paper provides a post hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study of 77 obese nondiabetic children (51% female; median age 11.7 years; BMI >97th percentile) enrolled at the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and liver enzyme levels were evaluated. Glucose and insulin levels were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Gender- and age-specific cutoff values were used to assess MetS. RESULTS A high prevalence of hypertension (51%), dyslipidemia (52%), elevated liver enzyme levels (51%), and hyperglycemia (24%) was found. There was considerable overlap between the presence of different MetS risk factors in individuals, and 40% of the participants had ≥3 of a maximum of 5 MetS risk factors. Elevated liver enzyme levels were significantly associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, as the OGTT-insulin response was significantly higher in participants with elevated transaminases (p = 0.01). This association was independent of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that liver enzyme levels are related to insulin sensitivity in obese children and could therefore be an indirect indicator for MetS. Testing for disturbed glucose metabolism should be considered for obese children with elevated liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Hampe
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michele L Shaffer
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Tyson N, Frank M. Childhood and adolescent obesity definitions as related to BMI, evaluation and management options. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 48:158-164. [PMID: 28838829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In North America, 30% of children are overweight or obese. Child obesity is a precursor to adult health risks. Diagnosis of childhood obesity is difficult. The best measurement is BMI percentile charts. Obesity in children and adolescents can be treated by diet and activity changes. Family involvement in healthy lifestyle changes is best for weight loss and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Tyson
- Kaiser Permanente, 1600 Eureka Road, Roseville, CA 95661, USA.
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Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Pate RR, Connor Gorber S, Kho ME, Sampson M, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S197-239. [PMID: 27306431 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is essential for disease prevention and health promotion. Emerging evidence suggests other intensities of physical activity (PA), including light-intensity activity (LPA), may also be important, but there has been no rigorous evaluation of the evidence. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between objectively measured PA (total and all intensities) and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Online databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria: population (apparently healthy, aged 5-17 years), intervention/exposure/comparator (volumes, durations, frequencies, intensities, and patterns of objectively measured PA), and outcome (body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical fitness, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, cognition/academic achievement, quality of life/well-being, harms, bone health, motor skill development, psychological distress, self-esteem). Heterogeneity among studies precluded meta-analyses; narrative synthesis was conducted. A total of 162 studies were included (204 171 participants from 31 countries). Overall, total PA was favourably associated with physical, psychological/social, and cognitive health indicators. Relationships were more consistent and robust for higher (e.g., MVPA) versus lower (e.g., LPA) intensity PA. All patterns of activity (sporadic, bouts, continuous) provided benefit. LPA was favourably associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers; data were scarce for other outcomes. These findings continue to support the importance of at least 60 min/day of MVPA for disease prevention and health promotion in children and youth, but also highlight the potential benefits of LPA and total PA. All intensities of PA should be considered in future work aimed at better elucidating the health benefits of PA in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Joan Poitras
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Casey Ellen Gray
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michael M Borghese
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- c Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Russell R Pate
- e Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sarah Connor Gorber
- f Office of the Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- g School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- h Library and Media Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Werneck AO, Silva DR, Collings PJ, Fernandes RA, Ronque ERV, Barbosa DS, Cyrino ES. Biological Maturation, Central Adiposity, and Metabolic Risk in Adolescents: A Mediation Analysis. Child Obes 2016; 12:377-83. [PMID: 27267385 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier biological maturation has been related to increased metabolic risk. In this study, we verified mediating effects by central adiposity of the relationship between somatic maturity and metabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 1034 adolescents aged 10-16 years from Londrina/PR/Brazil were evaluated. The age of peak height velocity (PHV) method was used to evaluate somatic maturity. Central adiposity was estimated through waist circumference measurements. Fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure were measured as metabolic risk indicators. Physical activity (Baecke questionnaire) and cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test) were used as covariates. RESULTS Except for fasting glucose, waist circumference showed partial or full mediation of the relationship between maturity and the following metabolic risk factors with their respective z-score values: triglycerides (boys = -3.554 vs. girls = -5.031), HDL-C (boys = +5.300 vs. girls = +5.905), systolic blood pressure (boys = -3.540 vs. girls = -3.763), diastolic blood pressure (boys = -2.967 vs. girls = -3.264), and metabolic risk score (boys = -5.339 vs. girls = -6.362). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that central obesity plays a mediating role in the relationship between somatic maturation and metabolic risk during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O Werneck
- 1 Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), Londrina State University , Londrina, Brazil
| | - Danilo R Silva
- 1 Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), Londrina State University , Londrina, Brazil
| | - Paul J Collings
- 2 Bradford Institute for Health Research , Bradford NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- 3 Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Enio R V Ronque
- 1 Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), Londrina State University , Londrina, Brazil
| | - Décio S Barbosa
- 4 Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Londrina State University , Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- 1 Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), Londrina State University , Londrina, Brazil
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McCormack L, Meendering J, Specker B, Binkley T. Associations Between Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Measures of Total Body, Android, and Gynoid Fat Mass in Children. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19:368-74. [PMID: 27131888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative health outcomes are associated with excess body fat, low levels of physical activity (PA), and high sedentary time (ST). Relationships between PA, ST, and body fat distribution, including android and gynoid fat, assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have not been measured in children. The purpose of this study was to test associations between levels of activity and body composition in children and to evaluate if levels of activity predict body composition by DXA and by body mass index percentile in a similar manner. PA, ST, and body composition from 87 children (8.8-11.8 yr, grades 3-5, 44 boys) were used to test the association among study variables. Accelerometers measured PA and ST. Body composition measured by DXA included bone mineral content (BMC) and fat and lean mass of the total body (TB, less head), android, and gynoid regions. ST (range: 409-685 min/wk) was positively associated with TB percent fat (0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00-0.05) and android fat mass (1.5 g, 95% CI: 0.4-3.0), and inversely associated with the lean mass of the TB (-10.7 g, 95% CI: -20.8 to -0.63) and gynoid regions (-2.2 g, 95% CI: -4.3 to -0.2), and with BMC (-0.43 g, 95% CI: 0.77-0.09). Moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with lower TB (-53 g, 95% CI: -87 to -18), android (-5 g, 95% CI: -8 to -2]), and gynoid fat (-6 g, 95% CI: -11 to -0.5). Vigorous activity results were similar. Light PA was associated with increased TB (17.1 g, 95% CI: 3.0-31.3) and gynoid lean mass (3.9 g, 95% CI: 1.0-6.8) and BMC (0.59 g, 95% CI: 0.10-1.07). In boys, there were significant associations between activity and DXA percent body fat measures that were not found with the body mass index percentile. Objective measures of PA were inversely associated with TB, android, and gynoid fat, whereas ST was directly associated with TB percent fat and, in particular, android fat. Activity levels predict body composition measures by DXA and, in particular, android fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey McCormack
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - Jessica Meendering
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Bonny Specker
- Ethel Austin Martin Program in Human Nutrition, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Teresa Binkley
- Ethel Austin Martin Program in Human Nutrition, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Moore CE, Liu Y. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with total adiposity of children in the United States: National Health and Examination Survey 2005 to 2006. Nutr Res 2016; 36:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the current advances in childhood obesity physiology, intervention, and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Structural and functional brain impairments are present in obese adolescents with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aerobic training for 20 or 40 min per day produced similar affects on metabolic risk factors. Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve the metabolic risk factors in obese children; however, obese children require greater doses to treat vitamin D deficiency. A 10-week community-based exergaming weight management program significantly decreased the BMI in obese children. SUMMARY There is surmounting research on MetS and its associated risk factors in obese children. Gaining a comprehensive overview of the factors associated with obesity in children is crucial in developing the most effective intervention strategies. Community-based and family-centered interventions have generated positive results in reducing children's BMI and improving MetS risk factors. In addition to obesity intervention efforts, ongoing prevention initiatives are imperative to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Van Grouw
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Jago R, Mendoza JA, Chen T, Baranowski T. Longitudinal associations between BMI, waist circumference, and cardiometabolic risk in US youth: monitoring implications. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E271-9. [PMID: 23592681 PMCID: PMC3630468 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether change in body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) is associated with change in cardiometabolic risk factors and differences between cardiovascular disease specific and diabetes specific risk factors among adolescents. We also sought to examine any differences by gender or baseline body mass status. DESIGN The article is a longitudinal analysis of pre- and post-data collected in the HEALTHY trial. Participants were 4,603 ethnically diverse adolescents who provided complete data at 6th and 8th grade assessments. METHODS The main outcome measures were percent change in the following cardiometabolic risk factors: fasting triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose as well as a clustered metabolic risk score. Main exposures were change in BMI or WC z-score. Models were run stratified by gender; secondary models were additionally stratified by baseline BMI group (normal, overweight, or obese). RESULTS Analysis showed that when cardiometabolic risk factors were treated as continuous variables, there was strong evidence (P < 0.001) that change in BMI z-score was associated with change in the majority of the cardiovascular risk factors, except fasting glucose and the combined risk factor score for both boys and girls. There was some evidence that change in WC z-score was associated with some cardiovascular risk factors, but change in WC z-score was consistently associated with changes in fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, routine monitoring of BMI should be continued by health professionals, but additional information on disease risk may be provided by assessing WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TP, UK.
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Tudor-Locke C, Camhi SM, Troiano RP. A catalog of rules, variables, and definitions applied to accelerometer data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. Prev Chronic Dis 2012; 9:E113. [PMID: 22698174 PMCID: PMC3457743 DOI: 10.5888/pcd9.110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) included accelerometry in the 2003–2006 data collection cycles. Researchers have used these data since their release in 2007, but the data have not been consistently treated, examined, or reported. The objective of this study was to aggregate data from studies using NHANES accelerometry data and to catalogue study decision rules, derived variables, and cut point definitions to facilitate a more uniform approach to these data. Methods We conducted a PubMed search of English-language articles published (or indicated as forthcoming) from January 2007 through December 2011. Our initial search yielded 74 articles, plus 1 article that was not indexed in PubMed. After excluding 21 articles, we extracted and tabulated details on 54 studies to permit comparison among studies. Results The 54 articles represented various descriptive, methodological, and inferential analyses. Although some decision rules for treating data (eg, criteria for minimal wear-time) were consistently applied, cut point definitions used for accelerometer-derived variables (eg, time spent in various intensities of physical activity) were especially diverse. Conclusion Unique research questions may require equally unique analytical approaches; some inconsistency in approaches must be tolerated if scientific discovery is to be encouraged. This catalog provides a starting point for researchers to consider relevant and/or comparable accelerometer decision rules, derived variables, and cut point definitions for their own research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrine Tudor-Locke
- Walking Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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