1
|
Silva Couto P, Stibbs DJ, Rotondi MC, Khalife R, Wolf D, Takeuchi Y, Rafiq QA. Biological differences between adult and perinatal human mesenchymal stromal cells and their impact on the manufacturing processes. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00728-X. [PMID: 38970611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The biological properties of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) have been explored in over a thousand clinical trials in the last decade. Although hMSCs can be isolated from multiple sources, the degree of biological similarity between cell populations from these sources remains to be determined. A comparative study was performed investigating the growth kinetics and functionality of hMSCs isolated from adipose tissue (AT), bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord tissue (UCT) expanded in monolayer over five passages. Adult hMSCs (AT, BM) had a slower proliferation ability than the UCT-hMSCs, with no apparent differences in their glucose consumption profile. BM-hMSCs produced higher concentrations of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to AT- and UCT-hMSCs. This study also revealed that UCT-hMSCs were more efficiently transduced by a lentiviral vector carrying a VEGF gene than their adult counterparts. Following cellular immunophenotypic characterization, no differences across the sources were found in the expression levels of the typical markers used to identify hMSCs. This work established a systematic approach for cell source selection depending on the hMSC's intended clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Couto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dale J Stibbs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco C Rotondi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rana Khalife
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies, Scientific Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Qasim A Rafiq
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Calcat-I-Cervera S, Rendra E, Scaccia E, Amadeo F, Hanson V, Wilm B, Murray P, O'Brien T, Taylor A, Bieback K. Harmonised culture procedures minimise but do not eliminate mesenchymal stromal cell donor and tissue variability in a decentralised multicentre manufacturing approach. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:120. [PMID: 37143116 PMCID: PMC10161493 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), commonly sourced from adipose tissue, bone marrow and umbilical cord, have been widely used in many medical conditions due to their therapeutic potential. Yet, the still limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action hampers clinical translation. Clinical potency can vary considerably depending on tissue source, donor attributes, but importantly, also culture conditions. Lack of standard procedures hinders inter-study comparability and delays the progression of the field. The aim of this study was A- to assess the impact on MSC characteristics when different laboratories, performed analysis on the same MSC material using harmonised culture conditions and B- to understand source-specific differences. METHODS Three independent institutions performed a head-to-head comparison of human-derived adipose (A-), bone marrow (BM-), and umbilical cord (UC-) MSCs using harmonised culture conditions. In each centre, cells from one specific tissue source were isolated and later distributed across the network to assess their biological properties, including cell expansion, immune phenotype, and tri-lineage differentiation (part A). To assess tissue-specific function, angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties and the in vivo biodistribution were compared in one expert lab (part B). RESULTS By implementing a harmonised manufacturing workflow, we obtained largely reproducible results across three independent laboratories in part A of our study. Unique growth patterns and differentiation potential were observed for each tissue source, with similar trends observed between centres. Immune phenotyping verified expression of typical MSC surface markers and absence of contaminating surface markers. Depending on the established protocols in the different laboratories, quantitative data varied slightly. Functional experiments in part B concluded that conditioned media from BM-MSCs significantly enhanced tubulogenesis and endothelial migration in vitro. In contrast, immunomodulatory studies reported superior immunosuppressive abilities for A-MSCs. Biodistribution studies in healthy mice showed lung entrapment after administration of all three types of MSCs, with a significantly faster clearance of BM-MSCs. CONCLUSION These results show the heterogeneous behaviour and regenerative properties of MSCs as a reflection of intrinsic tissue-origin properties while providing evidence that the use of harmonised culture procedures can reduce but do not eliminate inter-lab and operator differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Calcat-I-Cervera
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Erika Rendra
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Str. 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eleonora Scaccia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Str. 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Amadeo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Cellular Therapies Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vivien Hanson
- Cellular Therapies Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Str. 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
- Mannheim Institute of Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Role of Process Systems Engineering in Applying Quality by Design (QbD) in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Production. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
4
|
Fattahi E, Taheri S, Schilling AF, Becker T, Pörtner R. Generation and evaluation of input values for computational analysis of transport processes within tissue cultures. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:681-698. [PMID: 36348656 PMCID: PMC9635004 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for tissue culture have seen significant advances during the last decades and novel 3D cell culture systems have become available. To control their high complexity, experimental techniques and their Digital Twins (modelling and computational tools) are combined to link different variables to process conditions and critical process parameters. This allows a rapid evaluation of the expected product quality. However, the use of mathematical simulation and Digital Twins is critically dependent on the precise description of the problem and correct input parameters. Errors here can lead to dramatically wrong conclusions. The intention of this review is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art and remaining challenges with respect to generating input values for computational analysis of mass and momentum transport processes within tissue cultures. It gives an overview on relevant aspects of transport processes in tissue cultures as well as modelling and computational tools to tackle these problems. Further focus is on techniques used for the determination of cell-specific parameters and characterization of culture systems, including sensors for on-line determination of relevant parameters. In conclusion, tissue culture techniques are well-established, and modelling tools are technically mature. New sensor technologies are on the way, especially for organ chips. The greatest remaining challenge seems to be the proper addressing and handling of input parameters required for mathematical models. Following Good Modelling Practice approaches when setting up and validating computational models is, therefore, essential to get to better estimations of the interesting complex processes inside organotypic tissue cultures in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Fattahi
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage TechnologyTUM School of Life SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Shahed Taheri
- Department of Trauma SurgeryOrthopaedics and Plastic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma SurgeryOrthopaedics and Plastic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage TechnologyTUM School of Life SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hirono K, A. Udugama I, Hayashi Y, Kino-oka M, Sugiyama H. A Dynamic and Probabilistic Design Space Determination Method for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultivation Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hirono
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Isuru A. Udugama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hayashi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugiyama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Cell manipulation in droplets has emerged as one of the great successes of microfluidic technologies, with the development of single-cell screening. However, the droplet format has also served to go beyond single-cell studies, namely by considering the interactions between different cells or between cells and their physical or chemical environment. These studies pose specific challenges linked to the need for long-term culture of adherent cells or the diverse types of measurements associated with complex biological phenomena. Here we review the emergence of droplet microfluidic methods for culturing cells and studying their interactions. We begin by characterizing the quantitative aspects that determine the ability to encapsulate cells, transport molecules, and provide sufficient nutrients within the droplets. This is followed by an evaluation of the biological constraints such as the control of the biochemical environment and promoting the anchorage of adherent cells. This first part ends with a description of measurement methods that have been developed. The second part of the manuscript focuses on applications of these technologies for cancer studies, immunology, and stem cells while paying special attention to the biological relevance of the cellular assays and providing guidelines on improving this relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gustave Ronteix
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shreyansh Jain
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Amselem
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsai AC, Pacak CA. Bioprocessing of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From Planar Culture to Microcarrier-Based Bioreactors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8070096. [PMID: 34356203 PMCID: PMC8301102 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have demonstrated great potential to be used as therapies for many types of diseases. Due to their immunoprivileged status, allogeneic hMSCs therapies are particularly attractive options and methodologies to improve their scaling and manufacturing are needed. Microcarrier-based bioreactor systems provide higher volumetric hMSC production in automated closed systems than conventional planar cultures. However, more sophisticated bioprocesses are necessary to successfully convert from planar culture to microcarriers. This article summarizes key steps involved in the planar culture to microcarrier hMSC manufacturing scheme, from seed train, inoculation, expansion and harvest. Important bioreactor parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), mixing, feeding strategies and cell counting techniques, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Correspondence: (A.-C.T.); (C.A.P.)
| | - Christina A. Pacak
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (A.-C.T.); (C.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muoio F, Panella S, Jossen V, Lindner M, Harder Y, Müller M, Eibl R, Tallone T. Human Adipose Stem Cells (hASCs) Grown on Biodegradable Microcarriers in Serum- and Xeno-Free Medium Preserve Their Undifferentiated Status. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:jfb12020025. [PMID: 33923488 PMCID: PMC8167760 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) are promising candidates for cell-based therapies, but they need to be efficiently expanded in vitro as they cannot be harvested in sufficient quantities. Recently, dynamic bioreactor systems operated with microcarriers achieved considerable high cell densities. Thus, they are a viable alternative to static planar cultivation systems to obtain high numbers of clinical-grade hASCs. Nevertheless, the production of considerable biomass in a short time must not be achieved to the detriment of the cells' quality. To facilitate the scalable expansion of hASC, we have developed a new serum- and xeno-free medium (UrSuppe) and a biodegradable microcarrier (BR44). In this study, we investigated whether the culture of hASCs in defined serum-free conditions on microcarriers (3D) or on planar (2D) cell culture vessels may influence the expression of some marker genes linked with the immature degree or the differentiated status of the cells. Furthermore, we investigated whether the biomaterials, which form our biodegradable MCs, may affect cell behavior and differentiation. The results confirmed that the quality and the undifferentiated status of the hASCs are very well preserved when they grow on BR44 MCs in defined serum-free conditions. Indeed, the ASCs showed a gene expression profile more compatible with an undifferentiated status than the same cells grown under standard planar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muoio
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefano Panella
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Valentin Jossen
- Institute of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Competence Center of Biochemical Engineering & Cell Cultivation Technique Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (V.J.); (R.E.)
| | | | - Yves Harder
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, EOC, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Regine Eibl
- Institute of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Competence Center of Biochemical Engineering & Cell Cultivation Technique Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (V.J.); (R.E.)
| | - Tiziano Tallone
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-91-805-38-85
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chemically Defined Xeno- and Serum-Free Cell Culture Medium to Grow Human Adipose Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020466. [PMID: 33671568 PMCID: PMC7926673 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an abundant source of stem cells. However, liposuction cannot yield cell quantities sufficient for direct applications in regenerative medicine. Therefore, the development of GMP-compliant ex vivo expansion protocols is required to ensure the production of a "cell drug" that is safe, reproducible, and cost-effective. Thus, we developed our own basal defined xeno- and serum-free cell culture medium (UrSuppe), specifically formulated to grow human adipose stem cells (hASCs). With this medium, we can directly culture the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells in defined cell culture conditions to obtain hASCs. Cells proliferate while remaining undifferentiated, as shown by Flow Cytometry (FACS), Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, and their secretion products. Using the UrSuppe cell culture medium, maximum cell densities between 0.51 and 0.80 × 105 cells/cm2 (=2.55-4.00 × 105 cells/mL) were obtained. As the expansion of hASCs represents only the first step in a cell therapeutic protocol or further basic research studies, we formulated two chemically defined media to differentiate the expanded hASCs in white or beige/brown adipocytes. These new media could help translate research projects into the clinical application of hASCs and study ex vivo the biology in healthy and dysfunctional states of adipocytes and their precursors. Following the cell culture system developers' practice and obvious reasons related to the formulas' patentability, the defined media's composition will not be disclosed in this study.
Collapse
|
10
|
Deppe S, Frahm B, Hass VC, Hernández Rodríguez T, Kuchemüller KB, Möller J, Pörtner R. Estimation of Process Model Parameters. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2095:213-234. [PMID: 31858470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0191-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture technology has become a substantial domain of modern biotechnology, particularly in the pharmaceutical market. Today, products manufactured from cells itself dominate the biopharmaceutical industry. In addition, a limited number of products made of in vitro cultivated cells for regenerative medicine were launched to the market. Modeling of such processes is an important task since these systems are usually nonlinear and complex. In this chapter, a framework for the estimation of process model parameters and its implementation is shown. It is aimed to support the parameter estimation task, which increases the potential of implementation and improvement of mathematical process models into the novel and existing bioprocesses. Apart from the parameter estimation, evaluation of the estimated parameters plays an essential role in order to verify these parameters and subsequently the selected model. The workflow is outlined and shown specifically on the basis of a mathematical process model describing a mammalian cell culture batch process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Deppe
- Biotechnology & Bioprocess Engineering, Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lemgo, Germany
| | - Björn Frahm
- Biotechnology & Bioprocess Engineering, Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lemgo, Germany.
| | - Volker C Hass
- University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Tanja Hernández Rodríguez
- Biotechnology & Bioprocess Engineering, Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lemgo, Germany
| | - Kim B Kuchemüller
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Möller
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jeske R, Lewis S, Tsai AC, Sanders K, Liu C, Yuan X, Li Y. Agitation in a Microcarrier-based Spinner Flask Bioreactor Modulates Homeostasis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biochem Eng J 2021; 168. [PMID: 33967591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are well known in cell therapy due to their secretion of trophic factors, multipotent differentiation potential, and ability for self-renewal. As a result, the number of clinical trials has been steadily increasing over the last decade highlighting the need for in vitro systems capable of producing large quantities of cells to meet growing demands. However, hMSCs are highly sensitive to microenvironment conditions, including shear stress caused by dynamic bioreactor systems, and can lead to alteration of cellular homeostasis. In this study, hMSCs were expanded on microcarriers within a 125 mL spinner flask bioreactor system. Our results demonstrate a three-fold expansion over seven days. Furthermore, our results show that culturing hMSCs in the microcarrier-based suspension bioreactor (compared to static planar culture) results in smaller cell size and higher levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and ROS regulator Sirtuin-3, which have implications on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic pathway and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, hMSCs in the bioreactor showed the increased Prostaglandin E2 secretion as well as reduced the Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase secretion upon stimulus with interferon gamma. The results of this study provide understanding of potential hMSC physiology alterations impacted by bioreactor microenvironment during scalable production of hMSCs for biomanufacturing and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Shaquille Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Kevin Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Numerical Methods for the Design and Description of In Vitro Expansion Processes of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 177:185-228. [PMID: 33090237 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a valuable source of cells for clinical applications (e.g., treatment of acute myocardial infarction or inflammatory diseases), especially in the field of regenerative medicine. However, for autologous (patient-specific) and allogeneic (off-the-shelf) hMSC-based therapies, in vitro expansion is necessary prior to the clinical application in order to achieve the required cell numbers. Safe, reproducible, and economic in vitro expansion of hMSCs for autologous and allogeneic therapies can be problematic because the cell material is restricted and the cells are sensitive to environmental changes. It is beneficial to collect detailed information on the hydrodynamic conditions and cell growth behavior in a bioreactor system, in order to develop a so called "Digital Twin" of the cultivation system and expansion process. Numerical methods, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) which has become widely used in the biotech industry for studying local characteristics within bioreactors or kinetic growth modelling, provide possible solutions for such tasks.In this review, we will present the current state-of-the-art for the in vitro expansion of hMSCs. Different numerical tools, including numerical fluid flow simulations and cell growth modelling approaches for hMSCs, will be presented. In addition, a case study demonstrating the applicability of CFD and kinetic growth modelling for the development of an microcarrier-based hMSC process will be shown.
Collapse
|
13
|
de Sá da Silva J, Severino P, Wodewotzky TI, Covas DT, Swiech K, Cavalheiro Marti L, Torres Suazo CA. Mesenchymal stromal cells maintain the major quality attributes when expanded in different bioreactor systems. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
Jossen V, Muoio F, Panella S, Harder Y, Tallone T, Eibl R. An Approach towards a GMP Compliant In-Vitro Expansion of Human Adipose Stem Cells for Autologous Therapies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030077. [PMID: 32698363 PMCID: PMC7552624 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Adipose Tissue Stem Cells (hASCs) are a valuable source of cells for clinical applications (e.g., treatment of acute myocardial infarction and inflammatory diseases), especially in the field of regenerative medicine. However, for autologous (patient-specific) and allogeneic (off-the-shelf) hASC-based therapies, in-vitro expansion is necessary prior to the clinical application in order to achieve the required cell numbers. Safe, reproducible and economic in-vitro expansion of hASCs for autologous therapies is more problematic because the cell material changes for each treatment. Moreover, cell material is normally isolated from non-healthy or older patients, which further complicates successful in-vitro expansion. Hence, the goal of this study was to perform cell expansion studies with hASCs isolated from two different patients/donors (i.e., different ages and health statuses) under xeno- and serum-free conditions in static, planar (2D) and dynamically mixed (3D) cultivation systems. Our primary aim was I) to compare donor variability under in-vitro conditions and II) to develop and establish an unstructured, segregated growth model as a proof-of-concept study. Maximum cell densities of between 0.49 and 0.65 × 105 hASCs/cm2 were achieved for both donors in 2D and 3D cultivation systems. Cell growth under static and dynamically mixed conditions was comparable, which demonstrated that hydrodynamic stresses (P/V = 0.63 W/m3, τnt = 4.96 × 10−3 Pa) acting at Ns1u (49 rpm for 10 g/L) did not negatively affect cell growth, even under serum-free conditions. However, donor-dependent differences in the cell size were found, which resulted in significantly different maximum cell densities for each of the two donors. In both cases, stemness was well maintained under static 2D and dynamic 3D conditions, as long as the cells were not hyperconfluent. The optimal point for cell harvesting was identified as between cell densities of 0.41 and 0.56 × 105 hASCs/cm2 (end of exponential growth phase). The growth model delivered reliable predictions for cell growth, substrate consumption and metabolite production in both types of cultivation systems. Therefore, the model can be used as a basis for future investigations in order to develop a robust MC-based hASC production process for autologous therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jossen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +41-58-934-5334
| | - Francesco Muoio
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Stefano Panella
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Yves Harder
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Tallone
- Foundation for Cardiological Research and Education (FCRE), Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland; (F.M.); (S.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Regine Eibl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Metabolic and proliferation evaluation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) in different culture medium volumes: standardization of static culture. Biologicals 2019; 62:93-101. [PMID: 31495708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASC) have acquired a prominent role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the standardization of basic culture procedures in this cellular type is still not well established according to the main qualitative cellular attributes. We evaluate the cell growth profile of human ASC in a different culture medium volumes and their nutritional composition utilizing static cultivation. Culture medium volumes (5, 10 and 15 mL/25 cm2) in T-flasks were evaluated by kinetic parameters and the metabolic composition was determined by biochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy. 50% renewal of culture medium volume every 48 h was adopted. Immunophenotypic characterization and cell differentiation were performed. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the kinetic parameters of cell proliferation between the culture medium volumes or in FT-IR composition. However, the concentrations of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and glutamate varied significantly during the cultivation process as a function of the medium volume. ASC presented specific antigens and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. It was concluded that the minimal culture medium volume (5 mL/25 cm2 in static culture) was sufficient to maintain the stability, potency, and growth of ASC, representing an economic and safe standardization for this cell culture process.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Melo BAGD, Luzo ÂCM, Lana JFSD, Santana MHA. Centrifugation Conditions in the L-PRP Preparation Affect Soluble Factors Release and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation in Fibrin Nanofibers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152729. [PMID: 31357568 PMCID: PMC6696255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) is an autologous product that when activated forms fibrin nanofibers, which are useful in regenerative medicine. As an important part of the preparation of L-PRP, the centrifugation parameters may affect the release of soluble factors that modulate the behavior of the cells in the nanofibers. In this study, we evaluated the influences of four different centrifugation conditions on the concentration of platelets and leukocytes in L-PRP and on the anabolic/catabolic balance of the nanofiber microenvironment. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (h-AdMSCs) were seeded in the nanofibers, and their viability and growth were evaluated. L-PRPs prepared at 100× g and 100 + 400× g released higher levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB due to the increased platelet concentration, while inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were more significantly released from L-PRPs prepared via two centrifugation steps (100 + 400× g and 800 + 400× g) due to the increased concentration of leukocytes. Our results showed that with the exception of nanofibers formed from L-PRP prepared at 800 + 400× g, all other microenvironments were favorable for h-AdMSC proliferation. Here, we present a reproducible protocol for the standardization of L-PRP and fibrin nanofibers useful in clinical practices with known platelet/leukocyte ratios and in vitro evaluations that may predict in vivo results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Alice Gomes de Melo
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Helena Andrade Santana
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Medium Perfusion Flow Improves Osteogenic Commitment of Human Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1304194. [PMID: 31191662 PMCID: PMC6525824 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1304194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic culture protocols have recently emerged as part of (bone) tissue engineering strategies due to their ability to represent a more physiological cell environment in vitro. Here, we described how a perfusion flow induced by a simple bioreactor system improves proliferation and osteogenic commitment of human bone marrow stromal cells. L88/5 cells were cultured in poly(methyl methacrylate) custom-milled communicating well plates, in the presence of an osteogenic cocktail containing 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and β-glycerophosphate. The dynamic cell culture was maintained under perfusion flow stimulation at 1 mL/min for up to 4 days and compared with a static control condition. A cell viability assay showed that the proliferation associated with the dynamic cell culture was 20% higher vs. the static condition. A significantly higher upregulation of the osteogenic markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), collagen type I (COL1A1), osteocalcin (BGLAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and osteopontin (SPP1) was detected when the perfusion flow stimulation was administered to the cells treated with the osteogenic cocktail. An in silico analysis showed that in the dynamic cell culture condition (i) the shear stress in the proximity of the cell layer approximates 10-3 Pa, (ii) the nutrient and the waste product concentration is more homogeneously distributed than in the static counterpart, and (iii) perfusion flow was associated with higher nutrient consumption. In summary, increased cell proliferation and enhanced early phenotype commitment indicate that dynamic cell culture conditions, delivered via bioreactor systems, produce an enhanced in vitro environment for both basic and translational research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
19
|
Growth Behavior of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells at Small Scale: Numerical and Experimental Investigations. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040106. [PMID: 30518117 PMCID: PMC6315405 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) are a valuable source of cells for clinical applications, especially in the field of regenerative medicine. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the interest in hASCs has greatly increased over the last decade. However, in order to use hASCs in clinically relevant numbers, in vitro expansion is required. Single-use stirred bioreactors in combination with microcarriers (MCs) have shown themselves to be suitable systems for this task. However, hASCs tend to be less robust, and thus, more shear sensitive than conventional production cell lines for therapeutic antibodies and vaccines (e.g., Chinese Hamster Ovary cells CHO, Baby Hamster Kidney cells BHK), for which these bioreactors were originally designed. Hence, the goal of this study was to investigate the influence of different shear stress levels on the growth of humane telomerase reversed transcriptase immortalized hASCs (hTERT-ASC) and aggregate formation in stirred single-use systems at the mL scale: the 125 mL (= SP100) and the 500 mL (= SP300) disposable Corning® spinner flask. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on an Euler⁻Euler and Euler⁻Lagrange approach were performed to predict the hydrodynamic stresses (0.06⁻0.87 Pa), the residence times (0.4⁻7.3 s), and the circulation times (1.6⁻16.6 s) of the MCs in different shear zones for different impeller speeds and the suspension criteria (Ns1u, Ns1). The numerical findings were linked to experimental data from cultivations studies to develop, for the first time, an unstructured, segregated mathematical growth model for hTERT-ASCs. While the 125 mL spinner flask with 100 mL working volume (SP100) provided up to 1.68.10⁵ hTERT-ASC/cm² (= 0.63 × 10⁶ living hTERT-ASCs/mL, EF 56) within eight days, the peak living cell density of the 500 mL spinner flask with 300 mL working volume (SP300) was 2.46 × 10⁵ hTERT-ASC/cm² (= 0.88 × 10⁶ hTERT-ASCs/mL, EF 81) and was achieved on day eight. Optimal cultivation conditions were found for Ns1u < N < Ns1, which corresponded to specific power inputs of 0.3⁻1.1 W/m³. The established growth model delivered reliable predictions for cell growth on the MCs with an accuracy of 76⁻96% for both investigated spinner flask types.
Collapse
|
20
|
Osiecki MJ, McElwain SDL, Lott WB. Modelling mesenchymal stromal cell growth in a packed bed bioreactor with a gas permeable wall. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202079. [PMID: 30148832 PMCID: PMC6110476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mathematical model was developed for mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) growth in a packed bed bioreactor that improves oxygen availability by allowing oxygen diffusion through a gas-permeable wall. The governing equations for oxygen, glucose and lactate, the inhibitory waste product, were developed assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics, together with an equation for the medium flow based on Darcy's Law. The conservation law for the cells includes the effects of inhibition as the cells reach confluence, nutrient and waste product concentrations, and the assumption that the cells can migrate on the scaffold. The equations were solved using the finite element package, COMSOL. Previous experimental results collected using a packed bed bioreactor with gas permeable walls to expand MSCs produced a lower cell yield than was obtained using a traditional cell culture flask. This mathematical model suggests that the main contributors to the observed low cell yield were a non-uniform initial cell seeding profile and a potential lag phase as cells recovered from the initial seeding procedure. Lactate build-up was predicted to have only a small effect at lower flow rates. Thus, the most important parameters to optimise cell expansion in the proliferation of MSCs in a bioreactor with gas permeable wall are the initial cell seeding protocol and the handling of the cells during the seeding process. The mathematical model was then used to identify and characterise potential enhancements to the bioreactor design, including incorporating a central gas permeable capillary to further enhance oxygen availability to the cells. Finally, to evaluate the issues and limitations that might be encountered scale-up of the bioreactor, the mathematical model was used to investigate modifications to the bioreactor design geometry and packing density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Osiecki
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Sean D. L. McElwain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William B. Lott
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heathman TR, Nienow AW, Rafiq QA, Coopman K, Kara B, Hewitt CJ. Agitation and aeration of stirred-bioreactors for the microcarrier culture of human mesenchymal stem cells and potential implications for large-scale bioprocess development. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Paim Á, Cardozo NSM, Tessaro IC, Pranke P. Relevant biological processes for tissue development with stem cells and their mechanistic modeling: A review. Math Biosci 2018; 301:147-158. [PMID: 29746816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A potential alternative for tissue transplants is tissue engineering, in which the interaction of cells and biomaterials can be optimized. Tissue development in vitro depends on the complex interaction of several biological processes such as extracellular matrix synthesis, vascularization and cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, death, and differentiation. The complexity of an individual phenomenon or of the combination of these processes can be studied with phenomenological modeling techniques. This work reviews the main biological phenomena in tissue development and their mathematical modeling, focusing on mesenchymal stem cell growth in three-dimensional scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Paim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Nilo S M Cardozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weber C, Freimark D, Pörtner R, Pino-Grace P, Pohl S, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Fixed-Bed Bioreactor System Based on Non-Porous Glass Carrier – Part B: Modeling and Scale-up of the System. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003301103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising cell source for the manufacturing of cell therapy or tissue-engineered implants. In part A of this publication a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous borosilicate glass spheres and procedures for the automated expansion of hMSC with high yield and vitality was introduced. Part B of this study deals with the modeling of the process in order to transfer the bioreactor system from the laboratory to the production scale. Relevant model parameters were obtained by fitting them to the experimental data of hMSC-TERT cultivations in scales up to 300 cm3. Scale-up calculations were carried out exemplarily for a target cell number of twenty billion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Denise Freimark
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, University of Technology, Hamburg - Germany
| | - Pablo Pino-Grace
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Sebastian Pohl
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS - USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang B, Ye H, Yang A. Mathematical modelling of interacting mechanisms for hypoxia mediated cell cycle commitment for mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29606139 PMCID: PMC5879778 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Existing experimental data have shown hypoxia to be an important factor affecting the proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), but the contrasting observations made at various hypoxic levels raise the questions of whether hypoxia accelerates proliferation, and how. On the other hand, in order to meet the increasing demand of MSCs, an optimised bioreactor control strategy is needed to enhance in vitro production. Results A comprehensive, single-cell mathematical model has been constructed in this work, which combines cellular oxygen sensing with hypoxia-mediated cell cycle progression to predict cell cycle commitment as a proxy to proliferation rate. With oxygen levels defined for in vitro cell culture, the model predicts enhanced proliferation under intermediate (2–8%) and mild (8–15%) hypoxia and cell quiescence under severe (< 2%) hypoxia. Global sensitivity analysis and quasi-Monte Carlo simulation revealed that within a certain range (+/− 100%), model parameters affect (with varying significance) the minimum commitment time, but the existence of a range of optimal oxygen tension could be preserved with the hypothesized effects of Hif2α and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It appears that Hif2α counteracts Hif1α and ROS-mediated protein deactivation under intermediate hypoxia and normoxia (20%), respectively, to regulate the response of cell cycle commitment to oxygen tension. Conclusion Overall, this modelling study offered an integrative framework to capture several interacting mechanisms and allowed in silico analysis of their individual and collective roles in shaping the hypoxia-mediated commitment to cell cycle. The model offers a starting point to the establishment of a suitable mechanism that can satisfactorily explain the different existing experimental observations from different studies, and warrants future extension and dedicated experimental validation to eventually support bioreactor optimisation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0560-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khurshid M, Mulet-Sierra A, Adesida A, Sen A. Osteoarthritic human chondrocytes proliferate in 3D co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells in suspension bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1418-e1432. [PMID: 28752579 DOI: 10.1002/term.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful disease, characterized by progressive surface erosion of articular cartilage. The use of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) sourced from OA patients has been proposed as a potential therapy for cartilage repair, but this approach is limited by the lack of scalable methods to produce clinically relevant quantities of cartilage-generating cells. Previous studies in static culture have shown that hACs co-cultured with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as 3D pellets can upregulate proliferation and generate neocartilage with enhanced functional matrix formation relative to that produced from either cell type alone. However, because static culture flasks are not readily amenable to scale up, scalable suspension bioreactors were investigated to determine if they could support the co-culture of hMSCs and OA hACs under serum-free conditions to facilitate clinical translation of this approach. When hACs and hMSCs (1:3 ratio) were inoculated at 20,000 cells/ml into 125-ml suspension bioreactors and fed weekly, they spontaneously formed 3D aggregates and proliferated, resulting in a 4.75-fold increase over 16 days. Whereas the apparent growth rate was lower than that achieved during co-culture as a 2D monolayer in static culture flasks, bioreactor co-culture as 3D aggregates resulted in a significantly lower collagen I to II mRNA expression ratio and more than double the glycosaminoglycan/DNA content (5.8 vs. 2.5 μg/μg). The proliferation of hMSCs and hACs as 3D aggregates in serum-free suspension culture demonstrates that scalable bioreactors represent an accessible platform capable of supporting the generation of clinical quantities of cells for use in cell-based cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khurshid
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adetola Adesida
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murphy KC, Hung BP, Browne-Bourne S, Zhou D, Yeung J, Genetos DC, Leach JK. Measurement of oxygen tension within mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0851. [PMID: 28179546 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids formed of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit increased cell survival and trophic factor secretion compared with dissociated MSCs, making them therapeutically advantageous for cell therapy. Presently, there is no consensus for the mechanism of action. Many hypothesize that spheroid formation potentiates cell function by generating a hypoxic core within spheroids of sufficiently large diameters. The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine whether a hypoxic core is generated in MSC spheroids by measuring oxygen tension in aggregates of increasing diameter and correlating oxygen tension values with cell function. MSC spheroids were formed with 15 000, 30 000 or 60 000 cells per spheroid, resulting in radii of 176 ± 8 µm, 251 ± 12 µm and 353 ± 18 µm, respectively. Oxygen tension values coupled with mathematical modelling revealed a gradient that varied less than 10% from the outer diameter within the largest spheroids. Despite the modest radial variance in oxygen tension, cellular metabolism from spheroids significantly decreased as the number of cells and resultant spheroid size increased. This may be due to adaptive reductions in matrix deposition and packing density with increases in spheroid diameter, enabling spheroids to avoid the formation of a hypoxic core. Overall, these data provide evidence that the enhanced function of MSC spheroids is not oxygen mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ben P Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Browne-Bourne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dejie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Damian C Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hanga MP, Murasiewicz H, Pacek AW, Nienow AW, Coopman K, Hewitt CJ. Expansion of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) using a two-phase liquid/liquid system. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2017; 92:1577-1589. [PMID: 28706339 PMCID: PMC5485050 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) are at the forefront of regenerative medicine applications due to their relatively easy isolation and availability in adults, potential to differentiate and to secrete a range of trophic factors that could determine specialised tissue regeneration. To date, hMSCs have been successfully cultured in vitro on substrates such as polystyrene dishes (TCPS) or microcarriers. However, hMSC sub-cultivation and harvest typically employs proteolytic enzymes that act by cleaving important cell membrane proteins resulting in long-term cell damage. In a process where the cells themselves are the product, a non-enzymatic and non-damaging harvesting approach is desirable. RESULTS An alternative system for hMSC expansion and subsequent non-enzymatic harvest was investigated here. A liquid/liquid two-phase system was proposed, comprising a selected perfluorocarbon (FC40) and growth medium (DMEM). The cells exhibited similar cell morphologies compared with TCPS. Moreover, they retained their identity and differentiation potential post-expansion and post-harvest. Further, no significant difference was found when culturing hMSCs in the culture systems prepared with either fresh or recycled FC40 perfluorocarbon. CONCLUSIONS These findings make the FC40/DMEM system an attractive alternative for traditional cell culture substrates due to their ease of cell recovery and recyclability, the latter impacting on overall process costs. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Hanga
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- Aston Medical Research InstituteAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Halina Murasiewicz
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- West Pomeranian University of Technology SzczecinFaculty of Chemical Technology and EngineeringSzczecinPoland
| | - Andrzej W Pacek
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alvin W Nienow
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Aston Medical Research InstituteAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Karen Coopman
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- Aston Medical Research InstituteAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roy M, Finley SD. Computational Model Predicts the Effects of Targeting Cellular Metabolism in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Physiol 2017; 8:217. [PMID: 28446878 PMCID: PMC5388762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer that enables the cancer cells to meet the increased energetic requirements due to uncontrolled proliferation. One prominent example is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, an aggressive form of cancer with an overall 5-year survival rate of 5%. The reprogramming mechanism in pancreatic cancer involves deregulated uptake of glucose and glutamine and other opportunistic modes of satisfying energetic demands in a hypoxic and nutrient-poor environment. In the current study, we apply systems biology approaches to enable a better understanding of the dynamics of the distinct metabolic alterations in KRAS-mediated pancreatic cancer, with the goal of impeding early cell proliferation by identifying the optimal metabolic enzymes to target. We have constructed a kinetic model of metabolism represented as a set of ordinary differential equations that describe time evolution of the metabolite concentrations in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway. The model is comprised of 46 metabolites and 53 reactions. The mathematical model is fit to published enzyme knockdown experimental data. We then applied the model to perform in silico enzyme modulations and evaluate the effects on cell proliferation. Our work identifies potential combinations of enzyme knockdown, metabolite inhibition, and extracellular conditions that impede cell proliferation. Excitingly, the model predicts novel targets that can be tested experimentally. Therefore, the model is a tool to predict the effects of inhibiting specific metabolic reactions within pancreatic cancer cells, which is difficult to measure experimentally, as well as test further hypotheses toward targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Roy
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA.,Chemical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Konakovsky V, Clemens C, Müller MM, Bechmann J, Herwig C. A robust feeding strategy to maintain set-point glucose in mammalian fed-batch cultures when input parameters have a large error. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:317-336. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Konakovsky
- Div. of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology; Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4 Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Christoph Clemens
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Markus Michael Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Jan Bechmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Div. of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology; Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4 Vienna 1060 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lambrechts T, Papantoniou I, Viazzi S, Bovy T, Schrooten J, Luyten F, Aerts JM. Evaluation of a monitored multiplate bioreactor for large-scale expansion of human periosteum derived stem cells for bone tissue engineering applications. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
31
|
McMurtrey RJ. Analytic Models of Oxygen and Nutrient Diffusion, Metabolism Dynamics, and Architecture Optimization in Three-Dimensional Tissue Constructs with Applications and Insights in Cerebral Organoids. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:221-49. [PMID: 26650970 PMCID: PMC5029285 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion models are important in tissue engineering as they enable an understanding of gas, nutrient, and signaling molecule delivery to cells in cell cultures and tissue constructs. As three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs become larger, more intricate, and more clinically applicable, it will be essential to understand internal dynamics and signaling molecule concentrations throughout the tissue and whether cells are receiving appropriate nutrient delivery. Diffusion characteristics present a significant limitation in many engineered tissues, particularly for avascular tissues and for cells whose viability, differentiation, or function are affected by concentrations of oxygen and nutrients. This article seeks to provide novel analytic solutions for certain cases of steady-state and nonsteady-state diffusion and metabolism in basic 3D construct designs (planar, cylindrical, and spherical forms), solutions that would otherwise require mathematical approximations achieved through numerical methods. This model is applied to cerebral organoids, where it is shown that limitations in diffusion and organoid size can be partially overcome by localizing metabolically active cells to an outer layer in a sphere, a regionalization process that is known to occur through neuroglial precursor migration both in organoids and in early brain development. The given prototypical solutions include a review of metabolic information for many cell types and can be broadly applied to many forms of tissue constructs. This work enables researchers to model oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells, predict cell viability, study dynamics of mass transport in 3D tissue constructs, design constructs with improved diffusion capabilities, and accurately control molecular concentrations in tissue constructs that may be used in studying models of development and disease or for conditioning cells to enhance survival after insults like ischemia or implantation into the body, thereby providing a framework for better understanding and exploring the characteristics and behaviors of engineered tissue constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. McMurtrey
- Institute of Neural Regeneration & Tissue Engineering, Highland, Utah, United States
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sart S, Agathos SN, Li Y, Ma T. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell 3D microenvironment: From macro to microfluidic bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:43-57. [PMID: 26696441 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have emerged as an important cell type in cell therapy and tissue engineering. In these applications, maintaining the therapeutic properties of hMSCs requires tight control of the culture environments and the structural cell organizations. Bioreactor systems are essential tools to achieve these goals in the clinical-scale expansion and tissue engineering applications. This review summarizes how different bioreactors provide cues to regulate the structure and the chemico-mechanical microenvironment of hMSCs with a focus on 3D organization. In addition to conventional bioreactors, recent advances in microfluidic bioreactors as a novel approach to better control the hMSC microenvironment are also discussed. These advancements highlight the key role of bioreactor systems in preserving hMSC's functional properties by providing dynamic and temporal regulation of in vitro cellular microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, CNRS UMR7646, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Spiros N Agathos
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Higuera GA, Fernandes H, Spitters TWGM, van de Peppel J, Aufferman N, Truckenmueller R, Escalante M, Stoop R, van Leeuwen JP, de Boer J, Subramaniam V, Karperien M, van Blitterswijk C, van Boxtel A, Moroni L. Spatiotemporal proliferation of human stromal cells adjusts to nutrient availability and leads to stanniocalcin-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2015; 61:190-202. [PMID: 26004234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells and tissues are intrinsically adapted to molecular gradients and use them to maintain or change their activity. The effect of such gradients is particularly important for cell populations that have an intrinsic capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, such as bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Our results showed that nutrient gradients prompt the spatiotemporal organization of MSCs in 3D culture. Cells adapted to their 3D environment without significant cell death or cell differentiation. Kinetics data and whole-genome gene expression analysis suggest that a low proliferation activity phenotype predominates in stromal cells cultured in 3D, likely due to increasing nutrient limitation. These differences implied that despite similar surface areas available for cell attachment, higher cell concentrations in 3D reduced MSCs proliferation, while activating hypoxia related-pathways. To further understand the in vivo effects of both proliferation and cell concentrations, we increased cell concentrations in small (1.8 μl) implantable wells. We found that MSCs accumulation and conditioning by nutrient competition in small volumes leads to an ideal threshold of cell-concentration for the induction of blood vessel formation, possibly signaled by the hypoxia-related stanniocalcin-1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tim W G M Spitters
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Erasmus Medical Center, Internal Medicine, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Aufferman
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmueller
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maryana Escalante
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Mesa(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Erasmus Medical Center, Internal Medicine, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Mesa(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anton van Boxtel
- Systems and Control Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Palomäki S, Pietilä M, Laitinen S, Pesälä J, Sormunen R, Lehenkari P, Koivunen P. HIF-1α is upregulated in human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1902-9. [PMID: 23744828 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells that have aroused great expectations in regenerative medicine. They are assumed to originate from hypoxic stem cell niches, especially in the bone marrow. This suggests that O2 is of importance in their regulation. In order to characterize regulation of the oxygen sensing pathway in these cells, we studied hMSCs isolated from three origins, adult and pediatric bone marrow and umbilical cord blood (UCB). Surprisingly, pediatric bone marrow and UCB MSCs showed normoxic stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) that is normally degraded completely by HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases in the presence of oxygen. This was due to a high expression level of HIF-1α mRNA rather than inappropriate post-translational degradation of HIF-1α protein. HIF-1α mRNA was also induced in normoxic adult bone marrow MSCs, but 40% less than in the pediatric cells, and this was apparently not enough to stabilize the protein. The high normoxic HIF expression in all the hMSCs studied was accompanied by increased expression of a large number of glycolytic HIF target genes and increased glycolysis. Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived hMSCs reduced HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression and the expression of glycolytic mRNAs, resulting in decreased glycolysis and induction of oxidative metabolism. Induced mitochondrial biogenesis, changes in mitochondrial morphology and size indicative of increased oxidative phosphorylation, and induction of extracellular matrix synthesis were observed following osteogenic differentiation. Altogether, these data suggest that HIF-1α is a general regulator controlling the metabolic fate and multipotency of the hMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Palomäki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sart S, Agathos SN, Li Y. Process engineering of stem cell metabolism for large scale expansion and differentiation in bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
36
|
Buravkova LB, Rylova YV, Andreeva ER, Kulikov AV, Pogodina MV, Zhivotovsky B, Gogvadze V. Low ATP level is sufficient to maintain the uncommitted state of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4418-25. [PMID: 23742825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) are minimally differentiated precursors with great potential to transdifferentiate. These cells are quite resistant to oxygen limitation, suggesting that a hypoxic milieu can be physiological for MMSCs. METHODS Human MMSCs isolated from adipose tissue were grown at various oxygen concentrations. Alteration in cell immunophenotype was determined by flow cytometry after staining with specific antibodies. Concentrations of glucose and lactate were determined using the Biocon colorimetric test. Cellular respiration was assessed using oxygen electrode. The modes of cell death were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V and propidium iodide. RESULTS We found that permanent oxygen deprivation attenuated cellular ATP levels in these cells, diminishing mitochondrial ATP production but stimulating glycolytic ATP production. At the same time, permanent hypoxia did not affect MMSCs' viability, stimulated their proliferation and reduced their capacity to differentiate. Further, permanent hypoxia decreased spontaneous cell death by MMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Under hypoxic conditions glycolysis provides sufficient energy to maintain MMSCs in an uncommitted state. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings are of interest not only for scientific reasons, but also in practical terms. Oxygen concentration makes an essential contribution to MMSC physiology and should be taken into account in the setting of protocols for cellular therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Buravkova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Unadkat HV, Rewagad RR, Hulsman M, Hulshof GFB, Truckenmüller RK, Stamatialis DF, Reinders MJT, Eijkel JCT, van den Berg A, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. A modular versatile chip carrier for high-throughput screening of cell-biomaterial interactions. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120753. [PMID: 23152103 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of biomaterials research is witnessing a steady rise in high-throughput screening approaches, comprising arrays of materials of different physico-chemical composition in a chip format. Even though the cell arrays provide many benefits in terms of throughput, they also bring new challenges. One of them is the establishment of robust homogeneous cell seeding techniques and strong control over cell culture, especially for long time periods. To meet these demands, seeding cells with low variation per tester area is required, in addition to robust cell culture parameters. In this study, we describe the development of a modular chip carrier which represents an important step in standardizing cell seeding and cell culture conditions in array formats. Our carrier allows flexible and controlled cell seeding and subsequent cell culture using dynamic perfusion. To demonstrate the application of our device, we successfully cultured and evaluated C2C12 premyoblast cell viability under dynamic conditions for a period of 5 days using an automated pipeline for image acquisition and analysis. In addition, using computational fluid dynamics, lactate and BMP-2 as model molecules, we estimated that there is good exchange of nutrients and metabolites with the flowing medium, whereas no cross-talk between adjacent TestUnits should be expected. Moreover, the shear stresses to the cells can be tailored uniformly over the entire chip area. Based on these findings, we believe our chip carrier may be a versatile tool for high-throughput cell experiments in biomaterials sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H V Unadkat
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Proksch S, Steinberg T, Stampf S, Schwarz U, Hellwig E, Tomakidi P. Crosstalk on cell behavior in interactive cocultures of hMSCs with various oral cell types. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2601-10. [PMID: 22881458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When prospectively applied for regenerative therapies, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) interact with the locally residing host cells. With respect to the developmentally particular origin of oral cells, little is known about the putatively discriminative behavioral responses of hMSCs in interaction with various oral cell types, including human alveolar bone osteoblasts (hOAs), periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLs), and gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). To assess the crosstalk between hMSCs and oral cells, interactive cocultures were established by combining well-characterized hMSCs with hOAs, hPDLs, or hGFs, and the behavioral hMSC aspects, that is, proliferation and gene expression, were measured by employing a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, while apoptosis was quantified by in situ cell death detection kit. hMSCs expressed the typical antigen spectrum lacking CD34, CD45, CD14, CD19, and HLA-DR, while expressing CD73, CD90, and CD105, and could successfully be transformed into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Monocultured control hMSCs proliferated readily, whereas a general reduction of BrdU-labeled cells was observed in cocultures. Globally, upon extending time periods, interactive coculture combinations of hMSCs with hOAs reduced both osteogenic gene and stem cell marker transcription in hMSCs, a phenomenon appearing less pronounced by combining hMSCs with hPDLs, such that the observed effects in terms of proliferation and gene expression followed the same ranking: hOAs>hGFs>hPDLs. Vice versa, in interactive hMSC cocultures, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, irrespective from the combined coculture cell counterpart. Our results show for the first time that behavior of hMSCs reflected by proliferation and gene expression was governed by interaction with various oral cells in a cell-type-discriminative manner. In addition, hMSC coculture restrains apoptosis, such that influences on cell behavior appear as a crosstalk. In summary, interactive cocultures render the basis for a prospective prediction of mutual cell behavior in hMSC-based oral tissue regeneration disclosing that oral cells shift hMSC behavior from proliferation to differentiation and apoptosis-repressing features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Higuera GA, Schop D, Spitters TWGM, van Dijkhuizen-Radersma R, Bracke M, de Bruijn JD, Martens D, Karperien M, van Boxtel A, van Blitterswijk CA. Patterns of amino acid metabolism by proliferating human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:654-64. [PMID: 21943055 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of stem cells have not been determined; in particular, the amino acid metabolism of stem cells is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the amino acid metabolism of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), with focus on two questions: Which amino acids are consumed and/or secreted by hMSCs and at what rates? To answer these questions, hMSCs were cultured on tissue culture plastic and in a bioreactor, and their amino acid profile was analyzed. The results showed that the kinetics of hMSCs growth and amino acid metabolism were significantly higher for hMSCs in tissue culture plastic than in the bioreactor. Despite differences in culture conditions, 8 essential and 6 nonessential amino acids were consumed by hMSCs in both tissue culture plastic and bioreactor cultures. Glutamine was the most consumed amino acid with significantly higher rates than for any other amino acid. The metabolism of nonessential amino acids by hMSCs deviated significantly from that of other cell lines. The secretion of alanine, glycine, glutamate, and ornithine by hMSCs showed that there is a strong overflow metabolism that can be due to the high concentrations of amino acids provided in the medium. In addition, the data showed that there is a metabolic pattern for proliferating hMSCs, which can contribute to the design of medium without animal serum for stem cells. Further, this study shows how to implement amino acid rates and metabolic principles in three-dimensional stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jung S, Sen A, Rosenberg L, Behie LA. Human mesenchymal stem cell culture: rapid and efficient isolation and expansion in a defined serum-free medium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:391-403. [PMID: 21744510 DOI: 10.1002/term.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are typically obtained for research or therapeutic applications by isolating and subculturing adherent cells from bone marrow on tissue-culture substrates using growth media. The purity and properties of the resulting populations can be affected greatly by the conditions under which they are cultured. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), although ill-defined, has been widely used as a critical requirement for conventional hMSC culture. However, a defined serum-free medium would greatly facilitate the development of robust, clinically acceptable bioprocesses for reproducibly generating quality-assured cells. The present study provides evidence demonstrating that a defined serum-free medium (PPRF-msc6) shows several beneficial features over a conventional FBS-containing medium for the production of hMSCs. When compared to control FBS-based cultures, PPRF-msc6 medium supported the derivation of hMSCs from primary cultures of bone marrow cells in a more rapid and consistent manner. Furthermore, hMSCs cultured in PPRF-msc6 exhibited: (a) a greater colony-forming capacity in primary as well as passaged cultures; (b) negligible lag phase and explicit exponential growth; (c) lower population doubling times (21-26 h vs 35-38 h between passage levels 1 and 10); (d) a greater number of population doublings (62 ± 4 vs 43 ± 2; over a 2 month period); and (e) a higher degree of homogeneity in size. Our data demonstrate that PPRF-msc6 is an important development which opens the door for the rapid, efficient and reproducible production of hMSCs in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Jung
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weber C, Freimark D, Pörtner R, Pino-Grace P, Pohl S, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous glass carrier--part A: inoculation, cultivation, and cell harvest procedures. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 33:512-25. [PMID: 20872346 DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising cell source for several applications of regenerative medicine. The cells employed are either autologous or allogenic; by using stem cell lines in particular, allogenic cells enable the production of therapeutic cell implants or tissue engineered implants in stock. For these purposes, the generally small initial cell number has to be increased; this requires the use of bioreactors, which offer controlled expansion of the hMSC under GMP-conform conditions. In this study, divided into part A and B, a fixed bed bioreactor system based on non-porous borosilicate glass spheres for the expansion of hMSC, demonstrated with the model cell line hMSC-TERT, is introduced. The system offers convenient automation of the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures. Furthermore, the bioreactor has a simple design which favors its manufacturing as a disposable unit. Part A is focused on the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures. Cultivations were performed in lab scales up to a bed volume of 300 cm³. The study showed that the fixed bed system, based on 2-mm borosilicate glass spheres, as well as the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures are suitable for the expansion of hMSC with high yield and vitality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lavrentieva A, Majore I, Kasper C, Hass R. Effects of hypoxic culture conditions on umbilical cord-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:18. [PMID: 20637101 PMCID: PMC2918620 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following cultivation of distinct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) populations derived from human umbilical cord under hypoxic conditions (between 1.5% to 5% oxygen (O2)) revealed a 2- to 3-fold reduced oxygen consumption rate as compared to the same cultures at normoxic oxygen levels (21% O2). A simultaneous measurement of dissolved oxygen within the culture media from 4 different MSC donors ranged from 15 μmol/L at 1.5% O2 to 196 μmol/L at normoxic 21% O2. The proliferative capacity of the different hypoxic MSC populations was elevated as compared to the normoxic culture. This effect was paralleled by a significantly reduced cell damage or cell death under hypoxic conditions as evaluated by the cellular release of LDH whereby the measurement of caspase3/7 activity revealed little if any differences in apoptotic cell death between the various cultures. The MSC culture under hypoxic conditions was associated with the induction of hypoxia-inducing factor-alpha (HIF-1α) and an elevated expression of energy metabolism-associated genes including GLUT-1, LDH and PDK1. Concomitantly, a significantly enhanced glucose consumption and a corresponding lactate production could be observed in the hypoxic MSC cultures suggesting an altered metabolism of these human stem cells within the hypoxic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dos Santos F, Andrade PZ, Boura JS, Abecasis MM, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Ex vivo expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells: a more effective cell proliferation kinetics and metabolism under hypoxia. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:27-35. [PMID: 20020504 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The low bone marrow (BM) MSC titers demand a fast ex vivo expansion process to meet the clinically relevant cell dosage. Attending to the low oxygen tension of BM in vivo, we studied the influence of hypoxia on human BM MSC proliferation kinetics and metabolism. Human BM MSC cultured under 2% (hypoxia) and 20% O(2) (normoxia) were characterized in terms of proliferation, cell division kinetics and metabolic patterns. BM MSC cultures under hypoxia displayed an early start of the exponential growth phase, and cell numbers obtained at each time point throughout culture were consistently higher under low O(2), resulting in a higher fold increase after 12 days under hypoxia (40 +/- 10 vs. 30 +/- 6). Cell labeling with PKH26 allowed us to determine that after 2 days of culture, a significant higher cell number was already actively dividing under 2% compared to 20% O(2) and BM MSC expanded under low oxygen tension displayed consistently higher percentages of cells in the latest generations (generations 4-6) until the 5th day of culture. Cells under low O(2) presented higher specific consumption of nutrients, especially early in culture, but with lower specific production of inhibitory metabolites. Moreover, 2% O(2) favored CFU-F expansion, while maintaining BM MSC characteristic immunophenotype and differentiative potential. Our results demonstrated a more efficient BM MSC expansion at 2% O(2), compared to normoxic conditions, associated to an earlier start of cellular division and supported by an increase in cellular metabolism efficiency towards the maximization of cell yield for application in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Dos Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Weber C, Pohl S, Poertner R, Pino-Grace P, Freimark D, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Production process for stem cell based therapeutic implants: expansion of the production cell line and cultivation of encapsulated cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 123:143-62. [PMID: 20091287 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell based therapy promises the treatment of many diseases like diabetes mellitus, Parkinson disease or stroke. Microencapsulation of the cells protects them against host-vs-graft reactions and thus enables the usage of allogenic cell lines for the manufacturing of cell therapeutic implants. The production process of such implants consists mainly of the three steps expansion of the cells, encapsulation of the cells, and cultivation of the encapsulated cells in order to increase their vitality and thus quality. This chapter deals with the development of fixed-bed bioreactor-based cultivation procedures used in the first and third step of production. The bioreactor system for the expansion of the stem cell line (hMSC-TERT) is based on non-porous glass spheres, which support cell growth and harvesting with high yield and vitality. The cultivation process for the spherical cell based implants leads to an increase of vitality and additionally enables the application of a medium-based differentiation protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|