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Sinha RA, Yen PM. Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones. Nat Metab 2024; 6:639-650. [PMID: 38671149 PMCID: PMC7615975 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key hormones that regulate development and metabolism in mammals. In man, the major target tissues for TH action are the brain, liver, muscle, heart, and adipose tissue. Defects in TH synthesis, transport, metabolism, and nuclear action have been associated with genetic and endocrine diseases in man. Over the past few years, there has been renewed interest in TH action and the therapeutic potential of THs and thyromimetics to treat several metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and TH transporter defects. Recent advances in the development of tissue and TH receptor isoform-targeted thyromimetics have kindled new hope for translating our fundamental understanding of TH action into an effective therapy. This review provides a concise overview of the historical development of our understanding of TH action, its physiological and pathophysiological effects on metabolism, and future therapeutic applications to treat metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Div. Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Yang Y, Valdés-Rives SA, Liu Q, Li Y, Tan J, Tan Y, Koch CA, Rong Y, Houser SR, Wei S, Cai KQ, Cheng SY, Curran T, Wechsler-Reya R, Yang ZJ. Thyroid Hormone Suppresses Medulloblastoma Progression Through Promoting Terminal Differentiation of Tumor Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580111. [PMID: 38405864 PMCID: PMC10888774 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is commonly detected in patients with medulloblastoma (MB). A possible link between thyroid hormone (TH) signaling and MB pathogenicity has not been reported. Here, we find that TH plays a critical role in promoting tumor cell differentiation. Reduction in TH levels frees the TH receptor, TRα1, to bind to EZH2 and repress expression of NeuroD1, a transcription factor that drives tumor cell differentiation. Increased TH reverses EZH2-mediated repression of NeuroD1 by abrogating the binding of EZH2 and TRα1, thereby stimulating tumor cell differentiation and reducing MB growth. Importantly, TH-induced differentiation of tumor cells is not restricted by the molecular subgroup of MB. These findings establish an unprecedented association between TH signaling and MB pathogenicity, providing solid evidence for TH as a promising modality for MB treatment.
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Hwang E, Doolittle WKL, Zhu YJ, Zhu X, Zhao L, Yu Y, Cheng SY. Thyroid hormone receptor α1: a novel regulator of thyroid cancer cell differentiation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3075-3086. [PMID: 37634007 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) mediates the genomic actions of thyroid hormone (T3). The biology of TRα1 in growth and development has been well studied, but the functional role of TRα1 in cancers remains to be elucidated. Analysis of the human thyroid cancer database of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed that THRA gene expression is lost in highly dedifferentiated anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). We, therefore, explored the effects of TRα1 on the progression of ATC. We stably expressed TRα1 in two human ATC cell lines, THJ-11T (11T-TRα1 #2, #7, and #8) and THJ-16T (16T-TRα1 #3, #4, and #8) cells. We found that the expressed TRα1 inhibited ATC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. TCGA data showed that THRA gene expression was best correlated with the paired box gene 8 (PAX8). Consistently, we found that the PAX8 expression was barely detectable in parental 11T and 16T cells. However, PAX8 gene expression was elevated in 11T- and 16T-TRα1-expressing cells at the mRNA and protein levels. Using various molecular analyses, we found that TRα1 directly regulated the expression of the PAX8 gene. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses (scRNA-seq) demonstrated that TRα1 functions as a transcription factor through multiple signaling pathways to suppress tumor growth. Importantly, scRNA-seq analysis showed that TRα1-induced PAX8, via its transcription program, shifts the cell landscape of ATC toward a differentiated state. The present studies suggest that TRα1 is a newly identified regulator of thyroid differentiation and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target to improve the outcome of ATC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Woo Kyung Lee Doolittle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yuelin Jack Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Hegde M, Girisa S, Naliyadhara N, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Mohan CD, Warrier S, Hui KM, Rangappa KS, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Natural compounds targeting nuclear receptors for effective cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:765-822. [PMID: 36482154 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, immune modulation, development, reproduction, and aging are extensively orchestrated by different NRs. The involvement of dysregulated NRs and NR-mediated signaling pathways in driving cancer cell hallmarks has been thoroughly investigated. Targeting NRs has been one of the major focuses of drug development strategies for cancer interventions. Interestingly, rapid progress in molecular biology and drug screening reveals that the naturally occurring compounds are promising modern oncology drugs which are free of potentially inevitable repercussions that are associated with synthetic compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw our attention to the potential therapeutic effects of various classes of natural compounds that target NRs such as phytochemicals, dietary components, venom constituents, royal jelly-derived compounds, and microbial derivatives in the establishment of novel and safe medications for cancer treatment. This review also emphasizes molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are leveraged to promote the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds. We have also critically reviewed and assessed the advantages and limitations of current preclinical and clinical studies on this subject for cancer prophylaxis. This might subsequently pave the way for new paradigms in the discovery of drugs that target specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nikunj Naliyadhara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712, Gamasa, Egypt
| | | | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Shao Y, Chen S, Han L, Liu J. Pharmacotherapies of NAFLD: updated opportunities based on metabolic intervention. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37415199 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that is becoming increasingly prevalent, and it ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. However, there is still a lack of pharmacotherapeutic strategies approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which results in a higher risk of death related to carcinoma and cardiovascular complications. Of note, it is well established that the pathogenesis of NAFLD is tightly associated with whole metabolic dysfunction. Thus, targeting interconnected metabolic conditions could present promising benefits to NAFLD, according to a number of clinical studies. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics of the development of NAFLD, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and intestinal metabolism, and provide insight into pharmacological targets. In addition, we present updates on the progresses in the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies based on metabolic intervention globally, which could lead to new opportunities for NAFLD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Wang S, Shibata Y, Tanizaki Y, Zhang H, Yan W, Fu L, Shi YB. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles Reveals Distinct and Organ-Dependent Genomic and Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone in Xenopus tropicalis Tadpoles. Thyroid 2023; 33:511-522. [PMID: 36503276 PMCID: PMC10122239 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for development and organ metabolism in all vertebrates. T3 has both genomic and nongenomic effects on target cells. While much has been learnt on its genomic effects via T3 receptors (TRs) in vertebrate development, mostly through TR-knockout and TR-knockin studies, little is known about the effects of T3 on gene expression in animals in the absence of TR. We have been studying Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. We have recently generated TR double knockout (TRDKO) Xenopus tropicalis animals. This offers an opportunity to compare the effects of T3 on global gene expression in tadpole tissues in the presence or absence of TR. Methods: We analyzed the effects of T3 on gene expression in tadpole tail and intestine by using RNA-seq analysis on wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles with or without T3 treatment. Results: We observed that removing TRs reduced the number of genes regulated by T3 in both organs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that T3 affected distinct biological processes and pathways in wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles. Many GO terms and KEGG pathways that were enriched among genes regulated in wild-type tissues are likely involved in mediating the effects of T3 on metamorphosis, for example, those related to development, stem cells, apoptosis, and cell cycle/cell proliferation. However, such GO terms and pathways were not enriched among T3-regulated genes in TRDKO tadpoles. Instead, in TRDKO tadpoles, GO terms and pathways related to "metabolism" and "immune response" were highly enriched among T3-regulated genes. We further observed strong divergence in the TR-independent nongenomic effects of T3 in the intestine and tail. Conclusions: Our data suggest that T3 has distinct and organ-dependent effects on gene expression in developing tadpoles. The TR-mediated effects are consistent with the metamorphic changes, in agreement with the fact that TR is necessary and sufficient to mediate the effects of T3 on metamorphosis. T3 appears to have a major effect on metabolism and immune response via TR-independent nongenomic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongen Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Custodio RJP, Kim M, Chung YC, Kim BN, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Thrsp Gene and the ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:573-589. [PMID: 36716294 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are three presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the predominantly inattention (ADHD-PI), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI), and combined (ADHD-C) presentations of ADHD. These may represent distinct childhood-onset neurobehavioral disorders with separate etiologies. ADHD diagnoses are behaviorally based, so investigations into potential etiologies should be founded on behavior. Animal models of ADHD demonstrate face, predictive, and construct validity when they accurately reproduce elements of the symptoms, etiology, biochemistry, and disorder treatment. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrl) fulfill many validation criteria and compare well with clinical cases of ADHD-C. Compounding the difficulty of selecting an ideal model to study specific presentations of ADHD is a simple fact that our knowledge regarding ADHD neurobiology is insufficient. Accordingly, the current review has explored a potential animal model for a specific presentation, ADHD-PI, with acceptable face, predictive, and construct validity. The Thrsp gene could be a biomarker for ADHD-PI presentation, and THRSP OE mice could represent an animal model for studying this distinct ADHD presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors─IfADo, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea.,Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
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Hernandez A, Martinez ME, Chaves C, Anselmo J. Epigenetic developmental programming and intergenerational effects of thyroid hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:23-49. [PMID: 36863795 PMCID: PMC10938172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence is showing that altered signaling through the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily can cause abnormal, long-term epigenetic changes which translate into pathological modifications and susceptibility to disease. These effects seem to be more prominent if the exposure occurs early in life, when transcriptomic profiles are rapidly changing. At this time, the coordination of the complex coordinated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation that characterize mammalian development. Such exposures may also alter the epigenetic information of the germ line, potentially leading to developmental changes and abnormal outcomes in subsequent generations. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is mediated by specific nuclear receptors, which have the ability to markedly change chromatin structure and gene transcription, and can also regulate other determinants of epigenetic marks. TH exhibits pleiotropic effects in mammals, and during development, its action is regulated in a highly dynamic manner to suit the rapidly evolving needs of multiple tissues. Their molecular mechanisms of action, timely developmental regulation and broad biological effects place THs in a central position to play a role in the developmental epigenetic programming of adult pathophysiology and, through effects on the germ line, in inter- and trans-generational epigenetic phenomena. These areas of epigenetic research are in their infancy, and studies regarding THs are limited. In the context of their characteristics as epigenetic modifiers and their finely tuned developmental action, here we review some of the observations underscoring the role that altered TH action may play in the developmental programming of adult traits and in the phenotypes of subsequent generations via germ line transmission of altered epigenetic information. Considering the relatively high prevalence of thyroid disease and the ability of some environmental chemicals to disrupt TH action, the epigenetic effects of abnormal levels of TH action may be important contributors to the non-genetic etiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States; Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Carolina Chaves
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - Joao Anselmo
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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Caddeo A, Serra M, Sedda F, Bacci A, Manera C, Rapposelli S, Columbano A, Perra A, Kowalik MA. Potential use of TG68 - A novel thyromimetic - for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD)-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1127517. [PMID: 36910628 PMCID: PMC9996294 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several lines of evidence suggest that the thyroid hormone signaling pathway is altered in patients with NAFLD and that pharmacological strategies to target the thyroid hormone/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor axis (TH/THR) in the liver may exert beneficial effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of TG68, a novel THRβ agonist, on rat hepatic fat accumulation and NAFLD-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods Male rats given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and fed a high fat diet (HFD) were co-treated with different doses of TG68. Systemic and hepatic metabolic parameters, immunohistochemistry and hepatic gene expression were determined to assess the effect of TG68 on THRβ activation. Results Irrespectively of the dose, treatment with TG68 led to a significant reduction in liver weight, hepatic steatosis, circulating triglycerides, cholesterol and blood glucose. Importantly, a short exposure to TG68 caused regression of DEN-induced preneoplastic lesions associated with a differentiation program, as evidenced by a loss of neoplastic markers and reacquisition of markers of differentiated hepatocytes. Finally, while an equimolar dose of the THRβ agonist Resmetirom reduced hepatic fat accumulation, it did not exert any antitumorigenic effect. Discussion The use of this novel thyromimetic represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NAFLD-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caddeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Serra M, Pal R, Puliga E, Sulas P, Cabras L, Cusano R, Giordano S, Perra A, Columbano A, Kowalik MA. mRNA-miRNA networks identify metabolic pathways associated to the anti-tumorigenic effect of thyroid hormone on preneoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:941552. [PMID: 36203462 PMCID: PMC9530455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.941552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones (THs) inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through different mechanisms. However, whether microRNAs play a role in the antitumorigenic effect of THs remains unknown. Methods By next generation sequencing (NGS) we performed a comprehensive comparative miRNomic and transcriptomic analysis of rat hepatic preneoplastic lesions exposed or not to a short-term treatment with triiodothyronine (T3). The expression of the most deregulated miRs was also investigated in rat HCCs, and in human hepatoma cell lines, treated or not with T3. Results Among miRs down-regulated in preneoplastic nodules following T3, co-expression networks revealed those targeting thyroid hormone receptor-β (Thrβ) and deiodinase1, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. On the other hand, miRs targeting members of the Nrf2 Oxidative Pathway, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Proline biosynthesis – all involved in the metabolic reprogramming displayed by preneoplastic lesions– were up-regulated. Notably, while the expression of most miRs deregulated in preneoplastic lesions was not altered in HCC or in hepatoma cells, miR-182, a miR known to target Dio1 and mitochondrial complexes, was down-deregulated by T3 treatment at all stages of hepatocarcinogenesis and in hepatocarcinoma cell lines. In support to the possible critical role of miR-182 in hepatocarcinogenesis, exogenous expression of this miR significantly impaired the inhibitory effect of T3 on the clonogenic growth capacity of human HCC cells. Conclusions This work identified several miRNAs, so far never associated to T3. In addition, the precise definition of the miRNA-mRNA networks elicited by T3 treatment gained in this study may provide a better understanding of the key regulatory events underlying the inhibitory effect of T3 on HCC development. In this context, T3-induced down-regulation of miR-182 appears as a promising tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rajesh Pal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Puliga
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Pia Sulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lavinia Cabras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Cusano
- Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna (CRS4), Pula, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Amedeo Columbano, ; Marta Anna Kowalik,
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Amedeo Columbano, ; Marta Anna Kowalik,
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Gao Y, Zhao L, Son JS, Liu X, Chen Y, Deavila JM, Zhu MJ, Murdoch GK, Du M. Maternal Exercise Before and During Pregnancy Facilitates Embryonic Myogenesis by Enhancing Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Thyroid 2022; 32:581-593. [PMID: 35286177 PMCID: PMC9145266 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Maternal exercise (ME) improves fetal and offspring muscle development, but mechanisms remain to be established. Since the thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for cell differentiation during embryonic development, we hypothesized that ME elevates TH receptor (THR) signaling in embryos, which promotes embryonic myogenesis. Methods: Female mice were exercised daily on a treadmill or received a daily TH, triiodothyronine (T3) injection. Embryos (embryonic day 12.5 [E12.5]) and P19 cells were used for studying effects of TH on embryonic myogenesis. TH levels in serum and embryos after ME or T3I were analyzed. Expression of TH signaling related genes and myogenic genes was assessed. THRα binding to the promoters of myogenic genes was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR). A CRISPR/CAS9 plasmid was utilized to knock out THRα in P19 cells. Results: ME elevated TH levels in both maternal circulation and embryos, which were correlated with enhanced TH signaling and myogenesis. At E12.5, both myogenic determinants (Pax3, Pax7) and myogenic regulatory factors (Myf5, Myod) were upregulated in ME embryos. ME increased THRα content and elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TH transporter Slc16a2 and deiodinase Dio2. In addition, the THRα binding to the promoters of Pax3/7 was increased. In P19 embryoid bodies, T3 promoted myogenic differentiation, which was abolished by ablating THRα. Furthermore, maternal daily injection of T3 at a level matching exercised mothers promoted embryonic myogenesis. Conclusions: ME promotes TH delivery to the embryos and enhances embryonic myogenesis, which is partially mediated by enhanced TH signaling in ME embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanene Marie Deavila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- Food Microbiology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Gordon K. Murdoch
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Address correspondence to: Min Du, PhD, Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Jiao TY, Ma YD, Guo XZ, Ye YF, Xie C. Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1103-1119. [PMID: 35217817 PMCID: PMC9061718 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a series of liver metabolic disorders manifested by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, has become the primary cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. About 20%-30% of NAFLD patients advance to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), along with cell death, inflammation response and fibrogenesis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and its development is strongly related to multiple metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). The clinical outcomes include liver failure and hepatocellular cancer. There is no FDA-approved NASH drug so far, and thus effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes, transported into the intestine, metabolized by gut bacteria and recirculated back to the liver by the enterohepatic system. They exert pleiotropic roles in the absorption of fats and regulation of metabolism. Studies on the relevance of bile acid disturbance with NASH render it as an etiological factor in NASH pathogenesis. Recent findings on the functional identification of bile acid receptors have led to a further understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH such as metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, and bile acid receptors are recognized as attractive targets for NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of bile acids and the receptors in the development of NAFLD and NASH, especially the functions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in different tissues including liver and intestine. The progress in the development of bile acid and its receptors-based drugs for the treatment of NASH including bile acid analogs and non-bile acid modulators on bile acid metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan-di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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13
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Kapri D, Fanibunda SE, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Putative molecular and cellular mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:1-33. [PMID: 35180924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to perturbations in thyroid hormone signaling, with evidence supporting a key role for thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the regulation of postmitotic progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation. In this book chapter we summarize the current understanding of the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on adult hippocampal progenitor development, and also critically address the role of TRs in regulation of distinct aspects of stage-specific hippocampal progenitor progression. We highlight actions of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone responsive target genes, and the implications for hippocampal progenitor regulation. Given the influence of thyroid hormone on both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, we discuss a putative role for regulation of metabolism in the effects of thyroid hormone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we highlight specific ideas that require detailed experimental investigation, and the need for future studies to obtain a deeper mechanistic insight into the influence of thyroid hormone and TRs in the developmental progression of adult hippocampal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kapri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India; Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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14
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Main Factors Involved in Thyroid Hormone Action. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237337. [PMID: 34885918 PMCID: PMC8658769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors are the mediators of a multitude of actions by the thyroid hormones in cells. Most thyroid hormone activities require interaction with nuclear receptors to bind DNA and regulate the expression of target genes. In addition to genomic regulation, thyroid hormones function via activation of specific cytosolic pathways, bypassing interaction with nuclear DNA. In the present work, we reviewed the most recent literature on the characteristics and roles of different factors involved in thyroid hormone function in particular, we discuss the genomic activity of thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus and the functions of different thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in the cytosol. Furthermore, we describe the integrin αvβ3-mediated thyroid hormone signaling pathway and its rapid nongenomic action in the cell. We furthermore reviewed the thyroid hormone transporters enabling the uptake of thyroid hormones in the cell, and we also include a paragraph on the proteins that mediate thyroid receptors’ shuttling from the nucleus to the cytosol.
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TG68, a Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor-β Agonist for the Treatment of NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313105. [PMID: 34884910 PMCID: PMC8657920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ) has shown beneficial effects on metabolic alterations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we investigated the effect of TG68, a novel THRβ agonist, on fatty liver accumulation and liver injury in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6 mice fed HFD for 17 or 18 weeks, a time when all mice developed massive steatohepatitis, were then given TG68 at a dose of 9.35 or 2.8 mg/kg for 2 or 3 weeks, respectively. As a reference compound, the same treatment was adopted using equimolar doses of MGL-3196, a selective THRβ agonist currently in clinical phase III. The results showed that treatment with TG68 led to a reduction in liver weight, hepatic steatosis, serum transaminases, and circulating triglycerides. qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated activation of THRβ, as confirmed by increased mRNA levels of Deiodinase-1 and Malic enzyme-1, and changes in lipid metabolism, as revealed by increased expression of Acyl-CoA Oxidase-1 and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. The present results showed that this novel THRβ agonist exerts an anti-steatogenic effect coupled with amelioration of liver injury in the absence of extra-hepatic side effects, suggesting that TG68 may represent a useful tool for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Baghcheghi Y, Beheshti F, Salmani H, Hosseini M. Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and nitric oxide contribute to protective effects of rosiglitazone on learning and memory in hypothyroid rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:218-232. [PMID: 34672293 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the well‑known peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist rosiglitazone (Rosi) on brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nitric oxide (NO), and learning and memory were investigated in hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced in immature Wistar rats by administration of propylthiouracil in drinking water. Rats were divided into four groups: control, hypothyroid, and hypothyroid treated with Rosi at doses of 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg. Memory was then assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. Following anesthetization, brain samples were collected for biochemical measurements. Hypothyroidism increased the escape latency and traveled path in the learning trials of the MWM and decreased the time spent and the distance traveled in the target quadrant on the probe day. Hypothyroidism also impaired the avoidance behavior of rats in the PA test. Rosi improved the performance of rats in both MWM and PA tasks. Hypothyroidism also decreased hippocampal BDNF levels, increased NO metabolites, and induced oxidative damage in the brain. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with both doses of Rosi increased BDNF levels and decreased NO metabolites and malondialdehyde concentrations. In addition, thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased in the brain regions of hypothyroid rats receiving Rosi. The administration of 4 mg/kg Rosi also significantly increased serum thyroxin levels. The results of the present study showed that BDNF and NO play a role in the protective effects of Rosi against learning and memory impairment in hypothyroid rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
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Low striatal T3 is implicated in inattention and memory impairment in an ADHD mouse model overexpressing thyroid hormone-responsive protein. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1101. [PMID: 34545202 PMCID: PMC8452653 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, potentially with a biological basis; however, its exact cause remains unknown. Thyroid hormone (TH) abnormalities are more prevalent in patients with ADHD than in the general population, indicating a shared pathogenetic mechanism for these conditions. Previously, we identified that overexpression of thyroid hormone-responsive protein (THRSP), a gene highly responsive to TH status, induced inattention in male mice. Herein, we sought to explore whether TH function in THRSP-overexpressing (THRSP OE) mice influences ADHD-like (inattention) behavior. We now confirm that THRSP overexpression in male mice reproduces behavioral features of ADHD, including sustained inattention and memory impairment, accompanied by excessive theta waves that were found normal in both the THRSP-knockout and hetero groups. Physiological characterization revealed low striatal T3 levels in the THRSP OE mice due to reduced striatal T3-specific monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), indicating brain-specific hypothyroidism in this transgenic mouse strain. TH replacement for seven days rescued inattention and memory impairment and the normalization of theta waves. This study further supports the involvement of the upregulated THRSP gene in ADHD pathology and indicates that THRSP OE mice can serve as an animal model for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD.
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Capelli V, Diéguez C, Mittag J, López M. Thyroid wars: the rise of central actions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:659-671. [PMID: 34294513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the field of thyroid hormone (TH) action on energy balance, huge advances have been achieved in the past decade, from human, animal, and in vitro studies. A key achievement was the demonstration of the TH 'central' metabolic action, which was recently discovered in rodent models and challenged the previous 'peripheral' paradigm. In this opinion, we dissect and try to unify the two paradigms, from analyzing the respective bench models to extrapolating the possible translational bedside implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Capelli
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Jens Mittag
- University of Lübeck, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
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19
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Kong D, Li J, Li N, Zhang S, Xu Y. Multiple bioanalytical methods reveal a thyroid-disrupting mechanism related to the membrane receptor integrin α vβ 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116933. [PMID: 33773180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a manufactured chemical, is suitable for large-scale production and has extensive applications. Although restricted for use, DEHP is still ubiquitous in the environment and shows potential to disrupt the structure or function of the thyroid system. However, its toxic mechanism is complex and not clearly understood. In this study, a battery of methods was employed to investigate DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects and their mechanism of action, focusing on a newly discovered membrane receptor-mediated mechanism. The results showed that DEHP promoted rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cell proliferation and c-fos gene expression at environment level concentrations (2 and 5 μmol/L) in a manner similar to that of the natural thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The macromolecule DEHP-BSA cannot pass through the cell membrane to interact with nuclear receptors but upregulated the c-fos gene expression when administered at concentrations comparable to DEHP concentrations; molecular docking demonstrated that DEHP has affinity for the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3; DEHP at 2 μmol/L upregulated the β3 gene expression in GH3 cells; after the addition of integrin αvβ3-inhibiting RGD peptide, DEHP-induced c-fos gene upregulation decreased. All of these findings support the supposition that DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects might be mediated by the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Moreover, DEHP activated the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, upregulating the gene expression of raf-1, MEK-1 and MAPK1 and increasing the protein levels of p-ERK; interestingly, ERK1/2 activation and c-fos upregulation induced by DEHP were attenuated by PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor). Taken together, the data suggest that the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3 and the downstream ERK1/2 pathway might be involved in DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects. This study provides new insight into the thyroid-disrupting effect and the underlying mechanism and will advance the effort to construct adverse outcome pathways of DEHP and other thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shurong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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20
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Panda S, Kar A, Singh M, Singh RK, Ganeshpurkar A. Syringic acid, a novel thyroid hormone receptor-β agonist, ameliorates propylthiouracil-induced thyroid toxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22814. [PMID: 34047416 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of syringic acid (SA) against propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in rats. SA at a prestandardized dose, 50 mg/kg/day, was orally administered to PTU-induced hypothyroid rats for 30 days, and alterations in the levels of serum triiodothyronine (T3 ), thyroxine (T4 ), thyrotropin (TSH), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST); tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); total cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG); hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content), as well as histological changes in liver and thyroid were examined. The molecular interactions of the ligand, SA, with thyroid-related protein targets, such as human thyroid hormone receptor β (hTRβ), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) protein, were studied using molecular docking. Whereas in hypothyroid animals, T4 , T3 , and antioxidants were decreased, there was an increase in TSH, TNF-α, IL-6, ALT, AST, and hepatic LPO; administration of SA in PTU-induced animals reversed all these indices to near normal levels. SA also improved the histological features of liver and thyroid gland. Our study clearly demonstrates SA as a novel thyroid agonist for augmenting the thyroid functions in rats. Molecular docking analysis reveals that SA possesses good binding affinity toward both the targets, hTRβ and TPO. Through this approach, for the first time we provide the evidence for SA as a novel thyroid agonist and suggest a receptor-mediated mechanism for its thyroid stimulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Panda
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
| | - Anand Kar
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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21
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is critical not only for organ function and metabolism in the adult but also for animal development. This is particularly true during the neonatal period when T3 levels are high in mammals. Many processes during this postembryonic developmental period resemble those during amphibian metamorphosis. Anuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most dramatic developmental process controlled by T3 and affects essentially all organs/tissues, often in an organ autonomous manner. This offers a unique opportunity to study how T3 regulates vertebrate development. Earlier transgenic studies in the pseudo-tetraploid anuran Xenopus laevis revealed that T3 receptors (TRs) are necessary and sufficient for mediating the effects of T3 during metamorphosis. Recent gene knockout studies with gene-editing technologies in the highly related diploid anuran Xenopus tropicalis showed, surprisingly, that TRs are not required for most metamorphic transformations, although tadpoles lacking TRs are stalled at the climax of metamorphosis and eventually die. Analyses of the changes in different organs suggest that removal of TRs enables premature development of many adult tissues, likely due to de-repression of T3-inducible genes, while preventing the degeneration of tadpole-specific tissues, which is possibly responsible for the eventual lethality. Comparison with findings in TR knockout mice suggests both conservation and divergence in TR functions, with the latter likely due to the greatly reduced need, if any, to remove embryo/prenatal-specific tissues during mammalian postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Yun-Bo Shi, Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 6A82, MSC 4480, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Bogush N, Tan L, Naib H, Faizullabhoy E, Calvert JW, Iismaa SE, Gupta A, Ramchandran R, Martin DIK, Graham RM, Husain A, Naqvi N. DUSP5 expression in left ventricular cardiomyocytes of young hearts regulates thyroid hormone (T3)-induced proliferative ERK1/2 signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21918. [PMID: 33318551 PMCID: PMC7736286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes of newborn mice proliferate after injury or exposure to growth factors. However, these responses are diminished after postnatal day-6 (P6), representing a barrier to building new cardiac muscle in adults. We have previously shown that exogenous thyroid hormone (T3) stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation in P2 cardiomyocytes, by activating insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. But whether exogenous T3 functions as a mitogen in post-P6 murine hearts is not known. Here, we show that exogenous T3 increases the cardiomyocyte endowment of P8 hearts, but the proliferative response is confined to cardiomyocytes of the left ventricular (LV) apex. Exogenous T3 stimulates proliferative ERK1/2 signaling in apical cardiomyocytes, but not in those of the LV base, which is inhibited by expression of the nuclear phospho-ERK1/2-specific dual-specificity phosphatase, DUSP5. Developmentally, between P7 and P14, DUSP5 expression increases in the myocardium from the LV base to its apex; after this period, it is uniformly expressed throughout the LV. In young adult hearts, exogenous T3 increases cardiomyocyte numbers after DUSP5 depletion, which might be useful for eliciting cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Bogush
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hussain Naib
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ebrahim Faizullabhoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John W Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David I K Martin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahsan Husain
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Nawazish Naqvi
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 323 WMRB, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Giannocco G, Kizys MML, Maciel RM, de Souza JS. Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:47-56. [PMID: 32980238 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH; T3 and T4) play a fundamental role in the fetal stage to the adult phase, controlling gene and protein expression in virtually all tissues. The endocrine and CNS systems have relevant interaction, and the TH are pivotal for the proper functioning of the CNS. A slight failure to regulate TH availability during pregnancy and/or childhood can lead to neurological disorders, for example, autism and cognitive impairment, or depression. In this review, we highlight how TH acts in controlling gene expression, its role in the CNS, and what substances widely found in the environment can cause in this tissue. We highlight the role of Endocrine Disruptors used on an everyday basis in the processing of mRNAs responsible for neurodevelopment. We conclude that TH, more precisely T3, acts mainly throughout its nuclear receptors, that the deficiency of this hormone, either due to the lack of its main substrate iodine, or by to incorrect organification of T4 and T3 in the gland, or by a mutation in transporters, receptors and deiodinases may cause mild (dysregulated mood in adulthood) to severe neurological impairment (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, presented as early as childhood); T3 is responsible for the expression of numerous CNS genes related to oxygen transport, growth factors, myelination, cell maturation. Substances present in the environment and widely used can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, the action of TH, and the functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Giannocco
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rui Monteiro Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Shibata Y, Tanizaki Y, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor beta is critical for intestinal remodeling during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:46. [PMID: 32231780 PMCID: PMC7099810 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormone (T3) is critical for development in all vertebrates. The mechanism underlying T3 effect has been difficult to study due to the uterus-enclosed nature of mammalian embryos. Anuran metamorphosis, which is dependent on T3 but independent of maternal influence, is an excellent model to study the roles of T3 and its receptors (TRs) during vertebrate development. We and others have reported various effects of TR knockout (TRα and TRβ) during Xenopus tropicalis development. However, these studies were largely focused on external morphology. Results We have generated TRβ knockout animals containing an out-frame-mutation of 5 base deletion by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and observed that TRβ knockout does not affect premetamorphic tadpole development. We have found that the basal expression of direct T3-inducible genes is increased but their upregulation by T3 is reduced in the intestine of premetamorphic homozygous TRβ knockout animals, accompanied by reduced target binding by TR. More importantly, we have observed reduced adult stem cell proliferation and larval epithelial apoptosis in the intestine during T3-induced metamorphosis. Conclusions Our data suggest that TRβ plays a critical role in intestinal remodeling during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Abstract
In all vertebrates, the thyroid axis is an endocrine feedback system that affects growth, differentiation, and reproduction, by sensing and translating central and peripheral signals to maintain homeostasis and a proper thyroidal set-point. Fish, the most diverse group of vertebrates, rely on this system for somatic growth, metamorphosis, reproductive events, and the ability to tolerate changing environments. The vast majority of the research on the thyroid axis pertains to mammals, in particular rodents, and although some progress has been made to understand the role of this endocrine axis in non-mammalian vertebrates, including amphibians and teleost fish, major gaps in our knowledge remain regarding other groups, such as elasmobranchs and cyclostomes. In this review, we discuss the roles of the thyroid axis in fish and its contributions to growth and development, metamorphosis, reproduction, osmoregulation, as well as feeding and nutrient metabolism. We also discuss how thyroid hormones have been/can be used in aquaculture, and potential threats to the thyroid system in this regard.
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Maternal thyroid hormone deficiency and cardiorespiratory disorder in rat pups. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kong D, Liu Y, Zuo R, Li J. DnBP-induced thyroid disrupting activities in GH3 cells via integrin α vβ 3 and ERK1/2 activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:1058-1066. [PMID: 30286535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) exhibits alarming thyroid disrupting activities. However, the toxic mechanism of DnBP is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of DnBP in thyroid disruption. Rat pituitary tumor cell lines (GH3) were treated with DnBP in different scenarios, and cell viabilities, target gene transcriptions and protein levels were measured accordingly. The results showed that after treatment with DnBP (20 μmol/L), cell proliferation increased to 114.69% (p < 0.01) and c-fos gene was up-regulated by 1.57-fold (p < 0.01). Both nuclear thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and membrane TR (integrin αv and integrin β3) genes were up-regulated by 1.31-, 1.08- and 2.39-fold (p < 0.01), respectively, the latter was inhibited by Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides; the macromolecular DnBP-BSA was unable to bind nuclear TRs, but still promoted cell proliferation to 104.18% and up-regulated c-fos by 2.99-fold (p < 0.01); after silencing TRβ gene, cell proliferation (106.64%, p < 0.05) and up-regulation of c-fos (1.23-fold, p < 0.01) were also observed. All of these findings indicated the existence of non-genomic pathway for DnBP-induced thyroid disruption. Finally, DnBP activated the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) pathway, up-regulating Mapk1 (1.15-, p < 0.05), Mapk3 (1.26-fold, p < 0.01) and increasing protein levels of p-ERK (p < 0.01); notably, DnBP-induced ERK1/2 activation along with c-fos up-regulation were attenuated by PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Taken together, it could be suggested that integrin αvβ3 and ERK1/2 pathway play significant roles in DnBP-induced thyroid disruption, and this novel mechanism warrants further investigation in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No.7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Hernandez A, Stohn JP. The Type 3 Deiodinase: Epigenetic Control of Brain Thyroid Hormone Action and Neurological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061804. [PMID: 29921775 PMCID: PMC6032375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) influence multiple processes in the developing and adult central nervous system, and their local availability needs to be maintained at levels that are tailored to the requirements of their biological targets. The local complement of TH transporters, deiodinase enzymes, and receptors is critical to ensure specific levels of TH action in neural cells. The type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) inactivates THs and is highly present in the developing and adult brain, where it limits their availability and action. DIO3 deficiency in mice results in a host of neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities, demonstrating the deleterious effects of TH excess, and revealing the critical role of DIO3 in the regulation of TH action in the brain. The fact the Dio3 is an imprinted gene and that its allelic expression pattern varies across brain regions and during development introduces an additional level of control to deliver specific levels of hormone action in the central nervous system (CNS). The sensitive epigenetic nature of the mechanisms controlling the genomic imprinting of Dio3 renders brain TH action particularly susceptible to disruption due to exogenous treatments and environmental exposures, with potential implications for the etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - J Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
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Pireddu R, Pibiri M, Valenti D, Sinico C, Fadda AM, Simbula G, Lai F. A novel lactoferrin-modified stealth liposome for hepatoma-delivery of triiodothyronine. Int J Pharm 2018; 537:257-267. [PMID: 29294323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3), a thyroid hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland, plays an essential role in morphogenesis and differentiation through interaction with its nuclear receptors (TRs). However, there are increasing evidences for its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suppression. The aim of this work was to develop an effective hepatocellular carcinoma targeting drug delivery system to improve T3 delivery to hepatic cancer cells as well as to reduce toxic side effects. Three different liposomal systems, such as unmodified, Stealth (PEGylated) and Lactoferrin (Lf)-modified-Stealth liposomes were successfully prepared by the film hydration method, and fully characterized. Liposome cell interactions and cellular uptake were evaluated in three different HCC target cells (FaO, HepG2 and SKHep) by confocal microscopy. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out by using MTT assay to evaluate toxicity of the liposome delivery system and to test the effect of T3 when incorporated into liposomes. Internalization studies, performed using Lf-modified-liposomes labeled with the lipophilic marker Rho-PE and loaded with the hydrophilic probe CF, clearly demonstrated the effective internalization of both hydrophilic and lipophilic markers. Lf-liposomes might markedly enhance the specific cell binding and cellular uptake in hepatoma cells due to the mediating of Lf that could bind with high affinity to multiple receptors on cell surface, such as ASGP-R. Results obtained from this study highlight that the Lf- modified-liposomal delivery system may ensure a specific and sustained T3 delivery, thus, allowing reduced therapeutic doses and deleterious side effects of T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pireddu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Pibiri
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Porcell 4, Cagliari, 09124, Italy
| | - Donatella Valenti
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinico
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Simbula
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Porcell 4, Cagliari, 09124, Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.
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Markossian S, Guyot R, Richard S, Teixeira M, Aguilera N, Bouchet M, Plateroti M, Guan W, Gauthier K, Aubert D, Flamant F. CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the Mouse Thra Gene Produces Models with Variable Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. Thyroid 2018; 28:139-150. [PMID: 29205102 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to thyroid hormone due to THRA mutations (RTHα) is a recently discovered genetic disease, displaying important variability in its clinical presentation. The mutations alter the function of TRα1, one of the two nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone. METHODS The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between specific THRA mutations and phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was used to generate five new mouse models of RTHα, with frameshift or missense mutations. RESULTS Like human patients, mutant mice displayed a hypothyroid-like phenotype, with altered development. Phenotype severity varied between the different mouse models, mainly depending on the ability of the mutant receptor to interact with transcription corepressor in the presence of thyroid hormone. CONCLUSION The present mutant mice represent highly relevant models for the human genetic disease which will be useful for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Markossian
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Romain Guyot
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Richard
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Marie Teixeira
- 2 Plateau de Biologie Expérimentale de la Souris SFR Biosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Nadine Aguilera
- 2 Plateau de Biologie Expérimentale de la Souris SFR Biosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Bouchet
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | | | - Wenyue Guan
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Denise Aubert
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
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31
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Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Kapoor R, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:211-251. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Han CR, Park S, Cheng SY. NCOR1 modulates erythroid disorders caused by mutations of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18080. [PMID: 29273766 PMCID: PMC5741760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) gene mutations, via dominant negative mode, cause erythroid abnormalities in patients. Using mice expressing a dominant negative TRα1 mutant (TRα1PV; Thra1PV/+ mice), we showed that TRα1PV acted directly to suppress the expression of key erythroid genes, causing erythroid defects. The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) was reported to mediate the dominant negative effects of mutated TRα1. However, how NCOR1 could regulate TRα1 mutants in erythroid defects in vivo is not known. In the present study, we crossed Thra1PV/+ mice with mice expressing a mutant Ncor1 allele (NCOR1ΔID; Ncor1ΔID mice). TRα1PV mutant cannot bind to NCOR1ΔID. The expression of NCOR1ΔID ameliorated abnormalities in the peripheral blood indices, and corrected the defective differentiation potential of progenitors in the erythroid lineage. The defective terminal erythropoiesis of lineage-negative bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice was rescued by the expression of NCOR1ΔID. De-repression of key erythroid genes in Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice led to partial rescue of terminal erythroid differentiation. These results indicate that the inability of TRα1PV to recruit NCOR1ΔID to form a repressor complex relieved the deleterious actions of TRα1 mutants in vivo. NCOR1 is a critical novel regulator underpining the pathogenesis of erythroid abnormalities caused by TRα1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Vella KR, Hollenberg AN. The actions of thyroid hormone signaling in the nucleus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:127-135. [PMID: 28286327 PMCID: PMC5592130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are a critical regulator of mammalian physiology. Much of their action is due to effects in the nucleus where T3 engages thyroid hormone receptor isoforms to mediate its effects. In order to function properly the TR isoforms must be recruited to regulatory sequences within genes that they up-regulate. On these positive regulated target genes the TR can activate or repress depending upon whether the receptor is bound to T3 or not and the type of co-regulatory proteins present in that cell type. In contrast to T3 mediated activation, the mechanism by which the TR represses transcription in the presence of T3 remains unclear. Herein we will review the components of the transcriptional response to T3 within the nucleus and attempt to highlight the outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Columbano A, Chiellini G, Kowalik MA. GC-1: A Thyromimetic With Multiple Therapeutic Applications in Liver Disease. Gene Expr 2017; 17:265-275. [PMID: 28635586 PMCID: PMC5885148 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x14968563796227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), namely, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (thyroxine or T4), influence a variety of physiological processes that have important implications in fetal development, metabolism, cell growth, and proliferation. While THs elicit several beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and improve myocardial contractility, these therapeutically desirable effects are associated to a thyrotoxic state that severely limits the possible use of THs as therapeutic agents. Therefore, several efforts have been made to develop T3 analogs that could retain the beneficial actions (triglyceride, cholesterol, obesity, and body mass lowering) without the adverse TH-dependent side effects. This goal was achieved by the synthesis of TRβ-selective agonists. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of one of the best characterized TH analogs, the TRβ1-selective thyromimetic, GC-1. In particular, we review some of the effects of GC-1 on different liver disorders, with reference to its possible clinical application. A brief comment on the possible therapeutic use of GC-1 in extrahepatic disorders is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Columbano
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- †Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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NCoR1-independent mechanism plays a role in the action of the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8458-E8467. [PMID: 28923959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706917114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is considered to be the major corepressor that mediates ligand-independent actions of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) during development and in hypothyroidism. We tested this by expressing a hypomorphic NCoR1 allele (NCoR1ΔID), which cannot interact with the TR, in Pax8-KO mice, which make no thyroid hormone. Surprisingly, abrogation of NCoR1 function did not reverse the ligand-independent action of the TR on many gene targets and did not fully rescue the high mortality rate due to congenital hypothyroidism in these mice. To further examine NCoR1's role in repression by the unliganded TR, we deleted NCoR1 in the livers of euthyroid and hypothyroid mice and examined the effects on gene expression and enhancer activity measured by histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation. Even in the absence of NCoR1 function, we observed strong repression of more than 43% of positive T3 (3,3',5-triiodothyronine) targets in hypothyroid mice. Regulation of approximately half of those genes correlated with decreased H3K27 acetylation, and nearly 80% of these regions with affected H3K27 acetylation contained a bona fide TRβ1-binding site. Moreover, using liver-specific TRβ1-KO mice, we demonstrate that hypothyroidism-associated changes in gene expression and histone acetylation require TRβ1. Thus, many of the genomic changes mediated by the TR in hypothyroidism are independent of NCoR1, suggesting a role for additional signaling modulators in hypothyroidism.
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Srichomkwun P, Anselmo J, Liao XH, Hönes GS, Moeller LC, Alonso-Sampedro M, Weiss RE, Dumitrescu AM, Refetoff S. Fetal Exposure to High Maternal Thyroid Hormone Levels Causes Central Resistance to Thyroid Hormone in Adult Humans and Mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3234-3240. [PMID: 28586435 PMCID: PMC5587072 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Context Fetuses exposed to the high thyroid hormone (TH) levels of mothers with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTH-β), due to mutations in the THRB gene, have low birth weight and suppressed TSH. Objective Determine if such exposure to high TH levels in embryonic life has a long-term effect into adulthood. Design Observations in humans with a parallel design on animals to obtain a preliminary information regarding mechanism. Setting University research centers. Patients or other participants Humans and mice with no RTH-β exposed during intrauterine life to high TH levels from mothers who were euthyroid due to RTH-β. Controls were humans and mice of the same genotype but born to fathers with RTH-β and mothers without RTH-β and thus, with normal serum TH levels. Interventions TSH responses to stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) during adult life in humans and male mice before and after treatment with triiodothyronine (T3). We also measured gene expression in anterior pituitaries, hypothalami, and cerebral cortices of mice. Results Adult humans and mice without RTH-β, exposed to high maternal TH in utero, showed persistent central resistance to TH, as evidenced by reduced responses of serum TSH to TRH when treated with T3. In mice, anterior pituitary TSH-β and deiodinase 3 (D3) mRNAs, but not hypothalamic and cerebral cortex D3, were increased. Conclusions Adult humans and mice without RTH-β exposed in utero to high maternal TH levels have persistent central resistance to TH. This is likely mediated by the increased expression of D3 in the anterior pituitary, enhancing local T3 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Anselmo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, 9500-370 Ponta Delgada, Azores-Portugal
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - G. Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Lars C. Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen 45122, Germany
| | | | - Roy E. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | | | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Jimenez R, Privalsky ML. A resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome mutant operates through the target gene repertoire of the wild-type thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 447:87-97. [PMID: 28257829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) play crucial roles in vertebrates. Wild-type (WT) TRs function primarily as hormone-regulated transcription factors. A human endocrine disease, Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH)-Syndrome, is caused by inheritance of mutant TRs impaired in the proper regulation of target gene expression. To better understand the molecular basis of RTH we compared the target genes regulated by an RTH-TRβ1 mutant (R429Q) to those regulated by WT-TRβ1. With only a few potential exceptions, the vast majority of genes we were able to identify as regulated by the WT-TRβ1, positively or negatively, were also regulated by the RTH-TRβ1 mutant. We conclude that the actions of R429Q-TRβ1 in RTH-Syndrome most likely reflect the reduced hormone affinity observed for this mutant rather than an alteration in target gene repertoire. Our results highlight the importance of target gene specificity in defining the disease phenotype and improve our understanding of how clinical treatments impact RTH-Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, USA
| | - Martin L Privalsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, USA.
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38
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Statistical methods and molecular docking for the prediction of thyroid hormone receptor subtype binding affinity and selectivity. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Perra A, Plateroti M, Columbano A. T3/TRs axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: new concepts for an old pair. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R353-69. [PMID: 27353037 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its burden is expected to further increase in the next years. Chronic inflammation, induced by multiple viruses or metabolic alterations, and epigenetic and genetic modifications, cooperate in cancer development via a combination of common and distinct aetiology-specific pathways. In spite of the advances of classical therapies, the prognosis of this neoplasm has not considerably improved over the past few years. The advent of targeted therapies and the approval of the systemic treatment of advanced HCC with the kinase inhibitor sorafenib have provided some hope for the future. However, the benefits obtained from this treatment are still disappointing, as it extends the median life expectancy of patients by only few months. It is thus mandatory to find alternative effective treatments. Although the role played by thyroid hormones (THs) and their nuclear receptors (TRs) in human cancer is still unclear, mounting evidence indicates that they behave as oncosuppressors in HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms by which they exert this effect and the consequence of their activation following ligand binding on HCC progression remain elusive. In this review, we re-evaluate the existing evidence of the role of TH/TRs in HCC development; we will also discuss how TR alterations could affect fundamental biological processes, such as hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation, and consequently HCC progression. Finally, we will discuss if and how TRs can be foreseen as therapeutic targets in HCC and whether selective TR modulation by TH analogues may hold promise for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la Recherche, Lyon, France
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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40
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Thuzar M, Ho KKY. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R11-25. [PMID: 27220620 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Thuzar
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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41
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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42
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Martinez ME, Karaczyn A, Stohn JP, Donnelly WT, Croteau W, Peeters RP, Galton VA, Forrest D, St Germain D, Hernandez A. The Type 3 Deiodinase Is a Critical Determinant of Appropriate Thyroid Hormone Action in the Developing Testis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1276-88. [PMID: 26727108 PMCID: PMC4769364 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Timely and appropriate levels of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are necessary to ensure normal developmental outcomes in many tissues. Studies using pharmacological models of altered TH status have revealed an influence of these hormones on testis development and size, but little is known about the role of endogenous determinants of TH action in the developing male gonads. Using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that the type 3 deiodinase (D3), which inactivates TH and protects developing tissues from undue TH action, is a key factor. D3 is highly expressed in the developing testis, and D3-deficient (D3KO) mice exhibit thyrotoxicosis and cell proliferation arrest in the neonatal testis, resulting in an approximately 75% reduction in testis size. This is accompanied by larger seminiferous tubules, impaired spermatogenesis, and a hormonal profile indicative of primary hypogonadism. A deficiency in the TH receptor-α fully normalizes testis size and adult testis gene expression in D3KO mice, indicating that the effects of D3 deficiency are mediated through this type of receptor. Similarly, genetic deficiencies in the D2 or in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 partially rescue the abnormalities in testis size and gonadal axis gene expression featured in the D3KO mice. Our study highlights the testis as an important tissue in which determinants of TH action coordinately converge to ensure normal development and identifies D3 as a critical factor in testis development and in testicular protection from thyrotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Aldona Karaczyn
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - J Patrizia Stohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - William T Donnelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valerie A Galton
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Donald St Germain
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Jianjie C, Wenjuan X, Jinling C, Jie S, Ruhui J, Meiyan L. Fluoride caused thyroid endocrine disruption in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 171:48-58. [PMID: 26748264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride in natural water ecosystem has the potential to detrimentally affect thyroid endocrine system, but little is known of such effects or underlying mechanisms in fish. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of fluoride on growth performance, thyroid histopathology, thyroid hormone levels, and gene expressions in the HPT axis in male zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to different determined concentrations of 0.1, 0.9, 2.0 and 4.1 M of fluoride to investigate the effects of fluoride on thyroid endocrine system and the potential toxic mechanisms caused by fluoride. The results indicated that the growth of the male zebrafish used in the experiments was significantly inhibited, the thyroid microtrastructure was changed, and the levels of T3 and T4 were disturbed in fluoride-exposed male fish. In addition, the expressional profiles of genes in HPT axis displayed alteration. The expressions of all studied genes were significantly increased in all fluoride-exposed male fish after exposure for 45 days. The transcriptional levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TG), sodium iodide symporter (NIS), iodothyronine I (DIO1), and thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα) were also elevated in all fluoride-exposed male fish after 90 days of exposure, while the inconsistent expressions were found in the mRNA of iodothyronineⅡ (DIO2), UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family a, b (UGT1ab), transthyretin (TTR), and thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ). These results demonstrated that fluoride could notably inhibit the growth of zebrafish, and significantly affect thyroid endocrine system by changing the microtrastructure of thyroid, altering thyroid hormone levels and endocrine-related gene expressions in male zebrafish. All above indicated that fluoride could pose a great threat to thyroid endocrine system, thus detrimentally affected the normal function of thyroid of male zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jianjie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xue Wenjuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Cao Jinling
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Song Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Ruhui
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Meiyan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Husbandry and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
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44
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Mellor CL, Steinmetz FP, Cronin MTD. The identification of nuclear receptors associated with hepatic steatosis to develop and extend adverse outcome pathways. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:138-52. [PMID: 26451809 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1089471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) is becoming a key component of twenty-first century toxicology. AOPs provide a conceptual framework that links the molecular initiating event to an adverse outcome through organized toxicological knowledge, bridging the gap from chemistry to toxicological effect. As nuclear receptors (NRs) play essential roles for many physiological processes within the body, they are used regularly as drug targets for therapies to treat many diseases including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the heightened development of NR ligands, there is increased need for the identification of related AOPs to facilitate their risk assessment. Many NR ligands have been linked specifically to steatosis. This article reviews and summarizes the role of NR and their importance with links between NR examined to identify plausible putative AOPs. The following NRs are shown to induce hepatic steatosis upon ligand binding: aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, oestrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, farnesoid X receptor, liver X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, pregnane X receptor and the retinoic acid receptor. A preliminary, putative AOP was formed for NR binding linked to hepatic steatosis as the adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Mellor
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , England
| | - Fabian P Steinmetz
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , England
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , England
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45
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Molecular determinants of thyroid hormone receptor selectivity in a series of phosphonic acid derivatives: 3D-QSAR analysis and molecular docking. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:324-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Yen PM. Classical nuclear hormone receptor activity as a mediator of complex biological responses: a look at health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:517-28. [PMID: 26303080 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are a large family of receptors that bind a wide range of lipolic hormones and intracellular ligands. They act as ligand-inducible transcription factors to regulate the expression of target genes and play important roles in normal development, reproduction, and metabolism. NRs bind to hormones steroids, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D as well as metabolites of fatty acids, cholesterol, and bild acids. Orphan receptors are another group of NRs for which no known ligands have been identified yet but appear to have major roles in regulating intracellular metabolism. Targeting NRs has been a major source for the development of new drugs, particularly selective agonists and antagonists for cancer and metabolic diseases. Additionally, hormone resistance syndromes in man have enlarged our understanding of the functions of specific NRs and their isoforms as well as genetic mechanisms for phenotype expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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47
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Yu H, Wondrousch D, Li F, Chen J, Lin H, Ji L. In Silico Investigation of the Thyroid Hormone Activity of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1538-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yu
- College
of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004 Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Dominik Wondrousch
- UFZ
Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institution
for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipzig Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Yantai
Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Chunhui
Road 17, 264003 Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College
of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004 Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College
of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004 Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Li Ji
- College
of Environmental and Resource, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang
Road 866, 310058 Hangzhou, P.R. China
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48
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Takahashi N, Izuchi T. Characterisation of liver-specific distribution of a novel 1-benzyl-4-aminoindole-based thyroid hormone receptor β agonist, SKL-13784: comparison with GC-1. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:108-16. [PMID: 26075834 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1052862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. SKL-13784, a novel series of 1-benzyl-4-aminoindole-based thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ)-selective agonists, showed higher liver selectivity than GC-1 and was poorly distributed in the heart and brain. We aimed to clarify the mechanism of liver selectivity of SKL-13784 through a comparative study with GC-1. 2. Media-loss assays using fresh rat hepatocytes showed that the Oatp family may have been involved in liver uptake for both compounds and that SKL-13784 was more efficiently taken up than GC-1. 3. In addition, the media-loss assay results showed that hepatic uptake was important in eliminating both compounds in rats. 4. The low passive permeability of SKL-13784 on the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) contributed to the limited distribution of SKL-13784 into extrahepatocytes. 5. Biliary extraction was a major route of SKL-13784 and GC-1 disposition. SKL-13784 was excreted into bile unchanged and in its glucuronide form, whereas almost all GC-1 in bile was in its glucuronide form. In bile duct-cannulated rats, a 4.3-fold decrease in t1/2 of SKL-13784 was observed, implicating enterohepatic biliary recirculation. 6. The selective distribution of SKL-13784 in the liver was largely due to efficient uptake via hepatic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- a Drug Discovery Laboratories , Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd. , Mie , Japan
| | - Tohru Izuchi
- a Drug Discovery Laboratories , Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co., Ltd. , Mie , Japan
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49
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Kapoor R, Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Guha SK, Vaidya VA. Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2015; 133:599-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sashaina E. Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Lynette A. Desouza
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Suman K. Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
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Wang F, Yang W, Shi Y, Le G. Structural analysis of selective agonists of thyroid hormone receptor β using 3D-QSAR and molecular docking. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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