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Lum KK, Reed TJ, Yang J, Cristea IM. Differential Contributions of Interferon Classes to Host Inflammatory Responses and Restricting Virus Progeny Production. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38564653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental to mammalian intrinsic and innate immune defenses against pathogens is the production of Type I and Type II interferons, such as IFN-β and IFN-γ, respectively. The comparative effects of IFN classes on the cellular proteome, protein interactions, and virus restriction within cell types that differentially contribute to immune defenses are needed for understanding immune signaling. Here, a multilayered proteomic analysis, paired with biochemical and molecular virology assays, allows distinguishing host responses to IFN-β and IFN-γ and associated antiviral impacts during infection with several ubiquitous human viruses. In differentiated macrophage-like monocytic cells, we classified proteins upregulated by IFN-β, IFN-γ, or pro-inflammatory LPS. Using parallel reaction monitoring, we developed a proteotypic peptide library for shared and unique ISG signatures of each IFN class, enabling orthogonal confirmation of protein alterations. Thermal proximity coaggregation analysis identified the assembly and maintenance of IFN-induced protein interactions. Comparative proteomics and cytokine responses in macrophage-like monocytic cells and primary keratinocytes provided contextualization of their relative capacities to restrict virus production during infection with herpes simplex virus type-1, adenovirus, and human cytomegalovirus. Our findings demonstrate how IFN classes induce distinct ISG abundance and interaction profiles that drive antiviral defenses within cell types that differentially coordinate mammalian immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tavis J Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jinhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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2
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Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, Tavares PCB, Alves RN, da Silva AA, Borges BC, Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, de Castilhos P, E Silva Brígido RT, Notário AFO, Silveira ACA, da Silva CV. Subversion strategies of lysosomal killing by intracellular pathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127503. [PMID: 37748260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms need to reach either an intracellular compartment or the cytoplasm of a target cell for their survival, replication or immune system evasion. Intracellular pathogens frequently penetrate into the cell through the endocytic and phagocytic pathways (clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis) that culminates in fusion with lysosomes. However, several mechanisms are triggered by pathogenic microorganisms - protozoan, bacteria, virus and fungus - to avoid destruction by lysosome fusion, such as rupture of the phagosome and thereby release into the cytoplasm, avoidance of autophagy, delaying in both phagolysosome biogenesis and phagosomal maturation and survival/replication inside the phagolysosome. Here we reviewed the main data dealing with phagosome maturation and evasion from lysosomal killing by different bacteria, protozoa, fungi and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Nainu F, Ophinni Y, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y. Apoptosis and Phagocytosis as Antiviral Mechanisms. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:77-112. [PMID: 38159224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are infectious entities that make use of the replication machinery of their hosts to produce more progenies, causing disease and sometimes death. To counter viral infection, metazoan hosts are equipped with various defense mechanisms, from the rapid-evoking innate immune responses to the most advanced adaptive immune responses. Previous research demonstrated that cells in fruit flies and mice infected with Drosophila C virus and influenza, respectively, undergo apoptosis, which triggers the engulfment of apoptotic virus-infected cells by phagocytes. This process involves the recognition of eat-me signals on the surface of virus-infected cells by receptors of specialized phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils in mice and hemocytes in fruit flies, to facilitate the phagocytic elimination of virus-infected cells. Inhibition of phagocytosis led to severe pathologies and death in both species, indicating that apoptosis-dependent phagocytosis of virus-infected cells is a conserved antiviral mechanism in multicellular organisms. Indeed, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis-dependent phagocytosis of virus-infected cells has shed a new perspective on how hosts defend themselves against viral infection. This chapter explores the mechanisms of this process and its potential for developing new treatments for viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Youdiil Ophinni
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Shiratsuchi
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biological Function and Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Lombardo D, Velletri T, Sciortino MT. Direct cleavage of caspase-8 by herpes simplex virus 1 tegument protein US11. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12317. [PMID: 35853963 PMCID: PMC9296525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HSV-1 tegument protein Us11 counteracts the antiviral defense mechanisms by precluding the host protein shutoff. Previous works demonstrated that Us11 prevents heat-and staurosporine-induced apoptosis and inhibits autophagy. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that HSV-1, through Us11, could recruit caspase-8, a key enzyme regulating programmed cell death. We first show that HSV-1 promotes the accumulation of caspase-8-p18 active fragments in both semi permissive THP-1 cells and fully permissive HEp-2 cells to HSV-1 replication. Using a recombinant virus R3630 (ΔUs11/ΔUs12) and a plasmid encoding Us11-recombinant protein we have proven that Us11 promotes p18 accumulation, which does not trigger the apoptotic signaling. Additional, in an in vitro model, we demonstrated that Us11-recombinant protein induces caspase-8-p18 cleavage by physically interacting with the caspase-8 recombinant protein. Finally, we found that, during HSV-1 replication, activated-caspase-8 cleaves Atg3 protein to potentially block autophagy and support its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Lombardo
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital 'G. Martino' of Messina, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Tania Velletri
- IFOM-Cogentech Società Benefit Srl, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. Local Unit: Scientific and Technological Park of Sicily, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
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Sepúlveda N, Carneiro J, Lacerda E, Nacul L. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as a Hyper-Regulated Immune System Driven by an Interplay Between Regulatory T Cells and Chronic Human Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2684. [PMID: 31824487 PMCID: PMC6883905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity and chronic viral infections are recurrent clinical observations in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), a complex disease with an unknown cause. Given these observations, the regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) show promise to be good candidates for the underlying pathology due to their capacity to suppress the immune responses against both self and microbial antigens. Here, we discussed the overlooked role of these cells in the chronicity of Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6), Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV1), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), as often reported as triggers of ME/CFS. Using simulations of the cross-regulation model for the dynamics of Tregs, we illustrated that mild infections might lead to a chronically activated immune responses under control of Tregs if the responding clone has a high autoimmune potential. Such infections promote persistent inflammation and possibly fatigue. We then hypothesized that ME/CFS is a condition characterized by a predominance of this type of infections under control of Tregs. In contrast, healthy individuals are hypothesized to trigger immune responses of a virus-specific clone with a low autoimmune potential. According to this hypothesis, simple model simulations of the CD4+ T-cell repertoire could reproduce the increased density and percentages of Tregs observed in patients suffering from the disease, when compared to healthy controls. A deeper analysis of Tregs in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS will help to assess the validity of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sepúlveda
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carneiro
- Quantitative Organism Biology Group, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eliana Lacerda
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Nacul
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tognarelli EI, Palomino TF, Corrales N, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Evasion of Early Host Antiviral Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 31114761 PMCID: PMC6503643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years and are present at a high prevalence in the population worldwide. HSV infections are responsible for several illnesses including skin and mucosal lesions, blindness and even life-threatening encephalitis in both, immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages. Therefore, diseases caused by HSVs represent significant public health burdens. Similar to other herpesviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 produce lifelong infections in the host by establishing latency in neurons and sporadically reactivating from these cells, eliciting recurrences that are accompanied by viral shedding in both, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The ability of HSVs to persist and recur in otherwise healthy individuals is likely given by the numerous virulence factors that these viruses have evolved to evade host antiviral responses. Here, we review and discuss molecular mechanisms used by HSVs to evade early innate antiviral responses, which are the first lines of defense against these viruses. A comprehensive understanding of how HSVs evade host early antiviral responses could contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines to counteract these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Venuti A, Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Tankov S, Medici MA, Mastino A, Rebane A, Sciortino MT. HSV-1\EGFP stimulates miR-146a expression in a NF-κB-dependent manner in monocytic THP-1 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5157. [PMID: 30914680 PMCID: PMC6435682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway plays a key role in innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation and survival, inflammation and tumors development. MiR-146a is an immune system regulator that has anti-inflammatory function in multiple cell types and conditions. Here we demonstrate activation of canonical NF-κB pathway in monocytic cells upon HSV-1 replication. By constructing and using a recombinant HSV-1\EGFP virus, we monitored the capability of the virus to recruit NF-κB and we report that the phosphorylation of p65 protein correlates with an active virus replication at single-cell level. In addition, we found that upregulation of miR-146a during viral replication is strictly dependent on NF-κB activation and correlates with tight control of the interleukin-1 receptor-associate kinase 1 (IRAK1). Accordingly, THP-1 DN IκBα cells, expressing a dominant negative mIκBα, did not show upregulation of miR-146a upon HSV-1 infection. Our data suggest that the expression of miRNA-146a modulates NF-κB activation through targeting IRAK1 during HSV-1 replication in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy.
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France.
| | - Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Stoyan Tankov
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Antonietta Medici
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy.
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8
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Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A, Toniolo C, Rotino GL, Lo Scalzo R, Palamara AT, Marcocci ME, Nencioni L. A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:E2066. [PMID: 30126139 PMCID: PMC6222547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins' expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Paullese 28, Lodi, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing (CREA-IT), Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Dendritic cells in the cornea during Herpes simplex viral infection and inflammation. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:565-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Allam O, Samarani S, Mehraj V, Jenabian MA, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Amre D, Ahmad A. HIV induces production of IL-18 from intestinal epithelial cells that increases intestinal permeability and microbial translocation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194185. [PMID: 29601578 PMCID: PMC5877838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the IL-1 family with multiple context dependent functions. We and others have shown that HIV infection is accompanied by increased circulating levels of IL-18 along with decreased levels of its antagonist, Interleukin-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP). The infection is also accompanied by intestinal inflammation and decreased intestinal integrity as measured by intestinal permeability, regeneration and repair. However, little is known concerning the relation between high level of IL-18 associated with the viral infection and intestinal permeability. Here we demonstrate that HIV treatment increases production of IL-18 and decreases that of IL-18BP production in human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. IL-18 causes apoptosis of the IEC by activating caspase-1 and caspase-3. It induces epithelial barrier hyperpermeability by decreasing and disrupting both tight and adherens junction proteins, occludin, claudin 2 and beta-catenin. Disorganization of F-actin was also observed in the IEC that were exposed to the cytokine. Moreover IL-18 decreases transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 and increases permeability in HT29 monolayers. The cells' treatment with IL-18 causes an increase in the expression of phosphorylated myosin II regulatory light-chain (p-MLC) and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), and a decrease in phosphorylated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (p-STAT)-5. This increase in p-MLC is suppressed by a Rho-kinase (ROCK)-specific inhibitor. Interestingly, the levels of the cytokine correlate with those of LPS in the circulation in three different categories of HIV infected patients (HAART-naïve and HAART-treated HIV-infected individuals, and Elite controls) as well as in healthy controls. Collectively, these results suggest that the HIV-induced IL-18 plays a role in increased intestinal permeability and microbial translocation observed in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama Allam
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Cecile Tremblay
- CHUM/ Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Devendra Amre
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Allam O, Samarani S, Jenabian MA, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Amre D, Ahmad A. Differential synthesis and release of IL-18 and IL-18 Binding Protein from human platelets and their implications for HIV infection. Cytokine 2016; 90:144-154. [PMID: 27914933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family and is produced in the body from macrophages, epithelial and dendritic cells, keratinocytes, adrenal cortex etc. The cytokine is produced as an inactive precursor that is cleaved inside cells into its mature form by activated caspase 1, which exists as an inactive precursor in human cells and requires assembly of an inflammasomes for its activation. We show here for the first time that human platelets contain transcripts for the IL-18 gene. They synthesize the cytokine de novo, process and release it upon activation. The activation also results in the assembly of an inflammasome and activation of caspase-1. Platelets also contain the IL-18 antagonist, the IL-18-Binding Protein (IL-18BP); however, it is not synthesized in them de novo, is present in pre-made form and is released irrespective of platelet activation. IL-18 and IL-18BP co-localize to α granules inside platelets and are secreted out with different kinetics. Platelet activation contributes to plasma concentrations in healthy individuals, as their plasma samples contain abundant IL-18, while their platelet-poor plasma samples contain very little amounts of the cytokine. The plasma and PPP samples from these donors, however, contain comparable amounts of IL-18BP. Unlike healthy individuals, the platelet-poor plasma from HIV-infected individuals contains significant amounts of IL-18. Our findings have important implications for viral infections and other human diseases that are accompanied by platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama Allam
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecile Tremblay
- CHUM/Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Devendra Amre
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Siracusano G, Venuti A, Lombardo D, Mastino A, Esclatine A, Sciortino MT. Early activation of MyD88-mediated autophagy sustains HSV-1 replication in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31302. [PMID: 27509841 PMCID: PMC4980660 DOI: 10.1038/srep31302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway that exerts numerous functions in vital biological processes. Among these, it contributes to both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate autophagy for their own advantage. By monitoring autophagic markers, we showed that HSV-1 transiently induced autophagosome formation during early times of the infection of monocytic THP-1 cells and human monocytes. Autophagy is induced in THP-1 cells by a mechanism independent of viral gene expression or viral DNA accumulation. We found that the MyD88 signaling pathway is required for HSV-1-mediated autophagy, and it is linked to the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Interestingly, autophagy inhibition by pharmacological modulators or siRNA knockdown impaired viral replication in both THP-1 cells and human monocytes, suggest that the virus exploits the autophagic machinery to its own benefit in these cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the early autophagic response induced by HSV-1 exerts a proviral role, improving viral production in a semi-permissive model such as THP-1 cells and human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.,The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Papaianni E, El Maadidi S, Schejtman A, Neumann S, Maurer U, Marino-Merlo F, Mastino A, Borner C. Phylogenetically Distant Viruses Use the Same BH3-Only Protein Puma to Trigger Bax/Bak-Dependent Apoptosis of Infected Mouse and Human Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126645. [PMID: 26030884 PMCID: PMC4452691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can trigger apoptosis of infected host cells if not counteracted by cellular or viral anti-apoptotic proteins. These protective proteins either inhibit the activation of caspases or they act as Bcl-2 homologs to prevent Bax/Bak-mediated outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The exact mechanism by which viruses trigger MOMP has however remained enigmatic. Here we use two distinct types of viruses, a double stranded DNA virus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and a positive sense, single stranded RNA virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV) to show that the BH3-only protein Puma is the major mediator of virus-induced Bax/Bak activation and MOMP induction. Indeed, when Puma was genetically deleted or downregulated by shRNA, mouse embryonic fibroblasts and IL-3-dependent monocytes as well as human colon carcinoma cells were as resistant to virus-induced apoptosis as their Bax/Bak double deficient counterparts (Bax/Bak-/-). Puma protein expression started to augment after 2 h postinfection with both viruses. Puma mRNA levels increased as well, but this occurred after apoptosis initiation (MOMP) because it was blocked in cells lacking Bax/Bak or overexpressing Bcl-xL. Moreover, none of the classical Puma transcription factors such as p53, p73 or p65 NFκB were involved in HSV-1-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that viruses use a Puma protein-dependent mechanism to trigger MOMP and apoptosis in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Papaianni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
- The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Souhayla El Maadidi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- IMBS Program between Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simon Neumann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Maurer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Hebelstrasse 2, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Marino-Merlo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
- The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AM); (CB)
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Hebelstrasse 2, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (CB)
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Evasion of early antiviral responses by herpes simplex viruses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593757. [PMID: 25918478 PMCID: PMC4396904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
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Samrat SK, Li W, Singh S, Kumar R, Agrawal B. Alternate reading frame protein (F protein) of hepatitis C virus: paradoxical effects of activation and apoptosis on human dendritic cells lead to stimulation of T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86567. [PMID: 24475147 PMCID: PMC3903568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to chronic infection in the majority of infected individuals due to lack, failure, or inefficiency of generated adaptive immune responses. In a minority of patients, acute infection is followed by viral clearance. The immune correlates of viral clearance are not clear yet but have been extensively investigated, suggesting that multispecific and multifunctional cellular immunity is involved. The generation of cellular immunity is highly dependent upon how antigen presenting cells (APCs) process and present various viral antigens. Various structural and non-structural HCV proteins derived from the open reading frame (ORF) have been implicated in modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) and APCs. Besides the major ORF proteins, the HCV core region also encodes an alternate reading frame protein (ARFP or F), whose function in viral pathogenesis is not clear. In the current studies, we sought to determine the role of HCV-derived ARFP in modulating dendritic cells and stimulation of T cell responses. Recombinant adenovirus vectors containing F or core protein derived from HCV (genotype 1a) were prepared and used to endogenously express these proteins in dendritic cells. We made an intriguing observation that endogenous expression of F protein in human DCs leads to contrasting effects on activation and apoptosis of DCs, allowing activated DCs to efficiently internalize apoptotic DCs. These in turn result in efficient ability of DCs to process and present antigen and to prime and stimulate F protein derived peptide-specific T cells from HCV-naive individuals. Taken together, our findings suggest important aspects of F protein in modulating DC function and stimulating T cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar Samrat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shakti Singh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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HSV-2 regulates monocyte inflammatory response via the Fas/FasL pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70308. [PMID: 23922974 PMCID: PMC3726399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic cells represent important cellular elements of the innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infections. We assessed the role of Fas/FasL in promoting monocyte apoptosis during HSV-2 infection by using an in vitro model based on the murine RAW 264.7 monocytic cell line and an in vivo murine model of HSV-2 infection applied to C57BL6, MRL-Faslpr/J (Fas−/−) and C3-Faslgld/J (FasL−/−) mice. HSV-2 infection of the monocytic cell line led to early induction of apoptosis, with no protective expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. HSV-2 infected monocytes up-regulated Fas and FasL expression early during in vitro infection but were susceptible to Fas induced apoptosis. The vaginal monocytes in the HSV-2 murine model of infection up-regulated FasL expression and were susceptible to Fas induced apoptosis. HSV-2 infection of Fas and FasL- deficient mice led to decreased apoptosis of monocytes and impaired recruitment of NK, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the infection sites. The vaginal lavages of HSV-2 infected Fas and FasL- deficient showed decreased production of CXCL9, CXCL10 and TNF-α in comparison to HSV-2 infected wild-type mice strain. The decreased recruitment of immune competent cells was accompanied by delayed virus clearance from the infected tissue. Triggering of the Fas receptor on HSV-2 infected monocytes in vitro up-regulated the expression of CXCL9 chemokines and the cytokine TNF-α. Our study provides novel insights on the role of Fas/FasL pathway not only in apoptosis of monocytes but also in regulating local immune response by monocytes during HSV-2 infection.
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