1
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Nashchekin D, Squires I, Prokop A, St Johnston D. The Shot CH1 domain recognises a distinct form of F-actin during Drosophila oocyte determination. Development 2024; 151:dev202370. [PMID: 38564309 PMCID: PMC11058685 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In Drosophila, only one cell in a multicellular female germline cyst is specified as an oocyte and a similar process occurs in mammals. The symmetry-breaking cue for oocyte selection is provided by the fusome, a tubular structure connecting all cells in the cyst. The Drosophila spectraplakin Shot localises to the fusome and translates its asymmetry into a polarised microtubule network that is essential for oocyte specification, but how Shot recognises the fusome is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the actin-binding domain (ABD) of Shot is necessary and sufficient to localise Shot to the fusome and mediates Shot function in oocyte specification together with the microtubule-binding domains. The calponin homology domain 1 of the Shot ABD recognises fusomal F-actin and requires calponin homology domain 2 to distinguish it from other forms of F-actin in the cyst. By contrast, the ABDs of utrophin, Fimbrin, Filamin, Lifeact and F-tractin do not recognise fusomal F-actin. We therefore propose that Shot propagates fusome asymmetry by recognising a specific conformational state of F-actin on the fusome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Nashchekin
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Iolo Squires
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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2
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Salem D, Fecek RJ. Role of microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) in bipolar disorder pathophysiology and potential in lithium therapeutic mechanism. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:221. [PMID: 37353479 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) are life-long disorders that account for significant morbidity in afflicted patients. The etiology of BPAD is complex, combining genetic and environmental factors to increase the risk of disease. Genetic studies have pointed toward cytoskeletal dysfunction as a potential molecular mechanism through which BPAD may arise and have implicated proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton as risk factors. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) is a giant cytoskeletal crosslinking protein that can coordinate the different aspects of the mammalian cytoskeleton with a wide variety of actions. In this review, we seek to highlight the functions of MACF1 in the nervous system and the molecular mechanisms leading to BPAD pathogenesis. We also offer a brief perspective on MACF1 and the role it may be playing in lithium's mechanism of action in treating BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Salem
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA
- University of Maryland Medical Center/Sheppard Pratt Psychiatry Residency Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA.
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3
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Bellingham-Johnstun K, Tyree ZL, Martinez-Baird J, Thorn A, Laplante C. Actin–Microtubule Crosstalk Imparts Stiffness to the Contractile Ring in Fission Yeast. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060917. [PMID: 36980258 PMCID: PMC10047812 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin–microtubule interactions are critical for cell division, yet how these networks of polymers mutually influence their mechanical properties and functions in live cells remains unknown. In fission yeast, the post-anaphase array (PAA) of microtubules assembles in the plane of the contractile ring, and its assembly relies on the Myp2p-dependent recruitment of Mto1p, a component of equatorial microtubule organizing centers (eMTOCs). The general organization of this array of microtubules and the impact on their physical attachment to the contractile ring remain unclear. We found that Myp2p facilitates the recruitment of Mto1p to the inner face of the contractile ring, where the eMTOCs polymerize microtubules without their direct interaction. The PAA microtubules form a dynamic polygon of Ase1p crosslinked microtubules inside the contractile ring. The specific loss of PAA microtubules affects the mechanical properties of the contractile ring of actin by lowering its stiffness. This change in the mechanical properties of the ring has no measurable impact on cytokinesis or on the anchoring of the ring. Our work proposes that the PAA microtubules exploit the contractile ring for their assembly and function during cell division, while the contractile ring may receive no benefit from these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Bellingham-Johnstun
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Zoe L. Tyree
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jessica Martinez-Baird
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Annelise Thorn
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Caroline Laplante
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Bellingham-Johnstun K, Tyree ZL, Martinez-Baird J, Thorn A, Laplante C. Actin-microtubule crosstalk imparts stiffness to the contractile ring in fission yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530611. [PMID: 36909652 PMCID: PMC10002727 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Actin-microtubule interactions are critical for cell division yet how these networks of polymers mutually influence their mechanical properties and functions in live cells remains unknown. In fission yeast, the post-anaphase array (PAA) of microtubules assembles in the plane of the contractile ring and its assembly relies on the Myp2p-dependent recruitment of Mto1p, a component of equatorial microtubule organizing centers (eMTOCs). The general organization of this array of microtubule and the impact on their physical attachment to the contractile ring remain unclear. We found that Myp2p facilitates the recruitment of Mto1p to the inner face of the contractile ring where the eMTOCs polymerize microtubules without their direct interaction. The PAA microtubules form a dynamic polygon of Ase1p crosslinked microtubules inside the contractile ring. The specific loss of PAA microtubules affects the mechanical properties of the contractile ring of actin by lowering its stiffness. This change in the mechanical properties of the ring has no measurable impact on cytokinesis or on the anchoring of the ring. Our work proposes that the PAA microtubules exploit the contractile ring for their assembly and function during cell division while the contractile ring may receive no benefit from these interactions.
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5
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Gcap14 is a microtubule plus-end-tracking protein coordinating microtubule-actin crosstalk during neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214507120. [PMID: 36795749 PMCID: PMC9974511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214507120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microtubule dynamics is required to properly control various steps of neurodevelopment. In this study, we identified granule cell antiserum-positive 14 (Gcap14) as a microtubule plus-end-tracking protein and as a regulator of microtubule dynamics during neurodevelopment. Gcap14 knockout mice exhibited impaired cortical lamination. Gcap14 deficiency resulted in defective neuronal migration. Moreover, nuclear distribution element nudE-like 1 (Ndel1), an interacting partner of Gcap14, effectively corrected the downregulation of microtubule dynamics and the defects in neuronal migration caused by Gcap14 deficiency. Finally, we found that the Gcap14-Ndel1 complex participates in the functional link between microtubule and actin filament, thereby regulating their crosstalks in the growth cones of cortical neurons. Taken together, we propose that the Gcap14-Ndel1 complex is fundamental for cytoskeletal remodeling during neurodevelopmental processes such as neuronal processes elongation and neuronal migration.
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6
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Zhao AJ, Montes-Laing J, Perry WMG, Shiratori M, Merfeld E, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop regulates focal adhesion dynamics by crosslinking microtubules and actin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar19. [PMID: 35235367 PMCID: PMC9282009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectraplakin family of proteins includes ACF7/MACF1 and BPAG1/dystonin in mammals, VAB-10 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Magellan in zebrafish, and Short stop (Shot), the sole Drosophila member. Spectraplakins are giant cytoskeletal proteins that cross-link actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, coordinating the activity of the entire cytoskeleton. We examined the role of Shot during cell migration using two systems: the in vitro migration of Drosophila tissue culture cells and in vivo through border cell migration. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Shot increases the rate of random cell migration in Drosophila tissue culture cells as well as the rate of wound closure during scratch-wound assays. This increase in cell migration prompted us to analyze focal adhesion dynamics. We found that the rates of focal adhesion assembly and disassembly were faster in Shot-depleted cells, leading to faster adhesion turnover that could underlie the increased migration speeds. This regulation of focal adhesion dynamics may be dependent on Shot being in an open confirmation. Using Drosophila border cells as an in vivo model for cell migration, we found that RNAi depletion led to precocious border cell migration. Collectively, these results suggest that spectraplakins not only function to cross-link the cytoskeleton but may regulate cell–matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zhao
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Julia Montes-Laing
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Mari Shiratori
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Emily Merfeld
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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7
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Gatekeeper function for Short stop at the ring canals of the Drosophila ovary. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3207-3220.e4. [PMID: 34089646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the Drosophila oocyte requires transport of cytoplasmic materials from the interconnected sister cells (nurse cells) through ring canals, the cytoplasmic bridges that remained open after incomplete germ cell division. Given the open nature of the ring canals, it is unclear how the direction of transport through the ring canal is controlled. In this work, we show that a single Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) controls the direction of flow from nurse cells to the oocyte. Knockdown of shot changes the direction of transport through the ring canals from unidirectional (toward the oocyte) to bidirectional. After shot knockdown, the oocyte stops growing, resulting in a characteristic small oocyte phenotype. In agreement with this transport-directing function of Shot, we find that it is localized at the asymmetric actin baskets on the nurse cell side of the ring canals. In wild-type egg chambers, microtubules localized in the ring canals have uniform polarity (minus ends toward the oocyte), while in the absence of Shot, these microtubules have mixed polarity. Together, we propose that Shot functions as a gatekeeper directing transport from nurse cells to the oocyte via the organization of microtubule tracks to facilitate the transport driven by the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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8
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Ricolo D, Castro-Ribera J, Araújo SJ. Cytoskeletal players in single-cell branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 477:22-34. [PMID: 34004181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Branching networks are a very common feature of multicellular animals and underlie the formation and function of numerous organs including the nervous system, the respiratory system, the vasculature and many internal glands. These networks range from subcellular structures such as dendritic trees to large multicellular tissues such as the lungs. The production of branched structures by single cells, so called subcellular branching, which has been better described in neurons and in cells of the respiratory and vascular systems, involves complex cytoskeletal remodelling events. In Drosophila, tracheal system terminal cells (TCs) and nervous system dendritic arborisation (da) neurons are good model systems for these subcellular branching processes. During development, the generation of subcellular branches by single-cells is characterized by extensive remodelling of the microtubule (MT) network and actin cytoskeleton, followed by vesicular transport and membrane dynamics. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on cytoskeletal regulation of subcellular branching, based on the terminal cells of the Drosophila tracheal system, but drawing parallels with dendritic branching and vertebrate vascular subcellular branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Ricolo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Castro-Ribera
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Zhou D, Nie ZW, Cui XS. EB1 Is Essential for Spindle Formation and Chromosome Alignment During Oocyte Meiotic Maturation in Mice. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:385-391. [PMID: 33413706 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays an orchestrating role in polarized cell growth. Microtubules (MTs) not only play critical roles in chromosome alignment and segregation but also control cell shape, division, and motility. A member of the plus-end tracking proteins, end-binding protein 1 (EB1), regulates MT dynamics and plays vital roles in maintaining spindle symmetry and chromosome alignment during mitosis. However, the role of EB1 in mouse oocyte meiosis remains unknown. Here, we examined the localization patterns and expression levels of EB1 at different stages. EB1 protein level was found to be stable during meiosis. EB1 mainly localized along the spindle and had a similar localization pattern as that of α-tubulin. The EB1 protein was degraded with a Trim-Away method, and the results were further confirmed with western blotting and immunofluorescence. At 12 h of culture after EB1 knockdown (KD), a reduced number of mature MII oocytes were observed. EB1 KD led to spindle disorganization, chromosome misalignment, and missegregation; β-catenin protein binds to actin via the adherens junctional complex, which was significantly reduced in the EB1 KD oocytes. Collectively, we propose that the impairment of EB1 function manipulates spindle formation, thereby promoting chromosomal loss, which is expected to fuel aneuploidy and possibly fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
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10
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Bonhomme M, Falco A, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, van Haren J, Jeanneteau F, Galjart N, Debant A, Boudeau J. The +TIP Navigator-1 is an actin-microtubule crosslinker that regulates axonal growth cone motility. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151835. [PMID: 32497170 PMCID: PMC7480110 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are central players in the coordination between the MT and actin cytoskeletons in growth cones (GCs) during axon guidance. The +TIP Navigator-1 (NAV1) is expressed in the developing nervous system, yet its neuronal functions remain poorly elucidated. Here, we report that NAV1 controls the dynamics and motility of the axonal GCs of cortical neurons in an EB1-dependent manner and is required for axon turning toward a gradient of netrin-1. NAV1 accumulates in F-actin-rich domains of GCs and binds actin filaments in vitro. NAV1 can also bind MTs independently of EB1 in vitro and crosslinks nonpolymerizing MT plus ends to actin filaments in axonal GCs, preventing MT depolymerization in F-actin-rich areas. Together, our findings pinpoint NAV1 as a key player in the actin-MT crosstalk that promotes MT persistence at the GC periphery and regulates GC steering. Additionally, we present data assigning to NAV1 an important role in the radial migration of cortical projection neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Bonhomme
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Falco
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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11
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Rong Y, Yang W, Hao H, Wang W, Lin S, Shi P, Huang Y, Li B, Sun Y, Liu Z, Wu C. The Golgi microtubules regulate single cell durotaxis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51094. [PMID: 33559938 PMCID: PMC7926246 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understandings on cell motility and directionality rely heavily on accumulated investigations of the adhesion-actin cytoskeleton-actomyosin contractility cycles, while microtubules have been understudied in this context. Durotaxis, the ability of cells to migrate up gradients of substrate stiffness, plays a critical part in development and disease. Here, we identify the pivotal role of Golgi microtubules in durotactic migration of single cells. Using high-throughput analysis of microtubule plus ends/focal adhesion interactions, we uncover that these non-centrosomal microtubules actively impart leading edge focal adhesion (FA) dynamics. Furthermore, we designed a new system where islands of higher stiffness were patterned within RGD peptide coated polyacrylamide gels. We revealed that the positioning of the Golgi apparatus is responsive to external mechanical cues and that the Golgi-nucleus axis aligns with the stiffness gradient in durotaxis. Together, our work unveils the cytoskeletal underpinning for single cell durotaxis. We propose a model in which the Golgi-nucleus axis serves both as a compass and as a steering wheel for durotactic migration, dictating cell directionality through the interaction between non-centrosomal microtubules and the FA dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Rong
- Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Wenzhong Yang
- Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Huiwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyBiomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC)School of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenxu Wang
- The Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shaozhen Lin
- Applied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsInstitute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yuxing Huang
- Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Bo Li
- Applied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsInstitute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyBiomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC)School of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- The Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Congying Wu
- Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
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12
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Pinto-Costa R, Sousa MM. Microtubules, actin and cytolinkers: how to connect cytoskeletons in the neuronal growth cone. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135693. [PMID: 33529653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytolinkers ensure the integration of the different cytoskeleton components in the neuronal growth cone during development and in the course of axon regeneration. In neurons, an integrated skeleton guarantees appropriate function, and connectivity of high order circuits. Over the past years, several cytoskeleton regulatory proteins with actin-microtubule crosslinking activity have been identified. In neurons, the importance of spectrins, formins and other cytolinkers capable of coupling actin and microtubules has been extensively highlighted during axon outgrowth and guidance. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on cytolinkers specifically expressed in the neuronal growth cone of developing and regenerating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Au FK, Hau BK, Qi RZ. Nek2-mediated GAS2L1 phosphorylation and centrosome-linker disassembly induce centrosome disjunction. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201909094. [PMID: 32289147 PMCID: PMC7199859 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome disjunction occurs in late G2 to facilitate bipolar spindle formation and is mediated by the NIMA-related kinase Nek2. Here, we show that GAS2L1, a microtubule- and F-actin-binding protein required for centrosome disjunction, undergoes Nek2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser352 in G2/M. The phosphorylation is essential for centrosome disjunction in late G2 and for proper spindle assembly and faithful chromosome segregation in mitosis. GAS2L1 contains a calponin-homology (CH) domain and a GAS2-related (GAR) domain, which bind to F-actin and microtubules, respectively. Notably, the CH and GAR domains bind to each other to inhibit the functions of both domains, and Ser352 phosphorylation disrupts the interaction between the two domains and relieves the autoinhibition. We dissected the roles of the GAS2L1 phosphorylation and of centrosome-linker disassembly, which is another Nek2-mediated event, and found that these events together trigger centrosome disjunction. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the concerted Nek2 actions that split the centrosomes in late G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K.C. Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bill K.T. Hau
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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14
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van de Willige D, Hummel JJ, Alkemade C, Kahn OI, Au FK, Qi RZ, Dogterom M, Koenderink GH, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Cytolinker Gas2L1 regulates axon morphology through microtubule-modulated actin stabilization. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47732. [PMID: 31486213 PMCID: PMC6831992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons underlies cellular morphogenesis. Interactions between actin filaments and microtubules are particularly important for establishing the complex polarized morphology of neurons. Here, we characterized the neuronal function of growth arrest‐specific 2‐like 1 (Gas2L1), a protein that can directly bind to actin, microtubules and microtubule plus‐end‐tracking end binding proteins. We found that Gas2L1 promotes axon branching, but restricts axon elongation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Using pull‐down experiments and in vitro reconstitution assays, in which purified Gas2L1 was combined with actin and dynamic microtubules, we demonstrated that Gas2L1 is autoinhibited. This autoinhibition is relieved by simultaneous binding to actin filaments and microtubules. In neurons, Gas2L1 primarily localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and functions as an actin stabilizer. The microtubule‐binding tail region of Gas2L1 directs its actin‐stabilizing activity towards the axon. We propose that Gas2L1 acts as an actin regulator, the function of which is spatially modulated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ja Hummel
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Alkemade
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Living Matter Department, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Kc Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Logan CM, Menko AS. Microtubules: Evolving roles and critical cellular interactions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1240-1254. [PMID: 31387376 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219867296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements known as drivers of directed cell migration, vesicle and organelle trafficking, and mitosis. In this review, we discuss new research in the lens that has shed light into further roles for stable microtubules in the process of development and morphogenesis. In the lens, as well as other systems, distinct roles for characteristically dynamic microtubules and stabilized populations are coming to light. Understanding the mechanisms of microtubule stabilization and the associated microtubule post-translational modifications is an evolving field of study. Appropriate cellular homeostasis relies on not only one cytoskeletal element, but also rather an interaction between cytoskeletal proteins as well as other cellular regulators. Microtubules are key integrators with actin and intermediate filaments, as well as cell–cell junctional proteins and other cellular regulators including myosin and RhoGTPases to maintain this balance.Impact statementThe role of microtubules in cellular functioning is constantly expanding. In this review, we examine new and exciting fields of discovery for microtubule’s involvement in morphogenesis, highlight our evolving understanding of differential roles for stabilized versus dynamic subpopulations, and further understanding of microtubules as a cellular integrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Logan
- Pathology Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Pathology Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Li G, Chen T, Wang Y, Zhang J, Guo J, Wu H. Interaction between microfilament and microtubule- dependent tensions and ischemia/hypoxic-induced alteration of structural tension in neuronal cells. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:222-230. [PMID: 31009699 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular mechanical tension plays a vital role in maintaining neuronal function and is generated steerablely by motor proteins along microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs). To explore the interaction between these subcellular tensions and elucidate their underlying mechanisms, we constructed MF- and MT-dependent tension probes using the Förster resonance energy transfer technique. Hypotonic stress activated MF and MT tensions in calcium-dependent manner, which antagonized outward expansion of cells synergistically; conversely, hypertonic stress attenuated MF and MT tensions in a calcium-independent manner and their interaction is antagonistical. In response to ischemia/hypoxia-related factors, glutamic acid upregulated MF and MT tensions synergistically, similarly to calcium signaling. Energy depletion elicited by ammonium ions increased MT tension, but not MF tension. Oxygen free radical stimulus had no effect on MT and MT tensions. However, MT tension was involved in the antagonism of MF tension in response to energy depletion and oxygen free radicals. Our findings suggest that intracellular MF and MT tensions can interact synergistically or antagonistically in neuronal cells, which is indispensable in ischemia/hypoxia -induced neuron dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangMing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huaian First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - TingTing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - YuXuan Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - JiaRui Zhang
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huiwen Wu
- Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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17
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18
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Adikes RC, Hallett RA, Saway BF, Kuhlman B, Slep KC. Control of microtubule dynamics using an optogenetic microtubule plus end-F-actin cross-linker. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:779-793. [PMID: 29259096 PMCID: PMC5800807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SxIP-iLID is a novel optogenetic tool designed to assess the temporal role of proteins on microtubule dynamics. The authors establish that optogenetic cross-linking of microtubule and actin networks decreases MT growth velocities and increases the cell area void of microtubules. We developed a novel optogenetic tool, SxIP–improved light-inducible dimer (iLID), to facilitate the reversible recruitment of factors to microtubule (MT) plus ends in an end-binding protein–dependent manner using blue light. We show that SxIP-iLID can track MT plus ends and recruit tgRFP-SspB upon blue light activation. We used this system to investigate the effects of cross-linking MT plus ends and F-actin in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells to gain insight into spectraplakin function and mechanism. We show that SxIP-iLID can be used to temporally recruit an F-actin binding domain to MT plus ends and cross-link the MT and F-actin networks. Cross-linking decreases MT growth velocities and generates a peripheral MT exclusion zone. SxIP-iLID facilitates the general recruitment of specific factors to MT plus ends with temporal control enabling researchers to systematically regulate MT plus end dynamics and probe MT plus end function in many biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Adikes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan A Hallett
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brian F Saway
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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19
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Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Qu Y, Hahn I, Melero C, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Drosophila Short stop as a paradigm for the role and regulation of spectraplakins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:40-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Dewey EB, Johnston CA. Diverse mitotic functions of the cytoskeletal cross-linking protein Shortstop suggest a role in Dynein/Dynactin activity. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2555-2568. [PMID: 28747439 PMCID: PMC5597327 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortstop (Shot), an actin–microtubule cross-linking protein, interacts with the Dynactin component Arp-1 to control mitotic spindle assembly and positioning in Drosophila. Shot is important for proper chromosome congression and segregation. Loss of Shot in epithelial tissue leads to significant apoptosis, which when blocked leads to epithelial–mesenchymal transition-like changes. Proper assembly and orientation of the bipolar mitotic spindle is critical to the fidelity of cell division. Mitotic precision fundamentally contributes to cell fate specification, tissue development and homeostasis, and chromosome distribution within daughter cells. Defects in these events are thought to contribute to several human diseases. The underlying mechanisms that function in spindle morphogenesis and positioning remain incompletely defined, however. Here we describe diverse roles for the actin-microtubule cross-linker Shortstop (Shot) in mitotic spindle function in Drosophila. Shot localizes to mitotic spindle poles, and its knockdown results in an unfocused spindle pole morphology and a disruption of proper spindle orientation. Loss of Shot also leads to chromosome congression defects, cell cycle progression delay, and defective chromosome segregation during anaphase. These mitotic errors trigger apoptosis in Drosophila epithelial tissue, and blocking this apoptotic response results in a marked induction of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition marker MMP-1. The actin-binding domain of Shot directly interacts with Actin-related protein-1 (Arp-1), a key component of the Dynein/Dynactin complex. Knockdown of Arp-1 phenocopies Shot loss universally, whereas chemical disruption of F-actin does so selectively. Our work highlights novel roles for Shot in mitosis and suggests a mechanism involving Dynein/Dynactin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Dewey
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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21
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Zhang J, Yue J, Wu X. Spectraplakin family proteins - cytoskeletal crosslinkers with versatile roles. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2447-2457. [PMID: 28679697 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The different cytoskeletal networks in a cell are responsible for many fundamental cellular processes. Current studies have shown that spectraplakins, cytoskeletal crosslinkers that combine features of both the spectrin and plakin families of crosslinkers, have a critical role in integrating these different cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakin genes give rise to a variety of isoforms that have distinct functions. Importantly, all spectraplakin isoforms are uniquely able to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton, namely, F-actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In this Review, we will highlight recent studies that have unraveled their function in a wide range of different processes, from regulating cell adhesion in skin keratinocytes to neuronal cell migration. Taken together, this work has revealed a diverse and indispensable role for orchestrating the function of different cytoskeletal elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Lane TR, Fuchs E, Slep KC. Structure of the ACF7 EF-Hand-GAR Module and Delineation of Microtubule Binding Determinants. Structure 2017; 25:1130-1138.e6. [PMID: 28602822 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are large molecules that cross-link F-actin and microtubules (MTs). Mutations in spectraplakins yield defective cell polarization, aberrant focal adhesion dynamics, and dystonia. We present the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the hACF7 EF1-EF2-GAR MT-binding module and delineate the GAR residues critical for MT binding. The EF1-EF2 and GAR domains are autonomous domains connected by a flexible linker. The EF1-EF2 domain is an EFβ-scaffold with two bound Ca2+ ions that straddle an N-terminal α helix. The GAR domain has a unique α/β sandwich fold that coordinates Zn2+. While the EF1-EF2 domain is not sufficient for MT binding, the GAR domain is and likely enhances EF1-EF2-MT engagement. Residues in a conserved basic patch, distal to the GAR domain's Zn2+-binding site, mediate MT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Takács Z, Jankovics F, Vilmos P, Lénárt P, Röper K, Erdélyi M. The spectraplakin Short stop is an essential microtubule regulator involved in epithelial closure in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:712-724. [PMID: 28062848 PMCID: PMC5339884 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal closure of the Drosophila embryonic epithelium provides an excellent model system for the in vivo analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating cytoskeletal rearrangements. In this study, we investigated the function of the Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot), a conserved cytoskeletal structural protein, during closure of the dorsal embryonic epithelium. We show that Shot is essential for the efficient final zippering of the opposing epithelial margins. By using isoform-specific mutant alleles and genetic rescue experiments with truncated Shot variants, we demonstrate that Shot functions as an actin-microtubule cross-linker in mediating zippering. At the leading edge of epithelial cells, Shot regulates protrusion dynamics by promoting filopodia formation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis and in vivo imaging of microtubule growth revealed that Shot stabilizes dynamic microtubules. The actin- and microtubule-binding activities of Shot are simultaneously required in the same molecule, indicating that Shot is engaged as a physical crosslinker in this process. We propose that Shot-mediated interactions between microtubules and actin filaments facilitate filopodia formation, which promotes zippering by initiating contact between opposing epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Takács
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jankovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Lénárt
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
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24
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Abstract
Acquisition of oocyte polarity involves complex translocation and aggregation of intracellular organelles, RNAs, and proteins, along with strict posttranscriptional regulation. While much is still unknown regarding the formation of the animal-vegetal axis, an early marker of polarity, animal models have contributed to our understanding of these early processes controlling normal oogenesis and embryo development. In recent years, it has become clear that proteins with self-assembling properties are involved in assembling discrete subcellular compartments or domains underlying subcellular asymmetries in the early mitotic and meiotic cells of the female germline. These include asymmetries in duplication of the centrioles and formation of centrosomes and assembly of the organelle and RNA-rich Balbiani body, which plays a critical role in oocyte polarity. Notably, at specific stages of germline development, these transient structures in oocytes are temporally coincident and align with asymmetries in the position and arrangement of nuclear components, such as the nuclear pore and the chromosomal bouquet and the centrioles and cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm. Formation of these critical, transient structures and arrangements involves microtubule pathways, intrinsically disordered proteins (proteins with domains that tend to be fluid or lack a rigid ordered three-dimensional structure ranging from random coils, globular domains, to completely unstructured proteins), and translational repressors and activators. This review aims to examine recent literature and key players in oocyte polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Clapp
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The capacity of an axon to regenerate is regulated by its external environment and by cell-intrinsic factors. Studies in a variety of organisms suggest that alterations in axonal microtubule (MT) dynamics have potent effects on axon regeneration. We review recent findings on the regulation of MT dynamics during axon regeneration, focusing on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans the dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) promotes axon regeneration, whereas the exchange factor for Arf6 (EFA-6) inhibits axon regeneration. Both DLK and EFA-6 respond to injury and control axon regeneration in part via MT dynamics. How the DLK and EFA-6 pathways are related is a topic of active investigation, as is the mechanism by which EFA-6 responds to axonal injury. We evaluate potential candidates, such as the MT affinity-regulating kinase PAR-1/MARK, in regulation of EFA-6 and axonal MT dynamics in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngang Heok Tang
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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26
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Lee J, Lee S, Chen C, Shim H, Kim-Ha J. shotregulates the microtubule reorganization required for localization of axis-determining mRNAs during oogenesis. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:431-44. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Sujung Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
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27
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Girdler GC, Applewhite DA, Perry WMG, Rogers SL, Röper K. The Gas2 family protein Pigs is a microtubule +TIP that affects cytoskeleton organisation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:121-34. [PMID: 26585311 PMCID: PMC4732294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between different cytoskeletal systems is crucial for many cell biological functions, including cell migration and mitosis, and also plays an important role during tissue morphogenesis. Proteins of the class of cytoskeletal crosslinkers, or cytolinkers, have the ability to interact with more than one cytoskeletal system at a time and are prime candidates to mediate any coordination. One such class comprises the Gas2-like proteins, combining a conserved calponin-homology-type actin-binding domain and a Gas2 domain predicted to bind microtubules (MTs). This domain combination is also found in spectraplakins, huge cytolinkers that play important roles in many tissues in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we dissect the ability of the single Drosophila Gas2-like protein Pigs to interact with both actin and MT cytoskeletons, both in vitro and in vivo, and illustrate complex regulatory interactions that determine the localisation of Pigs to and its effects on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Girdler
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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28
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TOG Proteins Are Spatially Regulated by Rac-GSK3β to Control Interphase Microtubule Dynamics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138966. [PMID: 26406596 PMCID: PMC4583408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are regulated by a diverse set of proteins that localize to microtubule plus ends (+TIPs) where they regulate dynamic instability and mediate interactions with the cell cortex, actin filaments, and organelles. Although individual +TIPs have been studied in depth and we understand their basic contributions to microtubule dynamics, there is a growing body of evidence that these proteins exhibit cross-talk and likely function to collectively integrate microtubule behavior and upstream signaling pathways. In this study, we have identified a novel protein-protein interaction between the XMAP215 homologue in Drosophila, Mini spindles (Msps), and the CLASP homologue, Orbit. These proteins have been shown to promote and suppress microtubule dynamics, respectively. We show that microtubule dynamics are regionally controlled in cells by Rac acting to suppress GSK3β in the peripheral lamellae/lamellipodium. Phosphorylation of Orbit by GSK3β triggers a relocalization of Msps from the microtubule plus end to the lattice. Mutation of the Msps-Orbit binding site revealed that this interaction is required for regulating microtubule dynamic instability in the cell periphery. Based on our findings, we propose that Msps is a novel Rac effector that acts, in partnership with Orbit, to regionally regulate microtubule dynamics.
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29
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Wang S, Reuveny A, Volk T. Nesprin provides elastic properties to muscle nuclei by cooperating with spectraplakin and EB1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:529-38. [PMID: 26008743 PMCID: PMC4442817 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201408098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The myonuclear scaffold in Drosophila larval muscles exhibits both elastic features, contributed by the stretching capacity of MSP300/nesprin, and rigidity, provided by a perinuclear network of microtubules stabilized by Shot/spectraplakin and EB1. Muscle nuclei are exposed to variable cytoplasmic strain produced by muscle contraction and relaxation, but their morphology remains stable. Still, the mechanism responsible for maintaining myonuclear architecture, and its importance, is currently elusive. Herein, we uncovered a unique myonuclear scaffold in Drosophila melanogaster larval muscles, exhibiting both elastic features contributed by the stretching capacity of MSP300 (nesprin) and rigidity provided by a perinuclear network of microtubules stabilized by Shot (spectraplakin) and EB1. Together, they form a flexible perinuclear shield that protects myonuclei from intrinsic or extrinsic forces. The loss of this scaffold resulted in significantly aberrant nuclear morphology and subsequently reduced levels of essential nuclear factors such as lamin A/C, lamin B, and HP1. Overall, we propose a novel mechanism for maintaining myonuclear morphology and reveal its critical link to correct levels of nuclear factors in differentiated muscle fibers. These findings may shed light on the underlying mechanism of various muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adriana Reuveny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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30
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of filamentous protein polymers required for virtually all cellular processes. It consists of three major classes, filamentous actin (F-actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all displaying characteristic structural properties, functions, cellular distributions, and sets of interacting regulatory proteins. One unique class of proteins, the spectraplakins, bind, regulate, and integrate the functions of all three classes of cytoskeleton proteins. Spectraplakins are giant, evolutionary conserved multidomain proteins (spanning up to 9000 aa) that are true members of the plakin, spectrin, and Gas2-like protein families. They have OMIM-listed disease links to epidermolysis bullosa and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Their role in disease is likely underrepresented since studies in model animal systems have revealed critical roles in polarity, morphogenesis, differentiation and maintenance, migration, signaling, and intracellular trafficking in a variety of tissues. This enormous diversity of spectraplakin function is consistent with the numerous isoforms produced from single genomic loci that combine different sets of functional domains in distinct cellular contexts. To study the broad range of functions and complexity of these proteins, Drosophila is a powerful model. Thus, the fly spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) acts as an actin-microtubule linker and plays important roles in many developmental processes, which provide experimentally amenable and relevant contexts in which to study spectraplakin functions. For these studies, a versatile range of relevant experimental resources that facilitate genetics and transgenic approaches, highly refined genomics tools, and an impressive set of spectraplakin-specific genetic and molecular tools are readily available. Here, we use the example of Shot to illustrate how the various tools and strategies available for Drosophila can be employed to decipher and dissect cellular roles and molecular mechanisms of spectraplakins.
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Tang EI, Mok KW, Lee WM, Cheng CY. EB1 regulates tubulin and actin cytoskeletal networks at the sertoli cell blood-testis barrier in male rats: an in vitro study. Endocrinology 2015; 156:680-93. [PMID: 25456071 PMCID: PMC4298315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, developing germ cells are transported across the seminiferous epithelium. Studies propose that because microtubules (MTs) serve as the tracks for transporting cell organelles, they may also serve a similar function in the transport of developing germ cells. Polarized MTs may provide the tracks along which polarized actin microfilaments, which act as vehicles to transport cargo, such as preleptotene spermatocytes through the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and spermatids across the epithelium. Yet the molecular mechanism(s) underlying these events remain unknown. Using an established in vitro Sertoli cell system to study BTB function, we demonstrated herein that a MT regulatory protein end-binding protein 1 (EB1) regulates the MT- and also the actin-based cytoskeleton of the Sertoli cell BTB in the rat. EB1 serves as a coordinator between the two cytoskeletons by regulating MT polymerization and actin filament bundling to modulate germ cell transport at the Sertoli cell BTB. A knockdown of EB1 by RNA interference was found to perturb the tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier, as evidenced by mislocalization of junctional proteins critical for barrier function to facilitate spermatocyte transport, which was likely achieved by two coordinated events. First, EB1 knockdown resulted in changes in MT polymerization, thereby perturbing MT organization in Sertoli cells in which polarized MT no longer stretched properly across the cell cytosol to serve as the tracks. Second, EB1 knockdown perturbed actin organization via its effects on the branched actin polymerization-inducing protein called Arp3 (actin-related protein 3), perturbing microfilament bundling capability based on a biochemical assay, thereby causing microfilament truncation and misorganization, disrupting the function of the vehicle. This reduced actin microfilament bundling capability thus perturbed TJ-protein distribution and localization at the BTB, destabilizing the TJ barrier, leading to its remodeling to facilitate spermatocyte transport. In summary, EB1 provides a functional link between tubulin- and actin-based cytoskeletons to confer spermatocyte transport at the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research (E.I.T., K.-W.M., C.Y.C.), Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065; and School of Biological Sciences (W.M.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Poliakova K, Adebola A, Leung CL, Favre B, Liem RKH, Schepens I, Borradori L. BPAG1a and b associate with EB1 and EB3 and modulate vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure, and cell migration in C2.7 myoblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107535. [PMID: 25244344 PMCID: PMC4171495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BPAG1a and BPAG1b (BPAG1a/b) constitute two major isoforms encoded by the dystonin (Dst) gene and show homology with MACF1a and MACF1b. These proteins are members of the plakin family, giant multi-modular proteins able to connect the intermediate filament, microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletal networks with each other and to distinct cell membrane sites. They also serve as scaffolds for signaling proteins that modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. To gain better insights into the functions of BPAG1a/b, we further characterized their C-terminal region important for their interaction with microtubules and assessed the role of these isoforms in the cytoskeletal organization of C2.7 myoblast cells. Our results show that alternative splicing does not only occur at the 5′ end of Dst and Macf1 pre-mRNAs, as previously reported, but also at their 3′ end, resulting in expression of additional four mRNA variants of BPAG1 and MACF1. These isoform-specific C-tails were able to bundle microtubules and bound to both EB1 and EB3, two microtubule plus end proteins. In the C2.7 cell line, knockdown of BPAG1a/b had no major effect on the organization of the microtubule and microfilament networks, but negatively affected endocytosis and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus structure, which became dispersed. Finally, knockdown of BPAG1a/b caused a specific decrease in the directness of cell migration, but did not impair initial cell adhesion. These data provide novel insights into the complexity of alternative splicing of Dst pre-mRNAs and into the role of BPAG1a/b in vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure as well as in migration in C2.7 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Poliakova
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adijat Adebola
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Conrad L. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald K. H. Liem
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Schepens
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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López MP, Huber F, Grigoriev I, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A, Koenderink GH, Dogterom M. Actin-microtubule coordination at growing microtubule ends. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4778. [PMID: 25159196 PMCID: PMC4365169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To power dynamic processes in cells, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons organize into complex structures. Although it is known that cytoskeletal coordination is vital for cell function, the mechanisms by which cross-linking proteins coordinate actin and microtubule activities remain poorly understood. In particular, it is unknown how the distinct mechanical properties of different actin architectures modulate the outcome of actin-microtubule interactions. To address this question, we engineered the protein TipAct, which links growing microtubule ends via end-binding proteins to actin filaments. We show that growing microtubules can be captured and guided by stiff actin bundles, leading to global actin-microtubule alignment. Conversely, growing microtubule ends can transport, stretch and bundle individual actin filaments, thereby globally defining actin filament organization. Our results provide a physical basis to understand actin-microtubule cross-talk, and reveal that a simple cross-linker can enable a mechanical feedback between actin and microtubule organization that is relevant to diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Huber
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marileen Dogterom
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
We review the properties and uses of cell lines in Drosophila research, emphasizing the variety of lines, the large body of genomic and transcriptional data available for many of the lines, and the variety of ways the lines have been used to provide tools for and insights into the developmental, molecular, and cell biology of Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cherbas
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Lei Gong
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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