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Amerizadeh A, Ghaheh HS, Vaseghi G, Farajzadegan Z, Asgary S. Effect of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Consumption on Lipid Profile With Focus on Triglycerides and High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C): An Updated Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101153. [PMID: 35192870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a significant risk factor for heart disease. The soluble fiber in oat (Avena sativa L.), beta-glucan has been shown to significantly lower serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels but not triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) according to previous studies, reviews, and meta-analyses. However, the effect of oat consumption on the TG and HDL-C is controversial and has not been expanded enough. We did this review study to find out about the effect of oat on lipid profile especially TG and HDL-C more specifically and meticulously with their details. After searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Google scholar we included 17 studies in our review. Our results similar to other reviews showed that oat reduced the TC, VLDL, and LDL-C more significantly than TG. Of 17 included studies 6 studies reported reduction of TG level, and only 1 study reported HDL-C improvement followed by oat consumption. A more detailed review of studies that reported positive effects of oat/ beta-glucan consumption on TG showed that in healthy people with normal lipid profile oat intake might reduce TG effectively and also in overweight people/those with diabetes or metabolic syndrome if a higher amount of oat or/and longer duration applied. Consuming oat in conjunction with calorie-reducing diets or using it with DHA can cause a significant TG reduction. It may be concluded that, in addition to lowering TC and LDL-C, a considerable improvement in TG or HDL-C can be accomplished by adjusting factors such as oat consumption dose or consumption duration or utilizing oat in conjunction with a proper diet program. To conclude, more research on this topic is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Amerizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hooria Seyedhosseini Ghaheh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Community Medicine Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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2
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Lin YJ, Chen Y, Guo TL, Kong F. Six weeks effect of different nanocellulose on blood lipid level and small intestinal morphology in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:498-505. [PMID: 36563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF, or NFC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, or NCC), and Tempo (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized CNF (Tempo-CNF) were compared for the short-term effect on mice fed with a high-fat and high-sugar (Western diet, WD) to investigate their effect when combined with a sub-optimal diet. SCOPE Thirty C57B/C female mice (10 weeks old; 5-6 mice/group) were given water, cellulose, or three types of nanocellulose once daily in a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. After six weeks, weight changes, fecal output, glucose homeostasis, and gut permeability showed no significant among groups. Serum analysis including triglycerides, cholesterol and total bile acids and small intestinal morphology including villus length, villus width, crypt depth, goblet cell count and goblet cell density were no difference for all groups. Only CNC group had higher excretion of bile acids in the feces. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that current treated dose using three types of nanocellulose had no detrimental effects on blood lipid level and small intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yingjia Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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3
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de Morais Junior AC, Schincaglia RM, Viana RB, Armet AM, Prado CM, Walter J, Mota JF. The separate effects of whole oats and isolated beta-glucan on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:224-237. [PMID: 36657917 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is well known that dietary fiber positively impacts the microbiome and health as a whole. However, the health effects of β-glucan, a dietary fiber extracted from oats, have been questioned when administered alone or incorporated into other foods. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of oats or β-glucan supplements on the lipid profile. METHODS Randomized controlled trials with parallel-arm or crossover blinded interventions at least two weeks in duration, for hyperlipidemic or non-hyperlipidemic men and women ≥18 years of age were selected. Only single (participants blinded) or double-blinded studies that compared oat or isolated β-glucan with a placebo/control group were considered for this review. The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Web of science and CINHAL were searched, from the earliest indexed year available online to the end of January 2022. Random-effects models were used to combine the estimated effects extracted from individual studies, and data were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS A total of 811 articles were screened for eligibility, and relevant data were extracted from 28 studies, totaling 1494 subjects. Oat interventions TC (-0.61, 95%CI: -0.84;-0.39, p < 0.00001, and -0.70, 95%CI: -1.07;-0.34, p = 0.0002, respectively) and LDL (-0.51, 95%CI: -0.71;-0.31, p < 0.00001, and -0.38, 95%CI: -0.60;-0.15, p = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, isolated β-glucan interventions from parallel-arm studies decreased TC (-0.73, 95%CI: -1.01;-0.45, p < 0.00001), LDL (-0.58, 95%CI: -0.85;-0.32, p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (-0.30, 95%CI: -0.49;-0.12, p = 0.001). HDL was not altered by either oat or isolated β-glucan (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, this review showed that both oat and isolated β-glucan interventions improved lipid profiles. Furthermore, the ingestion of oats or isolated β-glucan supplements are effective tools to combat dyslipidemia and should be considered in cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides C de Morais Junior
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, St. 227, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia GO, 74.605-080, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Schincaglia
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, St. 227, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia GO, 74.605-080, Brazil; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - João F Mota
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, St. 227, Block 68, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia GO, 74.605-080, Brazil; APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland.
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Saboo B, Misra A, Kalra S, Mohan V, Aravind SR, Joshi S, Chowdhury S, Sahay R, Kesavadev J, John M, Kapoor N, Das S, Krishnan D, Salis S. Role and importance of high fiber in diabetes management in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102480. [PMID: 35594690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS India is facing a triple burden of pre-diabetes, diabetes, and obesity. Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity have been linked to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite dietary recommendations, individuals consume inadequate amounts or unsuitable type of dietary fiber (DF) which needs correction. An Expert group attempted to review and report on the role and importance of high DF in the management of T2DM and offer practical guidance on high fiber use in daily diet. METHODOLOGY Twelve diabetologists and two expert dietitians from India were chosen to ensure diversity of the members both in professional interest and cultural background. The authors convened virtually for one group meeting and actively participated in a detailed discussion. Multiple reviews of the draft document followed by focused teleconference calls & email helped to reach consensus on final recommendations between Aug 2021 and Dec 2021. RESULTS Evidence has shown that medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a valuable approach and an essential component of T2DM prevention and management. Studies have shown that fiber rich diabetes nutrition (FDN) has multi-systemic health benefits, including, improvement in glycemic control, reduction in glucose spikes, decrease in hyperinsulinemia, improvement in plasma lipid concentrations and weight management in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION A high fiber diet is vital for people with diabetes and associated conditions. Increasing fiber intake, preferably through food or through dietary supplement, may help. Fiber rich diabetes nutrition (FDN) is recommended in order to prevent and manage T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banshi Saboo
- DiaCare - A Complete Diabetes Care Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis C-DOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, And Endocrinology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - V Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India
| | - S R Aravind
- Diacon Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashank Joshi
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Lilavati Hospital & Research Centre, Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Dept. of Endocrinology, IPGME & R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rakesh Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Aster Prime Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Mathew John
- Providence Endocrine and Diabetes Specialty Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Nitin Kapoor
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, CMC, Vellore, Tamil Nādu, India
| | - Sambit Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Dharini Krishnan
- DV Living Science Enterprise Pvt Ltd, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheryl Salis
- Nurture Health Solutions, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Golisch B, Lei Z, Tamura K, Brumer H. Configured for the Human Gut Microbiota: Molecular Mechanisms of Dietary β-Glucan Utilization. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2087-2102. [PMID: 34709792 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-glucans are a disparate group of structurally diverse polysaccharides, whose members are widespread in human diets as components of the cell walls of plants, algae, and fungi (including yeasts), and as bacterial exopolysaccharides. Individual β-glucans from these sources have long been associated with positive effects on human health through metabolic and immunological effects. Remarkably, the β-configured glucosidic linkages that define these polysaccharides render them inaccessible to the limited repertoire of digestive enzymes encoded by the human genome. As a result, the various β-glucans become fodder for the human gut microbiota (HGM) in the lower gastrointestinal tract, where they influence community composition and metabolic output, including fermentation to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Only recently, however, have the specific molecular systems that enable the utilization of β-glucans by select members of the HGM been fully elucidated by combined genetic, biochemical, and structural biological approaches. In the context of β-glucan structures and their effects on human nutrition and health, we summarize here the functional characterization of individual polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) responsible for the saccharification of mixed-linkage β(1→3)/β(1→4)-glucans, β(1→6)-glucans, β(1→3)-glucans, β(1→2)-glucans, and xyloglucans in symbiotic human gut bacteria. These exemplar PULs serve as well-defined biomarkers for the prediction of β-glucan metabolic capability in individual bacterial taxa and across the global human population.
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Schlörmann W, Bockwoldt JA, Mayr MF, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C, Rohn S, Ehrmann MA, Glei M. Fermentation profile, cholesterol-reducing properties and chemopreventive potential of β-glucans from Levilactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus claussenii - a comparative study with β-glucans from different sources. Food Funct 2021; 12:10615-10631. [PMID: 34585204 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether β-glucans obtained from the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Levilactobacillus (L.) brevis and Pediococcus (P.) claussenii exhibit similar physiological effects such as cholesterol-binding capacity (CBC) as the structurally different β-glucans from oat, barley, and yeast as well as curdlan. After in vitro fermentation, fermentation supernatants (FSs) and/or -pellets (FPs) were analyzed regarding the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ammonia, bile acids, the relative abundance of bacterial taxa and chemopreventive effects (growth inhibition, apoptosis, genotoxicity) in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Compared to other glucans, the highest CBC was determined for oat β-glucan (65.9 ± 8.8 mg g-1, p < 0.05). Concentrations of SCFA were increased in FSs of all β-glucans (up to 2.7-fold). The lowest concentrations of ammonia (down to 0.8 ± 0.3 mmol L-1) and bile acids (2.5-5.2 μg mL-1) were detected in FSs of the β-glucans from oat, barley, yeast, and curdlan. The various β-glucans differentially modulated the relative abundance of bacteria families and reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Treatment of LT97 cells with the FSs led to a significant dose-dependent growth reduction and increase in caspase-3 activity without exhibiting genotoxic effects. Though the different β-glucans show different fermentation profiles as well as cholesterol- and bile acid-reducing properties, they exhibit comparable chemopreventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schlörmann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany. .,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - J A Bockwoldt
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M F Mayr
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - S Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Dawczynski
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Ehrmann
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Glei
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany. .,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Ms Wolever T, Rahn M, Dioum E, Spruill SE, Ezatagha A, Campbell JE, Jenkins AL, Chu Y. An Oat β-Glucan Beverage Reduces LDL Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Men and Women with Borderline High Cholesterol: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:2655-2666. [PMID: 34236436 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-molecular-weight (MW) oat β-glucan (OBG), consumed at 3-4 g/d, in solid foods reduces LDL cholesterol by a median of ∼6.5%. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effect of a beverage providing 3 g/d high-MW OBG on reduction of LDL cholesterol (primary endpoint) when compared with placebo. METHODS We performed a parallel-design, randomized clinical trial at a contract research organization; participants, caregivers, and outcome assessors were blinded to treatment allocation. Participants with LDL cholesterol between 3.0 and 5.0 mmol/L, inclusive [n = 538 screened, n = 260 ineligible, n = 23 lost, n = 48 withdrawn (product safety); n = 207 randomly assigned, n = 7 dropped out, n = 9 withdrawn (protocol violation); n = 191 analyzed; n = 72 (37.7%) male, mean ± SD age: 43.3 ± 14.3 y, BMI: 29.7 ± 5.2 kg/m2], were randomly assigned to consume, 3 times daily for 4 wk, 1 g OBG (n = 104, n = 96 analyzed) or rice powder (Control, n = 103, n = 95 analyzed) mixed into 250 mL water. Treatment effects were assessed as change from baseline and differences analyzed using a 2-sided t test via ANOVA with baseline characteristics as covariates. RESULTS After 4 wk, change from baseline least-squares-mean LDL cholesterol on OBG (-0.195 mmol/L) was less than on Control (0.012 mmol/L) by mean: 0.207 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.318, 0.096 mmol/L; P = 0.0003); the following secondary endpoints were also reduced as follows: total cholesterol (TC) (0.226 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.361, 0.091 mmol/L; P = 0.001), TC:HDL cholesterol ratio (0.147; 95% CI: 0.284, 0.010; P = 0.036), non-HDL cholesterol (0.194 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.314, 0.073 mmol/L; P = 0.002), and Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (0.474; 95% CI: 0.900, 0.049, P = 0.029). Changes in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin did not differ between treatment groups (P > 0.05). Lipid treatment effects were not significantly modified by age, sex, BMI, or hypertension treatment. There were no major adverse events, but both treatments transiently increased gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Consuming a beverage containing 1 g high-MW OBG 3 times daily for 4 wk significantly reduced LDL cholesterol by ∼6% and CVD risk by ∼8% in healthy adults with LDL cholesterol between 3 and 5 mmol/L.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03911427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ms Wolever
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maike Rahn
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - ElHadji Dioum
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, USA
| | | | - Adish Ezatagha
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice E Campbell
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, USA
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8
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Vors C, Joumard-Cubizolles L, Lecomte M, Combe E, Ouchchane L, Drai J, Raynal K, Joffre F, Meiller L, Le Barz M, Gaborit P, Caille A, Sothier M, Domingues-Faria C, Blot A, Wauquier A, Blond E, Sauvinet V, Gésan-Guiziou G, Bodin JP, Moulin P, Cheillan D, Vidal H, Morio B, Cotte E, Morel-Laporte F, Laville M, Bernalier-Donadille A, Lambert-Porcheron S, Malpuech-Brugère C, Michalski MC. Milk polar lipids reduce lipid cardiovascular risk factors in overweight postmenopausal women: towards a gut sphingomyelin-cholesterol interplay. Gut 2020; 69:487-501. [PMID: 31189655 PMCID: PMC7034342 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether milk polar lipids (PL) impact human intestinal lipid absorption, metabolism, microbiota and associated markers of cardiometabolic health. DESIGN A double-blind, randomised controlled 4-week study involving 58 postmenopausal women was used to assess the chronic effects of milk PL consumption (0, 3 or 5 g-PL/day) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. The acute effects of milk PL on intestinal absorption and metabolism of cholesterol were assessed in a randomised controlled crossover study using tracers in ileostomy patients. RESULTS Over 4 weeks, milk PL significantly reduced fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol and surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease risk, including total/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo)B/ApoA1 ratios. The highest PL dose preferentially induced a decreased number of intestine-derived chylomicron particles. Also, milk PL increased faecal loss of coprostanol, a gut-derived metabolite of cholesterol, but major bacterial populations and faecal short-chain fatty acids were not affected by milk PL, regardless of the dose. Acute ingestion of milk PL by ileostomy patients shows that milk PL decreased cholesterol absorption and increased cholesterol-ileal efflux, which can be explained by the observed co-excretion with milk sphingomyelin in the gut. CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate for the first time in humans that milk PL can improve the cardiometabolic health by decreasing several lipid cardiovascular markers, notably through a reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption involving specific interactions in the gut, without disturbing the major bacterial phyla of gut microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02099032 and NCT02146339; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vors
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Laurie Joumard-Cubizolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manon Lecomte
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Emmanuel Combe
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Lemlih Ouchchane
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistique-Informatique Médicale, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,Unité de Nutrition Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Ketsia Raynal
- ACTALIA Dairy Products and Technologies, 17700, Surgères, France
| | | | - Laure Meiller
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Patrice Gaborit
- ACTALIA Dairy Products and Technologies, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Aurélie Caille
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Sothier
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Carla Domingues-Faria
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adeline Blot
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Wauquier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 454, MEDIS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emilie Blond
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,Unité de Nutrition Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Geneviève Gésan-Guiziou
- STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Philippe Moulin
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques, Diabète et Nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Eddy Cotte
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine Lyon-Sud-Charles Mérieux, EMR 3738, 69600, Oullins, France,Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Martine Laville
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France,Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
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9
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Ferguson JJA, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. High molecular weight oat β-glucan enhances lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols. A randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Desmarchelier C, Borel P, Lairon D, Maraninchi M, Valéro R. Effect of Nutrient and Micronutrient Intake on Chylomicron Production and Postprandial Lipemia. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1299. [PMID: 31181761 PMCID: PMC6627366 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia, which is one of the main characteristics of the atherogenic dyslipidemia with fasting plasma hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase of small and dense low-density lipoproteins is now considered a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Postprandial lipemia, which is mainly related to the increase in chylomicron production, is frequently elevated in individuals at high cardiovascular risk such as obese or overweight patients, type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with a metabolic syndrome who share an insulin resistant state. It is now well known that chylomicron production and thus postprandial lipemia is highly regulated by many factors such as endogenous factors: circulating factors such as hormones or free fatty acids, genetic variants, circadian rhythms, or exogenous factors: food components, dietary supplements and prescription drugs. In this review, we focused on the effect of nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals but also on food structure on chylomicron production and postprandial lipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Desmarchelier
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Patrick Borel
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Denis Lairon
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Maraninchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - René Valéro
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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11
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Grundy MML, Fardet A, Tosh SM, Rich GT, Wilde PJ. Processing of oat: the impact on oat's cholesterol lowering effect. Food Funct 2018; 9:1328-1343. [PMID: 29431835 PMCID: PMC5885279 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and interventional studies have clearly demonstrated the beneficial impact of consuming oat and oat-based products on serum cholesterol and other markers of cardiovascular disease. The cholesterol-lowering effect of oat is thought to be associated with the β-glucan it contains. However, not all food products containing β-glucan seem to lead to the same health outcome. Overall, highly processed β-glucan sources (where the oat tissue is highly disrupted) appear to be less effective at reducing serum cholesterol, but the reasons are not well understood. Therefore, the mechanisms involved still need further clarification. The purpose of this paper is to review current evidence of the cholesterol-lowering effect of oat in the context of the structure and complexity of the oat matrix. The possibility of a synergistic action and interaction between the oat constituents promoting hypocholesterolaemia is also discussed. A review of the literature suggested that for a similar dose of β-glucan, (1) liquid oat-based foods seem to give more consistent, but moderate reductions in cholesterol than semi-solid or solid foods where the results are more variable; (2) the quantity of β-glucan and the molecular weight at expected consumption levels (∼3 g day-1) play a role in cholesterol reduction; and (3) unrefined β-glucan-rich oat-based foods (where some of the plant tissue remains intact) often appear more efficient at lowering cholesterol than purified β-glucan added as an ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M-L Grundy
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Anthony Fardet
- INRA, JRU 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand & Université de Clermont, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Susan M Tosh
- University of Ottawa, Université, Salle 118, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada.
| | - Gillian T Rich
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Underlying mechanisms responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan have been proposed, yet have not been fully demonstrated. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of barley β-glucan lowers cholesterol by affecting the cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis or bile acid synthesis. In addition, this study was aimed to assess whether the underlying mechanisms are related to cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) SNP rs3808607 as proposed by us earlier. In a controlled, randomised, cross-over study, participants with mild hypercholesterolaemia (n 30) were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high-molecular weight (HMW), 5 g low-molecular weight (LMW), 3 g LMW barley β-glucan or a control diet, each for 5 weeks. Cholesterol absorption was determined by assessing the enrichment of circulating 13C-cholesterol over 96 h following oral administration; fractional rate of synthesis for cholesterol was assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of 2H derived from deuterium oxide within the body water pool into the erythrocyte cholesterol pool over 24 h; bile acid synthesis was determined by measuring serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations. Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=0·029), but did not affect cholesterol absorption (P=0·25) or cholesterol synthesis (P=0·14). Increased bile acid synthesis after consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan was observed in all participants (P=0·049), and more pronounced in individuals carrying homozygous G of rs3808607 (P=0·033). In addition, a linear relationship between log (viscosity) of β-glucan and serum 7α-HC concentration was observed in homozygous G allele carriers. Results indicate that increased bile acid synthesis rather than inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis may be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley β-glucan. The pronounced TC reduction in G allele carriers of rs3808607 observed in the previous study may be due to enhanced bile acid synthesis in response to high-viscosity β-glucan consumption in those individuals.
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13
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Burton-Freeman B, Liyanage D, Rahman S, Edirisinghe I. Ratios of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on satiety and energy intake in overweight pre- and postmenopausal women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:157-168. [PMID: 28447070 PMCID: PMC5389022 DOI: 10.3233/nha-160018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fibers’ properties impact different mechanisms involved in satiety and energy intake regulation and metabolic outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of fiber types and menopausal status on satiety and metabolic responses in overweight women. METHODS: In a randomized within-subjects design, 19 overweight/obese women [9 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal] consumed 3 preloads that varied by fiber content and source: 1) 3:1 ratio of soluble:insoluble fiber (SF), 2) 1:3 ratio of soluble:insoluble fiber (IF), 3) no fiber control (NFC). Subjective satiety, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) were measured for 3 h post-preload followed by in-lab ad libitum test meal and 32 hour food intake monitoring. RESULTS: Significant preload, time and preload by menopausal status interaction was apparent for hunger and fullness (p < 0.05 for both) with SF preload predominantly more satiating in postmenopausal women. CCK and insulin were significantly lower after SF preload (p < 0.0001 for both). Post-preload glucose responses differed by menopausal status: postmenopausal women distinguished between fiber types unlike premenopausal women (p = 0.02). TG was significantly elevated after the IF preload compared to NFC and SF (p = 0.007 and p = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Customized/personalized dietary recommendations for women during their premenopausal and postmenopausal years can help maximize metabolic and appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Burton-Freeman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA.,Department of Nutritional Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dhanesh Liyanage
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Sajida Rahman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
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14
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Bach Knudsen KE, Nørskov NP, Bolvig AK, Hedemann MS, Laerke HN. Dietary fibers and associated phytochemicals in cereals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Belobrajdic DP, Hino S, Kondo T, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Topping DL, Morita T, Bird AR. High wholegrain barley β-glucan lowers food intake but does not alter small intestinal macronutrient digestibility in ileorectostomised rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:678-85. [PMID: 27282074 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1194811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Using barley cultivars differing widely in β-glucan content, we aimed to determine their effects on small intestinal macronutrient digestion in 24 ileorectostomised rats. The rats were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets, each containing a different barley variety, for 11 d. The diets had a content of 0, 2.1, 2.6 and 4.3 g of β-glucan/100 g. Feed intake and faecal excretion of fat, protein, starch, and non-starch polysaccharides were determined in the final 5 d of the study and apparent macronutrient digestibility calculated. Higher dietary levels of β-glucan (2.6% and 4.3%) lowered feed intake (by 15 and 19%, respectively) but final body weight was only lowered by the 4.3% β-glucan diet relative to rats fed the 0% β-glucan diet (all ps < 0.05). Protein, lipid and starch digestibility was unrelated to the dietary β-glucan content. Higher dietary levels of barley β-glucan lower feed intake of ileorectostomised rats, which is independent of intestinal fermentation and unrelated to macronutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Hino
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuya Morita
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
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16
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Wang Y, Harding SV, Eck P, Thandapilly SJ, Gamel TH, Abdel-Aal ESM, Crow GH, Tosh SM, Jones PJ, Ames NP. High-Molecular-Weight β-Glucan Decreases Serum Cholesterol Differentially Based on the CYP7A1 rs3808607 Polymorphism in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:720-7. [PMID: 26936139 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucan, a soluble fiber with viscous property, has a documented cholesterol-lowering effect. The molecular weight (MW) of β-glucan, which contributes to viscosity, and an individual's genotype might influence the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of β-glucan. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of barley β-glucan varied as a function of MW and the daily dose consumed. Our second aim was to determine whether any gene-diet interactions are associated with the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of β-glucan. METHODS In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 30 mildly hypercholesterolemic adults [12 men and 18 women, aged 27-78 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 20-40; total cholesterol (TC): 5.0-8.0 mmol/L; LDL cholesterol: 2.7-5.0 mmol/L] were randomly assigned to receive a breakfast that contained either barley β-glucan at 3 g high MW (HMW)/d, 5 g low MW (LMW)/d, or 3 g LMW/d or a control diet, each for 5 wk. The washout period between the phases was 4 wk. Fasting blood samples were collected at the start and end of each phase for blood lipid analysis and genotyping. RESULTS Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan/d lowered TC by -0.12 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.24, -0.006 mmol/L) compared with the control diet (P= 0.0046), but the LMW β-glucan, at either 3 g/d or 5 g/d, did not change serum cholesterol concentrations. This effect of HMW β-glucan was associated with gene-diet interaction, whereby individuals with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3808607-G allele (GG or GT) of the cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 gene (CYP7A1) had greater responses to 3 g HMW β-glucan/d in lowering TC than TT carriers (P= 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS The HMW β-glucan rather than LMW β-glucan reduced circulating TC effectively in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. The cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan may also be determined by the genetic characteristics of an individual. These data show that individuals carrying theCYP7A1SNP rs3808607-G allele are more responsive to the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan with HMW than TT carriers. This trial was registered atclinicaltrials.govasNCT01408719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Scott V Harding
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Eck
- Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Sijo J Thandapilly
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tamer H Gamel
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - El-Sayed M Abdel-Aal
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - Gary H Crow
- Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Susan M Tosh
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - Peter Jh Jones
- Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nancy P Ames
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
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17
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Gunness P, Williams BA, Gerrits WJ, Bird AR, Kravchuk O, Gidley MJ. Circulating triglycerides and bile acids are reduced by a soluble wheat arabinoxylan via modulation of bile concentration and lipid digestion rates in a pig model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Gunness
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland
| | - Barbara A. Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Olena Kravchuk
- Biometry Hub, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine; University of Adelaide; Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland
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18
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Tiihonen K, Rautonen N, Alhoniemi E, Ahotupa M, Stowell J, Vasankari T. Postprandial triglyceride response in normolipidemic, hyperlipidemic and obese subjects - the influence of polydextrose, a non-digestible carbohydrate. Nutr J 2015; 14:23. [PMID: 25889643 PMCID: PMC4365814 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three independent trials were conducted to evaluate postprandial triglyceride (TG) responses in subjects with different lipid metabolism. The effect of polydextrose (PDX), a soluble non-digestible carbohydrate, on postprandial response was also studied using practically relevant, high fat meal interventions. METHODS A total of 19 normolipidemic (average BMI 24.1 kg/m(2)), 21 overweight/hyperlipidemic (average BMI 29.6 kg/m(2)) and 18 obese/non-diabetic subjects (average BMI 33.6 kg/m(2)) were included in the study. On two separate occasions all subjects ate two high-fat meals (4293 kJ, 36% from fat), one with PDX (either 12.5 g or 15 g) and one without PDX during placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover and randomized trials. To obtain the triglyceride measurements venous blood samples were taken before the consumption of the test meal and five times afterwards, up to 6 h post-test meal. The triglyceride responses were modeled using a mixed-effects linear model. RESULTS The key variables that explain the variation of the postprandial triglyceride response in the different subject groups were: baseline triglyceride concentration, time point, and PDX vs. placebo treatment (p < 0.05). The maximum postprandial TG concentration was more pronounced in hyperlipidemic group compared to normolipidemic (p < 0.001) or obese groups (p < 0.01). The modeled TG response analysis showed that irrespective of the study population PDX supplementation was one of the factors significantly reducing triglyceride response compared to the placebo treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Subjects with elevated fasting triglyceride levels display exaggerated and prolonged postprandial triglyceride responses. PDX, a soluble non-digestible carbohydrate, may offer a dietary concept for reducing the postprandial triglyceride response after the consumption of a meal containing a high concentration of fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Tiihonen
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Active Nutrition, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FI-02460, Kantvik, Finland.
| | | | | | - Markku Ahotupa
- MCA Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
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19
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Effects of consuming diets containing Agave tequilana dietary fibre and jamaica calyces on body weight gain and redox status in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Chem 2014; 148:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Ibrügger S, Kristensen M, Poulsen MW, Mikkelsen MS, Ejsing J, Jespersen BM, Dragsted LO, Engelsen SB, Bügel S. Extracted oat and barley β-glucans do not affect cholesterol metabolism in young healthy adults. J Nutr 2013; 143:1579-85. [PMID: 23946347 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are known to exhibit hypocholesterolemic effects. Increased intestinal viscosity is thought to be crucial for cholesterol lowering. It is suggested that concentration, molecular mass, and structure, including the ratio of (1→3) to (1→4) glucan bonds in the molecule, are of importance for β-glucan functionality. This study investigated the effects of 3 different β-glucan sources, incorporated into a beverage and yogurt, on blood lipids and fecal endpoints. Fourteen participants completed this randomized, crossover, single-blinded study with four 3-wk periods: control and 3.3 g/d oat, barley, and barley mutant β-glucans of similar molecular mass. Before and after each period, fasting and postprandial blood samples were drawn and 3-d fecal samples were collected. Treatment did not affect changes in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol compared with control; however, consumption of 3.3 g/d of oat β-glucans for 3 wk resulted in greater decreases in total (-0.29 ± 0.09 mmol/L, P < 0.01), LDL (-0.23 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P < 0.01), and HDL (-0.05 ± 0.03 mmol/L, P < 0.05) cholesterol compared with baseline. Changes in LDL in the β-glucan treatments were not related to β-glucan structure (cellotriosyl:cellotetraosyl). Decreases in fasting triacylglycerol were substantially greater after oat β-glucan treatment compared with control (P = 0.03). Fecal dry and wet weight, stool frequency, fecal pH, and energy excretion were unaffected. The results do not fully support the hypocholesterolemic effects by differently structured oat and barley β-glucans. However, substantial differences compared with baseline suggest a potential for oat β-glucan, presumably due to its higher solubility and viscosity. This underlines the importance of elusive structural β-glucan features for beneficial physiologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ibrügger
- Bioactive Foods and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, and
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21
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Kristensen M, Savorani F, Christensen S, Engelsen SB, Bügel S, Toubro S, Tetens I, Astrup A. Flaxseed dietary fibers suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite sensation in young men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:136-143. [PMID: 21802266 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dietary fibers (DF) are linked to a reduced risk of life-style diseases, which relate to their physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim was to examine whether flaxseed DF-enriched meals suppress postprandial lipemia and reduce appetite. METHODS AND RESULTS Four different iso-caloric meals were tested in 18 young men in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Test meals were served after an overnight fast. DF content and source were: control (C): 1.4 g/MJ; whole flaxseed (WF): 2.4 g/MJ from whole flaxseeds; low-mucilage dose (LM): 2.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF; high-mucilage dose (HM): 3.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF. During the 7 h test day, subjective appetite sensation was assessed using visual analogue scales and appetite-regulating hormones, and lipemia and glycemia were measured, after which ad libitum energy intake was recorded. There was a significant time × meal effect on triacylglycerols (TG) (p = 0.02) and an 18% smaller area under the curve (AUC) for TG after meal HM compared to meal C was observed (p < 0.01). AUC for insulin was smaller after both LM and HM meals compared to C and WF meals. Higher mean ratings of satiety (p < 0.01) and fullness (p = 0.03) was seen following the HM meal compared to meal C. AUC for ghrelin, CCK and GLP-1 and ad libitum energy intake did not differ between meals, but ghrelin response exhibited a different response pattern after the mucilage-containing meals. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that flaxseed DF may suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite although subsequent energy intake was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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MARUYAMA C, KIKUCHI N, MASUYA Y, HIROTA S, ARAKI R, MARUYAMA T. Effects of Green-Leafy Vegetable Intake on Postprandial Glycemic and Lipidemic Responses and ^|^alpha;-Tocopherol Concentration in Normal Weight and Obese Men. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 59:264-71. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Linderborg KM, Lehtonen HM, Järvinen R, Viitanen M, Kallio H. The fibres and polyphenols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) extraction residues delay postprandial lipemia. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:483-90. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.636346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Al-Aboudi A, Afifi FU. Plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Jordan: a review of scientific evidence. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:221-239. [PMID: 20979537 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.501802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes is a serious disease which has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. Despite the tremendous developments in medicinal chemistry, traditional medicine is still a common practice for the treatment of diabetes. OBJECTIVES In Jordanian traditional medicine, 69 plant species are used by diabetic patients to reduce glucose levels in blood. The aim of the present study is to report these plants and link their traditional use with scientific evidence confirming their claimed activity. The plant part(s) used, method(s) of preparation, common Arabic names, and other ethnopharmacological uses are also listed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature and databases (SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scirus) have been thoroughly investigated and the plants used have been grouped according to the reported scientific evidence. RESULTS Results showed that 40 plants have been reported to possess hypoglycemic activities in in vivo/in vitro experiments. Five plant species did not exhibit in vivo hypoglycemic activity, while 24 plants had not been studied for such an activity. Twenty plants had been screened for their α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. DISCUSSION The reported in vivo and in vitro hypoglycemic as well as α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of these plants are discussed. CONCLUSION Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to test the hypoglycemic activity of the plants with claimed antidiabetic activity which has not yet been evaluated. Identification of the active ingredients of potent plants might generate lead compounds in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al-Aboudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman
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Wolever TMS, Tosh SM, Gibbs AL, Brand-Miller J, Duncan AM, Hart V, Lamarche B, Thomson BA, Duss R, Wood PJ. Physicochemical properties of oat β-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:723-32. [PMID: 20660224 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of 3 g oat β-glucan/d is considered sufficient to lower serum LDL cholesterol, but some studies have shown no effect. LDL cholesterol lowering by oat β-glucan may depend on viscosity, which is controlled by the molecular weight (MW) and amount of oat β-glucan solubilized in the intestine (C). OBJECTIVES Our 2 primary objectives were to determine whether consumption of 3 g high-MW oat β-glucan/d would reduce LDL cholesterol and whether LDL cholesterol lowering was related to the log(MW × C) of oat β-glucan. DESIGN In a double-blind, parallel-design, multicenter clinical trial, subjects with LDL cholesterol ≥3.0 and ≤5.0 mmol/L (n = 786 screened, n = 400 ineligible, n = 19 refused, n = 367 enrolled, and n = 345 completed) were randomly assigned to receive cereal containing wheat fiber (n = 87) or 3 g high-MW (2,210,000 g/mol, n = 86), 4 g medium-MW (850,000 g/mol, n = 67), 3 g medium-MW (530,000 g/mol, n = 64), or 4 g low-MW (210,000 g/mol, n = 63) oat β-glucan/d (divided doses, twice daily) for 4 wk. RESULTS LDL cholesterol was significantly less with 3 g high-MW, 4 g medium-MW, and 3 g medium-MW oat β-glucan cereals than with the wheat-fiber cereal by 0.21 (5.5%; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.30; P = 0.002), 0.26 (6.5%; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.37; P = 0.0007), and 0.19 (4.7%; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.30; P = 0.01) mmol/L, respectively. However, the effect of 4 g low-MW oat β-glucan/d (0.10 mmol/L) was not significant (2.3%; 95% CI: 0.02, -0.20). By analysis of covariance, log(MW × C) was a significant determinant of LDL cholesterol (P = 0.003). Treatment effects were not significantly influenced by age, sex, study center, or baseline LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The physicochemical properties of oat β-glucan should be considered when assessing the cholesterol-lowering ability of oat-containing products; an extruded breakfast cereal containing 3 g oat β-glucan/d with a high-MW (2,210,000 g/mol) or a medium-MW (530,000 g/mol) lowered LDL cholesterol similarly by ≈0.2 mmol/L (5%), but efficacy was reduced by 50% when MW was reduced to 210,000 g/mol. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00981981.
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Tosh SM, Brummer Y, Miller SS, Regand A, Defelice C, Duss R, Wolever TMS, Wood PJ. Processing affects the physicochemical properties of beta-glucan in oat bran cereal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7723-7730. [PMID: 20527967 DOI: 10.1021/jf904553u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tendency of mixed linkage oat beta-glucan to form viscous solutions is generally assumed to be related to its ability to lower serum cholesterol levels in humans. However, the association has not been clearly demonstrated. To conduct a clinical trial showing the relationship between LDL-cholesterol levels and viscosity, a series of extruded oat bran cereals were prepared in which the beta-glucan had a range of molecular weights and modified solubility. An extraction protocol using physiological enzymes at 37 degrees C was used to estimate the effect that the cereals would have on gut viscosity. By reducing the molecular weight from 1,930,000 to 251,000 g/mol, the apparent viscosity in the physiological extract dropped from 2900 to 131 mPa.s (at 30 s(-1)). Microscopic examination showed that as the extrusion conditions were made more severe, to cause depolymerization, the integrity of the cell walls was lost and beta-glucan dispersed throughout the cereal. Differences in the hardness and density of the extruded cereals were also evident as the molecular weight was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Tosh
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Liatis S, Tsapogas P, Chala E, Dimosthenopoulos C, Kyriakopoulos K, Kapantais E, Katsilambros N. The consumption of bread enriched with betaglucan reduces LDL-cholesterol and improves insulin resistance in patients with type2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Katcher HI, Hill AM, Lanford JLG, Yoo JS, Kris-Etherton PM. Lifestyle approaches and dietary strategies to lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38:45-78. [PMID: 19217512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses specific dietary factors as well as dietary patterns that affect the major coronary heart disease (CHD) lipid risk factors (ie, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG). Based on a very large evidence base, it is clear that diet and lifestyle practices can markedly affect these major CHD lipid risk factors, and consequently decrease CHD risk substantively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Katcher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 119 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Oyama T, Fukuda S, Shimoyama T, Takahashi I, Umeda T, Danjo K, Saito D, Chinda D, Sakamoto J, Nakaji S. The oro-ileal transit of cellulose. J Food Sci 2008; 73:H229-34. [PMID: 19021806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cellulose and the interindividual variations on the transit time in the small intestine remain unclear, but no previous study has to date taken these factors into sufficient consideration. We assessed the oro-ileal transit time and the recovery percentage of cellulose in the terminal ileum looking at interindividual variations. Seven healthy males received 100 mL of a dietary fiber-free basal diet with 5 g cellulose and 5 g of polyethylene glycol 4000. The ileal contents were aspirated every 30 min via an experimental tube placed in the terminal ileum to assess the oro-ileal transit time and the recovery percentage of cellulose. The mean percentage (with standard deviation) of the amounts of cellulose collected in the terminal ileum was 98.4%+/- 16.5% (ranging from 67.4% to 114.5%) with a coefficient variation of 16.8%. The average times (in hours) taken for 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of cellulose to reach the terminal ileum were 5.5 +/- 1.1, 6.7 +/- 0.7, 8.5 +/- 1.3, and 8.8 +/- 1.2, respectively, with large interindividual variations. In conclusion, the averaged recovery percentage of cellulose in the terminal ileum was approximately 100%, in accordance with the present generally accepted definition of dietary fiber. However, there were large interindividual variations in the oro-ileal transit time and the percentage of cellulose recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oyama
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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Lairon D. Macronutrient intake and modulation on chylomicron production and clearance. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008; 9:45-8. [PMID: 18595783 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extent and kinetics of postprandial changes are highly variable and are modulated by numerous factors including diet, lifestyle conditions, genetic background and pathological conditions. This review focuses on dietary factors affecting postprandial chylomicron and lipoprotein metabolism in humans. The first key step in the process is fat digestion within the stomach and small intestine which can be modulated by fat and dietary fiber amounts and types. The second key step is intestinal absorption per se. The uptake and secretion of absorbed nutrients in chylomicrons is affected by numerous factors, including nutrients themselves. The amount of dietary triglycerides as well as the nature of fatty acids ingested from habitual diet or present in a test meal modulates the extent of chylomicron and plasma triglyceride levels postprandially. The amount of dietary cholesterol also modulates the extent of postprandial chylomicron and plasma triglycerides. Other nutrients can alter the postprandial occurrence of chylomicrons such as proteins, alcohol, carbohydrates or fibers. Addition of glucose and more markedly fructose, to a fat test meal increases the accumulation of chylomicrons, as does a high-glycemic index meal. In contrast, some sources of dietary fibers such as oat bran noticeably decrease the occurrence of chylomicron postprandially. Overall, changing the habitual dietary pattern, for instance from a Western-type diet to Mediterranean-type one, can in turn alter the postprandial response of the subjects. The last step in postprandial lipid metabolism is clearance from plasma through combined lipolysis processes and tissue uptake of chylomicron remnants. Both the processes can also be modulated by the nutrients. Because most day-time is usually spent in a postprandial state, the link between dietary patterns and cardiovascular health or risk is clearly mediated by the secretion and clearance rates of chylomicrons in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lairon
- INSERM, INRA, 1260, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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The acute effects of psyllium on postprandial lipaemia and thermogenesis in overweight and obese men. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:1068-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507864804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity is one of the risk factors for developing CVD. At present, very little is known about the acute effects of dietary fibre on lipids, glucose and insulin, resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis in overweight and obese individuals. This study examined the postprandial metabolic effects of dietary fibre in overweight and obese men. Ten overweight and obese men consumed a mixed meal accompanied by either a high-fibre or low-fibre supplement on two separate visits, in a random order, 1 week apart. Two isoenergetic breakfast meals with similar composition were consumed by ten overweight/obese men. The meals contained either a low (3 g) or high (15 g) amount of fibre, low-fibre meal (LFM) and high-fibre meal (HFM) respectively. Analysis was carried out using paired t test and ANOVA. Serum TAG incremental area under the curve during 6 h of the postprandial period was significantly lower after the consumption of HFM compared with LFM. At the first hour of the postprandial period, plasma apo B48 concentration after consumption of HFM was significantly lower compared with LFM. The resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis after both meals was similar during 6 h of the postprandial period. Collectively, these findings suggest that a single acute dose of dietary fibre in the form of psyllium supplement can decrease arterial exposure to TAG and modify chylomicron responses in the postprandial period.
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Theuwissen E, Mensink RP. Water-soluble dietary fibers and cardiovascular disease. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:285-92. [PMID: 18302966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One well-established way to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is to lower serum LDL cholesterol levels by reducing saturated fat intake. However, the importance of other dietary approaches, such as increasing the intake of water-soluble dietary fibers is increasingly recognized. Well-controlled intervention studies have now shown that four major water-soluble fiber types-beta-glucan, psyllium, pectin and guar gum-effectively lower serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, without affecting HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations. It is estimated that for each additional gram of water-soluble fiber in the diet serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations decrease by -0.028 mmol/L and -0.029 mmol/L, respectively. Despite large differences in molecular structure, no major differences existed between the different types of water-soluble fiber, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. In this respect, it is most likely that water-soluble fibers lower the (re)absorption of in particular bile acids. As a result hepatic conversion of cholesterol into bile acids increases, which will ultimately lead to increased LDL uptake by the liver. Additionally, epidemiological studies suggest that a diet high in water-soluble fiber is inversely associated with the risk of CVD. These findings underlie current dietary recommendations to increase water-soluble fiber intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Theuwissen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C, Lairon D. Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:458-73. [PMID: 17705891 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450774268x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most of diurnal time is spent in a postprandial state due to successive meal intakes during the day. As long as the meals contain enough fat, a transient increase in triacylglycerolaemia and a change in lipoprotein pattern occurs. The extent and kinetics of such postprandial changes are highly variable and are modulated by numerous factors. This review focuses on factors affecting postprandial lipoprotein metabolism and genes, their variability and their relationship with intermediate phenotypes and risk of CHD. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism is modulated by background dietary pattern as well as meal composition (fat amount and type, carbohydrate, protein, fibre, alcohol) and several lifestyle conditions (physical activity, tobacco use), physiological factors (age, gender, menopausal status) and pathological conditions (obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus). The roles of many genes have been explored in order to establish the possible implications of their variability in lipid metabolism and CHD risk. The postprandial lipid response has been shown to be modified by polymorphisms within the genes for apo A-I, A-IV, A-V, E, B, C-I and C-III, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, fatty acid binding and transport proteins, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and scavenger receptor class B type I. Overall, the variability in postprandial response is important and complex, and the interactions between nutrients or dietary or meal compositions and gene variants need further investigation. The extent of present knowledge and needs for future studies are discussed in light of ongoing developments in nutrigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Lairon D, Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C. Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:1145-61. [PMID: 17457341 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipid metabolism in humans has deserved much attention during the last two decades. Although fasting lipid and lipoprotein parameters reflect body homeostasis to some extent, the transient lipid and lipoprotein accumulation that occurs in the circulation after a fat-containing meal highlights the individual capacity to handle an acute fat input. An exacerbated postprandial accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the circulation has been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. METHODS The important number of studies published in this field raises the question of the methodology used for such postprandial studies, as reviewed. RESULTS Based on our experiences, the present review reports and discuss the numerous methodological issues involved to serve as a basis for further works. These aspects include aims of the postprandial tests, size and nutrient composition of the test meals and background diets, pre-test conditions, characteristics of subjects involved, timing of sampling, suitable markers of postprandial lipid metabolism and calculations. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we stress the need for standardization of postprandial tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lairon
- UMR INSERM 476 Nutrition Humaine et lipides, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Drzikova B, Dongowski G, Gebhardt E. Dietary fibre-rich oat-based products affect serum lipids, microbiota, formation of short-chain fatty acids and steroids in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:1012-25. [PMID: 16351781 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats (ten per group) were fed either an oat-free control diet or a dietary fibre-rich test diet containing 500 g oat-based products/kg for 6 weeks. The oat-based products, containing 4–128 g/kg resistant starch, 30–92 g/kg β-glucan and 122–304 g/kg total dietary fibre, were oat flour extrudate, flour/Novelose (commercial resistant starch) extrudate (80:20 w/w), oat bran, bran/Novelose extrudate (80:20 w/w) and autoclaved oat flour. Serum total cholesterol decreased in the groups fed flour, flour/Novelose and bran/Novelose (P<0·05). In most of the test groups, count numbers of bifidobacteria were higher (P<0·001) and of coliforms were lower (P<0·05). The mass of the caecum walls and contents was greater in groups fed Novelose- and bran-containing diets (P<0·005). In all the test groups, pH values were lower in the intestinal contents (P<0·001), and caecal concentrations of acetate (P<0·001), propionate (P<0·05), butyrate (P<0·005) and total SCFA (P<0·001) were higher. The lowest concentrations of steroids were found in rats fed the autoclaved flour. In the other test groups, more bile acids appeared in the caecal (P<0·001) and colonic contents (P<0·005), as well as in the faeces, at week 6 (P<0·001). The highest bile acid excretion was found after feeding bran-containing diets. In the intestinal contents of all the test groups, more primary bile acids (P<0·001) appeared than in the control group. The excretion of steroids increased within the experimental period. Using extrusion technology, dietary fibre-rich oat-based products, which have beneficial physiological effects in rats, can be produced. Oat flour and bran are excellent sources for the preparation of directly edible oat products. Their nutritional properties can be further improved by the addition of resistant starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Drzikova
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Research Group Food Chemistry and Preventive Nutrition, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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Theuwissen E, Mensink RP. Simultaneous intake of beta-glucan and plant stanol esters affects lipid metabolism in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Nutr 2007; 137:583-8. [PMID: 17311944 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of food products rich in water-soluble fiber beta-glucan and products enriched with plant stanol esters lower serum cholesterol. Combining 2 functional food ingredients into one food product may achieve additional reductions of serum cholesterol. Our objective was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous intake of beta-glucan plus plant stanol esters on lipid metabolism in mildly hypercholesterolemic volunteers. In a randomized, controlled, 3-period crossover study, 40 mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women received muesli in random order twice a day for 4 wk, which provided, in total, 5 g control fiber from wheat (control muesli), 5 g oat beta-glucan (beta-glucan muesli), or 5 g oat beta-glucan plus 1.5 g plant stanols (combination muesli). beta-Glucan muesli decreased serum LDL cholesterol by 5.0% compared with control muesli (P = 0.013). Combination muesli reduced LDL cholesterol by 9.6% compared with control muesli (P < 0.001), and by 4.4% compared with beta-glucan muesli (P = 0.036). Serum HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ after the 3 treatments. Compared with control muesli, beta-glucan muesli increased bile acid synthesis (P = 0.043) and decreased cholesterol absorption (P = 0.011). Addition of plant stanols did not influence bile acid synthesis but decreased cholesterol absorption (P < 0.001) and raised cholesterol synthesis (P = 0.016) compared with control muesli, and the plant stanols decreased cholesterol absorption compared with beta-glucan muesli (P = 0.004). The combination muesli decreased serum concentrations of sitostanol compared with control muesli (P = 0.010). Plasma concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidants did not differ after the 3 treatments. beta-Glucan muesli effectively lowered serum LDL cholesterol concentrations. The addition of plant stanol esters to beta-glucan-enriched muesli further lowered serum LDL cholesterol, although effects were slightly less than predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Theuwissen
- Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Beta-glucan is a polysaccharide in the form of fiber and the main element of fiber in grains such as barley, oats, yeast and mushrooms. Many studies have examined the efficacy of beta-glucan in terms of the lipid lowering effects, blood sugar reduction, weight reduction, immune modulator, and anticarcinogenic effect. However, there is no comprehensive review article on the biomedical issues regarding beta-glucan. The authors searched for systematic reviews and clinical experiments for each relevant topic and reviewed the biomedical effects of beta-glucan, for the purpose of developing research strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Hong Ji Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Roh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chunchon, Korea
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Tuomasjukka S, Kallio H, Forssell P. Effect of Microencapsulation of Dietary Oil on Postprandial Lipemia. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb15645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Naumann E, van Rees AB, Onning G, Oste R, Wydra M, Mensink RP. Beta-glucan incorporated into a fruit drink effectively lowers serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:601-5. [PMID: 16522906 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND beta-Glucan can reduce serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol. The mechanism of this action is not clear, however, and it is difficult to predict the cholesterol-lowering effect of a food product enriched with beta-glucan. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of a beta-glucan-enriched fruit juice on serum lipids and lipoproteins and on markers of cholesterol absorption (serum concentrations of plant sterols) and synthesis (serum concentrations of lathosterol). In addition, we measured effects on lipid-soluble antioxidants. DESIGN After a 3-wk run-in period, healthy subjects consumed daily a fruit drink providing 5 g rice starch [placebo (control) group; n = 22] or beta-glucan from oats (n = 25) for 5 wk (parallel design). At the end of the run-in period and at the end of the intervention, blood samples were taken for analysis of lipids and lipoproteins, noncholesterol sterols, and fat-soluble antioxidants. Changes between the end of the run-in period and the end of the intervention were calculated for each subject. Differences in changes between the groups were analyzed statistically. RESULTS The differences between the control and beta-glucan groups in the change in serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol, respectively, were -4.8% (P = 0.012) and -7.7% (P = 0.005). The differences between the groups in the change in serum concentrations of lathosterol and sitosterol were -13% (P = 0.023) and -11% (P = 0.030), respectively. No significant effects were found on fat-soluble antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS Beta-glucan lowers serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol when incorporated into a fruit drink. A reduced cholesterol absorption contributes to the cholesterol-lowering effect of beta-glucan without affecting plasma concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Naumann
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Lairon D, Arnault N, Bertrais S, Planells R, Clero E, Hercberg S, Boutron-Ruault MC. Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:1185-94. [PMID: 16332650 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased consumption of dietary fiber is widely recommended to maintain or improve health, but knowledge of the relation between dietary fiber sources and cardiovascular disease risk factors is limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation between the source or type of dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a cohort of adult men and women. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, quintiles of fiber intake were determined from dietary records, separately for 2532 men and 3429 women. Age- and multivariate-controlled logistic models investigated the odds ratios of abnormal markers for quintiles 2-5 of fiber intake compared with the lowest quintile. RESULTS The highest total dietary fiber and nonsoluble dietary fiber intakes were associated with a significantly (P < 0.05) lower risk of overweight and elevated waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo B:apo A-I, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and homocysteine. Soluble dietary fiber was less effective. Fiber from cereals was associated with a lower body mass index, blood pressure, and homocysteine concentration; fiber from vegetables with a lower blood pressure and homocysteine concentration; and fiber from fruit with a lower waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure. Fiber from dried fruit or nuts and seeds was associated with a lower body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting apo B and glucose concentrations. Fiber from pulses had no specific effect. CONCLUSION Dietary fiber intake is inversely correlated with several cardiovascular disease risk factors in both sexes, which supports its protective role against cardiovascular disease and recommendations for its increased consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lairon
- INSERM, U476, and INRA 1260, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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The composition of dietary fibre-rich extrudates from oat affects bile acid binding and fermentation in vitro. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frank J, Sundberg B, Kamal-Eldin A, Vessby B, Aman P. Yeast-leavened oat breads with high or low molecular weight beta-glucan do not differ in their effects on blood concentrations of lipids, insulin, or glucose in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134:1384-8. [PMID: 15173400 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal viscosity appears to be the major mode of action by which dietary oat beta-glucan increases the fecal excretion of bile acids and thereby lowers blood cholesterol concentrations. The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether there is a difference in effects on blood lipids between two yeast-leavened oat bran breads containing beta-glucan (6 g/d) of low or high average molecular weight (HMW) (217 or 797 kDa, respectively). The breads were fed to 22 volunteers (women, n = 11; men, n = 11) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The participants ate one bread for 3 wk as part of their normal diet and switched breads after a 2-wk washout period. Blood samples were drawn from fasting subjects and analyzed for lipids, insulin, glucose, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. The two experimental oat breads did not differ in their effects on any of the variables measured. Compared to baseline, however, consumption of HMW bread increased serum insulin by 22.6% (P < 0.03) and decreased blood glucose concentrations by 3.4% (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the molecular weight, when beta-glucan is consumed in oat bran breads as part of the habitual diet, does not play an important physiological role in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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St-Onge MP, Bourque C, Jones PJH, Ross R, Parsons WE. Medium- versus long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:95-102. [PMID: 12532160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2001] [Revised: 06/17/2002] [Accepted: 07/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of long-term consumption of medium chain (MCT) versus long chain triglycerides (LCT) on energy expenditure (EE), substrate oxidation and body composition. HYPOTHESIS MCT consumption will not result in greater EE, substrate oxidation, and body weight loss compared with LCT consumption. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Seventeen healthy obese women participated in this randomized, crossover inpatient trial. Meals were prepared and consumed on site for two periods of 27 days. Diets containing 40% of energy as fat, with treatment fat comprising 75% of the total fat, were designed to supply each subject with their individual weight-maintaining energy needs. The MCT diet contained 67% of treatment fat as MCT oil (49% octanoate, 50% decanoate) whereas the LCT diet contained exclusively beef tallow as treatment fat. Body composition was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day 1 and 28 of each phase while energy expenditure was measured on day 2 and 27. RESULTS Changes in total and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes following consumption of MCT and LCT were not different (-0.61+/-0.38 l vs -0.54+/-0.48 l and -0.58+/-0.35 l vs -0.48+/-0.40 l, respectively). Average EE and fat oxidation were greater (P<0.05) during MCT than LCT consumption (0.95+/-0.019 vs 0.90+/-0.024 kcal/min, respectively, for EE and 0.080+/-0.0026 vs 0.075+/-0.0022 g/min, respectively for fat oxidation). DISCUSSION These results show that long-term consumption of MCT enhances EE and fat oxidation in obese women, when compared to LCT consumption. The difference in body composition change between MCT and LCT consumption, although not statistically different, was consistent with differences predicted by the shifts in EE. It can be concluded that substitution of MCT for LCT in a targeted energy balance diet may prevent long-term weight gain via increased EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P St-Onge
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J. Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review. Adv Ther 2003; 20:50-78. [PMID: 12772818 DOI: 10.1007/bf02850119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid levels contribute significantly to the risk of coronary heart disease, a major cardiovascular disease and a serious health problem. Various dietary and pharmacologic treatments have been devised to reduce elevated blood cholesterol levels. Soy protein, soluble fiber, and plant sterol/ester-containing margarines are promising new food-component candidates that may help to realize this goal. Of particular interest in this context is the LDL:HDL ratio, a strong predictor of cardiac events. This report is a review of more than 50 recent trials to determine how such dietary components and garlic affect the LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters. Consumption of new soy products containing high, fixed levels of isoflavones, cotyledon soy fiber, and soy phospholipids (Abaco and Abalon) significantly reduced the LDL:HDL ratio by up to 27%. Soluble dietary fibers such as psyllium and beta glucan from oat bran had a variable effect on LDL-cholesterol levels in the studies analyzed. Plant sterol esters, when consumed in margarines, lowered the LDL:HDL ratio by up to 22%. On average, Abacor and Abalon reduced the LDL:HDL ratio by 20%, LDL cholesterol by 15%, total cholesterol by 10%, and triglycerides by 6%, and increased HDL cholesterol by 5%. The new soy-based supplements may therefore play a valuable role in reducing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Andersson M, Ellegård L, Andersson H. Oat bran stimulates bile acid synthesis within 8 h as measured by 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1111-6. [PMID: 12399287 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oat bran contains soluble fibers, such as beta-glucan, that increase bile acid excretion and thus decrease serum cholesterol. Bile acid synthesis correlates with serum concentrations of the metabolite 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (alpha-HC). OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether consumption of beta-glucan from oat bran increases bile acid synthesis, as measured by the serum alpha-HC concentration, within hours after consumption in response to the loss of bile acids from the liver. DESIGN In a randomized, single-blind, wheat bran-controlled study with crossover design, 8 subjects were served a controlled diet during 2 periods of 3 d each, with an 11-d washout between the periods. Breakfast included either 75 g extruded oat bran, of which 11 g was beta-glucan, or 75 g wheat bran, of which 1 g was beta-glucan. Alpha-HC was measured by HPLC on each day at 0, 12, and 24 h after breakfast and also at 8 h after breakfast on the first day. RESULTS After 8 and 12 h of the oat bran diet period, the serum alpha-HC concentration was 84% (P = 0.012) and 92% (P = 0.017) higher, respectively, than that before breakfast. Serum concentrations returned to the baseline value after 24 h. Wheat bran did not influence serum alpha-HC concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of beta-glucan from oat bran nearly doubled the serum alpha-HC concentration within 8 h, indicating increased bile acid synthesis. alpha-HC in serum could be used as a marker of increased bile acid excretion induced by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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