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Metherel AH, Valenzuela R, Klievik BJ, Cisbani G, Rotarescu RD, Gonzalez-Soto M, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Layé S, Magnan C, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) downregulates liver DHA synthesis by inhibiting eicosapentaenoic acid elongation. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100548. [PMID: 38649096 PMCID: PMC11126934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DHA is abundant in the brain where it regulates cell survival, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. DHA can be obtained from the diet or synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) via a series of desaturation and elongation reactions occurring in the liver. Tracer studies suggest that dietary DHA can downregulate its own synthesis, but the mechanism remains undetermined and is the primary objective of this manuscript. First, we show by tracing 13C content (δ13C) of DHA via compound-specific isotope analysis, that following low dietary DHA, the brain receives DHA synthesized from ALA. We then show that dietary DHA increases mouse liver and serum EPA, which is dependant on ALA. Furthermore, by compound-specific isotope analysis we demonstrate that the source of increased EPA is slowed EPA metabolism, not increased DHA retroconversion as previously assumed. DHA feeding alone or with ALA lowered liver elongation of very long chain (ELOVL2, EPA elongation) enzyme activity despite no change in protein content. To further evaluate the role of ELOVL2, a liver-specific Elovl2 KO was generated showing that DHA feeding in the presence or absence of a functional liver ELOVL2 yields similar results. An enzyme competition assay for EPA elongation suggests both uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition by DHA depending on DHA levels. To translate our findings, we show that DHA supplementation in men and women increases EPA levels in a manner dependent on a SNP (rs953413) in the ELOVL2 gene. In conclusion, we identify a novel feedback inhibition pathway where dietary DHA downregulates its liver synthesis by inhibiting EPA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melissa Gonzalez-Soto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Sales ALCC, Primo MGS, Mello Neto RS, Mendes AVS, Furtado MM, Rocha JÉL, Almeida JOCS, França JVS, Alencar SR, Brito AKS, Lopes LO, Rizzo MS, Lustosa AKMF, Nunes PHM, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Arcanjo DDR, Martins MDCC. A Preliminary Study on Hepatoprotective, Hypolipidemic and Aortic Morphometric Effects of Omega-3-Rich Fish Oil in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:72. [PMID: 38256905 PMCID: PMC10819677 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and aortic morphometric effects of fish oil rich in omega-3 in hypercholesterolemic BALB/c mice. This is an experimental model that included 16 male BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) divided into three groups (G1 (standard commercial chow and 0.9% saline solution), G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet and 0.9% saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet and fish oil)) for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the treatment with omega-3-rich fish oil in the lipid profile (p > 0.05). In the histological analysis, group G2 detected the presence of hepatitis and liver tissue necrosis, but this was not observed in group G3. As for the morphometry in the light area of the vessel, the G1 group had a higher score (2.62 ± 0.36 mm2) when compared to G2 (2.10 ± 0.16 mm2) and G3 (2.26 ± 0.25 mm2) (p < 0.05). The vessel wall thickness did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 carried out in this study may have a protective effect on liver tissue, but it has not yet improved the lipid and morphometric profile. Despite this research being preliminary, it is a relevant study with future prospects for improving the doses of EPA and DHA in order to better elucidate the benefits of fish oil in models of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lina C. C. Sales
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Maísa G. S. Primo
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Renato S. Mello Neto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Ana Victória S. Mendes
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Mariely M. Furtado
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Joana Érica L. Rocha
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - José Otávio C. S. Almeida
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - José Vinícius S. França
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Salmon R. Alencar
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Ana Karolinne S. Brito
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Luana O. Lopes
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Márcia S. Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Ana Karina M. F. Lustosa
- Galeno Farmácia de Manipulação, Virgínia Regina Fortes Castelo Branco e Cia. Ltda., Teresina 64001-260, PI, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Humberto M. Nunes
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Maria do Carmo C. Martins
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.S.); (M.G.S.P.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.S.M.); (M.M.F.); (J.É.L.R.); (J.O.C.S.A.); (J.V.S.F.); (S.R.A.); (A.K.S.B.); (P.H.M.N.); (D.D.R.A.)
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3
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Michaeloudes C, Christodoulides S, Christodoulou P, Kyriakou TC, Patrikios I, Stephanou A. Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations. Nutrients 2023; 15:4830. [PMID: 38004225 PMCID: PMC10675410 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (S.C.); (P.C.); (T.-C.K.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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4
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Cisbani G, Chouinard-Watkins R, Smith ME, Malekanian A, Valenzuela R, Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Dietary triacetin, but not medium chain triacylglycerides, blunts weight gain in diet-induced rat model of obesity. Lipids 2023; 58:257-270. [PMID: 37997471 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a Western diet (WD) is known to increase the risk of obesity. Short or medium chain fatty acids influence energy metabolism, and triacetin, a synthetic short chain triacylglyceride, has been shown to lower body fat under normal conditions. This study aimed to investigate if triacetin as part of a WD modifies rat weight and body fat. Male rats were fed a control diet or WD for 8 weeks. At week 8, rats in the WD group were maintained on a WD diet or switched to a WD diet containing 30% energy from medium-chain triacylglyceride (WD-MCT) or triacetin (WD-T) for another 8 weeks. At week 16, rats were euthanized and liver, adipose and blood were collected. Tissue fatty acids (FAs) were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and hepatic FAs were measured by GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for δ13 C-palmitic acid (PAM)-a novel marker of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Rats fed WD-T had a body weight not statistically different to the control group, and gained less body weight than rats fed WD alone. Furthermore, WD-T fed rats had a lower fat mass, and lower total liver and plasma FAs compared to the WD group. Rats fed WD-T did not differ from WD in blood ketone or glucose levels, however, had a significantly lower hepatic δ13 C-PAM value than WD fed rats; suggestive of lower DNL. In summary, we show that triacetin has the potential to blunt weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation in a rodent model of obesity, possibly due to a decrease in DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arezou Malekanian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Ly R, MacIntyre BC, Philips SM, McGlory C, Mutch DM, Britz-McKibbin P. Lipidomic studies reveal two specific circulating phosphatidylcholines as surrogate biomarkers of the omega-3 index. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100445. [PMID: 37730162 PMCID: PMC10622695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal dietary intake of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFAs) is critical to human health across the lifespan. However, omega-3 index (O3I) determination is not routinely assessed due to complicated procedures for n3-LCPUFA analysis from the phospholipid (PL) fraction of erythrocytes. Herein, a high-throughput method for lipidomics based on multisegment injection-nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was applied to identify circulating PLs as surrogate biomarkers of O3I in two randomized placebo-controlled trials. An untargeted lipidomic data workflow using a subgroup analysis of serum extracts from sunflower oil versus high-dose fish oil (FO)-supplemented participants revealed that ingested n3-LCPUFAs were primarily distributed as their phosphatidylcholines (PCs) relative to other PL classes. In both high-dose FO (5.0 g/day) and EPA-only trials (3.0 g/day), PC (16:0_20:5) was the most responsive PL, whereas PC (16:0_22:6) was selective to DHA-only supplementation. We also demonstrated that the sum concentration of both these PCs in fasting serum or plasma samples was positively correlated to the O3I following FO (r = 0.708, P = 1.02 × 10-11, n = 69) and EPA- or DHA-only supplementation (r = 0.768, P = 1.01 × 10-33, n = 167). Overall, DHA was more effective in improving the O3I (ΔO3I = 4.90 ± 1.33%) compared to EPA (ΔO3I = 2.99 ± 1.19%) in young Canadian adults who had a poor nutritional status with an O3I (3.50 ± 0.68%) at baseline. Our method enables the rapid assessment of the O3I by directly measuring two circulating PC species in small volumes of blood, which may facilitate screening applications for population and precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brittany C MacIntyre
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Philips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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6
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MacIntyre BC, Shanmuganathan M, Klingel SL, Kroezen Z, Helmeczi E, Seoh NY, Martinez V, Chabowski A, Feng Z, Britz-McKibbin P, Mutch DM. Urinary Metabolite Profiling to Non-Invasively Monitor the Omega-3 Index: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Young Adults. Metabolites 2023; 13:1071. [PMID: 37887396 PMCID: PMC10608872 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omega-3 Index (O3I) reflects eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in erythrocytes. While the O3I is associated with numerous health outcomes, its widespread use is limited. We investigated whether urinary metabolites could be used to non-invasively monitor the O3I in an exploratory analysis of a previous placebo-controlled, parallel arm randomized clinical trial in males and females (n = 88) who consumed either ~3 g/d olive oil (OO; control), EPA, or DHA for 12 weeks. Fasted blood and first-void urine samples were collected at baseline and following supplementation, and they were analyzed via gas chromatography and multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS), respectively. We tentatively identified S-carboxypropylcysteamine (CPCA) as a novel urinary biomarker reflecting O3I status, which increased following both EPA and DHA (p < 0.001), but not OO supplementation, and was positively correlated to the O3I (R = 0.30, p < 0.001). Additionally, an unknown dianion increased following DHA supplementation, but not EPA or OO. In ROC curve analyses, CPCA outperformed all other urinary metabolites in distinguishing both between OO and EPA or DHA supplementation groups (AUC > 80.0%), whereas the unknown dianion performed best in discriminating OO from DHA alone (AUC = 93.6%). Candidate urinary biomarkers of the O3I were identified that lay the foundation for a non-invasive assessment of omega-3 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C. MacIntyre
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.C.M.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Shannon L. Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.C.M.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Zachary Kroezen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Erick Helmeczi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Na-Yung Seoh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Vanessa Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 3W3, Canada; (M.S.); (Z.K.); (E.H.); (N.-Y.S.); (V.M.)
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.C.M.); (S.L.K.)
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7
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Lamontagne-Kam DM, Davari S, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Cho S, Chalil D, Mielke JG, Stark KD. Sex differences in hippocampal-dependent memory and the hippocampal lipidome in adolescent rats raised on diets with or without DHA. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 192:102569. [PMID: 36966673 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the effects of DHA supplementation on human memory may differ between females and males during infancy, adolescence, and early adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. As a result, this study sought to examine the spatial memory and brain lipidomic profiles in female and male adolescent rats with or without a DHA-enriched diet that began perinatally with the supplementation of dams. Spatial learning and memory were examined in adolescent rats using the Morris Water Maze beginning at 6 weeks of age and animals were sacrificed at 7 weeks of age to permit isolation of brain tissue and blood samples. Behavioral testing showed that there was a significant diet x sex interaction for two key measures of spatial memory (distance to zone and time spent in the correct quadrant during the probe test), with female rats benefiting the most from DHA supplementation. Lipidomic analyses suggest levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) containing phospholipid species were lower in the hippocampus of DHA supplemented compared with control animals, and principal component analyses revealed a potential dietary treatment effect for hippocampal PUFA. Females fed DHA had slightly more PE P-18:0_22:6 and maintained levels of PE 18:0_20:4 in the hippocampus in contrast with males fed DHA. Understanding how DHA supplementation during the perinatal and adolescent periods changes cognitive function in a sex-specific manner has important implications for determining the dietary requirements of DHA. This study adds to previous work highlighting the importance of DHA for spatial memory and provides evidence that further research needs to consider how DHA supplementation can cause sex-specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lamontagne-Kam
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Saeideh Davari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; BPGbio Inc., 500 Old Connecticut Path Building B, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Seungjae Cho
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Chalil
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John G Mielke
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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8
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Kerr A, Hart L, Davis H, Wall A, Lacey S, Franklyn-Miller A, Khaldi N, Keogh B. Improved Strength Recovery and Reduced Fatigue with Suppressed Plasma Myostatin Following Supplementation of a Vicia faba Hydrolysate, in a Healthy Male Population. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040986. [PMID: 36839344 PMCID: PMC9967853 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) due to intense physical exertion can negatively impact contractility and performance. Previously, NPN_1 (PeptiStrong™), a Vicia faba hydrolysate derived from a protein concentrate discovered through artificial intelligence (AI), was preclinically shown to help maintain muscle health, indicating the potential to mediate the effect of DOMS and alter molecular markers of muscle damage to improve recovery and performance. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 30 healthy male (30-45 years old) volunteers (NCT05159375). Following initial strength testing on day 0, subjects were administered either placebo or NPN_1 (2.4 g/day). On day 14, DOMS was induced using resistance exercise. Strength recovery and fatigue were measured after 48 and 72 h. Biomarker analysis was performed on blood samples collected prior to DOMS induction and 0, 2, 48 and 72 h post-DOMS induction. NPN_1 supplementation significantly improved strength recovery compared to placebo over the 72 h period post-resistance exercise (p = 0.027), measured by peak torque per bodyweight, but not at individual timepoints. Muscle fatigue was significantly reduced over the same 72 h period (p = 0.041), as was myostatin expression (p = 0.006). A concomitant increase in other acute markers regulating muscle protein synthesis, regeneration and myoblast differentiation was also observed. NPN_1 significantly improves strength recovery and restoration, reduces fatigue and positively modulates alterations in markers related to muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alish Kerr
- Nuritas Ltd., Joshua Dawson House, D02 RY95 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke Hart
- SSC Sports Medicine, Unit C10, Gulliver’s Retail Park, Northwood Avenue, Santry, D09 C523 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heidi Davis
- Nuritas Ltd., Joshua Dawson House, D02 RY95 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Audrey Wall
- Nuritas Ltd., Joshua Dawson House, D02 RY95 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1430-1290
| | - Seán Lacey
- Research Integrity & Compliance Officer, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew Franklyn-Miller
- SSC Sports Medicine, Unit C10, Gulliver’s Retail Park, Northwood Avenue, Santry, D09 C523 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nora Khaldi
- Nuritas Ltd., Joshua Dawson House, D02 RY95 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Keogh
- Nuritas Ltd., Joshua Dawson House, D02 RY95 Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal PUFAs, Placental Epigenetics, and Their Relevance to Fetal Growth and Brain Development. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:408-427. [PMID: 35676498 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially omega-3 (n-3) and n-6 long-chain (LC) PUFAs, are indispensable for the fetus' brain supplied by the placenta. Despite being highly unsaturated, n-3 LCPUFA-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a protective role as an antioxidant in the brain. Deficiency of DHA during fetal development may cause irreversible damages in neurodevelopment programming. Dietary PUFAs can impact placental structure and functions by regulating early placentation processes, such as angiogenesis. They promote remodeling of uteroplacental architecture to facilitate increased blood flow and surface area for nutrient exchange. The placenta's fatty acid transfer depends on the uteroplacental vascular development, ensuring adequate maternal circulatory fatty acids transport to fulfill the fetus' rapid growth and development requirements. Maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency predominantly leads to placental epigenetic changes than other fetal developing organs. A global shift in DNA methylation possibly transmits epigenetic instability in developing fetuses due to n-3 PUFA deficiency. Thus, an optimal level of maternal omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs may protect the placenta's structural and functional integrity and allow fetal growth by controlling the aberrant placental epigenetic changes. This narrative review summarizes the recent advances and underpins the roles of maternal PUFAs on the structure and functions of the placenta and their relevance to fetal growth and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Dempsey M, Rockwell MS, Wentz LM. The influence of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on the omega-3 index: A scoping review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1072653. [PMID: 36742439 PMCID: PMC9892774 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1072653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The majority of the population do not consume adequate omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), leading to global deficiencies, as evidenced by poor omega-3 status. An indicator of overall n-3 FA status, omega3-index (O3i) ≥8% has been associated with reduced risk of chronic disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Thus, a synthesis of current research summarizing the effects of n-3 FA intake on O3i is warranted to develop and refine clinical recommendations. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA interventions and estimate sufficient n-3 FA intake to improve O3i to meet recommendations. Methods Search criteria were human studies published in English from 2004 to 2022 that assessed O3i at baseline and following an n-3 FA intervention. Results Fifty-eight studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. Protocols included fish consumption, fortified foods, combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements, supplements of single n-3 FA (alpha linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, etc.), and supplements providing multiple n-3 FA. Dietary supplements varied in chemical composition; the most common were triglycerides or ethyl esters. The lowest supplementation protocol was 100 mg/d, and the largest was 4,400 mg/d EPA and DHA. Supplementation time period ranged from 3 weeks to 1 year. At baseline, three study samples had mean O3i >8%, although many intervention protocols successfully increased O3i. Discussion Generally, the lowest doses shown to be effective in raising O3i to recommended levels were >1,000 mg/d of combination DHA plus EPA for 12 weeks or longer. Supplements composed of triglycerides were more bioavailable and thus more effective than other formulas. Based on the data evaluated, practical recommendations to improve O3i to ≥8% are consumption of 1,000-1,500 mg/d EPA plus DHA as triglycerides for at least 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Dempsey
- Department of Nutrition and Healthcare Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Laurel M. Wentz
- Department of Nutrition and Healthcare Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Laurel M. Wentz ✉
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11
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Shaikh SR, Virk R, Van Dyke TE. Potential Mechanisms by Which Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acids Regulate Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2316-2328. [PMID: 35709423 PMCID: PMC9776734 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose metabolism in response to diet-induced obesity contributes toward numerous complications, such as insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective strategies to improve glucose homeostasis. In this review, we first discuss emerging evidence from epidemiological studies and rodent experiments that increased consumption of EPA (either as oily fish, or dietary/pharmacological supplements) may have a role in preventing impairments in insulin and glucose homeostasis. We then review the current evidence on how EPA-derived metabolites known as hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs) may be a major mode of action by which EPA exerts its beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, cell culture and rodent studies show that HEPEs prevent fat accumulation in metabolic tissues through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-mediated mechanisms. In addition, activation of the resolvin E1 pathway, either by administration of EPA in the diet or via intraperitoneal administration of resolvin E1, improves hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and liver steatosis through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include shifting immune cell phenotypes toward resolution of inflammation and preventing dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Finally, we present the next steps for this line of research that will drive future precision randomized clinical trials with EPA and its downstream metabolites. These include dissecting the variables that drive heterogeneity in the response to EPA, such as the baseline microbiome profile and fatty acid status, circadian rhythm, genetic variation, sex, and age. In addition, there is a critical need to further investigate mechanisms of action for HEPEs and to establish the concentration of HEPEs in differing tissues, particularly in response to consumption of oily fish and EPA-enriched supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School
of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rafia Virk
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School
of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth
Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of
Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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So J, Asztalos BF, Horvath K, Lamon-Fava S. Ethyl EPA and ethyl DHA cause similar and differential changes in plasma lipid concentrations and lipid metabolism in subjects with low-grade chronic inflammation. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:887-894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gomez-Fernandez A, Flores-Rojas K, Martin-Borreguero P, Mesa MD, Perez-Navero JL, Olivares M, Gil A, Gil-Campos M. Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Intervention Modifies Plasma and Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profiles But Not the Clinical Course of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:790250. [PMID: 35425788 PMCID: PMC9002234 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.790250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under investigation and one of the main alterations relates to the metabolic and inflammatory system dysfunctions. Indeed, based on a possible deficit of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) of patients with ASD and looking for an anti-inflammatory effect, dietary supplements with omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate differences in plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles and plasma cytokines in patients with infantile ASD after supplementation with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids or placebo and both compared at baseline with a reference healthy group.MethodsA double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months was carried out in 54 children between 2 and 6 years diagnosed with ASD. They were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: 19 children received 800 mg/day of DHA and 25 mg/day of EPA, or placebo. In addition, another reference group of 59 healthy children of the same age was included. Plasma lipids and cytokines, and FA profiles in plasma and erythrocytes were measured at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in ASD children, and at baseline in the reference group.ResultsThere were no differences in demographic, anthropometric characteristics, and omega-3 intake between the healthy reference group and the ASD children at baseline. Children with ASD showed the higher plasma percentages of palmitic acid and total saturated FA and lower total omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) compared with healthy children. An increased level of DHA and reduced EPA level in erythrocytes were detected in the ASD group vs. the reference group. After 6 months of treatment, the ASD group that received DHA enriched product significantly increased the plasma and erythrocyte percentages of DHA, but no differences were observed in the clinical test scores and other parameters as plasma cytokines between the two groups of ASD related to the intervention.ConclusionSpanish children with ASD exhibit an appropriate omega-3 FA status in plasma and erythrocytes. Neither a clinical improvement of ASD children nor a better anti-inflammatory or fatty acid state has been found after an intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months. So, the prescription of n-3 LC-PUFA and other dietary supplements in ASD should be only indicated after a confirmed alteration of FA metabolism or omega-3 LC-PUFA deficiency evaluated by specific erythrocyte FA.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03620097].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose de la Torre-Aguilar
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Fernandez
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Katherine Flores-Rojas
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar Martin-Borreguero
- Department of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychiatry and Psychology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Dolores Mesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Perez-Navero
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERER (Ciber Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan Luis Perez-Navero, ,
| | | | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Cisbani G, Koppel A, Metherel AH, Smith ME, Aji KN, Andreazza AC, Mizrahi R, Bazinet RP. Serum lipid analysis and isotopic enrichment is suggestive of greater lipogenesis in young long-term cannabis users: A secondary analysis of a case-control study. Lipids 2022; 57:125-140. [PMID: 35075659 PMCID: PMC8923992 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is now legal in many countries and while numerous studies have reported on its impact on cognition and appetite regulation, none have examined fatty acid metabolism in young cannabis users. We conducted an exploratory analysis to evaluate cannabis impact on fatty acid metabolism in cannabis users (n = 21) and non-cannabis users (n = 16). Serum levels of some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids were higher in cannabis users compared to nonusers. As palmitic acid can be derived from diet or lipogenesis from sugars, we evaluated lipogenesis using a de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate/linoleic acid) and carbon-specific isotope analysis, which allows for the determination of fatty acid 13 C signature. The significantly higher de novo lipogenesis index in the cannabis users group along with a more enriched 13 C signature of palmitic acid suggested an increase in lipogenesis. In addition, while serum glucose concentration did not differ between groups, pyruvate and lactate were lower in the cannabis user group, with pyruvate negatively correlating with palmitic acid. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol was elevated in cannabis users and could contribute to lipogenesis by activating the cannabinoid receptor 1. Because palmitic acid has been suggested to increase inflammation, we measured peripheral cytokines and observed no changes in inflammatory cytokines. Finally, an anti-inflammatory metabolite of palmitic acid, palmitoylethanolamide was elevated in cannabis users. Our results suggest that lipogenic activity is increased in cannabis users; however, future studies, including prospective studies that control dietary intake are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Koppel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kankana N. Aji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ana C. Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Douglas Research Center, Montreal, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
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15
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Manubolu VS, Budoff MJ, Lakshmanan S. Multimodality Imaging Trials Evaluating the Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Coronary Artery Plaque Characteristics and Burden. Heart Int 2022. [DOI: 10.17925/hi.2022.16.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of established risk factors, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the cornerstone of preventing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Despite reducing LDL cholesterol, there remains a significant risk of cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory and metabolic pathways contribute to recurrence of cardiovascular events, and are often missed in clinical practice. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may play a crucial role in reducing residual risk of cardiovascular disease. In this review we discuss the clinical applications of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs), their mechanism of action, the difference between pure EPA and docosahexaenoic acid components, and the latest cardiovascular outcome trials and imaging trials evaluating coronary plaque. PubMed and EMBASE were searched to include all the remarkable clinical trials investigating OM3FAs and cardiovascular disease. Beyond statins, additional medications are required to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. EPA has shown cardiovascular benefit in addition to statins in large outcome trials. Additionally, multiple serial-imaging studies have demonstrated benefits on plaque progression and stabilization. Due to its pleotropic properties, icosapent ethyl outperforms other OM3FAs in decreasing cardiovascular disease risk in both patients with and without high triglycerides, and is currently recommended as an adjunct to statins. To further strengthen the current evidence, additional research is required to elucidate the inconsistencies between the effects of pure EPA and EPA plus docosahexaenoic acid.
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16
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Batista ES, da Silva Rios T, Muñoz VR, Jesus JS, Vasconcelos MM, da Cunha DT, Marques-Rocha JL, Nakandakari SCBR, Lara R, da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Mekary RA, de Moura LP, Camargo EA, Cintra DE. Omega-3 mechanism of action in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mononuclear cells from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease participants: study protocol for the "Brazilian Omega Study" (BROS)-a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:927. [PMID: 34922604 PMCID: PMC8684080 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The low-grade inflammation is pivotal in obesity and its comorbidities; however, the inflammatory proteins are out of target for traditional drug therapy. Omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids can modulate the downstream signaling of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFα) through GPR120, a G-protein-coupled receptor, a mechanism not yet elucidated in humans. This work aims to investigate if the ω3 supplementation, at a feasible level below the previously recommended level in the literature, is enough to disrupt the inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress), and also if in acute treatment (3 h) ω3 can activate the GPR120 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and leukocytes from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) participants. The R270H variant of the Ffar4 (GPR120 gene) will also be explored about molecular responses and blood lipid profiles. A triple-blind, prospective clinical trial will be conducted in overweight men and women, aged 19–75 years, randomized into placebo or supplemented (2.2 g of ω3 [EPA+DHA]) groups for 28 days. For sample calculation, it was considered the variation of TNFα protein and a 40% dropout rate, obtaining 22 individuals in each group. Volunteers will be recruited among patients with NAFLD diagnosis. Anthropometric parameters, food intake, physical activity, total serum lipids, complete fatty acid blood profile, and glycemia will be evaluated pre- and post-supplementation. In the PBMC and neutrophils, the protein content and gene expression of markers related to inflammation (TNFα, MCP1, IL1β, IL6, IL10, JNK, and TAK1), ER-stress (ATF1, ATF6, IRE1, XBP1, CHOP, eIF2α, eIF4, HSP), and ω3 pathway (GPR120, β-arrestin2, Tab1/2, and TAK1) will be evaluated using Western blot and RT-qPCR. Participants will be genotyped for the R270H (rs116454156) variant using the TaqMan assay. It is hypothesized that attenuation of inflammation and ER-stress signaling pathways in overweight and NAFLD participants will be achieved through ω3 supplementation through binding to the GPR120 receptor. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov #RBR-7x8tbx. Registered on May 10, 2018, with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellencristina Silva Batista
- Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Thaiane da Silva Rios
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Joyce Santos Jesus
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Thimóteo da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Marques-Rocha
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Susana Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rania Angelina Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil. .,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
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Khan SU, Lone AN, Khan MS, Virani SS, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Miller M, Michos ED, Ballantyne CM, Boden WE, Bhatt DL. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38:100997. [PMID: 34505026 PMCID: PMC8413259 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, on cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of omega-3 FAs on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes and examine the potential variability in EPA vs. EPA+DHA treatment effects. METHODS We searched EMBASE, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane library databases through June 7, 2021. We performed a meta-analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials of omega-3 FAs, stratified by EPA monotherapy and EPA+DHA therapy. We estimated random-effects rate ratios (RRs) with (95% confidence intervals) and rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. The key outcomes of interest were cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes, bleeding, and atrial fibrillation (AF). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021227580). FINDINGS In 149,051 participants, omega-3 FA was associated with reducing cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.93 [0.88-0.98]; p = 0.01), non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) (RR, 0.87 [0.81-0.93]; p = 0.0001), coronary heart disease events (CHD) (RR, 0.91 [0.87-0.96]; p = 0.0002), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (RR, 0.95 [0.92-0.98]; p = 0.002), and revascularization (RR, 0.91 [0.87-0.95]; p = 0.0001). The meta-analysis showed higher RR reductions with EPA monotherapy (0.82 [0.68-0.99]) than with EPA + DHA (0.94 [0.89-0.99]) for cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal MI (EPA: 0.72 [0.62-0.84]; EPA+DHA: 0.92 [0.85-1.00]), CHD events (EPA: 0.73 [0.62-0.85]; EPA+DHA: 0.94 [0.89-0.99]), as well for MACE and revascularization. Omega-3 FA increased incident AF (RR, 1.26 [1.08-1.48]). EPA monotherapy vs. control was associated with a higher risk of total bleeding (RR: 1.49 [1.20-1.84]) and AF (RR, 1.35 [1.10-1.66]). INTERPRETATION Omega-3 FAs reduced cardiovascular mortality and improved cardiovascular outcomes. The cardiovascular risk reduction was more prominent with EPA monotherapy than with EPA+DHA. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safi U. Khan
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ahmad N. Lone
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affair Medical Center & Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roger S. Blumenthal
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erin D. Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affair Medical Center & Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William E. Boden
- VA New England Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak L. Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Corresponding author.
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Yang CE, Yeh TM, Chang CD, Shih WL. Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Oil in Combination With Swimming Training Improves Spatial Memory and Sports Performance of Aging Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660552. [PMID: 34122132 PMCID: PMC8194302 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, waste fat from the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) was used as the raw material, and soft-shelled turtle oil (SSTO) was extracted by water heating. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of SSTO revealed that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) comprised more than 70% of the oil, of which more than 20% were omega-3 poly-UFAs. DPPH radical scavenging and cellular ROS assays confirmed the reduction of oxidative stress by SSTO. In D-galactose-induced aging rats, SSTO feeding alone or in combination with swimming training resulted in improved memory and physical strength. In addition, SSTO feeding with swimming intervention significantly increased the SOD level and maintained better blood pressure in the aged rats. The serum DHEAS and soleus muscle glycogen level were also highly correlated with SSTO feeding and swimming training. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that SSTO has the potential to be developed into a health food that exerts anti-aging effects, and those effects are stronger when combined with daily swimming exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-En Yang
- Office of Physical Education, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Yeh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan.,General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Shih
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
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Reyes-Soffer G. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: current status and treatments. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:85-89. [PMID: 33481422 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is at the forefront of current research and treatment development programs. Despite extreme lowering of LDL-cholesterol there remains a high risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent large epidemiological, genomic wide association studies and Mendelian randomization studies have identified novel mechanisms and targets regulating TRL. This review will focus on recent and ongoing clinical trials that aim to reduce cardiovascular risk by decreasing plasma levels of TRL. RECENT FINDINGS Ongoing efforts of basic and clinical scientist have described novel TRL regulating mechanism. The concentration on lifestyle changes is key to prevention and treatment guidelines. There is continue evidence that supports previous guidelines using fibrates alone and in combination with niacin to reduce TRLs, in special cases. The recent results from the REDUCE-IT study support the use of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for risk reduction and ASCVD, but recently presented data from the Long-Term Outcome Study to Assess Statin Residual Risk Reduction With Epanova in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Elderly Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction studies do not support the use of combination EPA/docosahexaenoic acid. The latter highlights the need for further studies into the pathways regulating ASCVD risk reduction after EPA administration. The identification of novel targets, such as apolipoprotein C3 and angiopoietin-like protein-3, are driving the development of novel treatments, and is the focus of this review. SUMMARY The current management of elevated triglyceride levels and the effect on cardiovascular outcomes is an emerging area of research. New data from fish oil studies suggest differences in EPA vs. EPA/docosahexaenoic acid cardio protection outcomes. The preliminary data from ongoing clinical trials of novel triglyceride-lowering therapeutics are promising. These programs will ultimately provide foundations for future triglyceride-lowering guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Identification of Accessible Hepatic Gene Signatures for Interindividual Variations in Nutrigenomic Response to Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020467. [PMID: 33671567 PMCID: PMC7926558 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation is a widely adapted strategy to maintain nutritional balance for improving health and preventing chronic diseases. Conflicting results in studies of similar design, however, suggest that there is substantial heterogenicity in individuals’ responses to nutrients, and personalized nutrition is required to achieve the maximum benefit of dietary supplementation. In recent years, nutrigenomics studies have been increasingly utilized to characterize the detailed genomic response to a specific nutrient, but it remains a daunting task to define the signatures responsible for interindividual variations to dietary supplements for tissues with limited accessibility. In this work, we used the hepatic response to omega-3 fatty acids as an example to probe such signatures. Through comprehensive analysis of nutrigenomic response to eicosapentaneoid acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) including both protein coding and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes in human hepatocytes, we defined the EPA- and/or DHA-specific signature genes in hepatocytes. By analyzing gene expression variations in livers of healthy and relevant disease populations, we identified a set of protein coding and lncRNA signature genes whose responses to omega-3 fatty acid exhibit very high interindividual variabilities. The large variabilities of individual responses to omega-3 fatty acids were further validated in human hepatocytes from ten different donors. Finally, we profiled RNAs in exosomes isolated from the circulation of a liver-specific humanized mouse model, in which the humanized liver is the sole source of human RNAs, and confirmed the in vivo detectability of some signature genes, supporting their potential as biomarkers for nutrient response. Taken together, we have developed an efficient and practical procedure to identify nutrient-responsive gene signatures as well as accessible biomarkers for interindividual variations.
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21
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Poulsen M, Maradona MP, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Turla E, Knutsen HK. Safety of oil from Schizochytrium limacinum (strain FCC-3204) for use in food supplements as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06345. [PMID: 33505527 PMCID: PMC7814402 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Schizochytrium sp. is a single-cell microalga. The strain FCC-3204, used by the applicant (Fermentalg), belongs to the species Schizochytrium limacinum. The NF, an oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is obtained from microalgae after enzymatic lysis. The applicant proposed to increase the use level of the NF as a food supplement, from 250 mg DHA/day (currently authorised for the general population, excluding pregnant and lactating women) to 3 g DHA/day for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification 'for production purposes only'. Data provided by the applicant demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. No toxicological studies were performed with the NF. However, based on the available toxicological data on oils derived from Schizochytrium sp., the QPS status of the source of the NF, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers there are no concerns with regard to toxicity of the NF. The Panel considers that the data provided by the applicant are not sufficient to conclude on the safety of the NF at the proposed uses (3 g DHA/day as a food supplement) in adults. However, in 2012, the Panel concluded that supplemental intakes of DHA alone up to about 1 g/day do not raise safety concerns for the general population. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe for the use in food supplements at the maximum intake level of 1 g DHA/day for the target population (adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women).
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22
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Santos CD, da Silva JS, Brunetta HS, Chagas TR, Zoccal DB, Nunes EA, Rafacho A. Impact of combined long-term fructose and prednisolone intake on glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats: benefits of intake interruption or fish oil administration. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 90:108572. [PMID: 33388348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether combined long-term fructose and prednisolone intake would be more detrimental to the glucose homeostasis than if ingested separately. We also evaluated whether fish oil administration or interruption of treatments has any positive impact. For this, male adult Wistar rats ingested fructose (20%) (F) or prednisolone (12.5 µg/mL) (P) or both (FP) through drinking water for 12 weeks. A separate group of fructose and prednisolone-treated rats received fish oil treatment (1 g/kg) in the last 6 weeks. In another group, the treatment with fructose and prednisolone was interrupted after 12 weeks, and the animals were followed for more 12 weeks. Control groups ran in parallel (C). The F group had higher plasma TG (+42%) and visceral adiposity (+63%), whereas the P group had lower insulin sensitivity (-33%) and higher insulinemia (+200%). Only the the FP group developed these alterations combined with higher circulating uric acid (+126%), hepatic triacylglycerol content (+16.2-fold), lipid peroxidation (+173%) and lower catalase activity (-32%) that were associated with lower protein kinase B content and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the liver, lower AMPK phosphorylation in the adipose tissue and higher beta-cell mass. Fish oil ingestion attenuated the elevation in circulating triacylglycerol and uric acid values, while the interruption of sugar and glucocorticoid intake reverted almost all modified parameters. In conclusion, long-term intake of fructose and prednisolone by male rats are more detrimental to glucose and lipid homeostasis than if ingested separately and the benefits of treatment interruption are broader than fish oil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Multicentre Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julia Spanhol da Silva
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Multicentre Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Henver Simionato Brunetta
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Multicentre Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thays Rodrigues Chagas
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Breseghello Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everson Araújo Nunes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Multicentre Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Multicentre Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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23
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Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Risk. Evidence, Lack of Evidence, and Diligence. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123782. [PMID: 33317164 PMCID: PMC7764656 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most controversial areas of nutrition research relates to fats, particularly essential fatty acids, in the context of cardiovascular disease risk. A critical feature of dietary fatty acids is that they incorporate into the plasma membrane, modifying fluidity and key physiological functions. Importantly, they can reshape the bioavailability of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators, which direct cellular responses to external stimuli, such as inflammation and chronic stress conditions. This paper provides an overview of the most recent evidence, as well as historical controversies, linking fat consumption with human health and disease. We underscore current pitfalls in the area of fatty acid research and critically frame fatty acid intake in the larger context of diet and behavior. We conclude that fundamental research on fatty acids and lipids is appropriate in certain areas, but the rigor and reproducibility are lacking in others. The pros and cons are highlighted throughout the review, seeking to guide future research on the important area of nutrition, fat intake, and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Pal A, Metherel AH, Fiabane L, Buddenbaum N, Bazinet RP, Shaikh SR. Do Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Have the Potential to Compete against Each Other? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123718. [PMID: 33276463 PMCID: PMC7760937 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) consumed in low abundance in the Western diet. Increased consumption of n-3 PUFAs may have beneficial effects for a wide range of physiological outcomes including chronic inflammation. However, considerable mechanistic gaps in knowledge exist about EPA versus DHA, which are often studied as a mixture. We suggest the novel hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete against each other through overlapping mechanisms. First, EPA and DHA may compete for residency in membrane phospholipids and thereby differentially displace n-6 PUFAs, which are highly prevalent in the Western diet. This would influence biosynthesis of downstream metabolites of inflammation initiation and resolution. Second, EPA and DHA exert different effects on plasma membrane biophysical structure, creating an additional layer of competition between the fatty acids in controlling signaling. Third, DHA regulates membrane EPA levels by lowering its rate of conversion to EPA's elongation product n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Collectively, we propose the critical need to investigate molecular competition between EPA and DHA in health and disease, which would ultimately impact dietary recommendations and precision nutrition trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (A.H.M.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Lauren Fiabane
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicole Buddenbaum
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (A.H.M.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-843-4348
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25
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Metherel AH, Irfan M, Klingel SL, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Higher Increase in Plasma DHA in Females Compared to Males Following EPA Supplementation May Be Influenced by a Polymorphism in ELOVL2: An Exploratory Study. Lipids 2020; 56:211-228. [PMID: 33174255 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Young adult females have higher blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 22:6n-3 levels than males, and this is believed to be due to higher DHA synthesis rates, although DHA may also accumulate due to a longer half-life or a combination of both. However, sex differences in blood fatty acid responses to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20:5n-3 or DHA supplementation have not been fully investigated. In this exploratory analysis, females and males (n = 14-15 per group) were supplemented with 3 g/day EPA, 3 g/day DHA, or olive oil control for 12 weeks. Plasma was analyzed for sex effects at baseline and changes following 12 weeks' supplementation for fatty acid levels and carbon-13 signature (δ13 C). Following EPA supplementation, the increase in plasma DHA in females (+23.8 ± 11.8, nmol/mL ± SEM) was higher than males (-13.8 ± 9.2, p < 0.01). The increase in plasma δ13 C-DHA of females (+2.79 ± 0.31, milliUrey (mUr ± SEM) compared with males (+1.88 ± 0.44) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). The sex effect appears driven largely by increased plasma DHA in the AA genotype of females (+58.8 ± 11.5, nmol/mL ± SEM, n = 5) compared to GA + GG in females (+4.34 ± 13.5, n = 9) and AA in males (-29.1 ± 17.2, n = 6) for rs953413 in the ELOVL2 gene (p < 0.001). In conclusion, EPA supplementation increases plasma DHA levels in females compared to males, which may be dependent on the AA genotype for rs953413 in ELOVL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maha Irfan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shannon L Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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26
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Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis and its application in the study of diet and metabolism. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:869-888. [PMID: 33141222 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in carbon assimilation pathways between plants, there are subtle but distinct variations in the carbon isotope ratios of foods and animal products throughout the food supply. Although it is well understood that the carbon isotope ratio composition of the diet influences that of the consumers' tissues, the application of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in nutrition has long been underappreciated. Over the past decade, however, several studies have investigated the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis for evaluation of nutritional biomarker status, primarily focusing on its application as an objective indicator of sugar and animal protein intake. More recently, research investigating the application of natural abundance measurements has been extended to study fatty acid metabolism and has yielded encouraging results. Collectively, data from large-scale observational studies and experimental animal studies highlight the potential for carbon isotope ratio analysis as an additional and effective tool to study diet and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis, its application to studying nutrition, and an update of the research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scott Lacombe
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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27
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Pal A, Al-Shaer AE, Guesdon W, Torres MJ, Armstrong M, Quinn K, Davis T, Reisdorph N, Neufer PD, Spangenburg EE, Carroll I, Bazinet RP, Halade GV, Clària J, Shaikh SR. Resolvin E1 derived from eicosapentaenoic acid prevents hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in a host genetic manner. FASEB J 2020; 34:10640-10656. [PMID: 32579292 PMCID: PMC7497168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000830r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has garnered attention after the success of the REDUCE‐IT trial, which contradicted previous conclusions on EPA for cardiovascular disease risk. Here we first investigated EPA's preventative role on hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. EPA ethyl esters prevented obesity‐induced glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia in C57BL/6J mice. Supporting NHANES analyses showed that fasting glucose levels of obese adults were inversely related to EPA intake. We next investigated how EPA improved murine hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. EPA overturned the obesity‐driven decrement in the concentration of 18‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18‐HEPE) in white adipose tissue and liver. Treatment of obese inbred mice with RvE1, the downstream immunoresolvant metabolite of 18‐HEPE, but not 18‐HEPE itself, reversed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia through the G‐protein coupled receptor ERV1/ChemR23. To translate the findings, we determined if the effects of RvE1 were dependent on host genetics. RvE1's effects on hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia were divergent in diversity outbred mice that model human genetic variation. Secondary SNP analyses further confirmed extensive genetic variation in human RvE1/EPA‐metabolizing genes. Collectively, the data suggest EPA prevents hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, in part, through RvE1's activation of ERV1/ChemR23 in a host genetic manner. The studies underscore the need for personalized administration of RvE1 based on genetic/metabolic enzyme profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abrar E Al-Shaer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Guesdon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Maria J Torres
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Traci Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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28
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Vors CÉC, Couture P, Lamarche B. Omega-3 fatty acids: new insights into the impact of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2020; 31:38-39. [PMID: 31876659 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C É Cile Vors
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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29
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Jannas-Vela S, Klingel SL, Mutch DM, Spriet LL. DHA supplementation decreases resting metabolic rate in healthy young females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:221-225. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the independent effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid supplementation on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate oxidation in young healthy females and males. EPA or DHA supplementation had no effect on RMR and substrate oxidation in males, while DHA reduced RMR by ∼7% (p < 0.01) in females. In conclusion, these data establish potential sex differences on RMR in response to DHA supplements. Novelty Supplementing with DHA decreases resting energy expenditure in healthy young females but not males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
| | - Shannon L. Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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