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Anić P, Golubić Talić J, Božinović K, Dediol E, Mravak-Stipetić M, Grce M, Milutin Gašperov N. Methylation of Immune Gene Promoters in Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097698. [PMID: 37175405 PMCID: PMC10178514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC) that can be attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is growing nowadays. A potential factor indicating the occurrence of HPV-positive OSCC is a change in the degree of methylation of gene promoters that play a key role in the immune response. In this study, we investigated the difference in the methylation of EDARADD, GBP4, HAVCR2, HLA DPB1, IL12RB1, MARCO, and SIGLEC12 gene promoters in samples of healthy oral mucosa versus samples of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The presence of HPV infection in samples was examined earlier. To determine the difference in methylation of those gene promotors, isolated and bisulfite-modified DNA was analysed by the methylation-specific PCR method. The investigated gene promoters were found to be more hypomethylated in the oral and oropharyngeal cancer samples in comparison to normal tissue. The proportion of unmethylated gene promoters was similar in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers, although the data should be confirmed on a larger set of samples. To conclude, in samples of healthy oral mucosa, the investigated gene promoters were found to be methylated in a high percentage (73.3% to 100%), while in oral and oropharyngeal cancer samples, they were methylated in a low percentage (11.1% to 37%), regardless of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Anić
- Research Department, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ksenija Božinović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hsueh CY, Lau HC, Huang Q, Gong H, Sun J, Cao P, Hu C, Zhang M, Tao L, Zhou L. Fusobacterium nucleatum impairs DNA mismatch repair and stability in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 2022; 128:3170-3184. [PMID: 35789992 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis of the laryngeal microbiota has been demonstrated to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the association of Fusobacterium and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) has not been investigated. METHODS The abundance of Fusobacterium and F. nucleatum, the status of deficient MMR (dMMR) and MSI, and MMR-related gene expression were analyzed in 171 HNSCC tissues, 61 paired para-tumor tissues, and 60 vocal cord polyp tissues. The molecular mechanism of F. nucleatum and MMR-related gene expression were investigated in two human HNSCC cell lines (Tu 686 and FD-LSC-1). RESULTS Our results demonstrated that a high Fusobacterium abundance was detected in the HNSCC tissues and was exaggerated in the recurrent patients. We further found that a high Fusobacterium abundance was detected in the HNSCC tissues with dMMR and MSI. The Fusobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with the expression of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 in the HNSCC tissues. The Fusobacterium abundance was closely associated with the F. nucleatum abundance in the HNSCC tissues. F. nucleatum increased miR-205-5p expression to suppress MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 expression via the TLR4- and MYD88-dependent innate immune signaling pathway, resulting in dMMR, DNA damage, and cell proliferation in HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS F. nucleatum impacts HNSCC epigenetic changes in tissues with dMMR to promote DNA damage and cell proliferation by suppressing MMR-related gene expression via the TLR4/MYD88/miR-205-5p signaling pathway, which is valuable in the development of efficient strategies for HNSCC prevention and treatment. LAY SUMMARY This study clearly indicates that Fusobacterium induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) aggressiveness to affect poor prognosis in HNSCC patients by epigenetic alteration of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability. Moreover, the research has shown that Fusobacterium nucleatum ( F. nucleatum ) impacts HNSCC epigenetic changes in tissues with deficient MMR to promote DNA damage and cell proliferation by suppressing MMRrelated gene expression via the TLR4/MYD88/miR-205-5p signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yao Hsueh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ching Lau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Pathology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Du K, Zou J, Wang B, Liu C, Khan M, Xie T, Huang X, Shen P, Tian Y, Yuan Y. A Metabolism-Related Gene Prognostic Index Bridging Metabolic Signatures and Antitumor Immune Cycling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857934. [PMID: 35844514 PMCID: PMC9282908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the era of immunotherapy, predictive or prognostic biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are urgently needed. Metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a non-negligible reason for the low therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. We aimed to construct a metabolism-related gene prognostic index (MRGPI) for HNSCC bridging metabolic characteristics and antitumor immune cycling and identified the immunophenotype, genetic alternations, potential targeted inhibitors, and the benefit of immunotherapy in MRGPI-defined subgroups of HNSCC. Methods Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC dataset (n = 502), metabolism-related hub genes were identified by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Seven genes were identified to construct the MRGPI by using the Cox regression method and validated with an HNSCC dataset (n = 270) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Afterward, the prognostic value, metabolic activities, genetic alternations, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immunophenotype, Connectivity map (cMAP), and benefit of immunotherapy in MRGPI-defined subgroups were analyzed. Results The MRGPI was constructed based on HPRT1, AGPAT4, AMY2B, ACADL, CKM, PLA2G2D, and ADA. Patients in the low-MRGPI group had better overall survival than those in the high-MRGPI group, consistent with the results in the GEO cohort (cutoff value = 1.01). Patients with a low MRGPI score display lower metabolic activities and an active antitumor immunity status and more benefit from immunotherapy. In contrast, a higher MRGPI score was correlated with higher metabolic activities, more TP53 mutation rate, lower antitumor immunity ability, an immunosuppressive TME, and less benefit from immunotherapy. Conclusion The MRGPI is a promising indicator to distinguish the prognosis, the metabolic, molecular, and immune phenotype, and the benefit from immunotherapy in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Zou
- Department of Liver Surgery of the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Piao Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhong Tian, ; Yawei Yuan,
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhong Tian, ; Yawei Yuan,
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Landscape of the oncogenic role of fatty acid synthase in human tumors. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25106-25137. [PMID: 34879004 PMCID: PMC8714155 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identifying a unique and common regulatory pathway that drives tumorigenesis in cancers is crucial to foster the development of effective treatments. However, a systematic analysis of fatty acid synthase across pan-cancers has not been carried out. Methods: We investigated the oncogenic roles of fatty acid synthase in 33 cancers based on the cancer genome atlas and gene expression omnibus. Results: Fatty acid synthase is profoundly expressed in most cancers and is an important factor in predicting the outcome of cancer patients. Further, the level of S207 phosphorylation was found to be improved in several neoplasms (e.g., colon cancer). Fatty acid synthase expression is related to tumor-infiltrating immune cells in tumors (e.g., CD8+ T-cell infiltration level in cervical squamous cell carcinoma). Moreover, hormone receptor binding- and fatty acid metabolic process-associated pathways are involved in the functional mechanisms of fatty acid synthase. Conclusions: This study provides a complete understanding of the oncogenic role of fatty acid synthase in human tumors.
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Chen Y, Li ZY, Zhou GQ, Sun Y. An Immune-Related Gene Prognostic Index for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:330-341. [PMID: 33097495 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To construct an immune-related gene prognostic index (IRGPI) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and clarify the molecular and immune characteristics and the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in IRGPI-defined subgroups of HNSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN On the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC immune dataset (n = 546), 22 immune-related hub genes were identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Three genes were identified to construct an IRGPI by using the Cox regression method and validated with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (n = 270). Afterward, the molecular and immune characteristics and the benefit of ICI therapy in IRGPI-defined subgroups were analyzed. RESULTS The IRGPI was constructed on the basis of SFRP4, CPXM1, and COL5A1 genes. IRGPI-high patients had a better overall survival than IRGPI-low patients, consistent with the results in the GEO cohort. The comprehensive results showed that a high IRGPI score was correlated with DNA repair-related pathways; low TP53 mutation rate; high infiltration of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, and M1 macrophages; active immunity and less aggressive phenotypes; and more benefit from ICI therapy. In contrast, a low IRGPI score was associated with cancer and metastasis-related pathways; high TP53 and PIK3CA mutation rate; high infiltration of B cells, M0 macrophages, and M2 macrophages; suppressive immunity and more aggressive phenotypes; and less benefit from ICI therapy. CONCLUSIONS IRGPI is a promising biomarker to distinguish the prognosis, the molecular and immune characteristics, and the immune benefit from ICI therapy in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Qun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Cilona M, Locatello LG, Novelli L, Gallo O. The Mismatch Repair System (MMR) in Head and Neck Carcinogenesis and Its Role in Modulating the Response to Immunotherapy: A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103006. [PMID: 33081243 PMCID: PMC7602801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dysfunction of the mismatch repair system, an important mechanism for the detection and correction of DNA replication mistakes, may often lead to instability in the length of specific genetic sequences, known as microsatellites, and to the accumulation of mutations. Microsatellite instability is a well-known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancers and other types of tumors but is also considered a positive predictor of the immunotherapy response. Malignancies harboring such a specific genomic instability are very immunogenic because of the great number of aberrant antigens they produce. Therapies based on the blockade of specific immune checkpoints have shown to induce an effective immune response against microsatellite-unstable cancer. Many studies proved that microsatellite instability has a decisive role in the carcinogenesis and the malignant progression of head and neck cancer and, in the near future, it may become a useful tool in tailoring immunotherapy also in this field of precision oncology. Abstract The mismatch repair (MMR) system has a major role in the detection and correction of DNA replication errors, resulting from DNA polymerase slippage or nucleotides misincorporation. Specific inherited/acquired alterations or epigenetic inactivation of MMR genes are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI): the loss of crucial function in repairing DNA alterations can promote carcinogenesis by favoring the accumulation of thousands of mutations in a broad spectrum of different anatomic sites such as colon, stomach, prostate, esophagus, endometrium, lung and head and neck. Recent extensive data suggest that tumor mutational burden strongly correlates with a clinical response to immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors and this response is influenced by MMR deficiency in a wide range of human solid cancers. In this context, few data about this crucial point are available for head and neck cancer (HNC). In this review, we discuss the role of MMR alterations and the resulting MSI in HNC pathogenesis. Furthermore, by summarizing the clinical available data on how they influence the progression of precancerous lesions and the risk of recurrence or second primary tumors, we want to define the current role of MSI in the management of HNC. Finally, we analyze the complex interaction between cancer cells and the immune system addressing the data now available about a potential correlation between microsatellite instability and immunotherapy response in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cilona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
| | - Luca Giovanni Locatello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
| | - Luca Novelli
- Department of Pathology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0557947989
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Karakaidos P, Karagiannis D, Rampias T. Resolving DNA Damage: Epigenetic Regulation of DNA Repair. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112496. [PMID: 32471288 PMCID: PMC7321228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic research has rapidly evolved into a dynamic field of genome biology. Chromatin regulation has been proved to be an essential aspect for all genomic processes, including DNA repair. Chromatin structure is modified by enzymes and factors that deposit, erase, and interact with epigenetic marks such as DNA and histone modifications, as well as by complexes that remodel nucleosomes. In this review we discuss recent advances on how the chromatin state is modulated during this multi-step process of damage recognition, signaling, and repair. Moreover, we examine how chromatin is regulated when different pathways of DNA repair are utilized. Furthermore, we review additional modes of regulation of DNA repair, such as through the role of global and localized chromatin states in maintaining expression of DNA repair genes, as well as through the activity of epigenetic enzymes on non-nucleosome substrates. Finally, we discuss current and future applications of the mechanistic interplays between chromatin regulation and DNA repair in the context cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Karagiannis
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-659-7469
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Doukas SG, Vageli DP, Lazopoulos G, Spandidos DA, Sasaki CT, Tsatsakis A. The Effect of NNK, A Tobacco Smoke Carcinogen, on the miRNA and Mismatch DNA Repair Expression Profiles in Lung and Head and Neck Squamous Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1031. [PMID: 32326378 PMCID: PMC7226174 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a common risk factor for lung cancer and head and neck cancer. Molecular changes such as deregulation of miRNA expression have been linked to tobacco smoking in both types of cancer. Dysfunction of the Mismatch DNA repair (MMR) mechanism has also been associated with a poor prognosis of these cancers, while a cross-talk between specific miRNAs and MMR genes has been previously proposed. We hypothesized that exposure of lung and head and neck squamous cancer cells (NCI and FaDu, respectively) to tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is capable of altering the expression of MSH2 and MLH1, key MMR components, by promoting specific miRNA deregulation. We found that either a low (1 μM) or high (2 μM) dose of NNK induced significant upregulation of "oncomirs" miR-21 and miR-155 and downregulation of "tumor suppressor" miR-422a, as well as the reduction of MMR protein and mRNA expression, in NCI and FaDu, compared to controls. Inhibition of miR-21 restored the NNK-induced reduced MSH2 phenotype in both NCI and FaDu, indicating that miR-21 might contribute to MSH2 regulation. Finally, NNK exposure increased NCI and FaDu survival, promoting cancer cell progression. We provide novel findings that deregulated miR-21, miR-155, and miR-422a and MMR gene expression patterns may be valuable biomarkers for lung and head and neck squamous cell cancer progression in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios G. Doukas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (S.G.D.); (A.T.)
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Dimitra P. Vageli
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - George Lazopoulos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Clarence T. Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (S.G.D.); (A.T.)
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Karpathiou G, Dumollard JM, Peoc'h M. Laryngeal Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1296:79-101. [PMID: 34185287 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment has been extensively studied in various forms of cancer, like head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Progress in the field revealed the prognostic significance of the various components of the tumor's ecosystem and led to changes in treatment strategies, like including immunotherapy as an important tool. In this chapter, the microenvironment of tumors with a special interest in laryngeal cancer will be described. The issues assessed include innate immune response factors, like neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), platelets, macrophages M1 or M2, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, as well as adaptive immunity aspects, like cytotoxic, exhausted and regulatory T cells, and immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA4). Also, stroma-associated factors, like fibroblasts, fibrosis, extracellular matrix, vessels and perineural invasion, hypoxia and cancer metabolism aspects, as well as the pre-metastatic niche, exosomes and cGAS-STING, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Karpathiou
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Jean Marc Dumollard
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Michel Peoc'h
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Kok VC. Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Underlying Immune Evasion From PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Head and Neck Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:268. [PMID: 32185135 PMCID: PMC7058818 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting in 2014, large phase III clinical trials began to disclose the study results of using programmed death (PD)-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and PD-ligand (L)1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab) ICIs immunotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the recurrent and metastatic (R/M), cisplatin-refractory setting, nivolumab achieved a 2.2-fold increase of the median 1-year overall survival as compared with investigators' choice of salvage chemotherapy (36.0 vs. 16.6%). A paradigm shift to the winning regimen, pembrolizumab combined with platinum and infusional fluorouracil, has outperformed the past gold standard of cetuximab-based platinum and fluorouracil combination in terms of overall survival (median, 13.6 vs. 10.1 mo) when administered as the first-line treatment for R/M HNSCC. Nevertheless, many patients still did not respond to the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor treatment, indicating innate, adapted, or quickly acquired resistance to the immunotherapy. The mechanisms of resistance to ICIs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in the context of HNSCC are the focus of this review. The past 5 years have seen improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying checkpoint inhibition resistance in tumor cells, such as: tumor cell adaption with malfunction of the antigen-presenting machinery via class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), reintroduction of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 complex to cell cycles, enrichment of CD44+ cancer stem-like cells, or development of inactivating mutation in IKZF1 gene; impairment of T-cell functions and proliferation through mutations in the interferon-γ-regulating genes, suppression of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, or resulted from constitutional nutritional iron deficiency state; metabolic reprogramming by cancer cells with changes in metabolites such as GTP cyclohydrolase 1, tetrahydrobiopterin, kynurenine, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and arginase 1; defective dendritic cells, CD-69 sufficient state; and the upregulation or activation of the alternative immune checkpoints, including lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3), T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT)/CD155 pathway, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3), and V domain-containing Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA). Several potential biomarkers or biosignatures, which could predict the response or resistance to the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint immunotherapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C. Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kuang Tien General Hospital Cancer Center, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Victor C. Kok
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Vasan K, Satgunaseelan L, Anand S, Asher R, Selinger C, Low THH, Palme CE, Clark JR, Gupta R. Tumour mismatch repair protein loss is associated with advanced stage in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:688-695. [PMID: 31630878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An unexplained increase in the incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) has been observed despite decreasing smoking rates, particularly in younger patients. Links to defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system are well established in early onset colorectal, urothelial and gynaecological malignancies. MMR deficient patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated improved response rates. Studies exploring MMR status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrate conflicting results. This study explores the incidence of MMR protein loss and its association with clinicopathological features and outcome in oSCC. Immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarrays to assess the expression of MMR proteins (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and hPMS2) was performed on 285 consecutive oSCC cases between 2000 and 2016. Data on smoking, alcohol and metachronous malignancies were retrospectively collected. Proportional hazards regression models were used to compare survival in MMR intact and deficient patients. MMR deficiency was seen in 21 patients (7.4%). MMR deficient tumours were associated with bone invasion (52% vs 32%, p=0.05), higher pT stage (pT4 in 57% vs 35%, p<0.001) and a higher number of metachronous malignancies (p=0.05). MMR deficiency was not associated with younger age at presentation or absence of smoking or alcohol. There was no significant association between MMR status and survival (overall survival hazard ratio 1.36; p=0.32). The incidence of MMR loss in oSCC is low and is not associated with young age at presentation. MMR deficiency in oSCC is associated with an increase in the number of metachronous malignancies and more advanced primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Vasan
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunaina Anand
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Asher
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rieke DT, Ochsenreither S, Klinghammer K, Seiwert TY, Klauschen F, Tinhofer I, Keilholz U. Methylation of RAD51B, XRCC3 and other homologous recombination genes is associated with expression of immune checkpoints and an inflammatory signature in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, lung and cervix. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75379-75393. [PMID: 27683114 PMCID: PMC5342748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are emerging treatment targets, but mechanisms underlying checkpoint expression are poorly understood. Since alterations in DNA repair genes have been connected to the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors, we investigated associations between methylation of DNA repair genes and CTLA4 and CD274 (PD-L1) expression.A list of DNA repair genes (179 genes) was selected from the literature, methylation status and expression of inflammation-associated genes (The Cancer Genome Atlas data) was correlated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), cervical and lung squamous cell carcinoma.A significant positive correlation of the methylation status of 15, 3 and 2 genes with checkpoint expression was identified, respectively. RAD51B methylation was identified in all cancer subtypes. In HNSCC and cervical cancer, there was significant enrichment for homologous recombination genes. Methylation of the candidate genes was also associated with expression of other checkpoints, ligands, MHC- and T-cell associated genes as well as an interferon-inflammatory immune gene signature, predictive for the efficacy of PD-1 inhibition in HNSCC.Homologous recombination deficiency might therefore be mediated by DNA repair gene hypermethylation and linked to an immune-evasive phenotype in SCC. The methylation status of these genes could represent a new predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian T Rieke
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ochsenreither
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Klinghammer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Tinhofer
- Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ)/German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Christmann M, Kaina B. Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and implications for tumor therapy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 780:15-28. [PMID: 31395346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair represents the first barrier against genotoxic stress causing metabolic changes, inflammation and cancer. Besides its role in preventing cancer, DNA repair needs also to be considered during cancer treatment with radiation and DNA damaging drugs as it impacts therapy outcome. The DNA repair capacity is mainly governed by the expression level of repair genes. Alterations in the expression of repair genes can occur due to mutations in their coding or promoter region, changes in the expression of transcription factors activating or repressing these genes, and/or epigenetic factors changing histone modifications and CpG promoter methylation or demethylation levels. In this review we provide an overview on the epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes. We summarize the mechanisms underlying CpG methylation and demethylation, with de novo methyltransferases and DNA repair involved in gain and loss of CpG methylation, respectively. We discuss the role of components of the DNA damage response, p53, PARP-1 and GADD45a on the regulation of the DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase DNMT1, the key enzyme responsible for gene silencing. We stress the relevance of epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes for tumor formation and tumor therapy. A paradigmatic example is provided by the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is silenced in up to 40% of various cancers through CpG promoter methylation. The CpG methylation status of the MGMT promoter strongly correlates with clinical outcome and, therefore, is used as prognostic marker during glioblastoma therapy. Mismatch repair genes are also subject of epigenetic silencing, which was shown to correlate with colorectal cancer formation. For many other repair genes shown to be epigenetically regulated the clinical outcome is not yet clear. We also address the question of whether genotoxic stress itself can lead to epigenetic alterations of genes encoding proteins involved in the defense against genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Yalniz Z, Demokan S, Karabulut B, Ulusan M, Suoglu Y, Dalay N. Copy number profiling of tumor suppressor genes in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2016; 39:341-346. [PMID: 27696595 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive and reliable new biomarkers are needed in head and neck cancer to predict the outcome and for therapy that is more effective. Copy number alterations are frequent and play a critical role in cancer. METHODS Copy number alterations of 24 tumor suppressor genes in head and neck cancer were analyzed simultaneously in matched tumor and normal samples from 93 patients using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS Chromosomes 3p and 9p displayed the most common alterations. The gene displaying most frequent losses was the mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) gene, followed by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and CDKN2B genes. A significant correlation was observed between the CDKN2A and CDKN2B genes. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)3 gene alterations were observed in 8 tumors. CONCLUSION Our data confirm previous observations and suggest that losses of the MLH1 and CDKN2 genes and alterations of the TIMP3 gene play an important role in head and neck carcinogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 341-346, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Yalniz
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Karabulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Ulusan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Suoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejat Dalay
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wagner VP, Webber LP, Salvadori G, Meurer L, Fonseca FP, Castilho RM, Squarize CH, Vargas PA, Martins MD. Overexpression of MutSα Complex Proteins Predicts Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3725. [PMID: 27258499 PMCID: PMC4900707 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is responsible for the detection and correction of errors created during DNA replication, thereby avoiding the incorporation of mutations in dividing cells. The prognostic value of alterations in MMR system has not previously been analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).The study comprised 115 cases of OSCC diagnosed between 1996 and 2010. The specimens collected were constructed into tissue microarray blocks. Immunohistochemical staining for MutSα complex proteins hMSH2 and hMSH6 was performed. The slides were subsequently scanned into high-resolution images, and nuclear staining of hMSH2 and hMSH6 was analyzed using the Nuclear V9 algorithm. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of hMSH2 and hMSH6 in OSCC.All cases in the present cohort were positive for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and a direct correlation was found between the expression of the proteins (P < 0.05). The mean number of positive cells for hMSH2 and hMSH6 was 64.44 ± 15.21 and 31.46 ± 22.38, respectively. These values were used as cutoff points to determine high protein expression. Cases with high expression of both proteins simultaneously were classified as having high MutSα complex expression. In the multivariable analysis, high expression of the MutSα complex was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (hazard ratio: 2.75, P = 0.02).This study provides a first insight of the prognostic value of alterations in MMR system in OSCC. We found that MutSα complex may constitute a molecular marker for the poor prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Petersen Wagner
- From the Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (VPW, LPW, MDM); Experimental Pathology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (VPW, LPW, LM, MDM); Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway (GS); Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (FPF, PAV); and Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI (RMC, CHS)
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Verma M. The Role of Epigenomics in the Study of Cancer Biomarkers and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 867:59-80. [PMID: 26530360 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics plays a key role in cancer development. Genetics alone cannot explain sporadic cancer and cancer development in individuals with no family history or a weak family history of cancer. Epigenetics provides a mechanism to explain the development of cancer in such situations. Alterations in epigenetic profiling may provide important insights into the etiology and natural history of cancer. Because several epigenetic changes occur before histopathological changes, they can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and risk assessment. Many cancers may remain asymptomatic until relatively late stages; in managing the disease, efforts should be focused on early detection, accurate prediction of disease progression, and frequent monitoring. This chapter describes epigenetic biomarkers as they are expressed during cancer development and their potential use in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Based on epigenomic information, biomarkers have been identified that may serve as diagnostic tools; some such biomarkers also may be useful in identifying individuals who will respond to therapy and survive longer. The importance of analytical and clinical validation of biomarkers is discussed, along with challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Suite# 4E102. 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9763, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9726, USA.
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17
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Fatimata M, Sidy K, Ahmadou D, Mamadou K. Clinicopathological and survival significance of BAT-25 and BAT-26 instability in breast cancer among Senegalese patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jcreo2015.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Seven D, Dogan S, Kiliç E, Karaman E, Koseoglu H, Buyru N. Downregulation of Rab25 activates Akt1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1927-1931. [PMID: 26622777 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that Ras-associated binding 25 protein (Rab25) is involved in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Although it has been demonstrated that the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the result of an accumulation of multiple sequential genetic and epigenetic alterations in key genes with important functions in cell growth and the cell cycle, recent studies have indicated that HNSCC is a complex and heterogenous disease. To the best of our knowledge, there is no data regarding the regulation of the Rab25 gene at the mRNA or protein level in HNSCC. Furthermore, available data on Rab25 expression in other types of cancer are conflicting. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Rab25 is involved in the development and/or progression of HNSCC, and to analyze the mechanisms underlying its effects in this type of cancer. The expression of Rab25 mRNA in HNSCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissue samples was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the level of the Rab25, Akt1 and phosphorylated-Akt1 proteins was measured using western blotting. Expression of Rab25 mRNA and protein was downregulated in 69.1% and 56.1% of tumor tissue samples, respectively. This downregulation was associated with an increase in p-Akt1 expression, in the absence of a change in total Akt1 protein levels, in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. The current findings suggest that Rab25 acts as a tumor suppressor in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Seven
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Soydan Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Erkan Kiliç
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Emin Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Koseoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Nur Buyru
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
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Quantitative methodology is critical for assessing DNA methylation and impacts on correlation with patient outcome. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25859283 PMCID: PMC4391486 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation is reported as a frequent event and prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Methylation has been commonly assessed with non-quantitative methodologies, such as methylation-specific PCR (MSP). We investigated previously reported hypermethylated genes with quantitative methodology in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC). RESULTS The methylation status of 12 genes in 115 OTSCC samples was assessed by one or more of three quantitative analyses: methylation sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM), sensitive-melting analysis after real time-methylation specific PCR (SMART-MSP), and bisulfite pyrosequencing. In contrast to much of the literature, either no or infrequent locus-specific methylation was identified by MS-HRM for DAPK1, RASSF1A, MGMT, MLH1, APC, CDH1, CDH13, BRCA1, ERCC1, and ATM. The most frequently methylated loci were RUNX3 (18/108 methylated) and ABO (22/107 methylated). Interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC cohort confirmed the frequency of significant methylation for the loci investigated. Heterogeneous methylation of RUNX3 (18/108) and ABO (22/107) detected by MS-HRM, conferred significantly worse survival (P = 0.01, and P = 0.03). However, following quantification of methylation levels using pyrosequencing, only four tumors had significant quantities (>15%) of RUNX3 methylation which correlated with a worse patient outcome (P <0.001), while the prognostic significance of ABO hypermethylation was lost. RUNX3 methylation was not prognostic for the TCGA cohort (P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the critical need for quantification of methylation levels and its impact on correlative analyses. In OTSCC, we found little evidence of significant or frequent hypermethylation of many loci reported to be commonly methylated. It is likely that previous reports have overestimated the frequency of significant methylation events as a consequence of the use of non-quantitative methodology.
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V. S, Bhagat R, C.S. P, V.R. P, Krishnamoorthy L. Microsatellite instability, promoter methylation and protein expression of the DNA mismatch repair genes in epithelial ovarian cancer. Genomics 2014; 104:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pereira CS, Oliveira MVMD, Barros LO, Bandeira GA, Santos SHS, Basile JR, Guimarães ALS, De Paula AMB. Low expression of MSH2 DNA repair protein is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:416-21. [PMID: 24212987 PMCID: PMC3881843 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of the MSH2 DNA repair protein in
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to analyze its association
with clinicopathologic factors and overall survival of patients. Material and Methods Clinical data and primary lesions of HNSSC were collected from 55 patients who
underwent surgical resection with postoperative radiotherapy in Montes Claros,
state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2000 and 2008. Immunohistochemical
reactions were performed to analyze MSH2 protein expression. Results Bivariate analysis showed no significant correlation or association between MSH2
expression and clinicopathologic parameters by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis
tests. Patients with locoregional metastatic disease (OR=4.949, p<0.001) and
lower MSH2 immunohistochemical expressions (OR=2.943, p=0.032) presented poorer
survival for HNSCC by Cox regression models. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that lower MSH2 expression might contribute to a higher
clinic aggressiveness of HNSCC by promoting an unfavorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Santos Pereira
- Nucleus of Epidemiological and Molecular Research Catrumano, Health Research Laboratory, Health Science Post-Graduate Programme, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil
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Pierini S, Jordanov SH, Mitkova AV, Chalakov IJ, Melnicharov MB, Kunev KV, Mitev VI, Kaneva RP, Goranova TE. Promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, and DAPK genes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their associations with clinical profiles of the patients. Head Neck 2013; 36:1103-8. [PMID: 23804521 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (laryngeal SCC) is a frequently occurring cancer of the head and neck area. Epigenetic changes of tumor-related genes contribute to its genesis and progression. METHODS We assessed promoter methylation status of the selected genes (CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, and DAPK) using methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) in 100 patients with laryngeal SCC and studied the correlations with clinical characteristics. RESULTS The prevalence of promoter methylation in MGMT, CDKN2A, MLH1, and DAPK was 59 of 97 (60.8%), 46 of 97 (47.4%), 45 of 97 (46.4%), and 41 of 97 patients (42.3%), respectively. Significantly increased methylation of CDKN2A was observed in heavy smokers. Epigenetic inactivation of CDKN2A and MLH1 were found to be associated with lymph node involvement. An inverse correlation was present between MLH1 methylation and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that deregulation of p16-associated, and MLH1-associated pathways, because of promoter hypermethylation, is associated with increased cancer cell migration, tumor invasiveness, and, thus, aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pierini
- Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Deganello A, Gitti G, Mannelli G, Meccariello G, Gallo O. Risk factors for multiple malignancies in the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149:105-11. [PMID: 23535708 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813484273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the prognostic role of multiple epidemiological, clinical, and biological factors for the development of multiple malignancies (MM) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). STUDY DESIGN Historical cohort study. p53 gene status, microsatellite instability (MSI) of the index tumor, and inherited chromosome fragility (CF) were studied. SETTING Ninety-six consecutive patients affected by primary HNC, between January 1987 and October 1991, who were eligible for curative radiation therapy were followed up. SUBJECTS AND METHODS p53 gene status, MSI, and CF in 96 curative radiotherapy-treated patients were correlated with the risk for MM. RESULTS Multiple malignancies occurred in 28.9%. Microsatellite instability (P = 0.05), CF (P < 0.01), and smoking after treatment of the index tumor (P = 0.02) were correlated with an increased risk of MM. CONCLUSION Genetic susceptibility may play a central role for MM development in patients with HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Deganello
- First Clinic of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Florence, Italy.
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Demokan S, Chuang A, Suoğlu Y, Ulusan M, Yalnız Z, Califano JA, Dalay N. Promoter methylation and loss of p16(INK4a) gene expression in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2011; 34:1470-5. [PMID: 22106032 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silencing of tumor suppressor genes plays a vital role in head and neck carcinogenesis. In this study we aimed to evaluate aberrant p16(INK4a) gene promoter methylation in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS Methylation of the gene was investigated by bisulfite modification/methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and gene expression levels were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in tumors and matched normal tissue samples from Turkish patients with head and neck cancer. RESULTS The promoter region of the p16(INK4a) gene was methylated in 67.5% and 28.6% of the primary tumors and the corresponding normal tissue, respectively. This difference was highly significant. In concordance, p16(INK4a) gene expression was downregulated in 67.5% of the tumor samples. Methylation and the absence of expression in the tumors were observed in 48% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that methylation of the p16(INK4a) gene is a frequent event in primary head and neck cancer and that it plays a major role in the silencing of p16(INK4a) gene expression during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NMA, Hak BHA, El-Sherbiny YM. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:528-36. [PMID: 21353335 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck are the sixth most frequently occurring cancers and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Epigenetic alteration, using promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene, is important for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). AIM OF THIS WORK: The aim of the present study is to analyze the relationship between protein expression and promoter hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene in HNSCC and correlating inactivation of this gene with clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paired normal and tumor specimens from 49 patients with HNSCC were collected from Otolaryngology Department, Minia University Hospital, from 2006 to 2009. We analyzed hMLH1 protein expression and promoter hypermethylation by immunohistochemical and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). RESULTS Decreased hMLH1 protein expression and hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation were shown in 15 (30.6%) and 14 (28.6%) cases, respectively. Eleven cases showed dysplasia and or carcinoma in situ in the surface squamous epithelia, and all were positively stained for the hMLH1 protein. hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation was detected in 10 (20.4%) cases of normal-appearing squamous mucosa adjacent to invasive carcinoma. Thirteen (86.7%) of 15 cases that were negative for the hMLH1 protein showed promoter hypermethylation, whereas 33 (97%) of 34 cases positive for the protein were negative of promoter methylation. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in 1 (7.1%) case in which invasive tumor cells were moderately positive for the hMLH1 protein. No significant correlation was observed between hMLH1 protein expression or hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation and any of clinicopathologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS hMLH1 gene may be detected early in head and neck squamous carcinogenesis. Promoter hypermethylation is an important mechanism for hMLH1 gene inactivation in HNSCC.
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González-Ramírez I, García-Cuellar C, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Granados-García M. DNA methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Oral Dis 2011; 17:771-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Role of DNA methylation in head and neck cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:123-50. [PMID: 22704334 PMCID: PMC3365391 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogenous and complex entity including diverse anatomical sites and a variety of tumor types displaying unique characteristics and different etilogies. Both environmental and genetic factors play a role in the development of the disease, but the underlying mechanism is still far from clear. Previous studies suggest that alterations in the genes acting in cellular signal pathways may contribute to head and neck carcinogenesis. In cancer, DNA methylation patterns display specific aberrations even in the early and precancerous stages and may confer susceptibility to further genetic or epigenetic changes. Silencing of the genes by hypermethylation or induction of oncogenes by promoter hypomethylation are frequent mechanisms in different types of cancer and achieve increasing diagnostic and therapeutic importance since the changes are reversible. Therefore, methylation analysis may provide promising clinical applications, including the development of new biomarkers and prediction of the therapeutic response or prognosis. In this review, we aimed to analyze the available information indicating a role for the epigenetic changes in HNC.
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Giaginis C, Michailidi C, Stolakis V, Alexandrou P, Tsourouflis G, Klijanienko J, Delladetsima I, Theocharis S. Expression of DNA repair proteins MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT in human benign and malignant thyroid lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:BR81-90. [PMID: 21358597 PMCID: PMC3524721 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA repair is a major defense mechanism, which contributes to the maintenance of genetic sequence, and minimizes cell death, mutation rates, replication errors, DNA damage persistence and genomic instability. Alterations in the expression levels of proteins participating in DNA repair mechanisms have been associated with several aspects of cancer biology. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of DNA repair proteins MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Material/Methods MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues from 90 patients with benign and malignant lesions. Results The expression levels of MLH1 was significantly upregulated in cases with malignant compared to those with benign thyroid lesions (p=0.038). The expression levels of MGMT was significantly downregulated in malignant compared to benign thyroid lesions (p=0.001). Similar associations for both MLH1 and MGMT between cases with papillary carcinoma and hyperplastic nodules were also noted (p=0.014 and p=0.026, respectively). In the subgroup of malignant thyroid lesions, MSH2 downregulation was significantly associated with larger tumor size (p=0.031), while MLH1 upregulation was significantly associated with the presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion (p=0.006 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusions Alterations in the mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MLH1 and the direct repair protein MGMT may result from tumor development and/or progression. Further studies are recommended to draw definite conclusions on the clinical significance of DNA repair proteins in thyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pinto JLF, Fonseca FLA, Marsicano SR, Delgado PO, Sant'anna AVL, Coelho PG, Maeda P, Del Giglio A. Systemic chemotherapy-induced microsatellite instability in the mononuclear cell fraction of women with breast cancer can be reproduced in vitro and abrogated by amifostine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:931-4. [PMID: 20636882 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.07.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microsatellite instability (MSI) induction by alkylating agent-based chemotherapy (ACHT) may underlie both tumor resistance to chemotherapy and secondary leukaemias in cancer patients. We investigated if ACHT could induce MSI in tumor-derived plasma-circulating DNA (pfDNA) and in normal peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells. We also evaluated if amifostine could interfere with this process in an in-vitro model. METHODS MSI was determined in pfDNA, PBMN cells and urine cell-free DNA (ufDNA) of 33 breast cancer patients before and after ACHT. MCF-7 cells and PBMN from normal donors were exposed in vitro to melphalan, with or without amifostine. RESULTS We observed at least one MSI event in PBMN cells, pfDNA or ufDNA of 87, 80 and 80% of patients, respectively. In vitro, melphalan induced MSI in both MCF-7 and normal PBMN cells. In PBMN cells, ACHT-induced MSI occurred together with a significant decrease in the expression of the DNA mismatch repair gene hMSH2. Amifostine decreased hMSH2 expression and also prevented MSI induction only in normal PBMN cells. CONCLUSIONS ACHT induced MSI in PBMN cells and in tumour-derived pfDNA. Because of its protective effect against ACHT induction of MSI in normal PBMN cells in vitro, amifostine may be a potential agent for preventing secondary leukaemias in patients exposed to ACHT.
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González-Ramírez I, Ramírez-Amador V, Irigoyen-Camacho M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Anaya-Saavedra G, Granados-García M, García-Vázquez F, García-Cuellar C. hMLH1 promoter methylation is an early event in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kenanli E, Karaman E, Enver O, Ulutin T, Buyru N. Genetic Alterations of the LKB1 Gene in Head and Neck Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:735-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Kenanli
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emin Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Enver
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Ulutin
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Buyru
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Theocharis S, Klijanienko J, Giaginis C, Rodriguez J, Jouffroy T, Girod A, Point D, Tsourouflis G, Sastre-Garau X. Expression of DNA repair proteins, MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patients' survival. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:218-26. [PMID: 21029181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair is a major defense mechanism, which contributes to the maintenance of genetic sequence, minimizing cell death, mutation rates, replication errors, DNA damage persistence and genomic instability. Alterations of proteins participating in DNA repair mechanisms have been associated with several aspects of cancer biology. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of DNA repair proteins, MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 49 mobile tongue SCC tissue samples and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics, overall and disease-free patients' survival. RESULTS MSH2 expression was significantly associated with depth of invasion (P=0.0335), tumor shape (P=0.0396) and muscular invasion (P=0.0098). MLH1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P=0.0484) and borderline with perineural invasion (P=0.0699). MGMT expression was significantly associated with depth of invasion (P=0.0472), tumor shape (P=0.0187), perineural invasion (P=0.0115) and lymph node metastases (P=0.0032) and borderline with vascular invasion (P=0.0755). MSH2 expression was significantly associated with disease-free patients' survival in univariate analysis (P=0.0441), being also identified as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P=0.0451). CONCLUSIONS The present study supported evidence for possible implication of MSH2, MLH1 and MGMT proteins in the formation and progression of mobile tongue SCC.
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Yalniz Z, Demokan S, Suoglu Y, Ulusan M, Dalay N. Simultaneous methylation profiling of tumor suppressor genes in head and neck cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 30:17-24. [PMID: 20860434 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a common cancer, and its prognosis has not changed during the last decades. Detection of the disease at an early stage is crucial for successful treatment, as early diagnosis can significantly increase the survival rate. Methylation of tumor suppressor genes is an early event in cancer responsible for incorrect gene silencing. Since methylation changes are reversible, they also provide a promising target for therapy. So far, only individual genes have been analyzed for aberrant methylation in HNC. In this study, we analyzed the methylation status of 24 tumor suppressor genes simultaneously by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in matched tumor and normal tissue samples from patients with HNC. CHFR, RARβ, DAPK1, and RASFF1 genes were the most frequently methylated genes in tumor tissue. Eight genes were not methylated in any sample. The methylation frequencies for individual genes ranged from 0% to 19%. Our results indicate that methylation of tumor suppressor genes is not high as previously reported by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and is confined to a smaller but significant fraction of the tumors. Whether this group represents a unique entity in the disease spectrum warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Yalniz
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yalniz Z, Demokan S, Suoglu Y, Ulusan M, Dalay N. Assessment of microsatellite instability in head and neck cancer using consensus markers. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3541-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bennett KL, Romigh T, Eng C. AP-2alpha induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressive genes and microsatellite instability in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6931. [PMID: 19742317 PMCID: PMC2734430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activator protein 2 alpha (AP-2alpha) is involved in a variety of physiological processes. Increased AP-2alpha expression correlates with progression in various squamous cell carcinomas, and a recent publication found AP-2alpha to be overexpressed in approximately 70% of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patient samples. It was found to repress transcription of the tumor suppressor gene C/CAAT Enhancer Binding Protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), and its binding site correlated with upstream methylation of the C/EBPalpha promoter. Therefore, we investigated the potential for AP-2alpha to target methylation to additional genes that would be relevant to HNSCC pathogenesis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Stable downregulation of AP-2alpha stable by shRNA in HNSCC cell lines correlated with decreased methylation of its target genes' regulatory regions. Furthermore, methylation of MLH1 in HNSCC with and without AP-2alpha downregulation revealed a correlation with microsatellite instability (MSI). ChIP analysis was used to confirm binding of AP-2alpha and HDAC1/2 to the targets. The effects of HDAC inhibition was assessed using Trichostatin A in a HNSCC cell line, which revealed that AP-2alpha targets methylation through HDAC recruitment. CONCLUSIONS These findings are significant because they suggest AP-2alpha plays a role not only in epigenetic silencing, but also in genomic instability. This intensifies the potential level of regulation AP-2alpha has through transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, these findings have the potential to revolutionize the field of HNSCC therapy, and more generally the field of epigenetic therapy, by targeting a single gene that is involved in the malignant transformation via disrupting DNA repair and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Bennett
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Todd Romigh
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hussein MRA, Aref EEM, Yassen DG, Ramadan MO. Analysis of hMSH2 Mismatch Repair Protein Expression in Dysplasia, CarcinomaIn Situand Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vocal Folds. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:38-46. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802139951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Cui J, Zhang A, Shen L, Yu H. Expression and promoter methylation status of mismatch repair gene hMLH1 and hMSH2 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 48:505-9. [PMID: 19032668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2008.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between methylation and loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in ovarian cancer. METHODS We examined the methylation status of hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoter region by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 56 primary ovarian cancer tissues and 20 normal ovarian tissues, the relationship between the methylation status of these two genes and clinicopathological characteristics were analysed. We then treated SKOV3 and 3AO ovarian cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dc). The hMLH1 and hMSH2 methylation was further assessed by MSP, and their mRNA expression was compared by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before and after 5-aza-dc treatment in these two cell lines. RESULTS The methylation frequency of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was 30.4% (17 of 56) and 51.7% (29 of 56) in ovarian cancers, respectively, while no methylation was detected in normal ovarian tissues (P=0.015). There is a significant correlation between hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation and histological grade (P=0.028) as well as lymphatic metastasis (P=0.003). Methylation of hMSH2 correlated with histological grade (P=0.035) and lymphatic metastasis (P=0.015). Besides, the methylation rates of hMSH2 were significantly higher in endometrioid adenocarcinoma tissues than in other pathological types of ovarian cancer. After 5-aza-dc treatment, the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was reversed in two cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that promoter hypermethylation is an important mechanism for loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in human ovarian cancer and may be a potential prognostic factor in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Czerninski R, Krichevsky S, Ashhab Y, Gazit D, Patel V, Ben-Yehuda D. Promoter hypermethylation of mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2009; 15:206-13. [PMID: 19207881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are environmental and can lead to DNA mutagenesis. Mismatch repair (MMR) system functions to repair small DNA lesions, which can be targeted for promoter hypermethylation. We therefore wanted to test whether hypermethylation of MMR genes (hMLH1, hMSH2) could contribute to oral carcinogenesis by correlating the information to patient clinical data. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 28 OSCC and six normal oral epithelium samples. The methylation status of the two MMR genes was assessed using Methylation Specific PCR after DNA modification with sodium bisulfite. Serial sections of the same tissues were immunostained with antibodies against hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein. RESULTS Promoter hypermethylation was observed in 14/28 OSCC cases. Remarkably, 100% of patients with multiple oral malignancies showed hypermethylation in hMLH1 or hMSH2 compared with 31.5% of single tumor patients. In 10 cancer cases, expression of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes by immunostaining showed reduced or absence of expression of one of the genes, although some did not reflect the methylation status. CONCLUSIONS Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 might play a role in oral carcinogenesis and may be correlated with a tendency to develop multiple oral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Czerninski
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Evaluation of tumor microsatellite instability in laryngeal cancer using five quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeats and pentaplex PCR. Adv Med Sci 2008; 53:59-63. [PMID: 18650148 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-008-0023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine microsatellite instability (MSI) in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed in a group of 30 male patients, aged 42-47 years. All patients underwent total laryngectomy with lymph nodectomy. Histologically all tumors were squamous cell carcinomas. Detection of MSI was based on comparison of allelic profiles generated from amplification of matching normal and tumor DNA. RESULTS The appearance of novel alleles in the tumor DNA indicated microsatellite instability. MSI analysis showed a microsatellite stable phenotype in 23 cases (77%). CONCLUSIONS MSI may not contribute to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.
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Sengupta S, Chakrabarti S, Roy A, Panda CK, Roychoudhury S. Inactivation of human mutL homolog 1 and mutS homolog 2 genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors and leukoplakia samples by promoter hypermethylation and its relation with microsatellite instability phenotype. Cancer 2007; 109:703-12. [PMID: 17219447 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) exhibits a microsatellite instability (MIN) phenotype. The authors correlated alterations in the mismatch-repair genes human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1) and human mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2) in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors and in samples of leukoplakia with the MIN phenotype. METHODS One hundred twenty-three paired HNSCC normal and tumor tissues and 27 leukoplakia samples were examined for hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoters. The hypermethylation status of the tissues was confirmed by expression studies. Sixty-three of 123 randomly selected tumors and all 27 leukplakia samples were genotyped with 8 microsatellite markers to determine MIN. RESULTS Fifty percent of HNSCC tumors and 63% of leukoplakia samples harbored hypermethylation at either or both hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoters. Normal tissues adjacent to methylation-positive tumors also demonstrated hypermethylation of both promoters at a high frequency (25%). A positive correlation between tobacco habit and promoter hypermethylation was observed (P = .001). A correlation was observed between MIN and the frequency of promoter hypermethylation in the leukoplakia samples, but no such trend was observed in the HNSCC tumors. It is noteworthy that patients who had a high frequency of MIN-positive tumors exhibited hypermethylation in both the affected tissues and the adjacent normal tissues (P = .007). Patients with a tobacco habit who had promoter hypermethylation at both the affected tissues and the adjacent normal tissues had tumors that mostly were MIN positive (P = .047). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that tobacco-addicted individuals are more susceptible to promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 and that, if such hypermethylation occurs in the normal squamous epithelium of the head and neck region, then those tissues are likely to develop into tumors that involve the MIN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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