1
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Morgan C, Annegers B, Taylor MK, Shuger Fox S, Titcomb TJ. Association of diabetes mellitus with dementia- and non-dementia-related mortality amongst women: a secondary competing risks analysis of the California Teachers Study. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16294. [PMID: 38563189 PMCID: PMC11161306 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The prevalence of dementia is rapidly increasing. Attempts to further understand modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM) are urgently needed to inform public health policies for prevention. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the relationship between DM and risk of dementia and non-dementia mortality amongst women in the California Teachers Study prospective cohort. METHODS Women (n = 124,509) aged 22-104 years at baseline were included. DM was ascertained from self-reported questionnaires and hospital-linked records. Dementia-related deaths were ascertained from state and national records. Competing risk regression models were used to estimate cause-specific hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of DM with dementia- and non-dementia-related mortality. RESULTS There were 10,511 total DM cases and 3625 deaths due to dementia over a mean of 21.3 years of follow-up. Fully adjusted cause-specific hazard ratios of the association with DM were 2.26 (2.01, 2.55) for dementia-related and 1.97 (1.89, 2.05) for the competing risk of non-dementia-related mortality. This association was strongest amongst participants with incident DM, younger age at baseline and higher alcohol consumption or who were overweight. CONCLUSIONS In the California Teachers Study, women with DM had increased risk of mortality due to both dementia and non-dementia causes; however, the risk of mortality due to dementia was elevated compared to non-dementia causes only amongst participants with incident DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Morgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Central College, Pella, Iowa, USA
| | - Bradon Annegers
- Department of Kinesiology, Central College, Pella, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew K Taylor
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | - Sara Shuger Fox
- Department of Kinesiology, Central College, Pella, Iowa, USA
| | - Tyler J Titcomb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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2
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Perneczky R, Nitschmann S. [The monoclonal antibody gantenerumab in the treatment of early Alzheimer's disease]. INNERE MEDIZIN (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 65:524-526. [PMID: 38630163 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-024-01695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Abteilung für Psychische Gesundheit im Alter und Alzheimer Therapie- und Forschungszentrum, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland.
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3
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Muthu SA, Qureshi A, Sharma R, Bisaria I, Parvez S, Grover S, Ahmad B. Redesigning the kinetics of lysozyme amyloid aggregation by cephalosporin molecules. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38682862 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2335304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In lysozyme amyloidosis, fibrillar aggregates of lysozyme are associated with severe renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal manifestations, with no definite therapy. Current drugs are now being tested in amyloidosis clinical trials as aggregation inhibitors to mitigate disease progression. The tetracycline group among antimicrobials in use is in phase II of clinical trials, whereas some macrolides and cephalosporins have shown neuroprotection. In the present study, two cephalosporins, ceftazidime (CZD) and cefotaxime (CXM), and a glycopeptide, vancomycin (VNC), are evaluated for inhibition of amyloid aggregation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) under two conditions (i) 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) at pH 6.5 and 37° C, (ii) At pH 1.5 and 65 °C. Fluorescence quench titration and molecular docking methods report that CZD, CXM, and VNC interact more strongly with the partially folded intermediates (PFI) in comparison to the protein's natural state (N). However, only CZD and CXM proficiently inhibit the aggregation. Transmission electron microscopy, tinctorial assessments, and aggregation kinetics all support oligomer-level inhibition. Transition structures in CZD-HEWL and CXM-HEWL aggregation are shown by circular dichroism (CD). On the other hand, kinetic variables and soluble fraction assays point to a localized association of monomers. Intrinsic fluorescence (IF),1-Anilino 8-naphthalene sulphonic acid, and CD demonstrate structural and conformational modifications redesigning the PFI. GuHCl-induced unfolding and differential scanning fluorimetry suggested that the PFI monomers bound to CZD and CXM exhibited partial stability. Our results present two mechanisms that function in both solution conditions, creating a novel avenue for the screening of putative inhibitors for drug repurposing. We extend our proposed mechanisms in the designing of physical inhibitors of amyloid aggregation considering shorter time frames and foolproof methods.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani A Muthu
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Afnaan Qureshi
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishita Bisaria
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Basir Ahmad
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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4
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Li WB, Xu LL, Wang SL, Wang YY, Pan YC, Shi LQ, Guo DS. Co-Assembled Nanoparticles toward Multi-Target Combinational Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease by Making Full Use of Molecular Recognition and Self-Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401918. [PMID: 38662940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The complex pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) severely limit the effectiveness of single-target pharmic interventions, thus necessitating multi-pronged therapeutic strategies. While flexibility is essentially demanded in constructing such multi-target systems, for achieving optimal synergies and also accommodating the inherent heterogeneity within AD. Utilizing the dynamic reversibility of supramolecular strategy for conferring sufficient tunability in component substitution and proportion adjustment, amphiphilic calixarenes are poised to be a privileged molecular tool for facilely achieving function integration. Herein, taking β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrillation and oxidative stress as model combination pattern, a supramolecular multifunctional integration is proposed by co-assembling guanidinium-modified calixarene with ascorbyl palmitate and loading dipotassium phytate within calixarene cavity. Serial pivotal events can be simultaneously addressed by this versatile system, including 1) inhibition of Aβ production and aggregation, 2) disintegration of Aβ fibrils, 3) acceleration of Aβ metabolic clearance, and 4) regulation of oxidative stress, which is verified to significantly ameliorate the cognitive impairment of 5×FAD mice, with reduced Aβ plaque content, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Confronted with the extremely intricate clinical realities of AD, the strategy presented here exhibits ample adaptability for necessary alterations on combinations, thereby may immensely expedite the advancement of AD combinational therapy through providing an exceptionally convenient platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Si-Lei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ying-Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Chen Pan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin-Qi Shi
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300090, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, China
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Kon T, Ichimata S, Di Luca DG, Martinez-Valbuena I, Kim A, Yoshida K, Alruwaita AA, Kleiner G, Strafella AP, Forrest SL, Sato C, Rogaeva E, Fox SH, Lang AE, Kovacs GG. Multiple system atrophy with amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae141. [PMID: 38712319 PMCID: PMC11073746 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a neurodegenerative disease with α-synuclein pathology predominating in the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. Mixed pathologies are considered to be of low frequency and mostly comprise primary age-related tauopathy or low levels of Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathologic change. Therefore, the concomitant presence of different misfolded proteins in the same brain region is less likely in multiple system atrophy. During the neuropathological evaluation of 21 consecutive multiple system atrophy cases, we identified four cases exhibiting an unusual discrepancy between high Thal amyloid-β phase and low transentorhinal Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage. We mapped α-synuclein pathology, measured the size and number of glial cytoplasmic inclusions and compared the amyloid-β peptides between multiple system atrophy and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we performed α-synuclein seeding assay from the affected putamen samples. We performed genetic testing for APOE, MAPT, PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP. We refer to the four multiple system atrophy cases with discrepancy between amyloid-β and tau pathology as 'amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy' to distinguish these from multiple system atrophy with primary age-related tauopathy or multiple system atrophy with typical Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change. As most multiple system atrophy cases with mixed pathologies reported in the literature, these cases did not show a peculiar clinical or MRI profile. Three amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy cases were available for genetic testing, and all carried the APOE ɛ4 allele. The extent and severity of neuronal loss and α-synuclein pathology were not different compared with typical multiple system atrophy cases. Analysis of amyloid-β peptides revealed more premature amyloid-β plaques in amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy compared with Alzheimer's disease. α-Synuclein seeding amplification assay showed differences in the kinetics in two cases. This study highlights a rare mixed pathology variant of multiple system atrophy in which there is an anatomical meeting point of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, i.e. the striatum or cerebellum. Since biomarkers are entering clinical practice, these cases will be recognized, and the clinicians have to be informed that the prognosis is not necessarily different than in pure multiple system atrophy cases but that the effect of potential α-synuclein-based therapies might be influenced by the co-presence of amyloid-β in regions where α-synuclein also aggregates. We propose that mixed pathologies should be interpreted not only based on differences in the clinical phenotype but also on whether protein depositions regionally overlap, potentially leading to a different response to α-synuclein-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ichimata
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daniel G Di Luca
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ivan Martinez-Valbuena
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ain Kim
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Abdullah A Alruwaita
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Neurology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Galit Kleiner
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Movement Disorders and Spasticity Management Clinic, Pamela and Paul Austin Centre for Neurology and Behavioral Support, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Shelley L Forrest
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Susan H Fox
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Trares K, Wiesenfarth M, Stocker H, Perna L, Petrera A, Hauck SM, Beyreuther K, Brenner H, Schöttker B. Addition of inflammation-related biomarkers to the CAIDE model for risk prediction of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in a prospective study. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:23. [PMID: 38570813 PMCID: PMC10988812 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is of interest whether inflammatory biomarkers can improve dementia prediction models, such as the widely used Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) model. METHODS The Olink Target 96 Inflammation panel was assessed in a nested case-cohort design within a large, population-based German cohort study (n = 9940; age-range: 50-75 years). All study participants who developed dementia over 20 years of follow-up and had complete CAIDE variable data (n = 562, including 173 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 199 vascular dementia (VD) cases) as well as n = 1,356 controls were selected for measurements. 69 inflammation-related biomarkers were eligible for use. LASSO logistic regression and bootstrapping were utilized to select relevant biomarkers and determine areas under the curve (AUCs). RESULTS The CAIDE model 2 (including Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status) predicted all-cause dementia, AD, and VD better than CAIDE model 1 (without APOE ε4) with AUCs of 0.725, 0.752 and 0.707, respectively. Although 20, 7, and 4 inflammation-related biomarkers were selected by LASSO regression to improve CAIDE model 2, the AUCs did not increase markedly. CAIDE models 1 and 2 generally performed better in mid-life (50-64 years) than in late-life (65-75 years) sub-samples of our cohort, but again, inflammation-related biomarkers did not improve their predictive abilities. CONCLUSIONS Despite a lack of improvement in dementia risk prediction, the selected inflammation-related biomarkers were significantly associated with dementia outcomes and may serve as a starting point to further elucidate the pathogenesis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Trares
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Manuel Wiesenfarth
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Stocker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Laura Perna
- Department of Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, Munich, 80804, Germany
- Division of Mental Health of Older Adults, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Beyreuther
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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7
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Elbatrawy AA, Ademoye TA, Alnakhala H, Tripathi A, Zami A, Ostafe R, Dettmer U, Fortin JS. Discovery of small molecule benzothiazole and indole derivatives tackling tau 2N4R and α-synuclein fibrils. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117613. [PMID: 38330847 PMCID: PMC10921547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tau and α-synuclein aggregates are the main histopathological hallmarks present in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and other neurodegenerative disorders. Intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation is significantly connected to the degree of cognitive impairment in AD patients. In particular, the longest 2N4R tau isoform has a propensity to rapidly form oligomers and mature fibrils. On the other hand, misfolding of α-synuclein (α-syn) is the characteristic feature in PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). There is a strong crosstalk between the two prone-to-aggregation proteins as they coprecipitated in some brains of AD, PD, and DLB patients. Simultaneous targeting of both proteinaceous oligomers and aggregates is still challenging. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized benzothiazole- and indole-based compounds using the structural hybridization strategy between the benzothiazole N744 cyanine dye and the diphenyl pyrazole Anle138b that showed anti-aggregation activity towards 2N4R tau and α-syn, respectively. The anti-aggregation effect of the prepared compounds was monitored using the thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence assay, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to detect fibrils upon the completion of a time-course study with the ThT assay. Moreover, the photo-induced crosslinking of unmodified protein (PICUP) assay was used to determine the formation of oligomers. Specifically, compounds 46 and 48 demonstrated the highest anti-aggregation activity by decreasing the ThT fluorescence to 4.0 and 14.8%, respectively, against α-syn. Although no noticeable effect on 2N4R tau oligomers, 46 showed promising anti-oligomer activity against α-syn. Both compounds induced a significantly high anti-aggregation effect against the two protein fibrils as visualized by TEM. Moreover, compound 48 remarkably inhibited α-syn inclusion and cell confluence using M17D cells. Collectively, compounds 46 and 48 could serve as a basic structure for further optimization to develop clinically active AD and PD disease-modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elbatrawy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Taiwo A Ademoye
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heba Alnakhala
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arati Tripathi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashique Zami
- Molecular Evolution, Protein Engineering, and Production facility in Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raluca Ostafe
- Molecular Evolution, Protein Engineering, and Production facility in Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica S Fortin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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8
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Perneczky R, Dom G, Chan A, Falkai P, Bassetti C. Anti-amyloid antibody treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16049. [PMID: 37697714 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Our aim is to review the most recent evidence on novel antibody therapies for Alzheimer's disease directed against amyloid-β. This is a joint statement of the European Association of Neurology and the European Psychiatric Association. After numerous unsuccessful endeavors to create a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease, substantial and consistent evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies aimed at amyloid-β is finally emerging. The latest trials not only achieved their primary objective of slowing the progression of the disease over several months but also demonstrated positive secondary clinical outcomes and a decrease in amyloid-β levels as observed through positron emission tomography scans. Taken as a whole, these findings mark a significant breakthrough by substantiating that reducing amyloid-β yields tangible clinical benefits, beyond mere changes in biomarkers. Concurrently, the regular utilization of the new generation of drugs will determine whether statistical efficacy translates into clinically meaningful improvements. This may well signify the dawning of a new era in the development of drugs for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for System Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Geert Dom
- Faculty of Medicine and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Psychiatric Association (EPA), Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
- European Psychiatric Association (EPA), Strasbourg, France
- Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Academy of Neurology (EAN), Vienna, Austria
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9
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Oliveira Silva R, Counil H, Rabanel JM, Haddad M, Zaouter C, Ben Khedher MR, Patten SA, Ramassamy C. Donepezil-Loaded Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Superior Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles Over Polymeric Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1077-1096. [PMID: 38317848 PMCID: PMC10843980 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s449227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is challenging and therefore severely restricts neurodegenerative diseases therapy such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Donepezil (DNZ) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor largely prescribed to AD patients, but its use is limited due to peripheral adverse events. Nanodelivery strategies with the polymer Poly (lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-based nanoparticles (NPs-PLA-PEG) and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) were developed with the aim to improve the ability of DNZ to cross the BBB, its brain targeting and efficacy. Methods EVs were isolated from human plasma and PLA-PEG NPs were synthesized by nanoprecipitation. The toxicity, brain targeting capacity and cholinergic activities of the formulations were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results EVs and NPs-PLA-PEG were designed to be similar in size and charge, efficiently encapsulated DNZ and allowed sustained drug release. In vitro study showed that both formulations EVs-DNZ and NPs-PLA-PEG-DNZ were highly internalized by the endothelial cells bEnd.3. These cells cultured on the Transwell® model were used to analyze the transcytosis of both formulations after validation of the presence of tight junctions, the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and the permeability of the Dextran-FITC. In vivo study showed that both formulations were not toxic to zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). However, hyperactivity was evidenced in the NPs-PLA-PEG-DNZ and free DNZ groups but not the EVs-DNZ formulations. Biodistribution analysis in zebrafish larvae showed that EVs were present in the brain parenchyma, while NPs-PLA-PEG remained mainly in the bloodstream. Conclusion The EVs-DNZ formulation was more efficient to inhibit the AChE enzyme activity in the zebrafish larvae head. Thus, the bioinspired delivery system (EVs) is a promising alternative strategy for brain-targeted delivery by substantially improving the activity of DNZ for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rummenigge Oliveira Silva
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Hermine Counil
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Mohamed Haddad
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charlotte Zaouter
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Raâfet Ben Khedher
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
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10
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Persson K, Barca ML, Edwin TH, Cavallin‐Eklund L, Tangen GG, Rhodius‐Meester HFM, Selbæk G, Knapskog A, Engedal K. Regional MRI volumetry using NeuroQuant versus visual rating scales in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3397. [PMID: 38600026 PMCID: PMC10839122 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aims were to compare the novel regional brain volumetric measures derived by the automatic software NeuroQuant (NQ) with clinically used visual rating scales of medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), global cortical atrophy-frontal (GCA-f), and posterior atrophy (PA) brain regions, assessing their diagnostic validity, and to explore if combining automatic and visual methods would increase diagnostic prediction accuracy. METHODS Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from 86 patients with subjective and mild cognitive impairment (i.e., non-dementia, n = 41) and dementia (n = 45) from the Memory Clinic at Oslo University Hospital were assessed using NQ volumetry and with visual rating scales. Correlations, receiver operating characteristic analyses calculating area under the curves (AUCs) for diagnostic accuracy, and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The correlations between NQ volumetrics and visual ratings of corresponding regions were generally high between NQ hippocampi/temporal volumes and MTA (r = -0.72/-0.65) and between NQ frontal volume and GCA-f (r = -0.62) but lower between NQ parietal/occipital volumes and PA (r = -0.49/-0.37). AUCs of each region, separating non-dementia from dementia, were generally comparable between the two methods, except that NQ hippocampi volume did substantially better than visual MTA (AUC = 0.80 vs. 0.69). Combining both MRI methods increased only the explained variance of the diagnostic prediction substantially regarding the posterior brain region. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study encourage the use of regional automatic volumetry in locations lacking neuroradiologists with experience in the rating of atrophy typical of neurodegenerative diseases, and in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Persson
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and HealthVestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Maria L. Barca
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and HealthVestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Trine Holt Edwin
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Gro Gujord Tangen
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and HealthVestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health ScienceOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Hanneke F. M. Rhodius‐Meester
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, NeurologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, NeurodegenerationAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Medicine SectionVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Geir Selbæk
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and HealthVestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anne‐Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Knut Engedal
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and HealthVestfold Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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11
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Zhao T, Jia J. Polygalacic acid attenuates cognitive impairment by regulating inflammation through PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14581. [PMID: 38421141 PMCID: PMC10851321 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of polygalacic acid (PA) extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Polygala tenuifolia in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the potential targets and pathways of PA. Molecular docking was applied to analyze the combination between PA and core targets. Aβ42 oligomer-induced AD mice model and microglia were used to detect the effect of PA on the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and its further mechanism. In addition, a co-culture system of microglia and neuronal cells was constructed to assess the effect of PA on activating microglia-mediated neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS We predict that PA might regulate inflammation by targeting PPARγ-mediated pathways by using network pharmacology. In vivo study, PA could attenuate cognitive deficits and inhibit the expression levels of inflammation-related factors. In vitro study, PA can also decrease the production of activated microglia-mediated inflammatory cytokines and reduce the apoptosis of N2a neuronal cells. PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 inversed the neuroprotective effect of PA. Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed PA might attenuate the inflammation through the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS PA is expected to provide a valuable candidate for new drug development for AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive DisordersBeijingChina
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory ImpairmentCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Alzheimer's DiseaseBeijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of EducationBeijingChina
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12
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Sharma A, Ewald CY. Clearance of extracellular human amyloid-β aggregates in C. elegans by nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.000907. [PMID: 38287930 PMCID: PMC10823790 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Numerous anti-amyloid therapies have seen recent clinical development and approval, such as the monoclonal antibodies aducanumab and lecanemab. However, in Alzheimer's disease patients, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are found embedded in the extracellular matrix and surrounded by collagens, which might hinder these antibodies from targeting the plaques. We reasoned that various different nutraceutical and pharmaceutical agents might induce collagen and extracellular matrix turnover and removal of these collagen-embedded amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. To address this idea, here, we used a transgenic C. elegans strain, LSD2104 , expressing fluorescent human Aβ 1-42 as an in-vivo model for secreted amyloid aggregation in the extracellular matrix. We performed a screen of various nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals along with different combinations, and we found that quercetin 350 µM and rifampicin 75 µM successfully cleared the extracellular amyloid plaque burden compared to the 0.2% DMSO control group, with a combination of the two agents producing the maximum effect compared to either drug alone. These results may implicate the exploration of combination therapeutics of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals in the clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arastu Sharma
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, 8603 Schwerzenbach-Zürich, Switzerland
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Collin Y Ewald
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, 8603 Schwerzenbach-Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Thariat J, Little MP, Zablotska LB, Samson P, O’Banion MK, Leuraud K, Bergom C, Girault G, Azimzadeh O, Bouffler S, Hamada N. Radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases: benefits and long-term risks. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:505-526. [PMID: 38180039 PMCID: PMC11039429 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2295966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The discovery of X-rays was followed by a variety of attempts to treat infectious diseases and various other non-cancer diseases with ionizing radiation, in addition to cancer. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the use of such radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases. Non-cancer diseases for which use of radiotherapy has currently been proposed include refractory ventricular tachycardia, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and dementia), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, all with ongoing clinical studies that deliver radiation doses of 0.5-25 Gy in a single fraction or in multiple daily fractions. In addition to such non-cancer effects, historical indications predominantly used in some countries (e.g. Germany) include osteoarthritis and degenerative diseases of the bones and joints. This narrative review gives an overview of the biological rationale and ongoing preclinical and clinical studies for radiotherapy proposed for various non-cancer diseases, discusses the plausibility of the proposed biological rationale, and considers the long-term radiation risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases. CONCLUSIONS A growing body of evidence has suggested that radiation represents a double-edged sword, not only for cancer, but also for non-cancer diseases. At present, clinical evidence has shown some beneficial effects of radiotherapy for ventricular tachycardia, but there is little or no such evidence of radiotherapy for other newly proposed non-cancer diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, COVID-19 pneumonia). Patients with ventricular tachycardia and COVID-19 pneumonia have thus far been treated with radiotherapy when they are an urgent life threat with no efficient alternative treatment, but some survivors may encounter a paradoxical situation where patients were rescued by radiotherapy but then get harmed by radiotherapy. Further studies are needed to justify the clinical use of radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases, and optimize dose to diseased tissue while minimizing dose to healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Thariat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire IN2P3, ENSICAEN/CNRS UMR 6534, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pamela Samson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Research Department on Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gilles Girault
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, Medical Library, Caen, France
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Radiation Protection Sciences Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Teipel SJ, Temp AGM, Lutz MW. Bayesian meta-analysis of phase 3 results of aducanumab, lecanemab, donanemab, and high-dose gantenerumab in prodromal and mild Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2024; 10:e12454. [PMID: 38389855 PMCID: PMC10883242 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phase 3 trials using the anti-amyloid antibodies aducanumab, lecanemab, donanemab, and high-dose gantenerumab in prodromal and mild Alzheimer's disease dementia were heterogeneous in respect to statistical significance of effects. However, heterogeneity of results has not yet directly be quantified. METHODS We used Bayesian random effects meta-analysis to quantify evidence for or against a treatment effect, and assessed the size of the effect and its heterogeneity. Data were extracted from published studies where available and Web based data reports, assuming a Gaussian data generation process. RESULTS We found moderate evidence in favor of a treatment effect (Bayes factor = 13.2). The effect was moderate to small with -0.33 (95% credible interval -0.54 to -0.10) points on the Clinical Dementia Rating - Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) scale. The heterogeneity parameter was low to moderate with 0.21 (0.04 to 0.45) CDR-SB points. DISCUSSION Heterogeneity across studies was moderate despite some trials reaching statistical significance, while others did not. This suggests that the negative aducanumab and gantenerumab trials are in full agreement with the expected effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Teipel
- Working group on clincial dementia research Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Medicine Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Anna G M Temp
- Working group on clincial dementia research Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock Germany
- Department of Neurology Berufsgenossenschaftliches Klinikum Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
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15
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Cummings J, Osse AML, Cammann D, Powell J, Chen J. Anti-Amyloid Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BioDrugs 2024; 38:5-22. [PMID: 37955845 PMCID: PMC10789674 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), aducanumab and lecanemab, have received accelerated approval from the US FDA for initiation of treatment in early Alzheimer's disease patients who have proven β-amyloid pathology (Aβ). One of these, lecanemab, has subsequently received full approval and other monoclonal antibodies are poised for positive review and approval. Anti-amyloid mAbs share the feature of producing a marked reduction in total brain Aβ revealed by amyloid positron emission tomography. Trials associated with slowing of cognitive decline have achieved a reduction in measurable plaque Aβ in the range of 15-25 centiloids; trials of agents that did not reach this threshold were not associated with cognitive benefit. mAbs have differences in terms of titration schedules, MRI monitoring schedules for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), and continuing versus interrupted therapy. The approximate 30% slowing of decline observed with mAbs is clinically meaningful in terms of extended cognitive integrity and delay of onset of the more severe dementia phases of Alzheimer's disease. Approval of these agents initiates a new era in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics with disease-modifying properties. Further advances are needed, i.e. greater efficacy, improved safety, enhanced convenience, and better understanding of ill-understood observations such as brain volume loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA.
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA.
- , 1380 Opal Valley Street, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA.
| | - Amanda M Leisgang Osse
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Davis Cammann
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jayde Powell
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
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16
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Perneczky R, Hansen N, Hofmann A, Laske C, Priller J, Grimmer T, Frölich L, Düzel E, Jessen F, Wiltfang J. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Early Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis in Real-World Settings. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:3-14. [PMID: 38427184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
As our knowledge about the biology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) expands and we recognize the significance of early intervention for effective treatment, there is a shift in focus toward detecting the disease at an early stage. AD is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau proteins in the brain, leading to the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. While a definitive diagnosis of AD can only be confirmed through autopsy by examining these pathological features, there are now reliable methods available for diagnosing the disease in living individuals. These methods involve analyzing cerebrospinal fluid and using positron emission tomography to accurately assess the presence of Aβ and tau proteins. While these diagnostic markers have shown high accuracy in memory-clinic populations, they do have limitations such as the requirement for invasive lumbar puncture or exposure to ionizing radiation. Additionally, they are not easily accessible outside of specialized healthcare settings. Blood-based biomarkers of the core pathological features of AD are being developed, showing promise for less invasive, scalable identification of AD cases in the community. The advantages for the healthcare systems of this development are obvious, but the diagnostic performance of blood-based biomarkers in broader, non-selected populations outside of retrospective analyses and research cohorts still requires further investigation, including the combination with more effective neuropsychological assessments such as digital cognitive test solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Hofmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Perneczky R. Alzheimer's Disease Prevention and Treatment Based on Population-Based Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:15-33. [PMID: 38427185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia is hindered by limited knowledge of the underlying biological and environmental causes. While certain genetic factors have been associated with AD, and various lifestyle and environmental factors have been linked to dementia risk, the interactions between genes and the environment are not yet fully understood. To identify new avenues for dementia prevention, coordinated global efforts are needed to utilize existing cohorts and resources effectively and efficiently. This chapter provides an overview of current research on risk and protective factors for AD and dementia and discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with population-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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18
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Granzotto A, Sensi SL. Once upon a time, the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102161. [PMID: 38065226 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have sparked a renewed interest in disease-modifying therapies. Despite their promise, these trials leave the issue open and posit some doubts about the validity of the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis (ACH). While some scores of neurocognitive tests improved upon treatment, real-world clinical benefits were minimal. This Viewpoint discusses additional, often overlooked findings from these trials. We also emphasize the multifactorial nature of AD and the need for a broader research perspective beyond the simplistic disease model provided by the ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies - ITAB, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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19
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Ehlbeck JT, Grimard DM, Hacker RM, Garcia JA, Wall BJ, Bothwell PJ, Jones MA, Webb MI. Finding the best location: Improving the anti-amyloid ability of ruthenium(III) complexes with pyridine ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112424. [PMID: 37952508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder where one of the primary pathological hallmarks are aggregate deposits of the peptide amyloid-beta (Aβ). Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved therapeutics that specifically target Aβ, resulting in the removal of these deposits, the associated costs of such treatments create a need for effective, yet cheaper, alternatives. Metal-based compounds are propitious therapeutic candidates as they exploit the metal-binding properties of Aβ, forming stable interactions with the peptide, thereby limiting its aggregation and toxicity. Previously, ruthenium-based complexes have shown a strong ability to modulate the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ, where the incorporation of a primary amine on the coordinated heterocyclic ligand gave the greatest activity. To determine the importance of the location of the primary amine on the pyridine ligand, thereby establishing structure-activity relationships (SAR), four complexes (RuP1-4) were prepared and evaluated for their ability to coordinate and subsequently modulate the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ. Coordination to Aβ was determined using three complementary spectroscopic methods: UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and circular dichroism (CD). Similarly, the impact of the complexes on Aβ aggregation was evaluated using three sequential methods of turbidity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, the location of the primary amine on the pyridine ligand did affect the resultant anti-Aβ performance, with the 2-aminopyridine complex (RuP2) being the most active. This SAR will provide another guiding principle in the design of future metal-based anti-Aβ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Ehlbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Daniela M Grimard
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Hacker
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America
| | - Jimmy A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Brendan J Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Paige J Bothwell
- Core Microscope Facility, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States of America
| | - Marjorie A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Michael I Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America.
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20
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Frederiksen KS, Morató X, Zetterberg H, Gauthier S, Boada M, Pytel V, Mattke S. Focusing on Earlier Management of Alzheimer Disease: Expert Opinion Based on a Modified Nominal Group Technique. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2024; 38:1-7. [PMID: 38300883 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the number of people living with Alzheimer disease (AD), awareness of the early stages of this condition, including mild cognitive impairment due to AD-which poses management challenges-continues to be low. To identify areas for improvement in early AD management, dementia specialists convened in a virtual roundtable meeting. METHODOLOGY A modified version of the nominal group technique was followed to prioritize specific topics and allow experts to provide their opinions. The overarching topics prioritized and discussed were (1) education and support for primary care physicians on cognitive assessment, detection of mild cognitive impairment, and patient monitoring; (2) nonpharmacological interventions; (3) and the introduction of disease-modifying therapies. CONCLUSIONS Consensus was achieved regarding the need for educating primary care physicians on identifying people with cognitive impairment and for better diagnostic tools for its detection and early management. Management of mild cognitive impairment due to AD should encompass an adequate follow-up schedule aiming to maintain function for as long as possible, and primary care physicians and patients should be aware of the benefits of nonpharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xavier Morató
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat International de Catalunya-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Serge Gauthier
- AD and Related Disorders Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, and Medicine at McGill, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Mercè Boada
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat International de Catalunya-Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pytel
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat International de Catalunya-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soeren Mattke
- Center for Improving Chronic Illness Care at the University of Southern California, San Diego, CA
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21
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Marković M, Milošević J, Wang W, Cao Y. Passive Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid- β in Alzheimer's Disease: A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Perspective. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 105:1-13. [PMID: 37907353 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation in the brain. Passive immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies for targeting Aβ have shown promise for AD treatment. Indeed, recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of aducanumab and lecanemab, alongside positive donanemab Phase III results demonstrated clinical efficacy after decades of failed clinical trials for AD. However, the pharmacological basis distinguishing clinically effective from ineffective therapies remains unclear, impeding development of potent therapeutics. This study aimed to provide a quantitative perspective for effectively targeting Aβ with antibodies. We first reviewed the contradicting results associated with the amyloid hypothesis and the pharmacological basis of Aβ immunotherapy. Subsequently, we developed a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model that describes the non-linear progression of Aβ pathology and the pharmacologic actions of the Aβ-targeting antibodies. Using the QSP model, we analyzed various scenarios for effective passive immunotherapy for AD. The model revealed that binding exclusively to the Aβ monomer has minimal effect on Aβ aggregation and plaque reduction, making the antibody affinity toward Aβ monomer unwanted, as it could become a distractive mechanism for plaque reduction. Neither early intervention, high brain penetration, nor increased dose could yield significant improvement of clinical efficacy for antibodies targeting solely monomers. Antibodies that bind all Aβ species but lack effector function exhibited moderate effects in plaque reduction. Our model highlights the importance of binding aggregate Aβ species and incorporating effector functions for efficient and early plaque reduction, guiding the development of more effective therapies for this devastating disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite previous unsuccessful attempts spanning several decades, passive immunotherapies utilizing monoclonal antibodies for targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have demonstrated promise with two recent FDA approvals. However, the pharmacological basis that differentiates clinically effective therapies from ineffective ones remains elusive. Our study offers a quantitative systems pharmacology perspective, emphasizing the significance of selectively targeting specific Aβ species and importance of antibody effector functions. This perspective sheds light on the development of more effective therapies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Marković
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Jelica Milošević
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Weirong Wang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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22
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Crystal O, Maralani PJ, Black S, Fischer C, Moody AR, Khademi A. Brain Age Estimation on a Dementia Cohort Using FLAIR MRI Biomarkers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023; 44:1384-1390. [PMID: 38050032 PMCID: PMC10714845 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease presents an imperative intervention window. This work focuses on using brain age prediction models and biomarkers from FLAIR MR imaging to identify subjects who progress to Alzheimer's disease (converting mild cognitive impairment) or those who remain stable (stable mild cognitive impairment). MATERIALS AND METHODS A machine learning model was trained to predict the age of normal control subjects on the basis of volume, intensity, and texture features from 3239 FLAIR MRI volumes. The brain age gap estimation (BrainAGE) was computed as the difference between the predicted and true age, and it was used as a biomarker for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Differences in biomarker means, slopes, and intercepts were investigated using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Correlation analysis was performed between brain age gap estimation and established Alzheimer's disease indicators. RESULTS The brain age prediction model showed accurate results (mean absolute error = 2.46 years) when testing on held out normal control data. The computed BrainAGE metric showed significant differences between the stable mild cognitive impairment and converting mild cognitive impairment groups in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, most notably showing significant differences up to 4 years before conversion to Alzheimer's disease. A significant correlation was found between BrainAGE and previously established Alzheimer's disease conversion biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The BrainAGE metric can allow clinicians to consider a single explainable value that summarizes all the biomarkers because it considers many dimensions of disease and can determine whether the subject has normal aging patterns or if he or she is trending into a high-risk category using a single value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Crystal
- From the Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering (O.C., A.K.), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (O.C., A.K.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pejman J Maralani
- Department of Medical Imaging (P.J.M., A.R.M., A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Black
- Institute of Medical Science (S.B., C.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology (S.B.), Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (S.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Fischer
- Institute of Medical Science (S.B., C.F.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry (C.F.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Center (C.F., A.K.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R Moody
- Department of Medical Imaging (P.J.M., A.R.M., A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - April Khademi
- From the Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering (O.C., A.K.), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging (P.J.M., A.R.M., A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Center (C.F., A.K.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (O.C., A.K.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence (A.K.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Singh S, Mahajan M, Kumar D, Singh K, Chowdhary M, Amit. An inclusive study of recent advancements in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102369. [PMID: 37611472 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has remained elusive in revealing its pathophysiology and mechanism of development. In this review paper, we attempt to highlight several theories that abound about the exact pathway of AD development. The number of cases worldwide has prompted a constant flow of research to detect high-risk patients, slow the progression of the disease and discover improved methods of treatment that may prove effective. We shall focus on the two main classes of drugs that are currently in use; and emerging ones with novel mechanisms that are under development. As of late there has also been increased attention towards factors that were previously thought to be unrelated to AD, such as the gut microbiome, lifestyle habits, and diet. Studies have now shown that all these factors make an impact on AD progression, thus bringing to our attention more areas that could hold the key to combating this disease. This paper covers all the aforementioned factors concisely. We also briefly explore the relationship between mental health and AD, both before and after the diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mitali Mahajan
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dhawal Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kunika Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mehvish Chowdhary
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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24
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Lewkowicz E, Nakamura MN, Rynkiewicz MJ, Gursky O. Molecular modeling of apoE in complexes with Alzheimer's amyloid-β fibrils from human brain suggests a structural basis for apolipoprotein co-deposition with amyloids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:376. [PMID: 38010414 PMCID: PMC11061799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids, yet apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions are enigmatic. To understand how apoE interacts with Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in fibrillary deposits, the NMR structure of full-length human apoE was docked to four structures of patient-derived Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 fibrils determined previously using cryo-electron microscopy or solid-state NMR. Similar docking was done using the NMR structure of human apoC-III. In all complexes, conformational changes in apolipoproteins were required to expose large hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic α-helices for sub-stoichiometric binding to hydrophobic surfaces on sides or ends of fibrils. Basic residues flanking the hydrophobic helical faces in apolipoproteins interacted favorably with acidic residue ladders in some amyloid polymorphs. Molecular dynamics simulations of selected apoE-fibril complexes confirmed their stability. Amyloid binding via cryptic sites, which became available upon opening of flexibly linked apolipoprotein α-helices, resembled apolipoprotein-lipid binding. This mechanism probably extends to other apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions. Apolipoprotein binding alongside fibrils could interfere with fibril fragmentation and secondary nucleation, while binding at the fibril ends could halt amyloid elongation and dissolution in a polymorph-specific manner. The proposed mechanism is supported by extensive prior experimental evidence and helps reconcile disparate reports on apoE's role in Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, apoE domain opening and direct interaction of Arg/Cys158 with amyloid potentially contributes to isoform-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, current modeling supported by prior experimental studies suggests similar mechanisms for apolipoprotein-amyloid and apolipoprotein-lipid interactions; explains why apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids; and helps reconcile conflicting reports on the chaperone-like apoE action in Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lewkowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mari N Nakamura
- Undergraduate program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Rd, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Michael J Rynkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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25
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Gholami A. Alzheimer's disease: The role of proteins in formation, mechanisms, and new therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Lett 2023; 817:137532. [PMID: 37866702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to memory and cognitive decline. In AD, the brain experiences three main structural changes: a significant decrease in the quantity of neurons, the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) or senile plaques, which are protein deposits found outside cells and surrounded by dystrophic neurites. Genetic studies have identified four genes associated with autosomal dominant or familial early-onset AD (FAD): amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The formation of plaques primarily involves the accumulation of Aβ, which can be influenced by mutations in APP, PS1, PS2, or ApoE genes. Mutations in the APP and presenilin (PS) proteins can cause an increased amyloid β peptides production, especially the further form of amyloidogenic known as Aβ42. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors such as cytokines and neurotoxins may also have a significant impact on the development and progression of AD by influencing the formation of amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles. Exploring the causes and implications of protein aggregation in the brain could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches. Some promising therapy strategies that have reached the clinical stage include using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, estrogen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antioxidants, and antiapoptotic agents. The most hopeful therapeutic strategies involve inhibiting activity of secretase and preventing the β-amyloid oligomers and fibrils formation, which are associated with the β-amyloid fibrils accumulation in AD. Additionally, immunotherapy development holds promise as a progressive therapeutic approach for treatment of AD. Recently, the two primary categories of brain stimulation techniques that have been studied for the treatment of AD are invasive brain stimulation (IBS) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In this article, the amyloid proteins that play a significant role in the AD formation, the mechanism of disease formation as well as new drugs utilized to treat of AD will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Gholami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Lobos P, Vega-Vásquez I, Bruna B, Gleitze S, Toledo J, Härtel S, Hidalgo C, Paula-Lima A. Amyloid β-Oligomers Inhibit the Nuclear Ca 2+ Signals and the Neuroprotective Gene Expression Induced by Gabazine in Hippocampal Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1972. [PMID: 38001825 PMCID: PMC10669355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal activity generates dendritic and somatic Ca2+ signals, which, depending on stimulus intensity, rapidly propagate to the nucleus and induce the expression of transcription factors and genes with crucial roles in cognitive functions. Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), the main synaptotoxins engaged in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, generate aberrant Ca2+ signals in primary hippocampal neurons, increase their oxidative tone and disrupt structural plasticity. Here, we explored the effects of sub-lethal AβOs concentrations on activity-generated nuclear Ca2+ signals and on the Ca2+-dependent expression of neuroprotective genes. To induce neuronal activity, neuron-enriched primary hippocampal cultures were treated with the GABAA receptor blocker gabazine (GBZ), and nuclear Ca2+ signals were measured in AβOs-treated or control neurons transfected with a genetically encoded nuclear Ca2+ sensor. Incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the nuclear Ca2+ signals and the enhanced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) induced by GBZ. Likewise, incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the GBZ-induced increases in the mRNA levels of neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ryanodine receptor type-2 (RyR2), and the antioxidant enzyme NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1). Based on these findings we propose that AβOs, by inhibiting the generation of activity-induced nuclear Ca2+ signals, disrupt key neuroprotective gene expression pathways required for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lobos
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Ignacio Vega-Vásquez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Barbara Bruna
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis, Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Anatomy and Biology of Development Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging (CIES), Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
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27
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Ren J, Jepson CE, Nealy SL, Kuhlmann CJ, Osuka S, Azolibe SU, Blucas MT, Nagaoka-Kamata Y, Kharlampieva E, Kamata M. Site-oriented conjugation of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) for enhanced brain delivery of antibody. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214118. [PMID: 37920826 PMCID: PMC10618420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are limited in treating brain diseases due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. We have discovered that poly 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC), a biocompatible polymer, effectively facilitates BBB penetration via receptor-mediated transcytosis and have developed a PMPC-shell-based platform for brain delivery of therapeutic antibodies, termed nanocapsule. Yet, the platform results in functional loss of antibodies due to epitope masking by the PMPC polymer network, which necessitates the incorporation of a targeting moiety and degradable crosslinker to enable on-site antibody release. In this study, we developed a novel platform based on site-oriented conjugation of PMPC to the antibody, allowing it to maintain key functionalities of the original antibody. With an optimized PMPC chain length, the PMPC-antibody conjugate exhibited enhanced brain delivery while retaining epitope recognition, cellular internalization, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytic activity. This simple formula incorporates only the antibody and PMPC without requiring additional components, thereby addressing the issues of the nanocapsule platform and paving the way for PMPC-based brain delivery strategies for antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Chloe E. Jepson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sarah L. Nealy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Charles J. Kuhlmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stella Uloma Azolibe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Madison T. Blucas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka-Kamata
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Stolzer I, Scherer E, Süß P, Rothhammer V, Winner B, Neurath MF, Günther C. Impact of Microbiome-Brain Communication on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14925. [PMID: 37834373 PMCID: PMC10573483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health, with numerous studies demonstrating that alterations in microbial compositions can significantly affect the development and progression of various immune-mediated diseases affecting both the digestive tract and the central nervous system (CNS). This complex interplay between the microbiota, the gut, and the CNS is referred to as the gut-brain axis. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has gained increasing attention in recent years, and evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to disease development and progression. Clinical studies have shown alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients, with a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Furthermore, changes within the microbial community have been linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Microbiota-gut-brain communication can impact neurodegenerative diseases through various mechanisms, including the regulation of immune function, the production of microbial metabolites, as well as modulation of host-derived soluble factors. This review describes the current literature on the gut-brain axis and highlights novel communication systems that allow cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host that might influence the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eveline Scherer
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Süß
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Das V, Hajdúch M. Randomizing for Alzheimer's disease drug trials should consider the cancer history of participants. Brain 2023; 146:e75-e76. [PMID: 37243427 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Das
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Clement M. The association of microbial infection and adaptive immune cell activation in Alzheimer's disease. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad015. [PMID: 38567070 PMCID: PMC10917186 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Early symptoms include the loss of memory and mild cognitive ability; however, as the disease progresses, these symptoms can present with increased severity manifesting as mood and behaviour changes, disorientation, and a loss of motor/body control. AD is one of the leading causes of death in the UK, and with an ever-increasing ageing society, patient numbers are predicted to rise posing a significant global health emergency. AD is a complex neurophysiological disorder where pathology is characterized by the deposition and aggregation of misfolded amyloid-beta (Aβ)-protein that in-turn promotes excessive tau-protein production which together drives neuronal cell dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. It is widely accepted that AD is driven by a combination of both genetic and immunological processes with recent data suggesting that adaptive immune cell activity within the parenchyma occurs throughout disease. The mechanisms behind these observations remain unclear but suggest that manipulating the adaptive immune response during AD may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Using immunotherapy for AD treatment is not a new concept as the only two approved treatments for AD use antibody-based approaches to target Aβ. However, these have been shown to only temporarily ease symptoms or slow progression highlighting the urgent need for newer treatments. This review discusses the role of the adaptive immune system during AD, how microbial infections may be contributing to inflammatory immune activity and suggests how adaptive immune processes can pose as therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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31
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Maniv I, Sarji M, Bdarneh A, Feldman A, Ankawa R, Koren E, Magid-Gold I, Reis N, Soteriou D, Salomon-Zimri S, Lavy T, Kesselman E, Koifman N, Kurz T, Kleifeld O, Michaelson D, van Leeuwen FW, Verheijen BM, Fuchs Y, Glickman MH. Altered ubiquitin signaling induces Alzheimer's disease-like hallmarks in a three-dimensional human neural cell culture model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5922. [PMID: 37739965 PMCID: PMC10516951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by toxic protein accumulation in the brain. Ubiquitination is essential for protein clearance in cells, making altered ubiquitin signaling crucial in AD development. A defective variant, ubiquitin B + 1 (UBB+1), created by a non-hereditary RNA frameshift mutation, is found in all AD patient brains post-mortem. We now detect UBB+1 in human brains during early AD stages. Our study employs a 3D neural culture platform derived from human neural progenitors, demonstrating that UBB+1 alone induces extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and insoluble hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. UBB+1 competes with ubiquitin for binding to the deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1, leading to elevated levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), secreted Aβ peptides, and Aβ build-up. Crucially, silencing UBB+1 expression impedes the emergence of AD hallmarks in this model system. Our findings highlight the significance of ubiquitin signalling as a variable contributing to AD pathology and present a nonclinical platform for testing potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Maniv
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Mahasen Sarji
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Anwar Bdarneh
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Alona Feldman
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Roi Ankawa
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Elle Koren
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Inbar Magid-Gold
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Noa Reis
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shiran Salomon-Zimri
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tali Lavy
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ellina Kesselman
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, The Technion Center for Electron Microscopy of Soft Matter, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Naama Koifman
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, The Technion Center for Electron Microscopy of Soft Matter, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Thimo Kurz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniel Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Fred W van Leeuwen
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bert M Verheijen
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, 7670308, Israel.
| | - Michael H Glickman
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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32
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Nguyen KD, Kajiura H, Kamiya R, Yoshida T, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Production and N-glycan engineering of Varlilumab in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1215580. [PMID: 37615027 PMCID: PMC10442953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan engineering has dramatically evolved for the development and quality control of recombinant antibodies. Fc region of IgG contains two N-glycans whose galactose terminals on Fc-glycan have been shown to increase the stability of CH2 domain and improve effector functions. Nicotiana benthamiana has become one of the most attractive production systems for therapeutic antibodies. In this study, Varlilumab, a CD27-targeting monoclonal antibody, was transiently produced in fresh leaves of soil-grown and hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana, resulted in the yield of 174 and 618 µg/gram, respectively. However, the IgG produced in wild-type N. benthamiana lacked the terminal galactose residues in its N-glycan. Therefore, N-glycan engineering was applied to fine-tune recombinant antibodies produced in plant platforms. We further co-expressed IgG together with murine β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β1,4-GALT) to modify plant N-glycan with β1,4-linked Gal residue(s) and Arabidopsis thaliana β1,3-galactosylatransferase (β1,3-GALT) to improve galactosylation. The co-expression of IgG with each of GALTs successfully resulted in modification of N-glycan structures on the plant-produced IgG. Notably, IgG co-expressed with murine β1,4-GALT in soil-grown N. benthamiana had 42.5% of N-glycans variants having galactose (Gal) residues at the non-reducing terminus and 55.3% of that in hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana plants. Concomitantly, N-glycan profile analysis of IgG co-expressed with β1,3-GALT demonstrated that there was an increased efficiency of galactosylation and an enhancement in the formation of Lewis a structure in plant-derived antibodies. Taken together, our findings show that the first plant-derived Varlilumab was successfully produced with biantennary β1,4-galactosylated N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dua Nguyen
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamiya
- GreenLand-Kidaya Group Co Ltd., Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU: CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
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34
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Lewkowicz E, Nakamura MN, Rynkiewicz MJ, Gursky O. Molecular modeling of apoE in complexes with Alzheimer's amyloid-β fibrils from human brain suggests a structural basis for apolipoprotein co-deposition with amyloids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.551703. [PMID: 37577501 PMCID: PMC10418262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.551703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids, yet apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions are enigmatic. To understand how apoE interacts with Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in fibrillary deposits, the NMR structure of full-length human apoE was docked to four structures of patient-derived Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 fibrils determined previously using cryo-electron microscopy or solid-state NMR. Similar docking was done using the NMR structure of human apoC-III. In all complexes, conformational changes in apolipoproteins were required to expose large hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic α-helices for sub-stoichiometric binding to hydrophobic surfaces on sides or ends of fibrils. Basic residues flanking the hydrophobic helical faces in apolipoproteins interacted favorably with acidic residue ladders in some amyloid polymorphs. Molecular dynamics simulations of selected apoE-fibril complexes confirmed their stability. Amyloid binding via cryptic sites, which became available upon opening of flexibly linked apolipoprotein α-helices, resembled apolipoprotein-lipid binding. This mechanism probably extends to other apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions. Apolipoprotein binding alongside fibrils could interfere with fibril fragmentation and secondary nucleation, while binding at the fibril ends could halt amyloid elongation and dissolution in a polymorph-specific manner. The proposed mechanism is supported by extensive prior experimental evidence and helps reconcile disparate reports on apoE's role in Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, apoE domain opening and direct interaction of Arg/Cys158 with amyloid potentially contributes to isoform-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, current modeling supported by prior experimental studies suggests similar mechanisms for apolipoprotein-amyloid and apolipoprotein-lipid interactions; explains why apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids; and helps reconcile conflicting reports on the chaperone-like apoE action in Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lewkowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Mari N. Nakamura
- Undergraduate program, Department of Chemistry, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Rd, Middlebury, VT 05753VT United States
| | - Michael J. Rynkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
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35
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Imran Sajid M, Sultan Sheikh F, Anis F, Nasim N, Sumbria RK, Nauli SM, Kumar Tiwari R. siRNA drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114968. [PMID: 37353152 PMCID: PMC10528676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a few FDA-approved drugs that provide modest symptomatic benefits and only two FDA-approved disease-modifying treatments for AD. The advancements in understanding the causative genes and non-coding sequences at the molecular level of the pathophysiology of AD have resulted in several exciting research papers that employed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy. Although siRNA is being sought by academia and biopharma industries, several challenges still need to be addressed. We comprehensively report the latest advances in AD pathophysiology, druggable targets, ongoing clinical trials, and the siRNA-based approaches across the blood-brain barrier for addressing AD. This review describes the latest delivery systems employed to address this barrier. Critical insights and future perspectives on siRNA therapy for AD are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Sultan Sheikh
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Anis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nourina Nasim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Baber Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, 54792 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
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36
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Thomas BAI, Lewis HL, Jones DH, Ward SE. Central Nervous System Targeted Protein Degraders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1164. [PMID: 37627229 PMCID: PMC10452695 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system, which once occupied a large component of the pharmaceutical industry research and development portfolio, have for many years played a smaller part in major pharma pipelines-primarily due to the well cited challenges in target validation, valid translational models, and clinical trial design. Unfortunately, this decline in research and development interest has occurred in tandem with an increase in the medical need-in part driven by the success in treating other chronic diseases, which then results in a greater overall longevity along with a higher prevalence of diseases associated with ageing. The lead modality for drug agents targeting the brain remains the traditionally small molecule, despite potential in gene-based therapies and antibodies, particularly in the hugely anticipated anti-amyloid field, clearly driven by the additional challenge of effective distribution to the relevant brain compartments. However, in recognition of the growing disease burden, advanced therapies are being developed in tandem with improved delivery options. Hence, methodologies which were initially restricted to systemic indications are now being actively explored for a range of CNS diseases-an important class of which include the protein degradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedwyr ab Ion Thomas
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK (H.L.L.)
| | - H. Lois Lewis
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK (H.L.L.)
| | - D. Heulyn Jones
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK (H.L.L.)
- Chemistry Department, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK (H.L.L.)
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37
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Kuzman D, Klančnik U, Grum E, Derganc J. Real-Time Assessment of the Size Changes of Individual Sub-Visible Protein Particles under Buffer Variations: A Microfluidic Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1002. [PMID: 37513914 PMCID: PMC10386119 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein particles in biological drugs can significantly impact drug efficacy and carry the risk of adverse effects. Despite advancements, the understanding and control of particle formation in biopharmaceutical manufacturing remain incomplete. Therefore, further investigation into protein particles is warranted, especially considering that novel formats of biological drugs may be more susceptible to aggregation and particle formation than conventional monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we introduce a microfluidic approach for the real-time analysis of individual sub-visible protein particles during buffer exchange. We find that the modulation of intermolecular forces, achieved by changing the buffer pH or urea concentration, leads to the reversible swelling and shrinkage of particles by up to 50%, which is a consequence of altered intermolecular distances. Additionally, we identify a discrepancy in the biophysical behavior of protein particles compared to monomeric protein. This finding highlights the limited predictive power of commonly applied biophysical characterization methods for particle formation in early formulation development. Moreover, the observed particle swelling may be associated with manufacturing deviations, such as filter clogging. These results highlight the importance of studying individual particles to gain a comprehensive insight into particle behavior and the impact of formulation variations in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Kuzman
- Novartis d.o.o., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Urška Klančnik
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Grum
- Novartis d.o.o., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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38
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Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Smetanina D, Simiyu GL, Meribout S, King FC, Gelovani JG, Das KM, Gorkom KNV, Zaręba K, Almansoori TM, Szólics M, Ismail F, Ljubisavljevic M. Unraveling Lifelong Brain Morphometric Dynamics: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Healthy Neurodevelopment and Ageing. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1999. [PMID: 37509638 PMCID: PMC10377186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A high incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders justify the necessity of well-defined criteria for diagnosing these pathologies from brain imaging findings. No easy-to-apply quantitative markers of abnormal brain development and ageing are available. We aim to find the characteristic features of non-pathological development and degeneration in distinct brain structures and to work out a precise descriptive model of brain morphometry in age groups. We will use four biomedical databases to acquire original peer-reviewed publications on brain structural changes occurring throughout the human life-span. Selected publications will be uploaded to Covidence systematic review software for automatic deduplication and blinded screening. Afterwards, we will manually review the titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify the papers matching eligibility criteria. The relevant data will be extracted to a 'Summary of findings' table. This will allow us to calculate the annual rate of change in the volume or thickness of brain structures and to model the lifelong dynamics in the morphometry data. Finally, we will adjust the loss of weight/thickness in specific brain areas to the total intracranial volume. The systematic review will synthesise knowledge on structural brain change across the life-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Imaging Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Darya Smetanina
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gillian Lylian Simiyu
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Meribout
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Imaging Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, NY 11219, USA
| | - Fransina Christina King
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Neuroscience Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juri G Gelovani
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Provost Office, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karuna M Das
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus N-V Gorkom
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornelia Zaręba
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miklós Szólics
- Neurology Division, Medicine Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15258, United Arab Emirates
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Ismail
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Neuroscience Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Kechko OI, Adzhubei AA, Tolstova AP, Indeykina MI, Popov IA, Zhokhov SS, Gnuchev NV, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA, Kozin SA. Molecular Mechanism of Zinc-Dependent Oligomerization of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β with Taiwan (D7H) Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11241. [PMID: 37511001 PMCID: PMC10378775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a peptide formed by 39-43 amino acids, heterogenous by the length of its C-terminus. Aβ constitutes a subnanomolar monomeric component of human biological fluids; however, in sporadic variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it forms soluble neurotoxic oligomers and accumulates as insoluble extracellular polymeric aggregates (amyloid plaques) in the brain tissues. The plaque formation is controlled by zinc ions; therefore, abnormal interactions between the ions and Aβ seem to take part in the triggering of sporadic AD. The amyloid plaques contain various Aβ isoforms, among which the most common is Aβ with an isoaspartate in position 7 (isoD7). The spontaneous conversion of D7 to isoD7 is associated with Aβ aging. Aβ molecules with isoD7 (isoD7-Aβ) easily undergo zinc-dependent oligomerization, and upon administration to transgenic animals (mice, nematodes) used for AD modeling, act as zinc-dependent seeds of the pathological aggregation of Aβ. The formation of zinc-bound homo- and hetero-oligomers with the participation of isoD7-Aβ is based on the rigidly structured segment 11-EVHH-14, located in the Aβ metal binding domain (Aβ16). Some hereditary variants of AD are associated with familial mutations within the domain. Among these, the most susceptible to zinc-dependent oligomerization is Aβ with Taiwan (D7H) mutation (D7H-Aβ). In this study, the D7H-Aβ metal binding domain (D7H-Aβ16) has been used as a model to establish the molecular mechanism of zinc-induced D7H-Aβ oligomerization through turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry, mass spectrometry, and computer modelling. Additionally, the modeling data showed that a molecule of D7H-Aβ, as well as isoD7-Aβ in combination with two Aβ molecules, renders a stable zinc-induced heterotrimer. The trimers are held together by intermolecular interfaces via zinc ions, with the primary interfaces formed by 11-EVHH-14 sites of the interacting trimer subunits. In summary, the obtained results confirm the role of the 11-EVHH-14 region as a structure and function determinant for the zinc-dependent oligomerization of all known Aβ species (including various chemically modified isoforms and AD-associated mutants) and point at this region as a potent target for drugs aimed to stop amyloid plaque formation in both sporadic and hereditary variants of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kechko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna P Tolstova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria I Indeykina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Popov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zhokhov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Gnuchev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Gorthi SP, Gupta D. Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Today and Tomorrow. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:326-333. [PMID: 37970257 PMCID: PMC10645267 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_254_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The scope of treatment in Alzheimer's Disease has widened in recent times with FDA approval of new drugs. This review looks at established treatments in AD as well as critically analyses the newer drugs available. Methods Data in this review was gathered from PubMed; Google Scholar and MEDLINE from January-March 2023. Search words used were 'Alzheimer's Disease treatment' and 'Dementia treatment'. Results Older time tested drugs like Acetyl Choline Receptor Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor antagonists remain the mainstay of pharmacological treatment in AD. Despite a lot of excitement about newer FDA approved drugs; we have to be cautious in their use. Aducanumab showed good reduction in CSF amyloid levels (biomarker of AD); but this did not necessarily translate into better clinical outcomes of patients. Conclusion Despite the recent advances and approval of drugs in treatment of AD, we have to exhibit caution while prescribing these drugs. Even with a sound mechanism of action, these drugs do not always show improvement in clinical outcomes. More clinical trials are required for development of drugs in treatment of AD which explore various different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar P. Gorthi
- Department of Neurology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College (DTU) and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dulari Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College (DTU) and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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Ghosh S, Ali R, Verma S. Aβ-oligomers: A potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124231. [PMID: 36996958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The cascade of amyloid formation relates to multiple complex events at the molecular level. Previous research has established amyloid plaque deposition as the leading cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, detected mainly in aged population. The primary components of the plaques are two alloforms of amyloid-beta (Aβ), Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptides. Recent studies have provided considerable evidence contrary to the previous claim indicating that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs) as the main culprit responsible for AD-associated neurotoxicity and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the primary features of AβOs, such as assembly formation, the kinetics of oligomer formation, interactions with various membranes/membrane receptors, the origin of toxicity, and oligomer-specific detection methods. Recently, the discovery of rationally designed antibodies has opened a gateway for using synthesized peptides as a grafting component in the complementarity determining region (CDR) of antibodies. Thus, the Aβ sequence motif or the complementary peptide sequence in the opposite strand of the β-sheet (extracted from the Protein Data Bank: PDB) helps design oligomer-specific inhibitors. The microscopic event responsible for oligomer formation can be targeted, and thus prevention of the overall macroscopic behaviour of the aggregation or the associated toxicity can be achieved. We have carefully reviewed the oligomer formation kinetics and associated parameters. Besides, we have depicted a thorough understanding of how the synthesized peptide inhibitors can impede the early aggregates (oligomers), mature fibrils, monomers, or a mixture of the species. The oligomer-specific inhibitors (peptides or peptide fragments) lack in-depth chemical kinetics and optimization control-based screening. In the present review, we have proposed a hypothesis for effectively screening oligomer-specific inhibitors using the chemical kinetics (determining the kinetic parameters) and optimization control strategy (cost-dependent analysis). Further, it may be possible to implement the structure-kinetic-activity-relationship (SKAR) strategy instead of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) to improve the inhibitor's activity. The controlled optimization of the kinetic parameters and dose usage will be beneficial for narrowing the search window for the inhibitors.
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Intrathecal Pseudodelivery of Drugs in the Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Rationale, Basis and Potential Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030768. [PMID: 36986629 PMCID: PMC10059785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal pseudodelivery of drugs is a novel route to administer medications to treat neurodegenerative diseases based on the CSF-sink therapeutic strategy by means of implantable devices. While the development of this therapy is still in the preclinical stage, it offers promising advantages over traditional routes of drug delivery. In this paper, we describe the rationale of this system and provide a technical report on the mechanism of action, that relies on the use of nanoporous membranes enabling selective molecular permeability. On one side, the membranes do not permit the crossing of certain drugs; whereas, on the other side, they permit the crossing of target molecules present in the CSF. Target molecules, by binding drugs inside the system, are retained or cleaved and subsequently eliminated from the central nervous system. Finally, we provide a list of potential indications, the respective molecular targets, and the proposed therapeutic agents.
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Lardelli M. An Alternative View of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:13-39. [PMID: 37718800 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic and parsimony-based arguments regarding available genetics data are used to propose that Hardy and Higgin's amyloid cascade hypothesis is valid but is commonly interpreted too narrowly to support, incorrectly, the primacy of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Instead, increased activity of the βCTF (C99) fragment of AβPP is the critical pathogenic determinant altered by mutations in the APP gene. This model is consistent with the regulation of APP mRNA translation via its 5' iron responsive element. Similar arguments support that the pathological effects of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 are not exerted directly via changes in AβPP cleavage to produce different ratios of Aβ length. Rather, these mutations likely act through effects on presenilin holoprotein conformation and function, and possibly the formation and stability of multimers of presenilin holoprotein and/or of the γ-secretase complex. All fAD mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 likely find unity of pathological mechanism in their actions on endolysosomal acidification and mitochondrial function, with detrimental effects on iron homeostasis and promotion of "pseudo-hypoxia" being of central importance. Aβ production is enhanced and distorted by oxidative stress and accumulates due to decreased lysosomal function. It may act as a disease-associated molecular pattern enhancing oxidative stress-driven neuroinflammation during the cognitive phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Meléndez JC, Satorres E, Pitarque A, Escudero J, Delhom I, Navarro-Prados AB. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Follow-Up. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1685-1693. [PMID: 38007663 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the prevailing type of dementia, marked by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method used to regulate cortical brain function and has been explored as a potential treatment for cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the effects of daily home-based active or sham tDCS on cognitive function in patients with early-stage AD and its follow-up after one month. METHODS The study involved a randomized, blinded, and controlled-placebo design, with 18 participants enrolled. The primary outcome measures were general cognitive function, immediate, and delayed recall, and executive function. Participants included in the study were randomly assigned to the anodal and sham tDCS groups. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention and one month after the end of treatment. The home-based intervention was applied for 5 consecutive days, daily. RESULTS The results showed a significant interaction between the active and sham groups; in particular, improvements in MMSE scores, immediate memory and delayed recall were observed at one-month follow-up in the active group. CONCLUSIONS The positive effects of tDCS on cognitive function in AD patients observed suggest that tDCS may induce long-term neuroplastic changes, leading to sustained improvements in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Meléndez
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Encarnación Satorres
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Pitarque
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana-Belén Navarro-Prados
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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