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Brankovic M, Ivanovic V, Basta I, Khang R, Lee E, Stevic Z, Ralic B, Tubic R, Seo G, Markovic V, Bozovic I, Svetel M, Marjanovic A, Veselinovic N, Mesaros S, Jankovic M, Savic-Pavicevic D, Jovin Z, Novakovic I, Lee H, Peric S. Whole exome sequencing in Serbian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neurogenetics 2024:10.1007/s10048-024-00755-x. [PMID: 38499745 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with a high genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Numerous HSP patients remain genetically undiagnosed despite screening for known genetic causes of HSP. Therefore, identification of novel variants and genes is needed. Our previous study analyzed 74 adult Serbian HSP patients from 65 families using panel of the 13 most common HSP genes in combination with a copy number variation analysis. Conclusive genetic findings were established in 23 patients from 19 families (29%). In the present study, nine patients from nine families previously negative on the HSP gene panel were selected for the whole exome sequencing (WES). Further, 44 newly diagnosed adult HSP patients from 44 families were sent to WES directly, since many studies showed WES may be used as the first step in HSP diagnosis. WES analysis of cohort 1 revealed a likely genetic cause in five (56%) of nine HSP families, including variants in the ETHE1, ZFYVE26, RNF170, CAPN1, and WASHC5 genes. In cohort 2, possible causative variants were found in seven (16%) of 44 patients (later updated to 27% when other diagnosis were excluded), comprising six different genes: SPAST, SPG11, WASCH5, KIF1A, KIF5A, and ABCD1. These results expand the genetic spectrum of HSP patients in Serbia and the region with implications for molecular genetic diagnosis and future causative therapies. Wide HSP panel can be the first step in diagnosis, alongside with the copy number variation (CNV) analysis, while WES should be performed after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Brankovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vukan Ivanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Basta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Zorica Stevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Radoje Tubic
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladana Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivo Bozovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Svetel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Marjanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Veselinovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarlota Mesaros
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Jankovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Savic-Pavicevic
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zita Jovin
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hane Lee
- 3Billion, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stojan Peric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Tripodi D, Vitarelli F, Spiti S, Leoni V. The Diagnostic Use of the Plasma Quantification of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Other Oxysterols in Neurodegenerative Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:337-351. [PMID: 38036888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates fluidity and structure of cellular membranes. The brain is involved in signal transduction, synaptogenesis, and membrane trafficking. An impairment of its metabolism was observed in different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. Because of the blood-brain barrier, cholesterol cannot be uptaken from the circulation and all the cholesterol is locally synthetized. The excess cholesterol in neurons is converted into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). The plasmatic concentration of 24OHC results in the balance between cerebral production and liver elimination. It is related to the number of metabolically active neurons in the brain. Several factors that affect the brain cholesterol turnover and the liver elimination of oxysterols, the genetic background, nutrition, and lifestyle habits were found to significantly affect plasma levels of 24OHC. Reduced levels of 24OHC were found related to the loss of metabolically active cells and the degree of brain atrophy. The dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, inflammation, and increased cholesterol turnover might overlap with this progressive reduction giving temporary increased levels of 24OHC.The study of plasma 24OHC is likely to offer an insight into brain cholesterol turnover with a limited diagnostic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Federica Vitarelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Spiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy.
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Alkhalifa A, Chen S, Hasiloglu ZI, Filosto M, Cali E, Houlden H, Sgobbi de Souza P, Alavi A, Goizet C, Stevanin G, Taithe F, Nicita F, Vasco G, Tozza S, Cocozza S, Carboni N, Figus A, Wu J, Basak AN, Brais B, Rouleau G, La Piana R. White matter abnormalities in 15 subjects with SPG76. J Neurol 2023; 270:5784-5792. [PMID: 37578488 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are heterogenous genetic disorders characterized by progressive pyramidal tract involvement. SPG76 is a recently identified form of HSP, caused by biallelic calpain-1 (CAPN1) variants. The most frequently described MRI abnormality in SPG76 is mild cerebellar atrophy and non-specific white matter abnormalities were reported in only one case. Following the identification of prominent white matter abnormalities in a subject with CAPN1 variants, which delayed the diagnosis, we aimed to verify the presence of MRI patterns of white matter involvement specific to this HSP. METHODS We performed a retrospective radiological qualitative analysis of 15 subjects with SPG76 (4 previously unreported) initially screened for white matter involvement. Moreover, we performed quantitative analyses in our proband with available longitudinal studies. RESULTS We observed bilateral, periventricular white matter involvement in 12 subjects (80%), associated with multifocal subcortical abnormalities in 5 of them (33.3%). Three subjects (20%) presented only multifocal subcortical involvement. Longitudinal quantitative analyses of our proband revealed increase in multifocal white matter lesion count and increased area of periventricular white matter involvement over time. DISCUSSION SPG76 should be added to the list of HSPs with associated white matter abnormalities. We identified periventricular white matter involvement in subjects with SPG76, variably associated with multifocal subcortical white matter abnormalities. These findings, in the presence of progressive spastic paraparesis, can mislead the diagnostic process towards an acquired white matter disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alkhalifa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services, Military Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Shihan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Zehra Isik Hasiloglu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Cali
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, University College London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, University College London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Paulo Sgobbi de Souza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afagh Alavi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cyril Goizet
- NRGEN Team, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, EPHE, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Neurogénétique, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Neurogénétique, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Taithe
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Vasco
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Carboni
- Department of Neurology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Andrea Figus
- Department of Radiology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Jianjun Wu
- National Center for Neurological Disorders and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A Nazli Basak
- Translational Medicine Research Center-NDAL, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roberta La Piana
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Kimura A, Mori J, Pham AHN, Thi KOB, Takei H, Murai T, Hayashi H, Nittono H. Healthy Patients With AKR1D1 Mutation Not Requiring Primary Bile Acid Therapy: A Case Series. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e372. [PMID: 38034430 PMCID: PMC10684241 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Δ4-3-Oxosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) deficiency typically causes severe cholestasis occurs in newborns, leading to death unless patients are treated with primary bile acids. However, we encountered an AKR1D1 deficiency patient treated with only ursodeoxycholic acid who had cholestasis until about 1 year of age but then grew up healthy without further treatment. We also have been following other healthy patients with AKR1D1 mutation who have never developed cholestasis and have not been treated. However, reports are few, involving 3 patients. To better understand and clinically manage a diverse group of patients with AKR1D1 mutation who do not develop potentially fatal cholestasis in the neonatal period, ongoing accumulation and study of informative cases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto-Ashikita Medical Center for the Severely Disabled, Kumamoto, Japan
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kim-Oanh Bui Thi
- Hepatology Department, National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mou Y, Nandi G, Mukte S, Chai E, Chen Z, Nielsen JE, Nielsen TT, Criscuolo C, Blackstone C, Fraidakis MJ, Li XJ. Chenodeoxycholic acid rescues axonal degeneration in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from spastic paraplegia type 5 and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:72. [PMID: 37024986 PMCID: PMC10080795 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in CYP27A1 and CYP7B1, two critical genes regulating cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, cause cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5), respectively. These rare diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal motor neuron axons, yet the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and strategies to mitigate axonal degeneration remain elusive. METHODS To generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models for CTX and SPG5, we reprogrammed patient skin fibroblasts into iPSCs by transducing fibroblast cells with episomal vectors containing pluripotency factors. These patient-specific iPSCs, as well as control iPSCs, were differentiated into cortical projection neurons (PNs) and examined for biochemical alterations and disease-related phenotypes. RESULTS CTX and SPG5 patient iPSC-derived cortical PNs recapitulated several disease-specific biochemical changes and axonal defects of both diseases. Notably, the bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) effectively mitigated the biochemical alterations and rescued axonal degeneration in patient iPSC-derived neurons. To further examine underlying disease mechanisms, we developed CYP7B1 knockout human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using CRISPR-cas9-mediated gene editing and, following differentiation, examined hESC-derived cortical PNs. Knockout of CYP7B1 resulted in similar axonal vesiculation and degeneration in human cortical PN axons, confirming a cause-effect relationship between gene deficiency and axonal degeneration. Interestingly, CYP7B1 deficiency led to impaired neurofilament expression and organization as well as axonal degeneration, which could be rescued with CDCA, establishing a new disease mechanism and therapeutic target to mitigate axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate disease-specific lipid disturbances and axonopathy mechanisms in human pluripotent stem cell-based neuronal models of CTX and SPG5 and identify CDCA, an established treatment of CTX, as a potential pharmacotherapy for SPG5. We propose this novel treatment strategy to rescue axonal degeneration in SPG5, a currently incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Sukhada Mukte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Eric Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jorgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels T Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Saffari A, Pearl PL. Childhood-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia and its treatable mimics. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:436-444. [PMID: 34183250 PMCID: PMC8843241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia and inborn errors of metabolism that present with spastic diplegia are among the most common "mimics" of cerebral palsy. Early detection of these heterogenous genetic disorders can inform genetic counseling, anticipatory guidance, and improve outcomes, particularly where specific treatments exist. The diagnosis relies on clinical pattern recognition, biochemical testing, neuroimaging, and increasingly next-generation sequencing-based molecular testing. In this short review, we summarize the clinical and molecular understanding of: 1) childhood-onset and complex forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG5, SPG7, SPG11, SPG15, SPG35, SPG47, SPG48, SPG50, SPG51, SPG52) and, 2) the most common inborn errors of metabolism that present with phenotypes that resemble hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Afshin Saffari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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The structure and characterization of human cytochrome P450 8B1 supports future drug design for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102344. [PMID: 35944583 PMCID: PMC9463588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nuzhnyi EP, Abramycheva NY, Safonov DG, Fedotova EY, Illarioshkin SN. Massive Parallel Sequencing and the Problem of Overlapping Phenotypes in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias and Spinocerebellar Ataxias. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mo W, Wang F, Zhou C, Ma T, Pan Z, Xie M, Ren H, Xie Y. Successful treatment of an infant with congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 by ursodeoxycholic acid: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:139. [PMID: 35387662 PMCID: PMC8988363 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 caused by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency is an extremely rare genetic liver disease. As it may cause rapid progression to end-stage liver disease, a high cautiousness in diagnosis and early treatment are required. Here we describe the first case of congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 in China that was confirmed by genetic analysis. CASE PRESENTATION A 5-month-old Chinese male infant suffered skin yellowing since birth. The patient showed significantly increased alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and total and direct bilirubin levels, and enlarged liver at admission. Whole-exome sequencing confirmed homozygous mutation in the CYB7B1 gene that encodes oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment significantly mitigated the condition of the patient and lowered biochemical indicators. Unfortunately, the patient developed septicemia and gave up treatment. CONCLUSIONS The patient was successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, which has not been reported previously. Ursodeoxycholic acid replacement therapy is an effective and affordable treatment for congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 caused by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Mo
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tinghe Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaojun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyan Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yongwu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Kakouri AC, Votsi C, Oulas A, Nicolaou P, Aureli M, Lunghi G, Samarani M, Compagnoni GM, Salani S, Di Fonzo A, Christophides T, Tanteles GA, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Pantzaris M, Spyrou GM, Christodoulou K. Transcriptomic characterization of tissues from patients and subsequent pathway analyses reveal biological pathways that are implicated in spastic ataxia. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:29. [PMID: 35277195 PMCID: PMC8917697 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spastic ataxias (SAs) encompass a group of rare and severe neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by an overlap between ataxia and spastic paraplegia clinical features. They have been associated with pathogenic variants in a number of genes, including GBA2. This gene codes for the non-lysososomal β-glucosylceramidase, which is involved in sphingolipid metabolism through its catalytic role in the degradation of glucosylceramide. However, the mechanism by which GBA2 variants lead to the development of SA is still unclear. METHODS In this work, we perform next-generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), in an attempt to discover differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lymphoblastoid, fibroblast cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons derived from patients with SA, homozygous for the GBA2 c.1780G > C missense variant. We further exploit DEGs in pathway analyses in order to elucidate candidate molecular mechanisms that are implicated in the development of the GBA2 gene-associated SA. RESULTS Our data reveal a total of 5217 genes with significantly altered expression between patient and control tested tissues. Furthermore, the most significant extracted pathways are presented and discussed for their possible role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Among them are the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our work examines for the first time the transcriptome profiles of GBA2-associated SA patients and suggests pathways and pathway synergies that could possibly have a role in SA pathogenesis. Lastly, it provides a list of DEGs and pathways that could be further validated towards the discovery of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Kakouri
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christina Votsi
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasis Oulas
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paschalis Nicolaou
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Samarani
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire ét PathogénèseDépartement de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Giacomo M. Compagnoni
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Milan Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - George A. Tanteles
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Zamba-Papanicolaou
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neurology Clinic D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2370 Nicosia, Cyprus
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11
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Theuriet J, Pegat A, Leblanc P, Vukusic S, Cazeneuve C, Millecamps S, Banneau G, Guillaud-Bataille M, Bernard E. Phenoconversion from Spastic Paraplegia to ALS/FTD Associated with CYP7B1 Compound Heterozygous Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121876. [PMID: 34946825 PMCID: PMC8700784 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the CYP7B1 gene lead to spastic paraplegia-5 (SPG5). We report herein the case of a patient whose clinical symptoms began with progressive lower limb spasticity during childhood, and who secondly developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) at the age of 67 years. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) gene analysis identified the compound heterozygous mutations c.825T>A (pTyr275*) and c.1193C>T (pPro398Leu) in CYP7B1 gene. No other pathogenic variant in frequent ALS/FTD causative genes was found. The CYP7B1 gene seems, therefore, to be the third gene associated with the phenoconversion from HSP to ALS, after the recently described UBQLN2 and ERLIN2 genes. We therefore expand the phenotype associated with CYP7B1 biallelic mutations and make an assumption about a link between cholesterol dyshomeostasis and ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Theuriet
- Centre SLA de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique P. Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 59 Boulevard Pinel, CEDEX, 69677 Bron, France; (J.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Antoine Pegat
- Centre SLA de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique P. Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 59 Boulevard Pinel, CEDEX, 69677 Bron, France; (J.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, CEDEX 08, 69373 Lyon, France;
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation et Fondation Eugène Devic EDMUS Pour la Sclérose en Plaques, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 Boulevard Pinel, CEDEX, 69677 Bron, France;
| | - Cécile Cazeneuve
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique Médicale, GHU AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Bâtiment de la Pharmacie Secteur Salpêtrière 47/83, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, CEDEX 13, 75651 Paris, France; (C.C.); (G.B.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, CEDEX, 75646 Paris, France;
| | - Guillaume Banneau
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique Médicale, GHU AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Bâtiment de la Pharmacie Secteur Salpêtrière 47/83, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, CEDEX 13, 75651 Paris, France; (C.C.); (G.B.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique Médicale, GHU AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Bâtiment de la Pharmacie Secteur Salpêtrière 47/83, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, CEDEX 13, 75651 Paris, France; (C.C.); (G.B.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Emilien Bernard
- Centre SLA de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique P. Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 59 Boulevard Pinel, CEDEX, 69677 Bron, France; (J.T.); (A.P.)
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, CEDEX 08, 69373 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-472-357218
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12
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Lin Q, Liu Y, Ye Z, Hu J, Cai W, Weng Q, Chen WJ, Wang N, Cao D, Lin Y, Fu Y. Potential markers for sample size estimations in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:391. [PMID: 34538260 PMCID: PMC8451094 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim to identify potential biomarkers to assess therapeutic efficacy for hereditary spastic paraplegias type 5 (SPG5) by investigating the clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study to compare SPG5 patients with age- and sex-matched healthy controls who underwent conventional and quantitative MRI techniques of spinal cord (C1-T9) and brain. SPG5 patients also underwent assessment for clinical status and CSF biomarkers (27-hydroxycholesterol, neurofilament light). We identified a set of markers with standardized effect sizes (|t|> 0.5) to estimate sample sizes for disease progression (disease duration > 14 years vs. ≤ 14 years). Results Seventeen genetically confirmed SPG5 patients (11 men, 6 women; age range, 13–49 years; median disease duration, 14 years) were enrolled. Compared to healthy controls, the total spinal cord area (SCA) of SPG5 patients was reduced particularly at the thoracic levels (cervical levels: 12–27%; thoracic levels 41–60%). Patients did not show significant alterations of brain signal abnormalities or atrophy relative to controls. A total of 10 surrogate markers were selected and a minimum sample size was achieved with the measurement of SCA on T9 (n = 22) much less that what would be required if using clinical disability assessment (n = 124). Conclusions SPG5 patients showed distinct MRI features of spinal cord atrophy without significant brain alterations. Our finding supports the measurements of spinal cord on T9 level as potential endpoint for SPG5 clinical trials. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04006418. Registered 05 July 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04006418?term=NCT04006418&draw=2&rank=1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-02014-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Zhixian Ye
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Dairong Cao
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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13
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Genetic, clinical and neuroimaging profiles of sporadic and autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia cases in Chinese. Neurosci Lett 2021; 761:136108. [PMID: 34256108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spastic paraplegias (SPGs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in 78 genes have been identified in autosomal dominant hereditary SPG (AD-HSP) and autosomal recessive hereditary SPG (AR-HSP). Compared to familial HSP, much less is known about the genetic and clinical profiles of sporadic SPGs. In this study, we have screened mutations for 18 sporadic SPGs or AR-HSP patients (mainly Northern Chinese) by whole-exome sequencing. We identified 12 mutations in five genes in 9 (50%) patients, including 9 novel ones: SPG5A/CYP7B1 (c.851C > A; c.122 + 2 T > G), SPG11/KIAA1840 (c.1735 + 3_ 1735 + 6del AAGT); SPG7/SPG7 (c.1454G > A; c.1892_ 1906dup GAGGACGGGCCTCGG); SPG39/PNPLA6 (c.1591G > A; c. 2990C > T); SPG15/ ZFYVE26 (c. 4804C > T; c. 4278 G > A). Among all the mutations, 7 were detected in the SPG5A and SPG11. Age at onset was significantly younger in cases with mutations (15.45 ± 6.78 years) than those without mutations (25.56 ± 10.90 years) (P = 0.03). Except for two cases with the SPG5A mutations, all cases presented with complicated SPGs. Three cases carrying mutations in SPG7, SPG15, SPG39 showed symptoms and signs of ataxia. One case carrying the homozygous c.259 + 2 T > C mutation in CYP7B1 showed serum parameters indicating liver impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging showed significantly thinned corpus callosum in cases with SPG11 and SPG15, but not in those with SPG5A, SPG7 or SPG39. In contrast, cerebellar atrophy was prominent in the SPG7 and SPG39 cases. These findings expand the spectrum of genetic, clinical and imaging features of sporadic SPG and AR-HSP, and have important implications in genetic counselling, molecular mechanisms and precise diagnosis of the disease.
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14
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De Winter J, Beijer D, De Ridder W, Synofzik M, Zuchner SL, Van Damme P, Spileers W, Baets J. PCYT2 mutations disrupting etherlipid biosynthesis: phenotypes converging on the CDP-ethanolamine pathway. Brain 2021; 144:e17. [PMID: 33230519 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan De Winter
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Danique Beijer
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAntwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Willem De Ridder
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAntwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan L Zuchner
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Philip Van Damme
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werner Spileers
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAntwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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15
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Pashaei M, Davarzani A, Hajati R, Zamani B, Nafissi S, Larti F, Nilipour Y, Rohani M, Alavi A. Description of clinical features and genetic analysis of one ultra-rare (SPG64) and two common forms (SPG5A and SPG15) of hereditary spastic paraplegia families. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:84-94. [PMID: 33771085 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1895146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by lower-limb spasticity and weakness. To date, more than 82 loci/genes (SPG1-SPG82) have been identified that contribute to the cause of HSP. Despite the use of next-generation sequencing-based methods, genetic-analysis has failed in the finding of causative genes in more than 50% of HSP patients, indicating a more significant heterogeneity and absence of a given phenotype-genotype correlation. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify HSP-causing genes in three unrelated-Iranian probands. Candidate variants were detected and confirmed in the probands and co-segregated in the family members. The phenotypic data gathered and compared with earlier cases with the same sub-types of disease. Three novel homozygous variants, c.978delT; p.Q327Kfs*39, c.A1208G; p.D403G and c.3811delT; p.S1271Lfs*44, in known HSP-causing genes including ENTPD1, CYP7B1, and ZFYVE26 were identified, respectively. Intra and interfamilial clinical variability were observed among affected individuals. Mutations in CYP7B1 and ZFYVE26 are relatively common causes of HSP and associated with SPG5A and SPG15, respectively. However, mutations in ENTPD1 are related to SPG64 which is an ultra-rare form of HSP. The research affirmed more complexities of phenotypic manifestations and allelic heterogeneity in HSP. Due to these complexities, it is not feasible to show a clear phenotype-genotype correlation in HSP cases. Identification of more families with mutations in HSP-causing genes may help the establishment of this correlation, further understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, and would provide an opportunity for genetic-counseling in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Pashaei
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Davarzani
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hajati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Zamani
- Neurology Department, Firoozgar hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Nafissi
- Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital., Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Larti
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Nilipour
- Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Genetic and Epidemiological Study of Adult Ataxia and Spastic Paraplegia in Eastern Quebec. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 48:655-665. [PMID: 33397523 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the minimum prevalence of adult hereditary ataxias (HA) and spastic paraplegias (HSP) in Eastern Quebec and to evaluate the proportion of associated mutations in identified genes. METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of patients who met clinical criteria for the diagnosis of HA (n = 241) and HSP (n = 115) in the East of the Quebec province between January 2007 and July 2019. The primary outcome was the prevalence per 100,000 persons with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The secondary outcome was the frequency of mutations identified by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. Minimum carrier frequency for identified variants was calculated based on allele frequency values and the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equation. RESULTS The minimum prevalence of HA in Eastern Quebec was estimated at 6.47/100 000 [95% CI; 6.44-6.51]; divided into 3.73/100 000 for autosomal recessive (AR) ataxias and 2.67/100 000 for autosomal dominant (AD) ataxias. The minimum prevalence of HSP was 4.17/100 000 [95% CI; 4.14-4.2]; with 2.05/100 000 for AD-HSP and 2.12/100 000 for AR-HSP. In total, 52.4% of patients had a confirmed genetic diagnosis. AR cerebellar ataxia type 1 (2.67/100 000) and AD spastic paraplegia SPG4 (1.18/100 000) were the most prevalent disorders identified. Mutations were identified in 23 genes and molecular alterations in 7 trinucleotides repeats expansion; the most common mutations were c.15705-12 A > G in SYNE1 and c.1529C > T (p.A510V) in SPG7. CONCLUSIONS We described the minimum prevalence of genetically defined adult HA and HSP in Eastern Quebec. This study provides a framework for international comparisons and service planning.
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17
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Gunay A, Shin HH, Gozutok O, Gautam M, Ozdinler PH. Importance of lipids for upper motor neuron health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:92-104. [PMID: 33323321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Building evidence reveals the importance of maintaining lipid homeostasis for the health and function of neurons, and upper motor neurons (UMNs) are no exception. UMNs are critically important for the initiation and modulation of voluntary movement as they are responsible for conveying cerebral cortex' input to spinal cord targets. To maintain their unique cytoarchitecture with a prominent apical dendrite and a very long axon, UMNs require a stable cell membrane, a lipid bilayer. Lipids can act as building blocks for many biomolecules, and they also contribute to the production of energy. Therefore, UMNs require sustained control over the production, utilization and homeostasis of lipids. Perturbations of lipid homeostasis lead to UMN vulnerability and progressive degeneration in diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Here, we discuss the importance of lipids, especially for UMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksu Gunay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Heather H Shin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Oge Gozutok
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Mukesh Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - P Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611.
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18
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Prestsæter S, Koht J, Lamari F, Tallaksen CM, Hoven STJ, Vigeland MD, Selmer KK, Rydning SL. Elevated hydroxycholesterols in Norwegian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG5. J Neurol Sci 2020; 419:117211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Chou CT, Soong BW, Lin KP, Tsai YS, Jih KY, Liao YC, Lee YC. Clinical characteristics of Taiwanese patients with Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:486-496. [PMID: 32202070 PMCID: PMC7187706 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the clinical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging characteristics and genetic features of SPG5 in Taiwan. Methods Mutational analysis of the coding regions of CYP7B1 was performed by utilizing targeted resequencing analysis of the 187 unrelated Taiwanese HSP patients. The diagnosis of SPG5 was ascertained by the presence of biallelic CYP7B1 mutations. The SPG5 patients received clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging evaluations. Disease severity was assessed by using the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS) and the disability score. Two microsatellite markers as well as 18 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers flanking CYP7B1 were genotyped to assess the founder effect of the CYP7B1 p.R112* mutation. Results Nineteen SPG5 patients from 17 families were identified. They typically presented an insidious onset progressive spastic paraparesis with proprioception involvement beginning at age 8 to 40 years. Their MRIs often showed white matter abnormalities in bilateral occipito‐parietal regions, spinal cord atrophy, and mild cerebellar atrophy. Six different mutations in CYP7B1 were recognized, including three novel ones (p.N131Ifs*4, p.A295V, and p.L439R). CYP7B1 p.R112* was the most common mutation and present in 88.2% of the 17 SPG5 pedigrees. The patients with homozygous CYP7B1 p.R112* mutations had a milder clinical severity. Detailed haplotype analyses demonstrated a shared haplotype in the 25 individuals carrying at least one single allele of CYP7B1 p.R112*, suggesting a founder effect. Interpretation This study delineates the distinct clinical and genetic features of SPG5 in Taiwan and provides useful information for the diagnosis and management of SPG5, especially in patients of Chinese descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ta Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kon-Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuen Tsai
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yang Jih
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Darios F, Mochel F, Stevanin G. Lipids in the Physiopathology of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:74. [PMID: 32180696 PMCID: PMC7059351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases sharing spasticity in lower limbs as common symptom. There is a large clinical variability in the presentation of patients, partly underlined by the large genetic heterogeneity, with more than 60 genes responsible for HSP. Despite this large heterogeneity, the proteins with known function are supposed to be involved in a limited number of cellular compartments such as shaping of the endoplasmic reticulum or endolysosomal function. Yet, it is difficult to understand why alteration of such different cellular compartments can lead to degeneration of the axons of cortical motor neurons. A common feature that has emerged over the last decade is the alteration of lipid metabolism in this group of pathologies. This was first revealed by the identification of mutations in genes encoding proteins that have or are supposed to have enzymatic activities on lipid substrates. However, it also appears that mutations in genes affecting endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or endolysosome function can lead to changes in lipid distribution or metabolism. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of lipid metabolism alterations in the physiopathology of HSP, to evaluate how such alterations contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes, and to understand how this knowledge can help develop therapeutic strategy for HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Darios
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Neurometabolic Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.,Equipe de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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21
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Chen JY, Wu JF, Kimura A, Nittono H, Liou BY, Lee CS, Chen HS, Chiu YC, Ni YH, Peng SSF, Lee WT, Tsai IJ, Chang MH, Chen HL. AKR1D1 and CYP7B1 mutations in patients with inborn errors of bile acid metabolism: Possibly underdiagnosed diseases. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:75-83. [PMID: 31337596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism (IEBAM) cause rare but treatable genetic disorders that can present as neonatal cholestasis or neurological diseases. Without timely primary bile acid treatment, patients may develop liver failure early in life. This study aimed to analyze the types and treatment outcomes of IEBAM in Taiwanese infants and document the allele frequency of CYP7B1 hot spot mutations in the population. METHODS Urine samples from patients with infantile intrahepatic cholestasis and suspected IEBAM were subjected to urinary bile acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Genetic diagnoses were made using direct sequencing or next-generation sequencing. We also tested healthy control subjects for a probable hot spot point mutation of CYP7B1. RESULTS Among the 75 patients with infantile intrahepatic cholestasis tested during 2000 -2016, three had ∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency with AKR1D1 mutations, and three had oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase deficiency with CYP7B1 mutation. Two patients with ∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency were successfully treated with cholic acid. The three unrelated infants with oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiencies had the same p.R112X homozygous CYP7B1 mutation. Two had mild renal or neurological involvement. Among 608 healthy control subjects, the allele frequency of the heterozygous mutation for p.R112X was 2/1216 (0.16%). The only surviving patient with oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency recovered from liver failure after chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment beginning at 3 months of age. CONCLUSION Distinct types of IEBAM disease were found in the Taiwanese population. Patients with early diagnosis and early treatment had a favorable outcome. IEBAM prevalence rates may be higher than expected due to the presence of heterozygous mutations in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Bang-Yu Liou
- Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Seng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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mRNA as a Novel Treatment Strategy for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type 5. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:359-370. [PMID: 31828178 PMCID: PMC6888748 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 is a neurodegenerative disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CYP7B1 gene encoding the oxysterol 7-α-hydroxylase involved in bile acid synthesis in the liver. Lack of CYP7B1 leads to an accumulation of its oxysterol substrates, in particular 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and have neurotoxic properties. A potential therapeutic strategy for SPG5 is the replacement of CYP7B1 by administration of mRNA. Here, we studied the intravenous application of formulated mouse and human CYP7B1 mRNA in mice lacking the endogenous Cyp7b1 gene. A single-dose injection of either mouse or human CYP7B1 mRNA led to a pronounced degradation of oxysterols in liver and serum within 2 days of treatment. Pharmacokinetics indicate a single injection of human CYP7B1 mRNA to be effective in reducing oxysterols for at least 5 days. Repetitive applications of mRNA were safe for at least 17 days and resulted in a significant reduction of neurotoxic oxysterols not only in liver and serum but also to some extent in the brain. Our study highlights the potential to use mRNA as a novel therapy to treat patients with SPG5 disease.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary myelopathies are very diverse genetic disorders, and many of them represent a widespread neurodegenerative process rather than isolated spinal cord dysfunction. This article reviews various types of inherited myelopathies, with emphasis on hereditary spastic paraplegias and spastic ataxias. RECENT FINDINGS The ever-growing number of myelopathy-causing genes and broadening of phenotype-genotype correlations makes the molecular diagnosis of inherited myelopathies a daunting task. This article emphasizes the main phenotypic clusters among inherited myelopathies that can facilitate the diagnostic process. This article focuses on newly identified genetic causes and the most important identifying clinical features that can aid the diagnosis, including the presence of a characteristic age of onset and additional neurologic signs such as leukodystrophy, thin corpus callosum, or amyotrophy. SUMMARY The exclusion of potentially treatable causes of myelopathy remains the most important diagnostic step. Syndromic diagnosis can be supported by molecular diagnosis, but the genetic diagnosis at present does not change the management. Moreover, a negative genetic test does not exclude the diagnosis of a hereditary myelopathy because comprehensive molecular testing is not yet available, and many disease-causing genes remain unknown.
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24
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Marelli C, Lamari F, Rainteau D, Lafourcade A, Banneau G, Humbert L, Monin ML, Petit E, Debs R, Castelnovo G, Ollagnon E, Lavie J, Pilliod J, Coupry I, Babin PJ, Guissart C, Benyounes I, Ullmann U, Lesca G, Thauvin-Robinet C, Labauge P, Odent S, Ewenczyk C, Wolf C, Stevanin G, Hajage D, Durr A, Goizet C, Mochel F. Plasma oxysterols: biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment in spastic paraplegia type 5. Brain 2019; 141:72-84. [PMID: 29228183 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are an expanding and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. Plasma biomarkers are needed to guide the genetic testing of spastic paraplegia. Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is an autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia due to mutations in CYP7B1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 7α-hydroxylase implicated in cholesterol and bile acids metabolism. We developed a method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to validate two plasma 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) as diagnostic biomarkers in a cohort of 21 patients with SPG5. For 14 patients, SPG5 was initially suspected on the basis of genetic analysis, and then confirmed by increased plasma 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol. For seven patients, the diagnosis was initially based on elevated plasma oxysterol levels and confirmed by the identification of two causal CYP7B1 mutations. The receiver operating characteristic curves analysis showed that 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol discriminated between SPG5 patients and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Taking advantage of the robustness of these plasma oxysterols, we then conducted a phase II therapeutic trial in 12 patients and tested whether candidate molecules (atorvastatin, chenodeoxycholic acid and resveratrol) can lower plasma oxysterols and improve bile acids profile. The trial consisted of a three-period, three-treatment crossover study and the six different sequences of three treatments were randomized. Using a linear mixed effect regression model with a random intercept, we observed that atorvastatin decreased moderately plasma 27-OHC (∼30%, P < 0.001) but did not change 27-OHC to total cholesterol ratio or 25-OHC levels. We also found an abnormal bile acids profile in SPG5 patients, with significantly decreased total serum bile acids associated with a relative decrease of ursodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids compared to deoxycholic acid. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid restored bile acids profile in SPG5 patients. Therefore, the combination of atorvastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid may be worth considering for the treatment of SPG5 patients but the neurological benefit of these metabolic interventions remains to be evaluated in phase III therapeutic trials using clinical, imaging and/or electrophysiological outcome measures with sufficient effect sizes. Overall, our study indicates that plasma 25-OHC and 27-OHC are robust diagnostic biomarkers of SPG5 and shall be used as first-line investigations in any patient with unexplained spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marelli
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Expert Center for Neurogenetic Diseases and Adult Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Neurometabolic Research Group, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Lafourcade
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Banneau
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Functional Unit of Molecular and Cellular Neurogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Monin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Rabab Debs
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Ollagnon
- La Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Pilliod
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Guissart
- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Imen Benyounes
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France
| | - Urielle Ullmann
- Institut de Pathologie et Génétique, Centre de Génétique Humaine, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Lyon University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Labauge
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Leukodystrophy, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Rennes University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Claude Wolf
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Neurogenetic lab, Paris, France
| | - David Hajage
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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25
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Nan H, Shimozono K, Ichinose Y, Tsuchiya M, Koh K, Hiraide M, Takiyama Y. Exome Sequencing Reveals a Novel Homozygous Frameshift Mutation in the CYP7B1 Gene in a Japanese Patient with SPG5. Intern Med 2019; 58:719-722. [PMID: 30333426 PMCID: PMC6443544 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1839-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SPG5 is a rare subtype of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by a homozygous mutation in the oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase gene, CYP7B1. We describe the first Japanese patient with SPG5 with a novel mutation in the CYP7B1 gene. On exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation, c.741delA, p.K247fs, in exon 3 of the CYP7B1 gene. The patient showed spastic paraparesis with white matter hyperintensities in the bilateral corona radiata and periventricular and subcortical regions on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The present study expands the mutation spectrum of CYP7B1 and provides an opportunity to study the genotype-phenotype correlation in SPG5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimozono
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuta Ichinose
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mai Tsuchiya
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kishin Koh
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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26
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Dong EL, Wang C, Wu S, Lu YQ, Lin XH, Su HZ, Zhao M, He J, Ma LX, Wang N, Chen WJ, Lin X. Clinical spectrum and genetic landscape for hereditary spastic paraplegias in China. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:36. [PMID: 29980238 PMCID: PMC6035405 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative disorders affecting the corticospinal tracts. To date, more than 78 HSP loci have been mapped to cause HSP. However, both the clinical and mutational spectrum of Chinese patients with HSP remained unclear. In this study, we aim to perform a comprehensive analysis of clinical phenotypes and genetic distributions in a large cohort of Chinese HSP patients, and to elucidate the primary pathogenesis in this population. Methods We firstly performed next-generation sequencing targeting 149 genes correlated with HSP in 99 index cases of our cohort. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification testing was further carried out among those patients without known disease-causing gene mutations. We simultaneously performed a retrospective study on the reported patients exhibiting HSP in other Chinese cohorts. All clinical and molecular characterization from above two groups of Chinese HSP patients were analyzed and summarized. Eventually, we further validated the cellular changes in fibroblasts of two major spastic paraplegia (SPG) patients (SPG4 and SPG11) in vitro. Results Most patients of ADHSP (94%) are pure forms, whereas most patients of ARHSP (78%) tend to be complicated forms. In ADHSP, we found that SPG4 (79%) was the most prevalent, followed by SPG3A (11%), SPG6 (4%) and SPG33 (2%). Subtle mutations were the common genetic cause for SPG4 patients and most of them located in AAA cassette domain of spastin protein. In ARHSP, the most common subtype was SPG11 (53%), followed by SPG5 (32%), SPG35 (6%) and SPG46 (3%). Moreover, haplotype analysis showed a unique haplotype was shared in 14 families carrying c.334C > T (p.R112*) mutation in CYP7B1 gene, suggesting the founder effect. Functionally, we observed significantly different patterns of mitochondrial dynamics and network, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), increased reactive oxygen species and reduced ATP content in SPG4 fibroblasts. Moreover, we also found the enlargement of LAMP1-positive organelles and abnormal accumulation of autolysosomes in SPG11 fibroblasts. Conclusions Our study present a comprehensive clinical spectrum and genetic landscape for HSP in China. We have also provided additional evidences for mitochondrial and autolysosomal-mediated pathways in the pathogenesis of HSP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0269-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ying-Qian Lu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Li-Xiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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27
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Starkey NJE, Li Y, Drenkhahn-Weinaug SK, Liu J, Lubahn DB. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Is an Estrogen Receptor β-Selective Negative Allosteric Modifier of 17β-Estradiol Binding. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1972-1981. [PMID: 29579190 PMCID: PMC6693046 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens bind to two nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, which are expressed in differing amounts in various tissues. The endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), binds to both subtypes with nearly equal affinity and is the prototypical agonist. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may bind to both subtypes with equivalent affinities but have agonist activities in some tissues while having antagonist activities in others. In the present study, we demonstrate that the first reported endogenous SERM, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), binds preferentially (>100-fold) to ERβ over ERα. Furthermore, 27-OHC is not able to fully compete with E2 binding, suggesting the two may bind at different sites. We provide an allosteric ternary complex model for the simultaneous binding of 27-OHC and E2 to ERβ, which accurately describes the binding data we have observed. We conclude that 27-OHC is a negative allosteric modifier of E2 binding, with an inhibitor constantof 50 nM and cooperativity factor (α) of 0.036. We also propose an in silico three-dimensional model of the simultaneous binding to guide future experiments. Further study of this unique binding model may allow for the discovery of novel ERβ-selective ligands and potentially explain the lack of effectiveness of ERβ-selective agonists in humans vs preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sara K Drenkhahn-Weinaug
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Chemistry, Lindenwood University–Belleville, Belleville, Illinois
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Correspondence: Dennis B. Lubahn, PhD, 110A Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. E-mail:
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28
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Rutkowska A, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 receptor regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:250. [PMID: 29246262 PMCID: PMC5732472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2) is activated by 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) and plays a role in T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. Abnormal EBI2 signaling is implicated in a range of autoimmune disorders; however, its role in the CNS remains poorly understood. METHODS Here we characterize the role of EBI2 in myelination under normal and pathophysiological conditions using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures and EBI2 knock-out (KO) animals. RESULTS We find that MBP expression in brains taken from EBI2 KO mice is delayed compared to those taken from wild type (WT) mice. In agreement with these in vivo findings, we show that antagonism of EBI2 reduces MBP expression in vitro. Importantly, we demonstrate that EBI2 activation attenuates lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination in mouse organotypic slice cultures. Moreover, EBI2 activation also inhibits LPC-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6 and IL1β in cerebellar slices. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, display a role for EBI2 in myelin development and protection from demyelination under pathophysiological conditions and suggest that modulation of this receptor may be beneficial in neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Schöls L, Rattay TW, Martus P, Meisner C, Baets J, Fischer I, Jägle C, Fraidakis MJ, Martinuzzi A, Saute JA, Scarlato M, Antenora A, Stendel C, Höflinger P, Lourenco CM, Abreu L, Smets K, Paucar M, Deconinck T, Bis DM, Wiethoff S, Bauer P, Arnoldi A, Marques W, Jardim LB, Hauser S, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Züchner S, Bassi MT, Klopstock T, De Jonghe P, Björkhem I, Schüle R. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5: natural history, biomarkers and a randomized controlled trial. Brain 2017; 140:3112-3127. [PMID: 29126212 PMCID: PMC5841036 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is a rare subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders defined by progressive neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract motor neurons. SPG5 is caused by recessive mutations in the gene CYP7B1 encoding oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of cholesterol into primary bile acids. CYP7B1 deficiency has been shown to lead to accumulation of neurotoxic oxysterols. In this multicentre study, we have performed detailed clinical and biochemical analysis in 34 genetically confirmed SPG5 cases from 28 families, studied dose-dependent neurotoxicity of oxysterols in human cortical neurons and performed a randomized placebo-controlled double blind interventional trial targeting oxysterol accumulation in serum of SPG5 patients. Clinically, SPG5 manifested in childhood or adolescence (median 13 years). Gait ataxia was a common feature. SPG5 patients lost the ability to walk independently after a median disease duration of 23 years and became wheelchair dependent after a median 33 years. The overall cross-sectional progression rate of 0.56 points on the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale per year was slightly lower than the longitudinal progression rate of 0.80 points per year. Biochemically, marked accumulation of CYP7B1 substrates including 27-hydroxycholesterol was confirmed in serum (n = 19) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 17) of SPG5 patients. Moreover, 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum correlated with disease severity and disease duration. Oxysterols were found to impair metabolic activity and viability of human cortical neurons at concentrations found in SPG5 patients, indicating that elevated levels of oxysterols might be key pathogenic factors in SPG5. We thus performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial (EudraCT 2015-000978-35) with atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 9 weeks in 14 SPG5 patients with 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum as the primary outcome measure. Atorvastatin, but not placebo, reduced serum 27-hydroxycholesterol from 853 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 683-1113] to 641 (IQR 507-694) (-31.5%, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Similarly, 25-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum were reduced. In cerebrospinal fluid 27-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by 8.4% but this did not significantly differ from placebo. As expected, no effects were seen on clinical outcome parameters in this short-term trial. In this study, we define the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of SPG5, examine the correlation of disease severity and progression with oxysterol concentrations, and demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that atorvastatin treatment can effectively lower 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum of SPG5 patients. We thus demonstrate the first causal treatment strategy in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Meisner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Jägle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Attikon’, Medical School of the University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano Research Center, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Neurology Department and INSPE, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisa Abreu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana M Bis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- CENTOGENE AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Wilson Marques
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Yoshimoto FK, Arman HD, Griffith WP, Yan F, Wherritt DJ. Chemical synthesis of 7α-hydroxypregnenolone, a neuroactive steroid that stimulates locomotor activity. Steroids 2017; 128:50-57. [PMID: 29061488 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxypregnenolone is an endogenous neuroactive steroid that stimulates locomotor activity. A synthesis of 7α-hydroxypregnenolone from pregnenolone, which takes advantage of an orthogonal protecting group strategy, is described. In detail, the C7-position was oxidized with CrO3 and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole to yield a 7-keto steroid intermediate. The resulting 7-ketone was stereoselectively reduced to the 7α-hydroxy group with lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride. In contrast, reduction of the same 7-ketone intermediate with NaBH4 resulted in primarily the 7β-hydroxy epimer. Furthermore, in an alternative route to the target compound, the 7α-hydroxy group was successfully incorporated by direct C-H allylic benzoyloxylation of pregnenolone-3-acetate with CuBr and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate followed by saponification. The disclosed syntheses to 7-oxygenated steroids are amenable to potentially obtain other biologically active sterols and steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States.
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Wendell P Griffith
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Fangzhi Yan
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Daniel J Wherritt
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
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31
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Burguez D, Polese-Bonatto M, Scudeiro LAJ, Björkhem I, Schöls L, Jardim LB, Matte U, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Siebert M, Saute JAM. Clinical and molecular characterization of hereditary spastic paraplegias: A next-generation sequencing panel approach. J Neurol Sci 2017; 383:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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SPG5 siblings with different phenotypes showing reduction of 27-hydroxycholesterol after simvastatin-ezetimibe treatment. J Neurol Sci 2017; 383:39-41. [PMID: 29246618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Rossor AM, Carr AS, Devine H, Chandrashekar H, Pelayo-Negro AL, Pareyson D, Shy ME, Scherer SS, Reilly MM. Peripheral neuropathy in complex inherited diseases: an approach to diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:846-863. [PMID: 28794150 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common finding in patients with complex inherited neurological diseases and may be subclinical or a major component of the phenotype. This review aims to provide a clinical approach to the diagnosis of this complex group of patients by addressing key questions including the predominant neurological syndrome associated with the neuropathy, for example, spasticity, the type of neuropathy and the other neurological and non-neurological features of the syndrome. Priority is given to the diagnosis of treatable conditions. Using this approach, we associated neuropathy with one of three major syndromic categories: (1) ataxia, (2) spasticity and (3) global neurodevelopmental impairment. Syndromes that do not fall easily into one of these three categories can be grouped according to the predominant system involved in addition to the neuropathy, for example, cardiomyopathy and neuropathy. We also include a separate category of complex inherited relapsing neuropathy syndromes, some of which may mimic Guillain-Barré syndrome, as many will have a metabolic aetiology and be potentially treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Rossor
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Aisling S Carr
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Helen Devine
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Hoskote Chandrashekar
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Ana Lara Pelayo-Negro
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Neurological Rare Diseases of Adulthood, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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34
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Morais S, Raymond L, Mairey M, Coutinho P, Brandão E, Ribeiro P, Loureiro JL, Sequeiros J, Brice A, Alonso I, Stevanin G. Massive sequencing of 70 genes reveals a myriad of missing genes or mechanisms to be uncovered in hereditary spastic paraplegias. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1217-1228. [PMID: 28832565 PMCID: PMC5643959 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by lower limb spasticity and weakness that can be complicated by other neurological or non-neurological signs. Despite a high genetic heterogeneity (>60 causative genes), 40–70% of the families remain without a molecular diagnosis. Analysis of one of the pioneer cohorts of 193 HSP families generated in the early 1990s in Portugal highlighted that SPAST and SPG11 are the most frequent diagnoses. We have now explored 98 unsolved families from this series using custom next generation sequencing panels analyzing up to 70 candidate HSP genes. We identified the likely disease-causing variant in 20 of the 98 families with KIF5A being the most frequently mutated gene. We also found 52 variants of unknown significance (VUS) in 38% of the cases. These new diagnoses resulted in 42% of solved cases in the full Portuguese cohort (81/193). Segregation of the variants was not always compatible with the presumed inheritance, indicating that the analysis of all HSP genes regardless of the inheritance mode can help to explain some cases. Our results show that there is still a large set of unknown genes responsible for HSP and most likely novel mechanisms or inheritance modes leading to the disease to be uncovered, but this will require international collaborative efforts, particularly for the analysis of VUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morais
- UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INSERM, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_1127, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laure Raymond
- INSERM, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_1127, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Mairey
- INSERM, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_1127, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paula Coutinho
- UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Brandão
- Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Paula Ribeiro
- Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - José Leal Loureiro
- UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_1127, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS_1127, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
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35
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Ahmed MY, Al-Khayat A, Al-Murshedi F, Al-Futaisi A, Chioza BA, Pedro Fernandez-Murray J, Self JE, Salter CG, Harlalka GV, Rawlins LE, Al-Zuhaibi S, Al-Azri F, Al-Rashdi F, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Al-Salmi F, Patton MA, Silver DL, Baple EL, McMaster CR, Crosby AH. A mutation of EPT1 (SELENOI) underlies a new disorder of Kennedy pathway phospholipid biosynthesis. Brain 2017; 140:547-554. [PMID: 28052917 PMCID: PMC5382949 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes involved in lipid metabolism have increasingly been associated with various subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative motor neuron disorders characterized by spastic paraparesis. Here, we report an unusual autosomal recessive neurodegenerative condition, best classified as a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, associated with mutation in the ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) gene (now known as SELENOI), responsible for the final step in Kennedy pathway forming phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine. Phosphatidylethanolamine is a glycerophospholipid that, together with phosphatidylcholine, constitutes more than half of the total phospholipids in eukaryotic cell membranes. We determined that the mutation defined dramatically reduces the enzymatic activity of EPT1, thereby hindering the final step in phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. Additionally, due to central nervous system inaccessibility we undertook quantification of phosphatidylethanolamine levels and species in patient and control blood samples as an indication of liver phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Although this revealed alteration to levels of specific phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acyl species in patients, overall phosphatidylethanolamine levels were broadly unaffected indicating that in blood EPT1 inactivity may be compensated for, in part, via alternate biochemical pathways. These studies define the first human disorder arising due to defective CDP-ethanolamine biosynthesis and provide new insight into the role of Kennedy pathway components in human neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Y Ahmed
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aisha Al-Khayat
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fathiya Al-Murshedi
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Amna Al-Futaisi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Barry A Chioza
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Jay E Self
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Claire G Salter
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lettie E Rawlins
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Sana Al-Zuhaibi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Faisal Al-Azri
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fatma Al-Rashdi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sameal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fatema Al-Salmi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Michael A Patton
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - David L Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Emma L Baple
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Andrew H Crosby
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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36
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Serrao M, Rinaldi M, Ranavolo A, Lacquaniti F, Martino G, Leonardi L, Conte C, Varrecchia T, Draicchio F, Coppola G, Casali C, Pierelli F. Gait Patterns in Patients with Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164623. [PMID: 27732632 PMCID: PMC5061421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spastic gait is a key feature in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis, but the gait characterization and the relationship between the gait impairment and clinical characteristics have not been investigated. Objectives To describe the gait patterns in hereditary spastic paraparesis and to identify subgroups of patients according to specific kinematic features of walking. Methods We evaluated fifty patients by computerized gait analysis and compared them to healthy participants. We computed time-distance parameters of walking and the range of angular motion at hip, knee, and ankle joints, and at the trunk and pelvis. Lower limb joint moments and muscle co-activation values were also evaluated. Results We identified three distinct subgroups of patients based on the range of motion values. Subgroup one was characterized by reduced hip, knee, and ankle joint range of motion. These patients were the most severely affected from a clinical standpoint, had the highest spasticity, and walked at the slowest speed. Subgroup three was characterized by an increased hip joint range of motion, but knee and ankle joint range of motion values close to control values. These patients were the most mildly affected and had the highest walking speed. Finally, subgroup two showed reduced knee and ankle joint range of motion, and hip range of motion values close to control values. Disease severity and gait speed in subgroup two were between those of subgroups one and three. Conclusions We identified three distinctive gait patterns in patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis that correlated robustly with clinical data. Distinguishing specific features in the gait patterns of these patients may help tailor pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments and may help evaluate therapeutic effects over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
- Rehabilitation Centre, Policlinico Italia, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alberto Ranavolo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martino
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Draicchio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
- IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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Farrar MA, Teoh HL, Brammah S, Roscioli T, Cardamone M. Glial mitochondropathy in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Brain 2016; 139:e67. [PMID: 27497490 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Farrar
- 1 Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia .,2 Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hooi Ling Teoh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,2 Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan Brammah
- 3 Electron Microscope Unit, Anatomical Pathology, Concord Hospital, Concord, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- 4 Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; GOLD Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,5 South Eastern Area Laboratory Services Haematology and Genetics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,6 Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney Australia
| | - Michael Cardamone
- 1 Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,2 Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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38
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Kara E, Tucci A, Manzoni C, Lynch DS, Elpidorou M, Bettencourt C, Chelban V, Manole A, Hamed SA, Haridy NA, Federoff M, Preza E, Hughes D, Pittman A, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Xiromerisiou G, Wiethoff S, Schottlaender L, Proukakis C, Morris H, Warner T, Bhatia KP, Korlipara LVP, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Wood NW, Lewis PA, Houlden H. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2016; 139:1904-18. [PMID: 27217339 PMCID: PMC4939695 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders that are clinically classified as either pure with predominant lower limb spasticity, or complex where spastic paraplegia is complicated with additional neurological features, and are inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked patterns. Genetic defects have been identified in over 40 different genes, with more than 70 loci in total. Complex recessive spastic paraplegias have in the past been frequently associated with mutations in
SPG11
(spatacsin),
ZFYVE26/SPG15
,
SPG7
(paraplegin) and a handful of other rare genes, but many cases remain genetically undefined. The overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders has been implied in a small number of reports, but not in larger disease series. This deficiency has been largely due to the lack of suitable high throughput techniques to investigate the genetic basis of disease, but the recent availability of next generation sequencing can facilitate the identification of disease-causing mutations even in extremely heterogeneous disorders. We investigated a series of 97 index cases with complex spastic paraplegia referred to a tertiary referral neurology centre in London for diagnosis or management. The mean age of onset was 16 years (range 3 to 39). The
SPG11
gene was first analysed, revealing homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in 30/97 (30.9%) of probands, the largest
SPG11
series reported to date, and by far the most common cause of complex spastic paraplegia in the UK, with severe and progressive clinical features and other neurological manifestations, linked with magnetic resonance imaging defects. Given the high frequency of
SPG11
mutations, we studied the autophagic response to starvation in eight affected
SPG11
cases and control fibroblast cell lines, but in our restricted study we did not observe correlations between disease status and autophagic or lysosomal markers. In the remaining cases, next generation sequencing was carried out revealing variants in a number of other known complex spastic paraplegia genes, including five in
SPG7
(5/97), four in
FA2H
(also known as
SPG35
) (4/97) and two in
ZFYVE26
/
SPG15
. Variants were identified in genes usually associated with pure spastic paraplegia and also in the Parkinson’s disease-associated gene
ATP13A2
, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene
TPP1
and the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
DNMT1
gene, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of spastic paraplegia. No plausible genetic cause was identified in 51% of probands, likely indicating the existence of as yet unidentified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kara
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Arianna Tucci
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 4 School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - David S Lynch
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marilena Elpidorou
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sherifa A Hamed
- 5 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nourelhoda A Haridy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 5 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Monica Federoff
- 6 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIH/NIA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elisavet Preza
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Deborah Hughes
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alan Pittman
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- 7 Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- 7 Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 8 Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucia Schottlaender
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- 9 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huw Morris
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 9 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tom Warner
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 11 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - L V Prasad Korlipara
- 11 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 12 Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 4 School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Coignion C, Banneau G, Goizet C. Paraplegie spastiche ereditarie. Neurologia 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(16)77572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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40
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Schüle R, Wiethoff S, Martus P, Karle KN, Otto S, Klebe S, Klimpe S, Gallenmüller C, Kurzwelly D, Henkel D, Rimmele F, Stolze H, Kohl Z, Kassubek J, Klockgether T, Vielhaber S, Kamm C, Klopstock T, Bauer P, Züchner S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Schöls L. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinicogenetic lessons from 608 patients. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Umetani M. Re-adopting classical nuclear receptors by cholesterol metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:20-6. [PMID: 26563834 PMCID: PMC4724260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the first cloning of the human estrogen receptor (ER) α in 1986 and the subsequent cloning of human ERβ, there has been extensive investigation of the role of estrogen/ER. Estrogens/ER play important roles not only in sexual development and reproduction but also in a variety of other functions in multiple tissues. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) are ER lignds that act as agonists or antagonists depending on the target genes and tissues, and until recently, only synthetic SERMs have been recognized. However, the discovery of the first endogenous SERM, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), opened a new dimension of ER action in health and disease. In addition to the identification of 27HC as a SERM, oxysterols have been recently demonstrated as indirect modulators of ER through interaction with the nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor (LXR) β. In this review, the recent progress on these novel roles of oxysterols in ER modulation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC 545, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA.
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42
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Kumar KR, Blair NF, Sue CM. An Update on the Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias: New Genes and New Disease Models. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:213-223. [PMID: 30838228 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. We provide an overview of HSP with an emphasis on recent developments. Methods A PubMed search using the term "hereditary spastic paraplegia" and "hereditary spastic paraparesis" was conducted for a period from January 2012 to January 2015. We discuss and critique the major studies in the field over this 36-month period. Results A total of 346 publications were identified, of which 47 were selected for review. We provide an update of the common forms of HSP and include patient videos. We also discuss how next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to the accelerated discovery of new HSP genes, including B4GALNT1,DDHD1, C19orf12,GBA2,TECPR2,DDHD2, C12orf65,REEP2, and IBA57. Moreover, a single study alone identified 18 previously unknown putative HSP genes and created a model for the protein interactions of HSP, called the "HSPome." Many of the newly reported genes cause rare, complicated, autosomal recessive forms of HSP. NGS also has important clinical applications by facilitating the molecular diagnosis of HSP. Furthermore, common genetic forms of HSP have been studied using new disease models, such as neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. These models have been used to elucidate important disease mechanisms and have served as platforms to screen for candidate drug compounds. Conclusion The field of HSP research has been progressing at a rapid pace. The challenge remains in translating these advances into new targeted disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicholas F Blair
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Mochel F. Outline of metabolic diseases in adult neurology. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:531-8. [PMID: 26002495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are traditionally defined by enzymatic deficiencies or defects in proteins involved in cellular metabolism. Historically discovered and characterized in children, a growing number of IEM are described in adults, and especially in the field of neurology. In daily practice, it is important to recognize emergency situations as well as neurodegenerative diseases for which a metabolic disease is likely, especially when therapeutic interventions are available. OBJECTIVES Here, the goal is to provide simple clinical, imaging and biochemical tools that can first orientate towards and then confirm the diagnosis of IEM. General guidelines are presented to treat the most common IEM during metabolic crises - acute encephalopathies with increased plasma ammonia, lactate or homocystein, as well as rhabdomyolysis. Examples of therapeutic strategies currently applied to chronic neurometabolic diseases are also provided - GLUT1 deficiency, adrenoleukodystrophy, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Niemann-Pick type C and Wilson disease. Genetic counseling is mandatory in some X-linked diseases - ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and adrenoleukodystrophy - and recommended in maternally inherited mitochondrial diseases - mutations of mitochondrial DNA. CONCLUSION Besides these practical considerations, the contribution of metabolism to the field of adult neurology and neurosciences is much greater: first, with the identification of blood biomarkers that are progressively changing our diagnostic strategies thanks to lipidomic approaches, as illustrated in the field of spastic paraplegia and atypical psychiatric presentations; and second, through the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in common neurological diseases thanks to the study of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mochel
- Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Neurometabolic Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Klebe S, Stevanin G, Depienne C. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from SPG1 to SPG72 and still counting. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:505-30. [PMID: 26008818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically determined neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs, and are among the most clinically and genetically heterogeneous human diseases. All modes of inheritance have been described, and the recent technological revolution in molecular genetics has led to the identification of 76 different spastic gait disease-loci with 59 corresponding spastic paraplegia genes. Autosomal recessive HSP are usually associated with diverse additional features (referred to as complicated forms), contrary to autosomal dominant HSP, which are mostly pure. However, the identification of additional mutations and families has considerably enlarged the clinical spectra, and has revealed a huge clinical variability for almost all HSP; complicated forms have also been described for primary pure HSP subtypes, adding further complexity to the genotype-phenotype correlations. In addition, the introduction of next generation sequencing in clinical practice has revealed a genetic and phenotypic overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuropathies, cerebellar ataxias, etc.) and neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability. This review aims to describe the most recent advances in the field and to provide genotype-phenotype correlations that could help clinical diagnoses of this heterogeneous group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klebe
- Department of neurology, university hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Stevanin
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; École pratique des hautes études, 4-14, rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Depienne
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Hensiek A, Kirker S, Reid E. Diagnosis, investigation and management of hereditary spastic paraplegias in the era of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2014; 262:1601-12. [PMID: 25480570 PMCID: PMC4503825 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of genetic conditions in which spastic paralysis of the legs is the principal clinical feature. This is caused by a relatively selective distal axonal degeneration involving the longest axons of the corticospinal tracts. Consequently, these conditions provide an opportunity to identify genes, proteins and cellular pathways that are critical for axonal health. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the classification, clinical features and genetics of HSP, highlighting selected HSP subtypes (i.e. those associated with thin corpus callosum or cerebellar ataxia) that are of particular clinical interest. We will then discuss appropriate investigation strategies for HSPs, suggesting how these might evolve with the introduction of next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, we will discuss the management of HSP, an area somewhat neglected by HSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hensiek
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kirker
- Addenbrooke’s Rehabilitation Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Lee WR, Ishikawa T, Umetani M. The interaction between metabolism, cancer and cardiovascular disease, connected by 27-hydroxycholesterol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:617-624. [PMID: 25632306 DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are metabolites of cholesterol that are produced in liver and other peripheral tissues as a means to eliminate cholesterol to bile acid. Recent studies have revealed that the most abundant circulating oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is the first identified endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator. 27HC levels correlate well with that of cholesterol, and also rise progressively with age. 27HC affects estrogen receptor function by the antagonism of estrogen action and also by the direct modulation of the receptor function, and similar to estrogen/estrogen receptors, 27HC has many actions in various tissues. This review article introduces the recent progress in the understanding of the role of 27HC in breast cancer and cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ru Lee
- Division of Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, Departments of Pediatrics & Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Division of Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, Departments of Pediatrics & Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA ; Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Division of Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, Departments of Pediatrics & Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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47
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Theofilopoulos S, Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Yang S, Meljon A, Ogundare M, Kitambi SS, Lockhart A, Tuschl K, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Martinez A, Reddy MA, Martinuzzi A, Bassi MT, Honda A, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, De Michele G, Carbone R, Criscuolo C, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Schüle R, Schöls L, Sailer AW, Kuhle J, Fraidakis MJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Björkhem I, Ernfors P, Sjövall J, Arenas E, Wang Y. Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4829-42. [PMID: 25271621 DOI: 10.1172/jci68506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestenoic acids are formed as intermediates in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate cholestenoic acids are expressed in the mammalian CNS. Here, we evaluated the cholestenoic acid profile of mammalian cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and determined that specific cholestenoic acids activate the liver X receptors (LXRs), enhance islet-1 expression in zebrafish, and increase the number of oculomotor neurons in the developing mouse in vitro and in vivo. While 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β,7α-diHCA) promoted motor neuron survival in an LXR-dependent manner, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3βH,7O-CA) promoted maturation of precursors into islet-1+ cells. Unlike 3β,7α-diHCA and 3βH,7O-CA, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β-HCA) caused motor neuron cell loss in mice. Mutations in CYP7B1 or CYP27A1, which encode enzymes involved in cholestenoic acid metabolism, result in different neurological diseases, hereditary spastic paresis type 5 (SPG5) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), respectively. SPG5 is characterized by spastic paresis, and similar symptoms may occur in CTX. Analysis of CSF and plasma from patients with SPG5 revealed an excess of the toxic LXR ligand, 3β-HCA, while patients with CTX and SPG5 exhibited low levels of the survival-promoting LXR ligand 3β,7α-diHCA. Moreover, 3β,7α-diHCA prevented the loss of motor neurons induced by 3β-HCA in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo.Our results indicate that specific cholestenoic acids selectively work on motor neurons, via LXR, to regulate the balance between survival and death.
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Dai D, Mills PB, Footitt E, Gissen P, McClean P, Stahlschmidt J, Coupry I, Lavie J, Mochel F, Goizet C, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, Schwarz K, Crick PJ, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Clayton PT. Liver disease in infancy caused by oxysterol 7 α-hydroxylase deficiency: successful treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:851-61. [PMID: 24658845 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A child of consanguineous parents of Pakistani origin developed jaundice at 5 weeks and then, at 3 months, irritability, a prolonged prothrombin time, a low albumin, and episodes of hypoglycaemia. Investigation showed an elevated alanine aminotransferase with a normal γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase. Analysis of urine by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) showed that the major peaks were m/z 480 (taurine-conjugated 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid) and m/z 453 (sulphated 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid). Analysis of plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed increased concentrations of 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid and 27-hydroxycholesterol, indicating oxysterol 7 α-hydroxylase deficiency. The patient was homozygous for a mutation (c.1249C>T) in CYP7B1 that alters a highly conserved residue in oxysterol 7 α-hydroxylase (p.R417C) - previously reported in a family with hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. On treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), his condition was worsening, but on chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 15 mg/kg/d, he improved rapidly. A biopsy (after 2 weeks on CDCA), showed a giant cell hepatitis, an evolving micronodular cirrhosis, and steatosis. The improvement in liver function on CDCA was associated with a drop in the plasma concentrations and urinary excretions of the 3β-hydroxy-Δ5 bile acids which are considered hepatotoxic. At age 5 years (on CDCA, 6 mg/kg/d), he was thriving with normal liver function. Neurological development was normal apart from a tendency to trip. Examination revealed pes cavus but no upper motor neuron signs. The findings in this case suggest that CDCA can reduce the activity of cholesterol 27-hydroxylase - the first step in the acidic pathway for bile acid synthesis.
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Fechter K, Porollo A. MutaCYP: Classification of missense mutations in human cytochromes P450. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 25073475 PMCID: PMC4119178 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) represent a large and diverse family of enzymes involved in various biological processes in humans. Individual genome sequencing has revealed multiple mutations in human CYPs, and many missense mutations have been associated with variety of diseases. Since 3D structures are not resolved for most human CYPs, there is a need for a reliable sequence-based prediction that discriminates benign and disease causing mutations. METHODS A new prediction method (MutaCYP) has been developed for scoring de novo missense mutations to have a deleterious effect. The method utilizes only five features, all of which are sequence-based: predicted relative solvent accessibility (RSA), variance of predicted RSA among the residues in close sequence proximity, Z-score of Shannon entropy for a given position, difference in similarity scores and weighted difference in size between wild type and new amino acids. The method is based on a single neural network. RESULTS MutaCYP achieves MCC = 0.70, Q2 = 88.52%, Recall = 93.40% with Precision = 91.09%, and AUC = 0.909. Comparative evaluation with other existing methods indicates that MutaCYP outperforms SIFT and PolyPhen-2. Predictions by MutaCYP appear to be orthogonal to predictions by the evaluated methods. Potential issues on reliability of annotations of mutations in the existing databases are discussed. CONCLUSIONS A new accurate method, MutaCYP, for classification of missense mutations in human CYPs is presented. The prediction model consists of only five sequence-based features, including a real-valued predicted relative solvent accessibility. The method is publicly available at http://research.cchmc.org/MutaSense/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Lo Giudice T, Lombardi F, Santorelli FM, Kawarai T, Orlacchio A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical-genetic characteristics and evolving molecular mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:518-39. [PMID: 24954637 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by pathophysiologic hallmark of length-dependent distal axonal degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. The prominent features of this pathological condition are progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. To date, 72 spastic gait disease-loci and 55 spastic paraplegia genes (SPGs) have been identified. All modes of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked) have been described. Recently, a late onset spastic gait disorder with maternal trait of inheritance has been reported, as well as mutations in genes not yet classified as spastic gait disease. Several cellular processes are involved in its pathogenesis, such as membrane and axonal transport, endoplasmic reticulum membrane modeling and shaping, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, autophagy, and abnormalities in lipid metabolism and myelination processes. Moreover, recent evidences have been found about the impairment of endosome membrane trafficking in vesicle formation and about the involvement of oxidative stress and mtDNA polymorphisms in the onset of the disease. Interactome networks have been postulated by bioinformatics and biological analyses of spastic paraplegia genes, which would contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temistocle Lo Giudice
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lombardi
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Medicina Molecolare, Neurogenetica e Malattie Neurodegenerative, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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