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Cao C, Wu R, Wang S, Zhuang L, Chen P, Li S, Zhu Q, Li H, Lin Y, Li M, Cao L, Chen J. Elucidating the changes in the heterogeneity and function of radiation-induced cardiac macrophages using single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363278. [PMID: 38601160 PMCID: PMC11004337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A mouse model of irradiation (IR)-induced heart injury was established to investigate the early changes in cardiac function after radiation and the role of cardiac macrophages in this process. Methods Cardiac function was evaluated by heart-to-tibia ratio, lung-to-heart ratio and echocardiography. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate the changes of macrophages in the heart. Immune cells from heart tissues were sorted by magnetic beads for single-cell RNA sequencing, and the subsets of macrophages were identified and analyzed. Trajectory analysis was used to explore the differentiation relationship of each macrophage subset. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared, and the related enriched pathways were identified. Single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) analysis was performed to identify the potential transcription factors (TFs) which participated in this process. Results Cardiac function temporarily decreased on Day 7 and returned to normal level on Day 35, accompanied by macrophages decreased and increased respectively. Then, we identified 7 clusters of macrophages by single-cell RNA sequencing and found two kinds of stage specific macrophages: senescence-associated macrophage (Cdkn1ahighC5ar1high) on Day 7 and interferon-associated macrophage (Ccr2highIsg15high) on Day 35. Moreover, we observed cardiac macrophages polarized over these two-time points based on M1/M2 and CCR2/major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) expression. Finally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses suggested that macrophages on Day 7 were characterized by an inflammatory senescent phenotype with enhanced chemotaxis and inflammatory factors, while macrophages on Day 35 showed enhanced phagocytosis with reduced inflammation, which was associated with interferon-related pathways. SCENIC analysis showed AP-1 family members were associated with IR-induced macrophages changes. Conclusion We are the first study to characterize the diversity, features, and evolution of macrophages during the early stages in an IR-induced cardiac injury animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Shubei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfang Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Proton-therapy, Shanghai, China
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Yepes M. Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 542:69-80. [PMID: 37574107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Furon J, Lebrun F, Yétim M, Levard D, Marie P, Orset C, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Vivien D, Ali C. Parabiosis Discriminates the Circulating, Endothelial, and Parenchymal Contributions of Endogenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator to Stroke. Stroke 2024; 55:747-756. [PMID: 38288607 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous injection of alteplase, a recombinant tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) as a thrombolytic agent has revolutionized ischemic stroke management. However, tPA is a more complex enzyme than expected, being for instance able to promote thrombolysis, but at the same time, also able to influence neuronal survival and to affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Accordingly, the respective impact of endogenous tPA expressed/present in the brain parenchyma versus in the circulation during stroke remains debated. METHODS To address this issue, we used mice with constitutive deletion of tPA (tPANull [tPA-deficient mice]) or conditional deletion of endothelial tPA (VECad [vascular endothelial-Cadherin-Cre-recombinase]-Cre∆tPA). We also developed parabioses between tPANull and wild-type mice (tPAWT), anticipating that a tPAWT donor would restore levels of tPA to normal ones, in the circulation but not in the brain parenchyma of a tPANull recipient. Stroke outcomes were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging in a thrombo-embolic or a thrombotic stroke model, induced by local thrombin injection or FeCl3 application on the endothelium, respectively. RESULTS First, our data show that endothelial tPA, released into the circulation after stroke onset, plays an overall beneficial role following thrombo-embolic stroke. Accordingly, after 24 hours, tPANull/tPANull parabionts displayed less spontaneous recanalization and reperfusion and larger infarcts compared with tPAWT/tPAWT littermates. However, when associated to tPAWT littermates, tPANull mice had similar perfusion deficits, but less severe brain infarcts. In the thrombotic stroke model, homo- and hetero-typic parabionts did not differ in the extent of brain damages and did not differentially recanalize and reperfuse. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data reveal that during thromboembolic stroke, endogenous circulating tPA from endothelial cells sustains a spontaneous recanalization and reperfusion of the tissue, thus, limiting the extension of ischemic lesions. In this context, the impact of endogenous parenchymal tPA is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathane Furon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Florent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Mervé Yétim
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Damien Levard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), France (D.V.)
| | - Pauline Marie
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
| | - Carine Ali
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Groupement d'Intérêt Public (GIP) Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France (J.F., F.L., M.Y., D.L., P.M., C.O., S.M.d.L., D.V., C.A.)
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Tomadesso C, de Lizarrondo SM, Ali C, Landeau B, Mézenge F, Perrotin A, de La Sayette V, Vivien D, Chételat G. Plasma Levels of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) in Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Links With Cognition, Brain Structure, Brain Function and Amyloid Burden. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:871214. [PMID: 35747448 PMCID: PMC9211060 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.871214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protease known for its fibrinolytic action but is also involved in physiological and pathophysiological aging processes; including amyloid elimination and synaptic plasticity. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of tPA in cognitive and brain aging. Therefore, we assessed the links between tPA plasma concentration and cognition, structural MRI, FDG-PET and Flobetapir-PET neuroimaging in 155 cognitively unimpaired adults (CUA, aged 20-85 years old) and 32 patients with Alzheimer's disease (ALZ). A positive correlation was found between tPA and age in CUA (p < 0.001), with males showing higher tPA than females (p = 0.05). No significant difference was found between ALZ patients and cognitively unimpaired elders (CUE). Plasma tPA in CUA negatively correlated with global brain volume. No correlation was found with brain FDG metabolism or amyloid deposition. Age-related tPA changes were associated to changes in blood pressure, glycemia and body mass index. Within the ALZ patients, tPA didn't correlate with any cognitive or neuroimaging measures, but only with physiological measures. Altogether our study suggests that increased tPA plasma concentration with age is related to neuronal alterations and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Tomadesso
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Florence Mézenge
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Audrey Perrotin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de La Sayette
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Gaël Chételat
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5
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Liberale L, Bonetti NR, Puspitasari YM, Vukolic A, Akhmedov A, Diaz-Cañestro C, Keller S, Montecucco F, Merlini M, Semerano A, Giacalone G, Bacigaluppi M, Sessa M, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Libby P, Beer JH, Camici GG. TNF-α antagonism rescues the effect of ageing on stroke: Perspectives for targeting inflamm-ageing. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13600. [PMID: 34076259 PMCID: PMC8596431 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiologic evidence links ischemic stroke to age, yet the mechanisms that underlie the specific and independent effects of age on stroke remain elusive, impeding the development of targeted treatments. This study tested the hypothesis that age directly aggravates stroke outcomes and proposes inflamm-aging as a mediator and potential therapeutic target. METHODS 3 months- (young) and 18-20 months-old (old) mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 30 minutes followed by 48 hours of reperfusion. Old animals received weekly treatment with the TNF-α neutralizing antibody adalimumab over 4 weeks before tMCAO in a separate set of experiments. Plasma levels of TNF- α were assessed in patients with ischemic stroke and correlated with age and outcome. RESULTS Old mice displayed larger stroke size than young ones with increased neuromotor deficit. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed impairment of the blood-brain barrier in old mice, i.e. increased post-stroke degradation of endothelial tight junctions and expression of tight junctions-digesting and neurotoxic matrix metalloproteinases. At baseline, old animals showed a broad modulation of several circulating inflammatory mediators. TNF-α displayed the highest increase in old animals and its inhibition restored the volume of stroke, neuromotor performance, and survival rates of old mice to the levels observed in young ones. Patients with ischemic stroke showed increased TNF-α plasma levels which correlated with worsened short-term neurological outcome as well as with age. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies TNF-α as a causative contributor to the deleterious effect of aging on stroke and points to inflamm-aging as a mechanism of age-related worsening of stroke outcomes and potential therapeutic target in this context. Thus, this work provides a basis for tailoring novel stroke therapies for the particularly vulnerable elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | | | - Ana Vukolic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Keller
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Merlini
- Blood & Brain @ Caen-Normandie Institute, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Aurora Semerano
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacalone
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- Department of Neurology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ahnstedt H, Patrizz A, Chauhan A, Roy-O’Reilly M, Furr JW, Spychala MS, D’Aigle J, Blixt FW, Zhu L, Alegria JB, McCullough LD. Sex differences in T cell immune responses, gut permeability and outcome after ischemic stroke in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:556-567. [PMID: 32058038 PMCID: PMC7590503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a disease that presents with well-known sex differences. While women account for more stroke deaths, recent data show that after adjusting for age and pre-stroke functional status, mortality is higher in men. Immune responses are key determinants of stroke outcome and may differ by sex. This study examined sex differences in central and peripheral T cell immune responses, systemic effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity and behavioral outcomes after stroke in aged mice. We hypothesized that there are sex differences in the immune response to stroke in aged animals. METHODS C57BL/6CR mice (20-22 months) were subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, or sham surgery. T cells were quantified in brain and blood at 3, 7 and 15 days (d) post-stroke by flow cytometry. Peripheral effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity, as well as neurological function were assessed up to 14 d, and at 21 d (cognitive function) post-stroke. Brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was evaluated at 42 d post-stroke. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mortality (50% vs 14%, p < 0.05) and hemorrhagic transformation (44% vs 0%) were significantly higher in males than in females. No difference in infarct size at 3d were observed. Peripherally, stroke induced greater gut permeability of FITC-dextran in males at d3 (p < 0.05), and non-reversible alterations in microbiota diversity in males. Following the sub-acute phase, both sexes demonstrated a time-dependent increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain, with significantly higher levels of CD8+ T cells and Regulatory T cells in males at d15 (p < 0.01). Aged males demonstrated greater neurological deficits up to d5 and impaired sensorimotor function up to d15 when assessed by the corner asymmetry test (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). A trend in greater cognitive decline was observed at d21 in males. Increased GFAP expression in the ischemic hemisphere, indicating astroglial activation and gliosis, was demonstrated in both males and females 42d post-stroke. Our findings indicate that despite a similar initial ischemic brain injury, aged male mice experience greater peripheral effects on the gut and ongoing central neuroinflammation past the sub-acute phase after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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D-site binding protein regulates cell proliferation through mediating cell cycle progression in rat mesangial cells. Tissue Cell 2019; 61:35-43. [PMID: 31759405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) disturbs mesangial homeostasis and leads to renal damage in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. It is documented that transcriptional factors may be involved in the proliferation of MCs. This study aims to identify the key transcriptional factor that prevents the MCs from over proliferation and to clarify its regulatory mechanism. Microarray analysis of glomeruli isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) with or without anti-Thy1 nephritis (anti-Thy1N) showed that the cell cycle pathway was the most enriched pathway in anti-Thy1N model, and the D-site binding protein (DBP) ranked first in the cluster of transcription factors. Compare with normal rats, DBP is markedly decreased accompanied by an over proliferation of MCs in rats with anti-Thy1N. The cell proliferative capacity was measured by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay in primary rat MCs with DBP knockdown or overexpression, respectively. The results showed that the knockdown of DBP significantly promoted the proliferation of MCs, whereas the overexpression of DBP inhibited the MCs' proliferation, compared to that of the control cells. Further study indicated that DBP arrested G1/S-phase transition by inhibiting the expression of p21, p27 and inducing the Cyclin D1 expression in MCs. The current data suggest that DBP effectively inhibits the proliferation of MCs through G1 phase arrest, and the decrease of DBP may induce mesangial over proliferation in rats with anti-Thy1N.
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8
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Ahnstedt H, McCullough LD. The impact of sex and age on T cell immunity and ischemic stroke outcomes. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103960. [PMID: 31519365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are well-recognized in ischemic stroke, a disease mainly affecting the elderly. Stroke results in robust activation of central and peripheral immune responses which contributes to functional outcome. Aging is associated with increased low-grade chronic inflammation known as "inflammaging" that renders aged males and females more susceptible to poor outcomes after ischemic stroke. Despite the fact that sex differences are well-documented in immunity and inflammation, few studies have focused on sex differences in inflammatory responses after ischemic stroke and even fewer have been performed in the context of aging. The role of T cell responses in ischemic stroke have gained increasing attention over the past decade as data suggest a major role in the pathophysiology/recovery after ischemic injury. T cells offer an attractive therapeutic target due to their relatively delayed infiltration into the ischemic brain. This review will focus on T cell immune responses in ischemic stroke, highlighting studies examining the effects of aging and biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Yu P, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Shen Y, Liang L, Landschoot-Ward J, Liu Z, Jiang R, Chen J. Deficiency of tPA Exacerbates White Matter Damage, Neuroinflammation, Glymphatic Dysfunction and Cognitive Dysfunction in Aging Mice. Aging Dis 2019; 10:770-783. [PMID: 31440383 PMCID: PMC6675536 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease primarily involved in mediating thrombus breakdown and regulating catabolism of amyloid-beta (Aβ). The aim of this study is to investigate age-dependent decline of endogenous tPA and the effects of tPA decline on glymphatic function and cognitive outcome in mice. Male, young (3m), adult (6m) and middle-aged (12m) C57/BL6 (wild type) and tPA knockout (tPA-/-) mice were subject to a battery of cognitive tests and white matter (WM) integrity, neuroinflammation, and glymphatic function were evaluated. Adult WT mice exhibit significantly decreased brain tPA level compared to young WT mice and middle-aged WT mice have significantly lower brain tPA levels than young and adult WT mice. Middle-aged WT mice exhibit significant neuroinflammation, reduced WM integrity and increased thrombin deposition compared to young and adult mice, and increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced cognitive ability compared to young WT mice. In comparison to adult WT mice, adult tPA-/- mice exhibit significant BBB leakage, decreased dendritic spine density, increased thrombin deposition, neuroinflammation, and impaired functioning of the glymphatic system. Compared to age-matched WT mice, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significantly increased D-Dimer expression and decreased perivascular Aquaporin-4 expression. Compared to age-matched WT mice, young, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significant cognitive impairment, axonal damage, and increased deposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ, and fibrin. Endogenous tPA may play an important role in contributing to aging induced cognitive decline, axonal/WM damage, BBB disruption and glymphatic dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,3Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,4Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Yi Shen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linlin Liang
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,5Reproductive Medical Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Julie Landschoot-Ward
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Hébert M, Anfray A, Chevilley A, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Quenault A, Louessard M, Roussel BD, Obiang P, Save E, Orset C, Maubert E, Vivien D, Agin V. Distant Space Processing is Controlled by tPA-dependent NMDA Receptor Signaling in the Entorhinal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4783-4796. [PMID: 27613436 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, spatial cognition and navigation impairments are a frequent situation during physiological and pathological aging, leading to a dramatic deterioration in the quality of life. Despite the discovery of neurons with location-specific activity in rodents, that is, place cells in the hippocampus and later on grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC), the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial cognition are still poorly known. Our present data bring together in an unusual combination 2 molecules of primary biological importance: a major neuronal excitatory receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and an extracellular protease, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), in the control of spatial navigation. By using tPA-deficient mice and a structure-selective pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that the tPA-dependent NMDAR signaling potentiation in the EC plays a key and selective role in the encoding and the subsequent use of distant landmarks during spatial learning. We also demonstrate that this novel function of tPA in the EC is reduced during aging. Overall, these results argue for the concept that encoding of proximal versus distal landmarks is mediated not only by different anatomical pathways but also by different molecular mechanisms, with the tPA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR signaling in the EC that plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hébert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Morgane Louessard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benoit D Roussel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Obiang
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France.,Biology Department, Clinical Research Department Medical Center, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Véronique Agin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
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11
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Lu Y, Mei Y, Chen L, Wu L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fu B, Chen X, Xie Y, Cai G, Bai X, Li Q, Chen X. The role of transcriptional factor D-site-binding protein in circadian CCL2 gene expression in anti-Thy1 nephritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:735-745. [PMID: 29568121 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is an inflammatory disease, but both the nature of disease progression and its regulation remain unclear. In the present study, we monitored the course of anti-Thy1 nephritis from days 1 to 5 and established gene expression profiles at each time point using microarrays to explore the development of inflammation. According to the gene expression profiles, macrophage infiltration (triggered by CCL2 activation) was evident on day 1 and enhanced inflammation over the next few days. We screened for genes with expression levels similar to CCL2 and found that the upregulation of the circadian gene albumin D-site-binding protein (DBP) was involved in CCL2 activation in mesangial cells. More importantly, CCL2 expression showed oscillatory changes similar to DBP, and DBP induced peak CCL2 expression at 16:00 a clock on day 1 in the anti-Thy1 nephritis model. We knocked down DBP through transfection with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) and used RNA sequencing to identify the DBP-regulated TNF-α-CCL2 pathway. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and the dual luciferase assay to show that DBP bound to the TRIM55 promoter, regulating gene expression and in turn controlling the TNF-α-CCL2 pathway. In conclusion, DBP-regulated circadian CCL2 expression by the TRIM55-TNF pathway in injured mesangial cells at an early stage, which promoted macrophage recruitment and in turn triggered infiltration and inflammation in a model of anti-Thy1 nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
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12
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Thériault P, Le Béhot A, ElAli A, Rivest S. Sub-acute systemic erythropoietin administration reduces ischemic brain injury in an age-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35552-35561. [PMID: 27248662 PMCID: PMC5094944 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is associated with neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Thus far, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke, increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and is poorly efficient in disaggregating platelet-rich thrombi. Therefore, the development of safer and more efficient therapies is highly awaited. Encouraging neuroprotective effects were reported in mouse models of ischemic stroke following administration of erythropoietin (EPO). However, previous preclinical studies did not investigate the effects of EPO in focal ischemic stroke induced by a platelet-rich thrombus and did not consider the implication of age. Here, we performed middle cerebral artery occlusion by inducing platelet-rich thrombus formation in chimeric 5- (i.e. young) and 20- (i.e. aged) months old C57BL/6 mice, in which hematopoietic stem cells carried the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tag. Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was administered 24 hours post-occlusion and blood-circulating monocyte populations were studied by flow cytometry 3 hours post-rhEPO administration. Twenty-four hours following rhEPO treatment, neuronal loss and BBB integrity were assessed by quantification of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive cells and extravasated serum immunoglobulins G (IgG), respectively. Neuroinflammation was determined by quantifying infiltration of GFP-positive bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) and recruitment of microglial cells into brain parenchyma, along with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) brain protein levels. Here, rhEPO anti-inflammatory properties rescued ischemic injury by reducing neuronal loss and BBB breakdown in young animals, but not in aged littermates. Such age-dependent effects of rhEPO must therefore be taken into consideration in future studies aiming to develop new therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thériault
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Le Béhot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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13
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Dong MX, Hu QC, Shen P, Pan JX, Wei YD, Liu YY, Ren YF, Liang ZH, Wang HY, Zhao LB, Xie P. Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Induces Neurological Side Effects Independent on Thrombolysis in Mechanical Animal Models of Focal Cerebral Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158848. [PMID: 27387385 PMCID: PMC4936748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only effective drug approved by US FDA to treat ischemic stroke, and it contains pleiotropic effects besides thrombolysis. We performed a meta-analysis to clarify effect of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on cerebral infarction besides its thrombolysis property in mechanical animal stroke. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by two reviewers after searching online databases, including Pubmed, Embase, and ScienceDirect, from 1979 to 2016. We identified 6, 65, 17, 12, 16, 12 and 13 comparisons reporting effect of endogenous tPA on infarction volume and effects of rtPA on infarction volume, blood-brain barrier, brain edema, intracerebral hemorrhage, neurological function and mortality rate in all 47 included studies. Standardized mean differences for continuous measures and risk ratio for dichotomous measures were calculated to assess the effects of endogenous tPA and rtPA on cerebral infarction in animals. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable score. Subgroup analysis, meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Funnel plot, Trim and Fill method and Egger's test were obtained to detect publication bias. RESULTS We found that both endogenous tPA and rtPA had not enlarged infarction volume, or deteriorated neurological function. However, rtPA would disrupt blood-brain barrier, aggravate brain edema, induce intracerebral hemorrhage and increase mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis reveals rtPA can lead to neurological side effects besides thrombolysis in mechanical animal stroke, which may account for clinical exacerbation for stroke patients that do not achieve vascular recanalization with rtPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xue Dong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Xi Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - You-Dong Wei
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Ren
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Hong Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bruckert G, Vivien D, Docagne F, Roussel BD. Normalization of Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Data During Ageing in Distinct Cerebral Structures. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:1540-1550. [PMID: 25663136 PMCID: PMC5639144 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become a routine method in many laboratories. Normalization of data from experimental conditions is critical for data processing and is usually achieved by the use of a single reference gene. Nevertheless, as pointed by the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines, several reference genes should be used for reliable normalization. Ageing is a physiological process that results in a decline of many expressed genes. Reliable normalization of RT-qPCR data becomes crucial when studying ageing. Here, we propose a RT-qPCR study from four mouse brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum) at different ages (from 8 weeks to 22 months) in which we studied the expression of nine commonly used reference genes. With the use of two different algorithms, we found that all brain structures need at least two genes for a good normalization step. We propose specific pairs of gene for efficient data normalization in the four brain regions studied. These results underline the importance of reliable reference genes for specific brain regions in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bruckert
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - F Docagne
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - B D Roussel
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France.
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16
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Hébert M, Lesept F, Vivien D, Macrez R. The story of an exceptional serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 172:186-97. [PMID: 26626577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The only acute treatment of ischemic stroke approved by the health authorities is tissue recombinant plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced thrombolysis. Under physiological conditions, tPA, belonging to the serine protease family, is secreted by endothelial and brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes). Although revascularisation induced by tPA is beneficial during a stroke, research over the past 20 years shows that tPA can also be deleterious for the brain parenchyma. Thus, in this review of the literature, after a brief history on the discovery of tPA, we reviewed current knowledge of mechanisms by which tPA can influence brain function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hébert
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - F Lesept
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - R Macrez
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France.
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17
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Chevilley A, Lesept F, Lenoir S, Ali C, Parcq J, Vivien D. Impacts of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on neuronal survival. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:415. [PMID: 26528141 PMCID: PMC4607783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) a serine protease is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with different substrates, binding proteins, and receptors. In the last years, great interest has been given to the clinical relevance of targeting tPA in different diseases of the central nervous system, in particular stroke. Among its reported functions in the central nervous system, tPA displays both neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects. How can the protease mediate such opposite functions remain unclear but several hypotheses have been proposed. These include an influence of the degree of maturity and/or the type of neurons, of the level of tPA, of its origin (endogenous or exogenous) or of its form (single chain tPA versus two chain tPA). In this review, we will provide a synthetic snapshot of our current knowledge regarding the natural history of tPA and discuss how it sustains its pleiotropic functions with focus on excitotoxic/ischemic neuronal death and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chevilley
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
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18
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Lemarchand E, Maubert E, Haelewyn B, Ali C, Rubio M, Vivien D. Stressed neurons protect themselves by a tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated EGFR-dependent mechanism. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:123-31. [PMID: 26068590 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has been associated with both pro-death and prosurvival actions on neurons. In most cases, this has been related to exogenous tPA. In the present study, we addressed the influence of endogenous tPA. We first observed an increased transcription of tPA following either in vivo global brain ischemia in rats or in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) on mice and rats hippocampal slices. Hippocampal slices from tPA-deficient mice were more sensitive to OGD than wild-type slices. Pharmacological approaches targeting the known receptors of tPA revealed that only the inhibition of phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) prevented the neuroprotective effect of endogenous tPA. This study shows that ischemic hippocampal neurons overproduce endogenous tPA as an intend to protect themselves from ischemic death, by a mechanism involving an activation of EGFRs. Thus, strategies contributing to promote either endogenous production of tPA or its associated EGFR-linked signaling pathway may have beneficial effects following brain injuries such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemarchand
- INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - E Maubert
- INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - B Haelewyn
- ESRP (European Stroke Research Platform), Centre Universitaire de Ressources Biologiques (CURB), Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France
| | - C Ali
- INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - M Rubio
- INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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Impacts of aging and amyloid-β deposition on plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2014; 1597:159-67. [PMID: 25454795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activators (PAs), which convert plasminogen into the fibrinolytic protease plasmin, may initiate the degradation of amyloid-β (Aβ) to suppress the amyloid pathogenesis. In that way, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated plasmin activation could maintain a low level of Aβ deposition to delay the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous study, we reported that tPA/plasmin proteolytic activity is attenuated throughout the brain during aging or with Aβ accumulation but clustered intense around the amyloid plaques in AD brain. The present study demonstrates that the altered proteolytic activity primarily results from the competition between the expressions of tPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the brains of Tg2576 Aβ-transgenic mice, as revealed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot assays. Compared with that in the brains of younger Tg2576 mice, tPA protein is generally reduced throughout the brain in older Tg2576 mice but elevated near amyloid plaques. In contrary, PAI-1 expression increases during aging or Aβ deposition with its clusters surrounding amyloid plaques. No significant alteration in the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is detected. These results suggest reciprocal feedback influences between tPA, PAI-1 and Aβ during aging and amyloid pathogenesis in AD brain; tPA-mediated plasmin activity is declined throughout the brain causing Aβ deposition during aging, and the Aβ deposits locally attract the cluster of tPA and/or PAI-1 around their deposits to competitively determine tPA/plasmin-mediated Aβ proteolysis.
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20
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Plasmin-dependent modulation of the blood-brain barrier: a major consideration during tPA-induced thrombolysis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1283-96. [PMID: 24896566 PMCID: PMC4126105 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin, the principal downstream product of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is known for its potent fibrin-degrading capacity but is also recognized for many non-fibrinolytic activities. Curiously, plasmin has not been conclusively linked to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during recombinant tPA (rtPA)-induced thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. This is surprising given the substantial involvement of tPA in the modulation of BBB permeability and the co-existence of tPA and plasminogen in both blood and brain throughout the ischemic event. Here, we review the work that argues a role for plasmin together with endogenous tPA or rtPA in BBB alteration, presenting the overall controversy around the topic yet creating a rational case for an involvement of plasmin in this process.
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21
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Haršány M, Tsivgoulis G, Alexandrov AV. Intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: standard and potential future applications. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:879-92. [PMID: 24984941 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.934676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment. Randomized clinical trial and Phase IV data have provided unequivocal evidence that intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) improves early functional outcomes by restoring brain perfusion. Moreover, these studies have shed substantial light on the factors which are associated with more favorable outcome with tPA and are related to the highest benefit-to-risk ratio. Stroke physicians should consider vascular imaging techniques to aid decision making with thrombolytic therapy. The presence of intracranial occlusion is the target of treatment with early recanalization being the goal. Successful use of intravenous thrombolysis depends on a sound understanding of the decision-making process and organization of the treating team who strives for early treatment initiation and strict adherence to the protocol. Intravenous rt-PA within 4.5 h of onset should now be a standard treatment of acute disabling ischemic stroke throughout the world. This review also summarizes intravenous thrombolysis contraindications as well as the safety of novel reperfusion therapies including tenecteplase, sonothrombolysis and the combination of alteplase with direct thrombin inhibitors or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Haršány
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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Manwani B, Friedler B, Verma R, Venna VR, McCullough LD, Liu F. Perfusion of ischemic brain in young and aged animals: a laser speckle flowmetry study. Stroke 2013; 45:571-8. [PMID: 24357659 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aging is an important determinant of ischemic stroke outcomes. Both clinical and experimental stroke studies have shown that aging negatively correlates with infarct volumes but is associated with worsened functional recovery after stroke. This may correspond to a differing cellular and molecular response to stroke in the aged versus young brain. It was hypothesized in this study that the smaller injury seen in the aged ischemic brain is because of structural differences in microvasculature with aging or differences in intraischemic tissue perfusion. METHODS Both young and aged C57BL6 mice were subject to middle cerebral artery occlusion modeling. Laser speckle flowmetry was used to study the functional dynamics of cerebral perfusion, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran staining was performed to examine the structural change in microvasculature. In separate cohorts, cresyl violet staining and immunohistochemistry with CD31 and IgG antibodies were applied to further assess the microvascular density and blood-brain barrier breakdown after stroke. RESULTS No difference in cerebral blood flow was seen at the baseline, intraischemically, and postreperfusion in young versus aged mice. FITC-dextran and CD31 staining did not show significant differences in the microvascular density between young and aged ischemic brains. More extravasation of IgG through the blood-brain barrier was found in the young versus aged cohort at both 24 and 72 hours after stroke. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular dynamics and perfusion are not responsible for the different stroke phenotypes seen in the young versus aged animals, which may be more related to different levels of blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Manwani
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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23
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Roussel BD, Newton TM, Malzer E, Simecek N, Haq I, Thomas SE, Burr ML, Lehner PJ, Crowther DC, Marciniak SJ, Lomas DA. Sterol metabolism regulates neuroserpin polymer degradation in the absence of the unfolded protein response in the dementia FENIB. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4616-26. [PMID: 23814041 PMCID: PMC3889810 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants of neuroserpin are retained as polymers within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of neurones to cause the autosomal dominant dementia familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies or FENIB. The cellular consequences are unusual in that the ordered polymers activate the ER overload response (EOR) in the absence of the canonical unfolded protein response. We use both cell lines and Drosophila models to show that the G392E mutant of neuroserpin that forms polymers is degraded by UBE2j1 E2 ligase and Hrd1 E3 ligase while truncated neuroserpin, a protein that lacks 132 amino acids, is degraded by UBE2g2 (E2) and gp78 (E3) ligases. The degradation of G392E neuroserpin results from SREBP-dependent activation of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in cells that express polymers of neuroserpin (G392E). Inhibition of HMGCoA reductase, the limiting enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, reduced the ubiquitination of G392E neuroserpin in our cell lines and increased the retention of neuroserpin polymers in both HeLa cells and primary neurones. Our data reveal a reciprocal relationship between cholesterol biosynthesis and the clearance of mutant neuroserpin. This represents the first description of a link between sterol metabolism and modulation of the proteotoxicity mediated by the EOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit D. Roussel
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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24
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Calabrese F, Guidotti G, Racagni G, Riva MA. Reduced neuroplasticity in aged rats: a role for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2768-76. [PMID: 23870838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process characterized by a significant reduction of neuronal plasticity that might contribute to the functional defects observed in old subjects. Even if the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to such impairment remain largely unknown, a role for neurotrophic molecules, such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has been postulated. On this basis, the purpose of this study was to provide a detailed investigation of the BDNF system, at transcriptional and translational levels, in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex of middle-aged and old rats, compared with in adult animals. The expression of major players in BDNF regulation and response, including the transcription factors, calcium-responsive transcription factor, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element-binding protein (CREB), and neuronal Per Arnt Sim (PAS) domain protein 4, and the high-affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), was also analyzed. Our results demonstrate that the BDNF system is affected at different levels in aged rats with global impairment including reduced transcription, impaired protein synthesis and processing, and decreased activation of the TrkB receptors. These modifications might contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with aging and suggest that pharmacological strategies aimed at restoring reduced neurotrophism might be useful to counteract age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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25
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Fiorini A, Koudriavtseva T, Bucaj E, Coccia R, Foppoli C, Giorgi A, Schininà ME, Di Domenico F, De Marco F, Perluigi M. Involvement of oxidative stress in occurrence of relapses in multiple sclerosis: the spectrum of oxidatively modified serum proteins detected by proteomics and redox proteomics analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65184. [PMID: 23762311 PMCID: PMC3676399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Several evidences suggest that MS can be considered a multi-factorial disease in which both genetics and environmental factors are involved. Among proposed candidates, growing results support the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in MS pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of OS in event of exacerbations in MS on serum of relapsing-remitting (RR-MS) patients, either in relapsing or remitting phase, with respect to serum from healthy subjects. We applied proteomics and redox proteomics approaches to identify differently expressed and oxidatively modified proteins in the low-abundant serum protein fraction. Among differently expressed proteins ceruloplasmin, antithrombin III, clusterin, apolipoprotein E, and complement C3, were up-regulated in MS patients compared with healthy controls. Further by redox proteomics, vitamin D-binding protein showed a progressive trend of oxidation from remission to relapse, respect with controls. Similarly, the increase of oxidation of apolipoprotein A-IV confirmed that levels of OS are elevated with the progression of the disease. Our findings support the involvement of OS in MS and suggest that dysfunction of target proteins occurs upon oxidative damage and correlates with the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elona Bucaj
- Laboratory of Virology, the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Coccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesira Foppoli
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Eugenia Schininà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- Laboratory of Virology, the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (FDM); (MP)
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (FDM); (MP)
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26
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Samson AL, Knaupp AS, Sashindranath M, Borg RJ, Au AEL, Cops EJ, Saunders HM, Cody SH, McLean CA, Nowell CJ, Hughes VA, Bottomley SP, Medcalf RL. Nucleocytoplasmic coagulation: an injury-induced aggregation event that disulfide crosslinks proteins and facilitates their removal by plasmin. Cell Rep 2012; 2:889-901. [PMID: 23041318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular injury causes a myriad of processes that affect proteostasis. We describe nucleocytoplasmic coagulation (NCC), an intracellular disulfide-dependent protein crosslinking event occurring upon late-stage cell death that orchestrates the proteolytic removal of misfolded proteins. In vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury show that NCC involves conversion of soluble intracellular proteins, including tubulin, into insoluble oligomers. These oligomers, also seen in human brain tissue following neurotrauma, act as a cofactor and substrate for the plasminogen-activating system. In plasminogen(-/-) mice, levels of misfolded β-tubulin were elevated and its clearance delayed following neurotrauma, demonstrating a requirement for plasminogen in the removal of NCC constituents. While additional in vivo studies will further dissect this phenomenon, our study clearly shows that NCC, a process analogous to the formation of thrombi, generates an aggregated protein scaffold that limits release of cellular components and recruits clearance mechanisms to the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L Samson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, AMREP, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Leys
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Roger Salengro Hospital, F-59037 Lille, France.
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28
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Ankolekar S, Rewell S, Howells DW, Bath PMW. The Influence of Stroke Risk Factors and Comorbidities on Assessment of Stroke Therapies in Humans and Animals. Int J Stroke 2012; 7:386-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main driving force behind the assessment of novel pharmacological agents in animal models of stroke is to deliver new drugs to treat the human disease rather than to increase knowledge of stroke pathophysiology. There are numerous animal models of the ischaemic process and it appears that the same processes operate in humans. Yet, despite these similarities, the drugs that appear effective in animal models have not worked in clinical trials. To date, tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug that has been successfully used at the bedside in hyperacute stroke management. Several reasons have been put forth to explain this, but the failure to consider comorbidities and risk factors common in older people is an important one. In this article, we review the impact of the risk factors most studied in animal models of acute stroke and highlight the parallels with human stroke, and, where possible, their influence on evaluation of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Rewell
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - David W. Howells
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Australia
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29
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Vivien D, Gauberti M, Montagne A, Defer G, Touzé E. Impact of tissue plasminogen activator on the neurovascular unit: from clinical data to experimental evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2119-34. [PMID: 21878948 PMCID: PMC3210341 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
About 15 million strokes occur each year worldwide. As the number one cause of morbidity and acquired disability, stroke is a major drain on public health-care funding, due to long hospital stays followed by ongoing support in the community or nursing-home care. Although during the last 10 years we have witnessed a remarkable progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, reperfusion induced by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA-Actilyse) remains the only approved acute treatment by the health authorities. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of our present knowledge about the impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit during acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vivien
- Inserm UMR-S 919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen Cedex, France.
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30
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Obiang P, Maubert E, Bardou I, Nicole O, Launay S, Bezin L, Vivien D, Agin V. Enriched housing reverses age-associated impairment of cognitive functions and tPA-dependent maturation of BDNF. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Antibodies Preventing the Interaction of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator With N-Methyl-
d
-Aspartate Receptors Reduce Stroke Damages and Extend the Therapeutic Window of Thrombolysis. Stroke 2011; 42:2315-22. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.606293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only drug approved for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke but with two faces in the disease: beneficial fibrinolysis in the vasculature and damaging effects on the neurovascular unit and brain parenchyma. To improve this profile, we developed a novel strategy, relying on antibodies targeting the proneurotoxic effects of tPA.
Methods—
After production and characterization of antibodies (αATD-NR1) that specifically prevent the interaction of tPA with the ATD-NR1 of N-methyl-
d
-aspartate receptors, we have evaluated their efficacy in a model of murine thromboembolic stroke with or without recombinant tPA-induced reperfusion, coupled to MRI, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and behavior assessments.
Results—
In vitro, αATD-NR1 prevented the proexcitotoxic effect of tPA without altering N-methyl-
d
-aspartate-induced neurotransmission. In vivo, after a single administration alone or with late recombinant tPA-induced thrombolysis, antibodies dramatically reduced brain injuries and blood–brain barrier leakage, thus improving long-term neurological outcome.
Conclusions—
Our strategy limits ischemic damages and extends the therapeutic window of tPA-driven thrombolysis. Thus, the prospect of this immunotherapy is an extension of the range of treatable patients.
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Sashindranath M, Samson AL, Downes CE, Crack PJ, Lawrence AJ, Li QX, Ng AQP, Jones NC, Farrugia JJ, Abdella E, Vassalli JD, Madani R, Medcalf RL. Compartment- and context-specific changes in tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity following brain injury and pharmacological stimulation. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1079-91. [PMID: 21519332 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a major protease of the central nervous system. Most studies to date have used in situ- or gel-based zymographic assays to monitor in vivo changes in neural tPA activity. In this study, we demonstrate that the amidolytic assay can be adapted to accurately detect changes in net tPA activity in mouse brain tissues. Using the amidolytic assay, we examined differences in net tPA activity in the cerebral cortex, sub-cortical structures and cerebellum in wildtype (WT) and tPA(-/-) mice, and in transgenic mice selectively overexpressing tPA in neurons. In addition, we assessed changes in endogenous net tPA activity in WT mice following morphine administration, epileptic seizures, traumatic brain injury and ischaemic stroke-neurological settings in which tPA has a known functional role. Under these conditions, acute and compartment-specific regulation of tPA activity was observed. tPA also participates in various forms of chronic neurodegeneration. Accordingly, we assessed tPA activity levels in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and spinocerebellar ataxia type-1 (SCA1). Decreased tPA activity was detected in the cortex and subcortex of AD mice, whereas increased tPA activity was found in the cerebellum of SCA1 mice. These findings extend the existing hypotheses that low tPA activity promotes AD, whereas increased tPA activity contributes to cerebellar degeneration. Collectively, our results exemplify the utility of the amidolytic assay and emphasise tPA as a complex mediator of brain function and dysfunction. On the basis of this evidence, we propose that alterations in tPA activity levels could be used as a biomarker for perturbations in brain homeostasis.
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Macrez R, Ali C, Toutirais O, Le Mauff B, Defer G, Dirnagl U, Vivien D. Stroke and the immune system: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:471-80. [PMID: 21511199 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of acquired disability in adults. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the pathophysiology of stroke, translation of this knowledge into effective therapies has largely failed, with the exception of thrombolysis, which only benefits a small proportion of patients. Systemic and local immune responses have important roles in causing stroke and are implicated in the primary and secondary progression of ischaemic lesions, as well as in repair, recovery, and overall outcome after a stroke. However, potential therapeutic targets in the immune system and inflammatory responses have not been well characterised. Development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for stroke will require further investigation of these pathways in terms of their temporal profile (before, during, and after stroke) and risk-to-benefit therapeutic ratio of modulating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, UMR CNRS 6232 Ci-NAPs, Cyceron, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
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Correa F, Gauberti M, Parcq J, Macrez R, Hommet Y, Obiang P, Hernangómez M, Montagne A, Liot G, Guaza C, Maubert E, Ali C, Vivien D, Docagne F. Tissue plasminogen activator prevents white matter damage following stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1229-42. [PMID: 21576385 PMCID: PMC3173251 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only available treatment for acute stroke. In addition to its vascular fibrinolytic action, tPA exerts various effects within the brain, ranging from synaptic plasticity to control of cell fate. To date, the influence of tPA in the ischemic brain has only been investigated on neuronal, microglial, and endothelial fate. We addressed the mechanism of action of tPA on oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and on the extent of white matter lesions in stroke. We also investigated the impact of aging on these processes. We observed that, in parallel to reduced levels of tPA in OLs, white matter gets more susceptible to ischemia in old mice. Interestingly, tPA protects murine and human OLs from apoptosis through an unexpected cytokine-like effect by the virtue of its epidermal growth factor-like domain. When injected into aged animals, tPA, although toxic to the gray matter, rescues white matter from ischemia independently of its proteolytic activity. These studies reveal a novel mechanism of action of tPA and unveil OL as a target cell for cytokine effects of tPA in brain diseases. They show overall that tPA protects white matter from stroke-induced lesions, an effect which may contribute to the global benefit of tPA-based stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Correa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France
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Macrez R, Bezin L, Le Mauff B, Ali C, Vivien D. Functional Occurrence of the Interaction of Tissue Plasminogen Activator With the NR1 Subunit ofN-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors During Stroke. Stroke 2010; 41:2950-5. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.592360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macrez
- From the INSERM U919 “serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit” (R.M., B.L.M., C.A., D.V.), UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, University of Caen, Caen, France; UMR-CNRS 5123 (R.M., L.B.), Integrative Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Villeurbanne, France; and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunopathologie (B.L.M.), Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- From the INSERM U919 “serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit” (R.M., B.L.M., C.A., D.V.), UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, University of Caen, Caen, France; UMR-CNRS 5123 (R.M., L.B.), Integrative Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Villeurbanne, France; and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunopathologie (B.L.M.), Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Le Mauff
- From the INSERM U919 “serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit” (R.M., B.L.M., C.A., D.V.), UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, University of Caen, Caen, France; UMR-CNRS 5123 (R.M., L.B.), Integrative Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Villeurbanne, France; and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunopathologie (B.L.M.), Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- From the INSERM U919 “serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit” (R.M., B.L.M., C.A., D.V.), UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, University of Caen, Caen, France; UMR-CNRS 5123 (R.M., L.B.), Integrative Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Villeurbanne, France; and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunopathologie (B.L.M.), Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- From the INSERM U919 “serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit” (R.M., B.L.M., C.A., D.V.), UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, University of Caen, Caen, France; UMR-CNRS 5123 (R.M., L.B.), Integrative Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Villeurbanne, France; and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunopathologie (B.L.M.), Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
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The emerging role of vitamin D binding protein in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2010; 258:353-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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