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Pro-apoptotic activity of nano-escheriosome based oleic acid conjugate against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced cutaneous carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:295-302. [PMID: 28364601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM 2,6-Diisopropylphenol-oleic acid (2,6P-OLA) is an ester conjugate of oleic acid that has displayed a strong anticancer activity on different types of cancer cell lines (Khan et al., 2012). The present study is focused on the development of a nano-liposome-based approach for the delivery of 2,6P-OLA on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced cutaneous papilloma in experimental mice. For effective and specific delivery of the conjugate to the tumor site, it was incorporated into escheriosome (EC); an Escherichia coli lipid nanoparticle. MATERIALS AND METHODS I determined the size, zeta-potential, entrapment and release efficacy of 2,6P-OLA-EC nano-formulation. The consequence of 2,6P-OLA-EC treatment was initially analyzed by regression in tumor volume, inhibition of cutaneous papilloma and survival of treated mice. Its anticancer activity was further examined by histopathology, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and electroblot-immuno assay of apoptotic factors. RESULTS Distinct disperse circular shaped EC nanoparticles showed slow and sustained release of therapeutic concentration of 2,6P-OLA in the surrounding milieu. 2,6P-OLA-EC significantly reduced tumor volume and inhibited onset of new papilloma. Treatment with nano-formulation revealed induced caspase-9 activity and noteworthy apoptotic response as visualized by fluorescence microscopy and TUNEL assay. Electroblot-immuno analysis revealed significant modulation of p53wt and p53mut expression levels. CONCLUSION The results suggest the therapeutic potential of 2,6P-OLA entrapped in nano-escheriosomes against cutaneous papilloma and can become a promising system against various forms of cancer as well.
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Farazuddin M, Dua B, Zia Q, Khan AA, Joshi B, Owais M. Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin-bearing microcells against hepatocellular carcinoma in model animals. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1139-52. [PMID: 24627632 PMCID: PMC3945993 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is found in large quantities in the roots of Curcuma longa. It possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and inhibits chemically-induced carcinogenesis in the skin, forestomach, colon, and liver. Unfortunately, the poor bioavailability and hydrophobicity of curcumin pose a major hurdle to its use as a potent anticancer agent. To circumvent some of these problems, we developed a novel, dual-core microcell formulation of curcumin. The encapsulation of curcumin in microcells increases its solubility and bioavailability, and facilitates slow release kinetics over extended periods. Besides being safe, these formulations do not bear any toxicity constraints, as revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Histopathological analysis revealed that curcumin-bearing microcells helped in regression of hepatocellular carcinoma and the maintenance of cellular architecture in liver tissue. Free curcumin had a very mild effect on cancer suppression. Empty (sham) microcells and microparticles failed to inhibit cancer cells. The novel curcumin formulation was found to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma efficiently in Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farazuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Bhavyata Dua
- Immunology Division, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJIL), Agra, India
| | - Qamar Zia
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Beenu Joshi
- Immunology Division, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJIL), Agra, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Farazuddin M, Sharma B, Khan AA, Joshi B, Owais M. Anticancer efficacy of perillyl alcohol-bearing PLGA microparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:35-47. [PMID: 22275821 PMCID: PMC3260949 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s24920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a novel poly-lactic glycolic acid (PLGA)-based microparticle formulation of perillyl alcohol (POH) was prepared and characterized. Further, its efficacy was evaluated against di-methyl benzo anthracene-induced skin papilloma in Swiss albino mice. The characterization studies showed that POH-bearing PLGA microparticles were of the size 768 ± 215 nm with a ζ-potential value of -7.56 ± 0.88 mV. The entrapment efficiency of the active drug in particles was 42.4% ± 3.5%. POH-bearing PLGA microparticles were stable and released entrapped drug gradually over an extended time period. The in vitro efficacy of POH-bearing PLGA microparticles was evaluated by examining their differential cytotoxicity and assessing their ability to inhibit epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A253). The POH-based microparticles when administered to tumor-bearing animals caused greater tumor regression and increased survival rate (∼80%) as compared with the group receiving free form of POH (survival rate 40%). The superiority of POH-PLGA microparticles over free form of POH was further evident from their ability to modulate apoptosis-regulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farazuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- Immunology Division, NJIL and other Mycobacterial diseases, Agra-282001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, JN Medical college, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Beenu Joshi
- Immunology Division, NJIL and other Mycobacterial diseases, Agra-282001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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George J, Singh M, Srivastava AK, Bhui K, Shukla Y. Synergistic growth inhibition of mouse skin tumors by pomegranate fruit extract and diallyl sulfide: evidence for inhibition of activated MAPKs/NF-κB and reduced cell proliferation. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1511-20. [PMID: 21443920 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Limited outcomes from earlier chemopreventive studies have necessitated that some modifications be made to get better efficacy. It is proposed that cancer prevention is more feasible than treatment, and this could be achieved effortlessly with use of multiple agents competent of targeting multiple targets. This study was initiated to examine the chemopreventive efficacy of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) and diallyl sulfide (DAS), alone and in combination, using 2-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis model. PFE and DAS alone delayed onset and tumor incidence by ∼55% and ∼45%, respectively, while their combination at low doses synergistically decreased tumor incidence more potentially (∼84%, p<0.01). In addition, regression in tumor volume was seen with continuous combinatorial treatment (p<0.01). Mechanistic studies revealed that this inhibition was associated with decreased expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, JNK1 and activated NF-κB/p65, IKKα, IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in skin tissue/tumor. Histological and cell death analysis also confirmed that combined PFE and DAS inhibit cellular proliferation and markedly induce apoptosis than the single agents. Altogether, our results suggest that PFE and DAS in combination impart better suppressive activity than either of these agents alone and provide support that development of novel combination therapies/chemoprevention using dietary agents will be more beneficial against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine George
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Immonen E, Serpi R, Vähäkangas K, Myllynen P. Responses of PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) in MCF-7 cells are culture condition dependent. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:73-83. [PMID: 19647730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To compare the effects of the food toxin 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and estradiol in hormone-responsive MCF-7 cells, the cells were exposed to different concentrations of either PhIP or estradiol. The effect of various culture conditions (e.g. phenol red, FBS, vehicle (DMSO/EtOH) and seeding density) on responses was studied. Cells were continuously grown with steroid-containing or -deprived medium, or switched from steroid-containing to -deprived medium for the experiments to minimize the effect of background estrogenicity. Effects of PhIP and estradiol on cell viability and proliferation were determined by ATP analysis and Ki-67 immunocytochemistry. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha, cell stress markers (p53 and ERK) and estrogen responsive proteins (c-myc and ERK) were immunoblotted. All concentrations of estradiol induced cell proliferation, viability and changes in protein expression, typical for estrogenic responses. PhIP, however, increased viability only at low concentrations and depending on culture conditions. No changes in protein expressions by PhIP were noted, not even when switching cells from steroid-containing to -deprived medium which down-regulated the expression of proteins at basal level. Vehicle affected significantly viability, especially after exposure to PhIP, but not protein expression while medium changes affected both. In conclusion, the effects of PhIP and estradiol in MCF-7 cells are dependent on culture conditions. The detected PhIP-induced changes are weaker compared to those induced by estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Immonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Roy P, Madan E, Kalra N, Nigam N, George J, Ray RS, Hans RK, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Resveratrol enhances ultraviolet B-induced cell death through nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:215-20. [PMID: 19397895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to suppress cancer progression in several in vivo and in vitro models, whereas ultraviolet B (UVB), a major risk for skin cancer, is known to induce cell death in cancerous cells. Here, we investigated whether resveratrol can sensitize A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells to UVB-induced cell death. We examined the combined effect of UVB (30 mJ/cm(2)) and resveratrol (60 microM) on A431 cells. Exposure of A431 carcinoma cells to UVB radiation or resveratrol can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. However, the combination of resveratrol and UVB exposure was associated with increased proliferation inhibition of A431 cells compared with either agent alone. Furthermore, results showed that resveratrol and UVB treatment of A431 cells disrupted the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway by blocking phosphorylation of serine 536 and inactivating NF-kappaB and subsequent degradation of IkappaBalpha, which regulates the expression of survivin. Resveratrol and UVB treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of tyrosine 701 of the important transcription factor signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT1), which in turn inhibited translocation of phospho-STAT1 to the nucleus. Moreover, resveratrol/UVB also inhibited the metastatic protein LIMK1, which reduced the motility of A431 cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the combination of resveratrol and UVB act synergistically against skin cancer cells. Thus, resveratrol is a potential chemotherapeutic agent against skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Roy
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Bhui K, Prasad S, George J, Shukla Y. Bromelain inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of MAPK regulated NF-kappa B against skin tumor-initiation triggering mitochondrial death pathway. Cancer Lett 2009; 282:167-76. [PMID: 19339108 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention impels the pursuit for either single targeted or cocktail of multi-targeted agents. Bromelain, potential agent in this regard, is a pharmacologically active compound, present in stems and fruits of pineapple (Ananas cosmosus), endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-invasive and anti-metastatic properties. Herein, we report the anti tumor-initiating effects of bromelain in 2-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Pre-treatment of bromelain resulted in reduction in cumulative number of tumors (CNT) and average number of tumors per mouse. Preventive effect was also comprehended in terms of reduction in tumor volume up to a tune of approximately 65%. Components of the cell signaling pathways, connecting proteins involved in cell death were targeted. Bromelain treatment resulted in upregulation of p53 and Bax and subsequent activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9 with concomitant decrease in Bcl-2. A marked inhibition in cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression and inactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was recorded, as phosphorylation and consequent degradation of I kappa B alpha was blocked by bromelain. Also, bromelain treatment curtailed extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt activity. The basis of anti tumor-initiating activity of bromelain was revealed by its time dependent reduction in DNA nick formation and increase in percentage prevention. Thus, modulation of inappropriate cell signaling cascades driven by bromelain is a coherent approach in achieving chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulpreet Bhui
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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9
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Saxena N, Ansari KM, Kumar R, Dhawan A, Dwivedi PD, Das M. Patulin causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through modulation of Bax, p53 and p21/WAF1 proteins in skin of mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 234:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Benzo(a)pyrene increases phosphorylation of p53 at serine 392 in relation to p53 induction and cell death in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Khan A, Shukla Y, Kalra N, Alam M, Ahmad MG, Hakim SR, Owais M. Potential of diallyl sulfide bearing pH-sensitive liposomes in chemoprevention against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17622315 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00111.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active component of garlic, possesses strong anti-neoplastic properties against various forms of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated chemo-preventive effects of liposomized DAS (conventional egg PC and pH-sensitive liposomes) against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Various liposome-based novel formulations of DAS (250 microg/mouse) were applied topically, after one hour of exposure to DMBA (52 microg/mouse/dose), to the animals. The animals were treated thrice weekly for the total period of 12 weeks. The efficacy of the various liposomal formulations of DAS was evaluated on the basis of parameters such as incidence of tumorogenesis and total numbers and sizes of induced tumor nodules. The liposomized DAS formulations also were assessed for their effect on the expression of p53wt, p53mut, and p21/Waf1. The results of the present study showed that liposomized DAS could effectively delay the onset of tumorogenesis and reduce the cumulative numbers and sizes of tumor papillomas in treated mice. Treatment of DMBA-exposed animals with the liposomal formulation of DAS ensued in upregulation of p53wt and p21/Waf1, while levels of p53mut expression reduced down. The promising chemo-preventive nature of liposomal DAS may form the basis for establishing effective means of controlling various forms of cancer, including skin papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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12
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Kalra N, Bhui K, Roy P, Srivastava S, George J, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Regulation of p53, nuclear factor kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 226:30-7. [PMID: 17889918 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromelain is a pharmacologically active compound, present in stems and immature fruits of pineapples (Ananas cosmosus), which has been shown to have anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-metastatic properties. In the present study, antitumorigenic activity of bromelain was recorded in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted 2-stage mouse skin model. Results showed that bromelain application delayed the onset of tumorigenesis and reduced the cumulative number of tumors, tumor volume and the average number of tumors/mouse. To establish a cause and effect relationship, we targeted the proteins involved in the cell death pathway. Bromelain treatment resulted in upregulation of p53 and Bax and subsequent activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9 with concomitant decrease in antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in mouse skin. Since persistent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is frequently implicated in tumorigenesis and is regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), we also investigated the effect of bromelain on Cox-2 and NF-kappaB expression. Results showed that bromelain application significantly inhibited Cox-2 and inactivated NF-kappaB by blocking phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IkappaBalpha. In addition, bromelain treatment attenuated DMBA-TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt. Taken together, we conclude that bromelain induces apoptosis-related proteins along with inhibition of NF-kappaB-driven Cox-2 expression by blocking the MAPK and Akt/protein kinase B signaling in DMBA-TPA-induced mouse skin tumors, which may account for its anti-tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kalra
- Proteomics Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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13
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Khan A, Shukla Y, Kalra N, Alam M, Ahmad MG, Hakim SR, Owais M. Potential of diallyl sulfide bearing pH-sensitive liposomes in chemoprevention against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 13:443-51. [PMID: 17622315 PMCID: PMC1952677 DOI: 10.2119/2006–00111.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active component of garlic, possesses strong anti-neoplastic properties against various forms of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated chemo-preventive effects of liposomized DAS (conventional egg PC and pH-sensitive liposomes) against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Various liposome-based novel formulations of DAS (250 microg/mouse) were applied topically, after one hour of exposure to DMBA (52 microg/mouse/dose), to the animals. The animals were treated thrice weekly for the total period of 12 weeks. The efficacy of the various liposomal formulations of DAS was evaluated on the basis of parameters such as incidence of tumorogenesis and total numbers and sizes of induced tumor nodules. The liposomized DAS formulations also were assessed for their effect on the expression of p53wt, p53mut, and p21/Waf1. The results of the present study showed that liposomized DAS could effectively delay the onset of tumorogenesis and reduce the cumulative numbers and sizes of tumor papillomas in treated mice. Treatment of DMBA-exposed animals with the liposomal formulation of DAS ensued in upregulation of p53wt and p21/Waf1, while levels of p53mut expression reduced down. The promising chemo-preventive nature of liposomal DAS may form the basis for establishing effective means of controlling various forms of cancer, including skin papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Neetu Kalra
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Maroof Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Mohammad Owais, Inter-Disciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India. Phone: 91-0571-2720388; Fax: 91-0571-2721776; E-mail:
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Khan A, Khan AA, Dwivedi V, Ahmad MG, Hakeem S, Owais M. Tuftsin augments antitumor efficacy of liposomized etoposide against fibrosarcoma in Swiss albino mice. MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 13:266-76. [PMID: 17622310 PMCID: PMC1906688 DOI: 10.2119/2007–00018.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs are generally plagued by toxic manifestations at doses necessary for control of various forms of cancer. Incorporating such drugs into liposomes not only reduces toxicity but also enhances the therapeutic index. Some antioxidants and potent immunomodulators have also been shown to impart significant antitumor activity presumably by nonspecific activation of the host immune system. In the present study, we evaluated augmentation of the antitumor activity of etoposide (ETP) by the immunomodulator tuftsin in Swiss albino mice with fibrosarcoma. The efficacies of the free form of ETP, liposomized ETP (Lip-ETP), and tuftsin-bearing liposomized ETP (Tuft-Lip-ETP) formulations were evaluated on the basis of tumor regression, effect on expression level of p53wt and p53mut, and survival of the treated animals. Tuft-Lip-ETP, when administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight/day for five days, significantly reduced tumor volume, delayed tumor growth, and also up-regulated the expression of p53wt. In contrast, although Lip-ETP delayed tumor growth, it did not decrease tumor size. The results of the present study suggest that tuftsin incorporation in drug-loaded liposomes is a promising treatment strategy for various forms of cancers, including fibrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Aijaz A Khan
- J N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- J N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Manzoor G Ahmad
- J N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Seema Hakeem
- J N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Mohammad Owais, Inter-Disciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India. Phone: + 91-0571-2720388, Fax: + 91-0571-2721776; E-mail:
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15
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Khan A, Khan AA, Dwivedi V, Ahmad MG, Hakeem S, Owais M. Tuftsin augments antitumor efficacy of liposomized etoposide against fibrosarcoma in Swiss albino mice. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17622310 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00018.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drugs are generally plagued by toxic manifestations at doses necessary for control of various forms of cancer. Incorporating such drugs into liposomes not only reduces toxicity but also enhances the therapeutic index. Some antioxidants and potent immunomodulators have also been shown to impart significant antitumor activity presumably by nonspecific activation of the host immune system. In the present study, we evaluated augmentation of the antitumor activity of etoposide (ETP) by the immunomodulator tuftsin in Swiss albino mice with fibrosarcoma. The efficacies of the free form of ETP, liposomized ETP (Lip-ETP), and tuftsin-bearing liposomized ETP (Tuft-Lip-ETP) formulations were evaluated on the basis of tumor regression, effect on expression level of p53wt and p53mut, and survival of the treated animals. Tuft-Lip-ETP, when administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight/day for five days, significantly reduced tumor volume, delayed tumor growth, and also up-regulated the expression of p53wt. In contrast, although Lip-ETP delayed tumor growth, it did not decrease tumor size. The results of the present study suggest that tuftsin incorporation in drug-loaded liposomes is a promising treatment strategy for various forms of cancers, including fibrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Saladi R, Austin L, Gao D, Lu Y, Phelps R, Lebwohl M, Wei H. The Combination of Benzo[a]pyrene and Ultraviolet A Causes an In Vivo Time-related Accumulation of DNA Damage in Mouse Skin ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770413tcobau2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stockmann-Juvala H, Naarala J, Loikkanen J, Vähäkangas K, Savolainen K. Fumonisin B1-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma, glioblastoma and hypothalamic cell lines. Toxicology 2006; 225:234-41. [PMID: 16860453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticilliodes, which commonly infects corn across the world. Fusarium fungi may also be found in moisture-damaged buildings. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis in the toxicity of FB(1) in four different cell lines. Activation of caspase-3-like protease, DNA fragmentation and expression of p53 and Bcl-2 family proteins were studied in mouse GT1-7 hypothalamic, rat C6 glioblastoma, human U-118MG glioblastoma, and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to 0.1-100microM FB(1) for 0-144h. Caspase-3-like protease activity increased in all cell lines, except SH-SY5Y, at 48-144h, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation occurred in all of the cell lines, pointing to a role for apoptosis in the toxicity of FB(1). However, the expressions of p53 or pro- or antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and Mcl-1) were not affected in any of the cell lines even after prolonged exposure to FB(1) at high doses. The results of this study, together with the results of our previous studies, provide evidence that FB(1) is a potential neurotoxin, but that the toxicity of FB(1) varies between different cell lines. The sensitivity of these cell lines towards FB(1) is as follows: U-118MG>GT1-7>C6>SH-SY5Y cells. These results are consistent with the assumption that cells of glial origin may be more sensitive towards FB(1) than cells of neural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Stockmann-Juvala
- Unit of Excellence for Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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Das M, Ansari KM, Dhawan A, Shukla Y, Khanna SK. Correlation of DNA damage in epidemic dropsy patients to carcinogenic potential of argemone oil and isolated sanguinarine alkaloid in mice. Int J Cancer 2006; 117:709-17. [PMID: 15981203 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, a higher incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in the Indo-Gangetic basin has been linked with the consumption of contaminated mustard oil. Consumption of mustard oil contaminated with argemone oil (AO) is well known to cause clinical manifestation referred to as "epidemic dropsy." Because sanguinarine, an active alkaloid of AO, has been shown to intercalate DNA, a possible correlation of DNA damage in epidemic dropsy patients to tumorigenic potential of AO and isolated sanguinarine alkaloid in mice was investigated in the present study. Single topical application of AO (0.15-0.3 ml) or isolated sanguinarine (4.5-18 micromol) followed by twice-weekly application of tetradecanoylphorbolmyristate acetate (TPA) for 25 weeks resulted in formation of tumors. Histopathologically these tumors were of squamous cell carcinoma type and similar to those found in the positive control group using dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)/TPA. The activities of cutaneous gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutathione-S-transferase P (GST-P), marker enzymes of tumorigenesis, were found to exhibit higher expression in AO or isolated sanguinarine/TPA treated groups when compared to control. The higher expression of p53 and p21/WAF1 in skin after single topical application of AO or isolated sanguinarine further confirms the tumorigenic response. Single topical application of AO or isolated sanguinarine alkaloid to mice showed significant DNA damage in terms of Olive tail moment (89-129%), tail length (54%) and tail DNA (153-205%) using Comet assay in skin cells. Further, the extent of DNA damage in blood cells of epidemic dropsy patients in alkaline Comet assay was found to be significantly higher as compared to normal population, indicating the genotoxic response of AO exposure. Although the genotoxic lesions may be repaired to some extent on withdrawal of consumption of AO contaminated mustard oil and the residual genotoxic effects caused by AO may not be expressed as signs of carcinogenesis. Environmental factors or hormonal changes during aging process may lead to stimulate/promote the genetically altered latent cells to form neoplastic lesions and can act as one of the etiological factors responsible for higher incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in the population of Indo-Gangetic basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Das
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India.
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19
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Pandey MK, Dhawan A, Das M. Induction of P53, P21Waf1, orinithine decorboxylase activity, and DNA damage leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis following topical application of repeated fish fried oil extract to mice. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:805-13. [PMID: 16865678 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Repeated frying of food produces numerous carcinogens including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our prior studies have shown that repeated fish fried oil extract (RFFE) induces cytochrome P (CYP)-450 1A1/2 isozymes thereby causing increased generation of electrophilic reactive metabolites of PAHs and subsequent binding to DNA. In the present study, molecular events associated with DNA damage, apoptosis, and proliferation following topical exposure to RFFE have been investigated in mice. Single topical application of RFFE (500 microg) for 24-48 h caused significant DNA damage with Comet assay in terms of olive tail moment (OTM) (204-246%), tail DNA (253-293%), and tail length (172-195%). Overexpression of p53 and p21WAF1 proteins was observed in skin cells following single topical exposure of RFFE for 24-72 h, which was similar to that of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) exposure (24 h). Though RFFE and BP exposure separately, did not result in G(0)/G(1) arrest, but a significant increase in the proportion of cells in S-phase was observed. Apoptotic induction was noticed in skin cells, with maximum induction after 48 h of exposure to RFFE. Further, topical treatment of mice with RFFE (500 microg) for 6 h significantly increased orinithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by 7.5-fold when compared to control. These results indicate that RFFE exposure caused ODC induction accompanied by increased levels of p53 and p21WAF1 proteins leading of apoptosis and delay of cells in S-phase thereby indicating the possible carcinogenic potential of RFFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
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Mukherjee JJ, Sikka HC. Attenuation of BPDE-induced p53 accumulation by TPA is associated with a decrease in stability and phosphorylation of p53 and downregulation of NFkappaB activation: role of p38 MAP kinase. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:631-8. [PMID: 16244358 PMCID: PMC1383507 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage caused by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or other polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAHs) induce p53 protein as a protective measure to eliminate the possibility of mutagenic fixation of the DNA damage. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits p53 response induced by B[a]P and other DNA-damaging agents and may cause tumor promotion. The molecular mechanism of attenuation of B[a]P-induced p53 response by TPA is not known. We investigated the effect of TPA on p53 response in (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-treated mouse epidermal JB6(P(+)) Cl 41 cells. BPDE treatment induced p53 accumulation which was attenuated significantly by TPA. Cells treated with BPDE and TPA showed increased ratio of Mdm2 to p53 proteins in p53 immunoprecipitate and decreased p53 life span compared to BPDE-treated cells indicating p53 destabilization by TPA. TPA also inhibited BPDE-induced p53 phosphorylation at serine15. Activation of both ERKs and p38 MAPK by BPDE and attenuation of BPDE-induced p53 accumulation by U0126 or SB202190, specific inhibitor of MEK1/2 or p38 MAPK, indicate the role of ERKs and p38 MAPK in p53 accumulation. Interestingly, TPA potentiated BPDE-induced activation of ERKs whereas p38 MAPK activation was significantly inhibited by TPA, suggesting that inhibition of p38 MAPK is involved in p53 attenuation by TPA. Furthermore, SB202190 treatment caused decreased p53 stability and inhibition of phosphorylation of p53 at serine15 in BPDE-treated cells. We also observed that TPA or SB202190 attenuated BPDE-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation in JB6 Cl 41 cells harboring NFkappaB reporter plasmid. To our knowledge this is the first report that TPA inhibits chemical carcinogen-induced NFkappaB activation. Interference of TPA with BPDE-induced NFkappaB activation implicates abrogation of p53 function which has been discussed. Overall, our data suggest that abrogation of BPDE-induced p53 response and of NFkappaB activation by TPA is mediated by impairment of the signaling pathway involving p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagat J Mukherjee
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory, Great Lakes Center, State University of New York College at Buffalo, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
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Arora A, Siddiqui IA, Shukla Y. Modulation of p53 in 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a]anthracene–induced skin tumors by diallyl sulfide in Swiss albino mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1459.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allium vegetables have been shown to have beneficial health effects against several chronic diseases including cancer. Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an organosulfur compound present in garlic, is well known for its chemopreventive properties in several tumor models. The pharmacologic role of DAS in prevention and treatment of cancer is well documented in the literature, but its molecular mechanism of action is not yet well defined. In the present study, modulation in p53 expression by topical application of DAS was recorded in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)–induced skin tumors in Swiss albino mice. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical protein detection, combined with multivariable flow cytometry, show that DAS application induces the expression of the wild-type (wt) p53 and down-regulates the expression of mutant (mut) p53. Immunoblotting analysis of tumors showed significant increase in levels of wtp53 by DAS application, whereas for mutp53 the DMBA-induced levels of protein were found to reduce to near normal levels with DAS application. The quantitative analysis of immunostained skin/tumor sections using image analysis and quantitative stereology showed 66.6% and 54.2% increases in wtp53 levels and 53.4% and 44.3% decreases in mutp53 levels in animals where DAS was applied 1 hour prior to or 1 hour after DMBA application, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis further confirmed modulation of wtp53 and mutp53 protein in DAS-supplemented tumors. The increase in the expression of wt tumor suppressor gene protein p53 was accompanied by elevation of the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/waf1. The percentage increase in the levels of p21/waf1 was found to be 72.9% and 61.3%, respectively, in DAS-supplemented groups before and after administration. These results thus show that DAS is a potential chemopreventive agent capable of modulating and regulating the tumor suppressor p53 along with its downstream effective molecule, p21/waf1. Thus, DAS can be a potential chemopreventive agent against skin tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Arora
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Imtiaz A. Siddiqui
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
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Serpi R, Vähäkangas K. Benzo(a)pyrene-induced changes in p53 and related proteins in mouse skin. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 92:242-5. [PMID: 12753412 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.920507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Serpi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
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Saladi R, Austin L, Gao D, Lu Y, Phelps R, Lebwohl M, Wei H. The combination of benzo[a]pyrene and ultraviolet A causes an in vivo time-related accumulation of DNA damage in mouse skin. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 77:413-9. [PMID: 12733653 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0413:tcobau>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens. BaP is metabolized in vivo to reactive intermediates that become covalently bound to DNA and form BaP-DNA adducts, an initial event in carcinogenesis. Ultraviolet A (UVA) synergizes with BaP to significantly enhance genetic damage and accelerate carcinogenic processes. This study was initiated to investigate in vivo cellular changes related to carcinogenesis induced by repeated exposures to BaP plus UVA. Simulated chronic exposure to an environmental carcinogen and sunlight was conducted through biweekly topical application of BaP followed 2 h later by UVA exposure over a 10 week period. BaP diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts were measured in vivo by immunohistochemistry using an anti-BPDE-DNA monoclonal antibody. Oxidative DNA damage was measured by the detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation using high-performance liquid chromatography. Alterations in the cell cycle that were relevant to carcinogenesis were revealed by changes in p53, as identified in vivo using a polyclonal anti-p53 antibody. We found that cells containing BPDE-DNA adducts and nuclear p53 expression significantly increased between 2 and 10 weeks of BaP-UVA treatment, whereas neither BPDE-DNA adducts nor significant changes in p53 were observed in untreated skin. Using regression analysis, oxidative 8-OHdG damage also showed a parallel increase over 2-10 weeks (r = 0.80). These results indicate that genetic damage caused by exposures to BaP plus UVA accumulates with time and increases the potential for inductive events leading to carcinogenesis and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Saladi
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
In some cases, evidence exists that exogenous carcinogenic exposures contribute to the mutation spectrum of the TP53 gene (p53) in human cancers. Although the clearest examples come from dietary and environmental sources, only a restricted number of papers have concentrated specifically on TP53 mutations in tumors from workers exposed to occupational carcinogens. In populations exposed to dietary aflatoxin B1 with liver cancer (AFB1) and ultraviolet (UV)-radiation with skin cancer, a single specific-looking TP53 mutation has been described in some of the tumors. Whether these fingerprints in the TP53 gene can be used to reveal an occupational etiology remains to be shown. In other cases, although differences in the TP53 mutation spectrum exist, they are more diffuse and difficult to interpret at this point. For instance, cigarette smoking seems to induce long-lasting molecular footprints in TP53. However, their use to rule out other occupational exposures as etiological factors in occupational cancers is still very questionable, especially due to the putative synergistic effects of cigarette smoke with other carcinogens. Although interesting implications of possible typical mutation spectra among cancers with other occupational etiologies exist, the data are scanty and await further development of TP53 mutation databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vähäkangas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Karvonen SL, Korkiamäki T, Ylä-Outinen H, Nissinen M, Teerikangas H, Pummi K, Karvonen J, Peltonen J. Psoriasis and altered calcium metabolism: downregulated capacitative calcium influx and defective calcium-mediated cell signaling in cultured psoriatic keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:693-700. [PMID: 10733675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium plays an important part in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Detached from their in vivo environment, cultured psoriatic keratinocytes were investigated by monitoring free intracellular calcium concentration, which was measured using fura-2/AM as a calcium-sensitive probe. The mean increase in intracellular calcium of psoriatic keratinocytes was significantly reduced compared with control keratinocytes when intracellular calcium stores were mobilized from endoplasmic reticulum with thapsigargin. This finding suggests defective capacitative calcium influx of psoriatic cells. Intracellular calcium stores were similar in psoriatic and control keratinocytes, when extracellular calcium was chelated with ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid and intracellular calcium was depleted with thapsigargin. Mechanical wounding of keratinocyte monolayer resulted in a significantly reduced rise in intracellular calcium of psoriatic cells in low (< 0.1 mM) and high (1.8 mM) extracellular calcium suggesting defective intercellular coupling of psoriatic keratinocytes. Blocking of gap-junctions with heptanol in wounded keratinocytes did not affect the intracellular calcium response in psoriatic keratinocytes in contrast to healthy keratinocytes. Adding adenosine triphosphate to culture medium resulted in a more pronounced intracellular calcium increase than thapsigargin in psoriatic keratinocytes, suggesting that inositol triphosphate-mediated, P2-purinergic signaling was enhanced in these cells. Moreover, psoriatic keratinocytes maintained their defective responses up to at least fifth passage suggesting that psoriatic keratinocytes have an inborn error in calcium metabolism, rather than a localized defect in response to altered extracellular calcium gradient observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Karvonen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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