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Mikołajczyk-Stecyna J, Zuk E, Chmurzynska A, Blatkiewicz M, Jopek K, Rucinski M. The effects of exposure to and timing of a choline-deficient diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life on the skeletal muscle transcriptome of the offspring. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1503-1515. [PMID: 38729079 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to muscle loss, but the precise mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to determine the influence of maternal fatty liver and dietary choline deficiency during pregnancy and/or lactation periods on the skeletal muscle gene expression profile among 24-day-old male rat offspring. METHODS Histological examination of skeletal muscle tissue specimens obtained from offspring of dams suffering from fatty liver, provided with proper choline intake during pregnancy and lactation (NN), fed a choline-deficient diet during both periods (DD), deprived of choline only during pregnancy (DN), or only during lactation (ND), was performed. The global transcriptome pattern was assessed using a microarray approach (Affymetrix® Rat Gene 2.1 ST Array Strip). The relative expression of selected genes was validated by real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Morphological differences in fat accumulation in skeletal muscle related to choline supply were observed. The global gene expression profile was consistent with abnormal morphological changes. Mettl21c gene was overexpressed in all choline-deficient groups compared to the NN group, while two genes, Cdkn1a and S100a4, were downregulated. Processes of protein biosynthesis were upregulated, and processes related to cell proliferation and lipid metabolism were inhibited in DD, DN, and ND groups compared to the NN group. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to fatty liver and dietary choline deficiency leads to changes in the transcriptome profile in skeletal muscle of 24-day old male rat offspring and is associated with muscle damage, but the mechanism of it seems to be different at different developmental stages of life. Adequate choline intake during pregnancy and lactation can prevent severe muscle disturbance in the progeny of females suffering from fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Zuk
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Garnick L, Bates C, Massarsky A, Spencer P, Sura P, Monnot AD, Maier A. Developmental and reproductive toxicity hazard characterization of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:316-332. [PMID: 37715655 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP™) is a widely used pH stabilizer in personal care products (PCPs); thus, the safety implications of dermal AMP exposure remain of interest. We have previously reported that exposure to AMP in PCPs when used as intended is not anticipated to result in an increased risk of hepatotoxicity (primarily steatosis and altered phospholipid homeostasis). The current study focuses on AMP in PCP's potential for developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) in humans, based on data from animal studies. Animal studies suggest that exposure to AMP can result in post-implantation loss. However, such effects occur at maternally toxic doses, posing a challenge for determining appropriate hazard classifications in the context of relevant consumer use scenarios. Our assessment concluded that human exposure to AMP in PCPs is not anticipated to result in DART at non-maternally toxic doses. Further, mode of action (MOA) analysis elucidated the potential biological pathways underlying DART effects observed in high-dose animal studies, such that perturbation of uterine choline synthesis was the most well-supported MOA hypothesis. Downstream uterine effects might reflect choline-dependent changes in epigenetic control of pathways important for implantation maintenance and uterine cell energetics. Since AMP-induced post-implantation loss occurs at doses higher than pathology related to liver toxicity, maintaining AMP exposures from exceeding the onset dose for maternal liver effects will also be protective of DART effects. Furthermore, dermal exposure to AMP expected from the use of PCPs is highly unlikely to result in toxicologically significant systemic AMP concentrations; thus, DART is not anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Priyanka Sura
- ANGUS Chemical Company, Buffalo Grove, Illinois, USA
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3
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Arshad U, Husnain A, Poindexter MB, Zimpel R, Nelson CD, Santos JEP. Rumen-protected choline reduces hepatic lipidosis by increasing hepatic triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein secretion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7630-7650. [PMID: 37641262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) on hepatic composition and secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein when cows were subjected to feed restriction to develop fatty liver. It was hypothesized that RPC reduces hepatic triacylglycerol by enhancing secretion of hepatic lipoprotein. Pregnant, nonlactating parous Holstein cows (n = 33) at mean (± standard deviation) 234 ± 2.2 d of gestation were blocked by body condition (3.79 ± 0.49) and assigned to receive 0 g/d (CON), 25.8 g/d choline ion from a RPC product containing 28.8% choline chloride (CC; treatment L25.8), or 25.8 g/d of choline ion from a RPC product containing 60.0% CC (H25.8). Cows were fed for ad libitum intake for the first 5 d and restricted to 41% of the net energy for lactation required for maintenance and pregnancy from d 6 to 13. Intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 18 g/d during feed restriction by supplying rumen-protected methionine. Hepatic tissue was sampled on d 6 and 13 and analyzed for triacylglycerol and glycogen, and mRNA expression of hepatic tissue was investigated. On d 14, cows were not fed and received a 10% solution of tyloxapol intravenously at 120 mg/kg of body weight to block hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Blood was sampled sequentially for 720 min and analyzed for concentration of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol. Lymph was sampled 6 h after tyloxapol infusion, and analyzed for concentrations of fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, triacylglycerol, and total cholesterol. A sample of serum collected at 720 min after tyloxapol was assayed for the metabolome composition. The area under the curve (AUC) of serum triacylglycerol, VLDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol were calculated. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated the effect of supplementing RPC (CON vs. [1/2 L25.8 + 1/2 H25.8]) and source of RPC (L25.8 vs. H25.8). Least squares means and standard errors of the means are presented in sequence as CON, L25.8, H25.8. During feed restriction, supplementation of RPC reduced hepatic triacylglycerol (9.0 vs. 4.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.6%) and increased glycogen contents (1.9 vs. 3.5 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2%). Similarly, supplementation of RPC increased the expression of transcripts involved in the synthesis and assembly of lipoproteins (MTTP), cellular autophagy (ATG3), and inflammation (TNFA), and reduced the expression of transcripts associated with mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids (HADHA, MLYCD) and stabilization of lipid droplets (PLIN2). After infusion of tyloxapol, RPC increased the AUC for serum triacylglycerol (21,741 vs. 32,323 vs. 28,699 ± 3,706 mg/dL × min) and VLDL cholesterol (4,348 vs. 6,465 vs. 5,740 ± 741 mg/dL × min) but tended to reduce the concentrations of triacylglycerol in lymph (16.7 vs. 13.8 vs. 11.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL). Feeding RPC tended to increase the concentrations of 89 metabolites in serum, after adjusting for false discovery, including 3 acylcarnitines, 1 AA-related metabolite, 11 bile acids, 1 ceramide, 6 diacylglycerols, 2 dihydroceramides, 1 glycerophospholipid, and 64 triacylglycerols compared with CON. Feeding 25.8 g/d of choline ion as RPC mediated increased hepatic triacylglycerol secretion to promote lipotropic effects that reduced hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arshad
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A Husnain
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - M B Poindexter
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - R Zimpel
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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Kumar H, Dhalaria R, Guleria S, Cimler R, Sharma R, Siddiqui SA, Valko M, Nepovimova E, Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Kumar V, Pathera AK, Verma N, Kaur T, Manickam S, Alomar SY, Kuča K. Anti-oxidant potential of plants and probiotic spp. in alleviating oxidative stress induced by H 2O 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115022. [PMID: 37336149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a metabolic by-product. ROS molecules trigger oxidative stress as a feedback response that significantly initiates biological processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Furthermore, extensive research has revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important ROS entity and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including cell differentiation, cell signalling, and apoptosis. However, excessive production of H2O2 has been shown to disrupt biomolecules and cell organelles, leading to an inflammatory response and contributing to the development of health complications such as collagen deposition, aging, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, etc. Extracts of different plant species, phytochemicals, and Lactobacillus sp (probiotic) have been reported for their anti-oxidant potential. In this view, the researchers have gained significant interest in exploring the potential plants spp., their phytochemicals, and the potential of Lactobacillus sp. strains that exhibit anti-oxidant properties and health benefits. Thus, the current review focuses on comprehending the information related to the formation of H2O2, the factors influencing it, and their pathophysiology imposed on human health. Moreover, this review also discussed the anti-oxidant potential and role of different extract of plants, Lactobacillus sp. and their fermented products in curbing H2O2‑induced oxidative stress in both in-vitro and in-vivo models via boosting the anti-oxidative activity, inhibiting of important enzyme release and downregulation of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases-3, - 8, and - 9 expression. In particular, this knowledge will assist R&D sections in biopharmaceutical and food industries in developing herbal medicine and probiotics-based or derived food products that can effectively alleviate oxidative stress issues induced by H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Shivani Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India
| | - Richard Cimler
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 81237, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Narinder Verma
- School of Management and Liberal Arts, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Talwinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Quintás G, Castell JV, Moreno-Torres M. The assessment of the potential hepatotoxicity of new drugs by in vitro metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1155271. [PMID: 37214440 PMCID: PMC10196061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1155271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug hepatotoxicity assessment is a relevant issue both in the course of drug development as well as in the post marketing phase. The use of human relevant in vitro models in combination with powerful analytical methods (metabolomic analysis) is a promising approach to anticipate, as well as to understand and investigate the effects and mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity in man. The metabolic profile analysis of biological liver models treated with hepatotoxins, as compared to that of those treated with non-hepatotoxic compounds, provides useful information for identifying disturbed cellular metabolic reactions, pathways, and networks. This can later be used to anticipate, as well to assess, the potential hepatotoxicity of new compounds. However, the applicability of the metabolomic analysis to assess the hepatotoxicity of drugs is complex and requires careful and systematic work, precise controls, wise data preprocessing and appropriate biological interpretation to make meaningful interpretations and/or predictions of drug hepatotoxicity. This review provides an updated look at recent in vitro studies which used principally mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of drugs. It also analyzes the principal drawbacks that still limit its general applicability in safety assessment screenings. We discuss the analytical workflow, essential factors that need to be considered and suggestions to overcome these drawbacks, as well as recent advancements made in this rapidly growing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Quintás
- Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V. Castell
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Costello SM, Cheney AM, Waldum A, Tripet B, Cotrina-Vidal M, Kaufmann H, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Lefcort F, Copié V. A Comprehensive NMR Analysis of Serum and Fecal Metabolites in Familial Dysautonomia Patients Reveals Significant Metabolic Perturbations. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030433. [PMID: 36984872 PMCID: PMC10057143 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Central metabolism has a profound impact on the clinical phenotypes and penetrance of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In contrast to the multifactorial origin of these neurological diseases, neurodevelopmental impairment and neurodegeneration in Familial Dysautonomia (FD) results from a single point mutation in the ELP1 gene. FD patients represent a well-defined population who can help us better understand the cellular networks underlying neurodegeneration, and how disease traits are affected by metabolic dysfunction, which in turn may contribute to dysregulation of the gut–brain axis of FD. Here, 1H NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the serum and fecal metabolomes of FD patients, and to assess similarities and differences in the polar metabolite profiles between FD patients and healthy relative controls. Findings from this work revealed noteworthy metabolic alterations reflected in energy (ATP) production, mitochondrial function, amino acid and nucleotide catabolism, neurosignaling molecules, and gut-microbial metabolism. These results provide further evidence for a close interconnection between metabolism, neurodegeneration, and gut microbiome dysbiosis in FD, and create an opportunity to explore whether metabolic interventions targeting the gut–brain–metabolism axis of FD could be used to redress or slow down the progressive neurodegeneration observed in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanann M. Costello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Cheney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Annie Waldum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Brian Tripet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Maria Cotrina-Vidal
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | | | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Valérie Copié
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-406-994-7244
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Fornari F, Giovannini C, Piscaglia F, Gramantieri L. Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Applications in Clinical Research. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1263-1278. [DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s347946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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8
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Chua D, Low ZS, Cheam GX, Ng AS, Tan NS. Utility of Human Relevant Preclinical Animal Models in Navigating NAFLD to MAFLD Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314762. [PMID: 36499091 PMCID: PMC9737809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is an emerging contributor to disease burden worldwide. The past decades of work established the heterogeneous nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) etiology and systemic contributions to the pathogenesis of the disease. This called for the proposal of a redefinition in 2020 to that of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to better reflect the current understanding of the disease. To date, several clinical cohort studies comparing NAFLD and MAFLD hint at the relevancy of the new nomenclature in enriching for patients with more severe hepatic injury and extrahepatic comorbidities. However, the underlying systemic pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Preclinical animal models have been imperative in elucidating key biological mechanisms in various contexts, including intrahepatic disease progression, interorgan crosstalk and systemic dysregulation. Furthermore, they are integral in developing novel therapeutics against MAFLD. However, substantial contextual variabilities exist across different models due to the lack of standardization in several aspects. As such, it is crucial to understand the strengths and weaknesses of existing models to better align them to the human condition. In this review, we consolidate the implications arising from the change in nomenclature and summarize MAFLD pathogenesis. Subsequently, we provide an updated evaluation of existing MAFLD preclinical models in alignment with the new definitions and perspectives to improve their translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Guo Xiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
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Chen L, Wang H, Chen Z, Zhuo W, Xu R, Zeng X, He Q, Guan Y, Li H, Liu H. The Effect of Dried Ginger (Gan Jiang) on Stomach Energy Metabolism and the Related Mechanism in Rats Based on Metabonomics. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200757. [PMID: 36226702 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dried ginger is a commonly used stomachic. Dried ginger is often used as a gastric protector to treat stomach-related diseases. However, the effect of dried ginger on energy metabolism in stomach tissue of rats under physiological condition has not been studied. In this study, different doses of water extract of dried ginger were given to rats for 4 weeks. The activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) enzyme, ATP content, mitochondrial metabolic rate and mitochondrial number in stomach tissue of rats were measured. Analysis of potential biomarkers related to the effect of dried ginger on energy metabolism in stomach tissue of rats by metabonomics, and their metabolic pathways were also analyzed. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in Na+ -K+ -ATPase in high-dose group (GJH), medium-dose group (GJM) and low-dose group (GJL) compared to the Control group. The Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity was significantly increased in stomach tissue of GJH group and GJM group, but there were no significant changes in stomach tissue of GJL group. The SDH activity and the ATP levels were significantly increased in stomach tissue of GJH group, GJM group and GJL group. The mitochondrial metabolic rate was significantly increased in GJL group, but there was no significant change in GJM group and was inhibited in GJH group. These effects might be mediated by arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, purine metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical, Dongcheng, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Qidong People's Hospital, Qidong, 226200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenhao Zhuo
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruixiang Xu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qirui He
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical, Dongcheng, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
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Hughey CC, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Integrating the contributions of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to lipotoxicity and inflammation in NAFLD pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bathish B, Robertson H, Dillon JF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and mechanisms by which it is ameliorated by activation of the CNC-bZIP transcription factor Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:221-261. [PMID: 35728768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a global health concern. It is characterised by fatty liver, hepatocyte cell death and inflammation, which are associated with lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron overload and oxidative stress. NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that combats oxidative stress. Remarkably, Nrf2 is downregulated during the development of NASH, which probably accelerates disease, whereas in pre-clinical studies the upregulation of Nrf2 inhibits NASH. We now review the scientific literature that proposes Nrf2 downregulation during NASH involves its increased ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, mediated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and/or β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) and/or HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1, also called synoviolin (SYVN1)). Additionally, downregulation of Nrf2-mediated transcription during NASH may involve diminished recruitment of coactivators by Nrf2, due to increased levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, or competition for promoter binding due to upregulation of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1). Many processes that downregulate Nrf2 are triggered by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), with oxidative stress amplifying its signalling. Oxidative stress may also increase suppression of Nrf2 by β-TrCP through facilitating formation of the DSGIS-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3. In animal models, knockout of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to NASH, while pharmacological activation of Nrf2 by inducing agents that target Keap1 inhibits development of NASH. These inducing agents probably counter Nrf2 downregulation affected by β-TrCP, Hrd1/SYVN1, ATF3, NF-κB p65 and Bach1, by suppressing oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is also likely to inhibit NASH by ameliorating lipotoxicity, inflammation, ER stress and iron overload. Crucially, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 in mice in which NASH has already been established supresses liver steatosis and inflammation. There is therefore compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 provides a comprehensive multipronged strategy to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Bathish
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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12
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Zappelli E, Daniele S, Ceccarelli L, Vergassola M, Ragni L, Mangano G, Martini C. α-glyceryl-phosphoryl-ethanolamine protects human hippocampal neurons from aging-induced cellular alterations. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4514-4528. [PMID: 35902984 PMCID: PMC9545488 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain ageing has been related to a decrease in cellular metabolism, to an accumulation of misfolded proteins and to an alteration of the lipid membrane composition. These alterations act as contributive aspects of age‐related memory decline by reducing membrane excitability and neurotransmitter release. In this sense, precursors of phospholipids (PLs) can restore the physiological composition of cellular membranes and ameliorate the cellular defects associated with brain ageing. In particular, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) have been shown to restore mitochondrial function, reduce the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and, at the same time, provide the amount of acetylcholine needed to reduce memory deficit. Among PL precursors, alpha‐glycerylphosphorylethanolamine (GPE) has shown to protect astrocytes from Aβ injuries and to slow‐down ageing of human neural stem cells. GPE has been evaluated in aged human hippocampal neurons, which are implicated in learning and memory, and constitute a good in vitro model to investigate the beneficial properties of GPE. In order to mimic cellular ageing, the cells have been maintained 21 days in vitro and challenged with GPE. Results of the present paper showed GPE ability to increase PE and PC content, glucose uptake and the activity of the chain respiratory complex I and of the GSK‐3β pathway. Moreover, the nootropic compound showed an increase in the transcriptional/protein levels of neurotrophic and well‐being related genes. Finally, GPE counteracted the accumulation of ageing‐related misfolded proteins (a‐synuclein and tau). Overall, our data underline promising effects of GPE in counteracting cellular alterations related to brain ageing and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorella Ragni
- Global R&D PLCM -Angelini Pharma S.p.A, Ancona, Italy
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13
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Middleton P, Vergis N. Mitochondrial dysfunction and liver disease: role, relevance, and potential for therapeutic modulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211031394. [PMID: 34377148 PMCID: PMC8320552 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211031394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production as well as numerous metabolic processes. There is a growing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of common chronic diseases as well as in cancer development. This review will examine the role mitochondria play in the pathophysiology of common liver diseases, including alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is described widely in the literature in studies examining patient tissue and in disease models. Despite significant differences in pathophysiology between chronic liver diseases, common mitochondrial defects are described, including increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. We review the current literature on mitochondrial-targeted therapies, which have the potential to open new therapeutic avenues in the management of patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil Vergis
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Carreres L, Jílková ZM, Vial G, Marche PN, Decaens T, Lerat H. Modeling Diet-Induced NAFLD and NASH in Rats: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040378. [PMID: 33918467 PMCID: PMC8067264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, characterized by hepatic steatosis without any alcohol abuse. As the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing worldwide, important research activity is being dedicated to deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to define new therapeutic targets. To investigate these pathways and validate preclinical study, reliable, simple and reproducible tools are needed. For that purpose, animal models, more precisely, diet-induced NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models, were developed to mimic the human disease. In this review, we focus on rat models, especially in the current investigation of the establishment of the dietary model of NAFLD and NASH in this species, compiling the different dietary compositions and their impact on histological outcomes and metabolic injuries, as well as external factors influencing the course of liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Carreres
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Guillaume Vial
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Inserm U 1300, Hypoxia PathoPhysiology (HP2), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hervé Lerat
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Unité Mixte de Service UGA hTAG, Inserm US 046, CNRS UAR 2019, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu F, Wang X, Duan C, Zhang J, Li X. Hepatoxicity mechanism of cantharidin-induced liver LO2 cells by LC-MS metabolomics combined traditional approaches. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:49-61. [PMID: 32726682 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity induced by Mylabris has been reported in both clinical and animal experiments. Cantharidin (CTD), the main active compound of Mylabris was responsible for the hepatotoxicity, which aroused widespread concern. However, the mechanism of CTD hepatotoxicity remained unclear. In this study, LO2 cells were exposed to two doses of CTD (6.25 and 25 μM) for 12 h, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The metabolites in LO2 cells were profiled by LC-MS. Partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used for screening potential biomarkers. The MetPA software was used for clustering and pathway analysis. Network pharmacology was used to predict the genes acted with potential biomarkers. Compared with the control group, the levels of ALT, AST, and LDH was significantly increased after CTD treatment. A total of 46 potential biomarkers for hepatotoxicity induced by CTD were identified. And downregulated potential biomarkers reflected the inhibitory effects of CTD toxicity on metabolism of LO2. Moreover, CTD-induced liver toxicity of LO2 cells is mainly related to three pathways: cysteine and methionine metabolism; glutathione metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Furtherly, the mRNA expression of CES2, DNMT1, NOS1, NOS3, S1PR2, and CES1 screened by network pharmacology were regulated by CTD. These studies provide valuable mechanistic insights into CTD-associated hepatotoxicity that will aid in the development of therapeutic prevention and treatment options for this liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Basic Medical School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Cancan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Basic Medical School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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16
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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Heart Shunt Part I: The French Paradox, Heart Disease and the Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040490. [PMID: 32235574 PMCID: PMC7232195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that a vegetarian and polyphenol-rich diet, including fruits, vegetables, teas, juices, wine, indigestible fiber and whole grains, provide health-promoting phytochemicals and phytonutrients that are beneficial for the heart and brain. What is not well-characterized is the affect these foods have when co-metabolized within our dynamic gut and its colonizing flora. The concept of a heart shunt within the microbiota-gut-brain axis underscores the close association between brain and heart health and the so-called “French paradox” offers clues for understanding neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Moreover, oxidation-redox reactions and redox properties of so-called brain and heart-protective foods are underappreciated as to their enhanced or deleterious mechanisms of action. Focusing on prodromal stages, and common mechanisms underlying heart, cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, we may unmask and understanding the means to better treat these related diseases.
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17
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Yu DY. Relevance of reactive oxygen species in liver disease observed in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X protein. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:6. [PMID: 32206612 PMCID: PMC7081669 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects approximately 240 million people worldwide, causing chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver cancer. Although numerous studies have been performed to date, unfortunately there is no conclusive drug or treatment for HBV induced liver disease. The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) is considered a key player in inducing CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HBx protein, inducing HCC at the age of 11–18 months. The incidence of histological phenotype, including liver tumor, differed depending on the genetic background of HBx Tg mice. Fatty change and tumor generation were observed much earlier in livers of HBx Tg hybrid (C57BL/6 and CBA) (HBx-Tg hybrid) mice than in HBx Tg C57BL/6 (HBx-Tg B6) mice. Inflammation was also enhanced in the HBx-Tg B6 mice as compared to HBx-Tg hybrid mice. HBx may be involved in inducing and promoting hepatic steatosis, glycemia, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was remarkably increased in livers of HBx Tg young mice compared to young wild type control mice. Previous studies on HBx Tg mice indicate that the HBx-induced ROS plays a role in inducing and promoting CLD and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeul Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806 South Korea
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18
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Gore E, Bigaeva E, Oldenburger A, Jansen YJM, Schuppan D, Boersema M, Rippmann JF, Broermann A, Olinga P. Investigating fibrosis and inflammation in an ex vivo NASH murine model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G336-G351. [PMID: 31905025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00209.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, characterized by excess fat accumulation (steatosis). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops in 15-20% of NAFLD patients and frequently progresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. We aimed to develop an ex vivo model of inflammation and fibrosis in steatotic murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). NASH was induced in C57Bl/6 mice on an amylin and choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet. PCLS were prepared from steatohepatitic (sPCLS) and control (cPCLS) livers and cultured for 48 h with LPS, TGFβ1, or elafibranor. Additionally, C57Bl/6 mice were placed on CDAA diet for 12 wk to receive elafibranor or vehicle from weeks 7 to 12. Effects were assessed by transcriptome analysis and procollagen Iα1 protein production. The diets induced features of human NASH. Upon culture, all PCLS showed an increased gene expression of fibrosis- and inflammation-related markers but decreased lipid metabolism markers. LPS and TGFβ1 affected sPCLS more pronouncedly than cPCLS. TGFβ1 increased procollagen Iα1 solely in cPCLS. Elafibranor ameliorated fibrosis and inflammation in vivo but not ex vivo, where it only increased the expression of genes modulated by PPARα. sPCLS culture induced inflammation-, fibrosis-, and lipid metabolism-related transcripts, explained by spontaneous activation. sPCLS remained responsive to proinflammatory and profibrotic stimuli on gene expression. We consider that PCLS represent a useful tool to reproducibly study NASH progression. sPCLS can be used to evaluate potential treatments for NASH, as demonstrated in our elafibranor study, and serves as a model to bridge results from rodent studies to the human system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can be studied ex vivo in precision-cut liver slices obtained from murine diet-induced fatty livers. Liver slices develop a spontaneous inflammatory and fibrogenic response during culture that can be augmented with specific modulators. Additionally, the model can be used to test the efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds (as shown in this investigation with elafibranor) and could be a tool for preclinical assessment of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gore
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Bigaeva
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Yvette J M Jansen
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg F Rippmann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andre Broermann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Kang ES, Hur J, Jo Y, Kim HJ, Han SG, Seo HG. Comparative effects of nanoemulsions loaded with duck oil and lard oil on palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13117. [PMID: 31823402 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of duck oil and lard oil on lipotoxicity induced by saturated long-chain fatty acids were evaluated in HepG2 cells. Lipotoxicity triggered by palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, was inhibited more by duck oil-loaded nanoemulsion (DO-NE) than by lard oil-loaded nanoemulsion (LO-NE) and control nanoemulsion (NE) in HepG2 cells. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid vacuoles in HepG2 cells induced by palmitate treatment was inhibited by DO-NE but not by LO-NE. Consistently, treatment of HepG2 cells with DO-NE, but not with NE or LO-NE, significantly reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, which are key regulatory proteins in hepatic lipid accumulation. In addition, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 were reduced more by DO-NE than by LO-NE, indicating that DO-NE directly attenuates cellular damage induced by palmitate. Collectively, these results imply that the biological activity of duck oil against palmitate-induced cellular damage is more potent than that of lard oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Accumulated lipids in nonadipose tissues, especially the liver, cause lipotoxicity, a pathologic feature of hepatic disorders, by inducing oxidative stress. A nanoemulsion loaded with duck oil, which is a functional food widely consumed by Korean people, inhibited lipotoxicity by suppressing lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitate, which mimic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, we propose that duck oil can be used as a functional food to improve lipid-induced hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoenji Jo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Juong Kim
- Taekyung Food and Processing R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Lee Y, Hu S, Park YK, Lee JY. Health Benefits of Carotenoids: A Role of Carotenoids in the Prevention of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:103-113. [PMID: 31328113 PMCID: PMC6615349 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases with a prevalence of ~25% worldwide. NAFLD includes simple hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which can further progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, effective strategies for the prevention of NAFLD are needed. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complicated due to diverse injury insults, such as fat accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, and apoptosis, which may act synergistically. Studies have shown that carotenoids, a natural group of isoprenoid pigments, prevent the development of NAFLD by exerting antioxidant, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and insulin-sensitizing properties. This review summarizes the protective action of carotenoids, with primary focuses on astaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, fucoxanthin, and crocetin, against the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Siqi Hu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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21
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Luangmonkong T, Suriguga S, Mutsaers HAM, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P, Boersema M. Targeting Oxidative Stress for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 175:71-102. [PMID: 29728869 DOI: 10.1007/112_2018_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a reflection of the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant system. Excessive ROS, generated from various endogenous oxidative biochemical enzymes, interferes with the normal function of liver-specific cells and presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Once exposed to harmful stimuli, Kupffer cells (KC) are the main effectors responsible for the generation of ROS, which consequently affect hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and hepatocytes. ROS-activated HSC undergo a phenotypic switch and deposit an excessive amount of extracellular matrix that alters the normal liver architecture and negatively affects liver function. Additionally, ROS stimulate necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, which causes liver injury and leads to the progression of end-stage liver disease. In this review, we overview the role of ROS in liver fibrosis and discuss the promising therapeutic interventions related to oxidative stress. Most importantly, novel drugs that directly target the molecular pathways responsible for ROS generation, namely, mitochondrial dysfunction inhibitors, endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors, NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-affecting agents, are reviewed in detail. In addition, challenges for targeting oxidative stress in the management of liver fibrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Su Suriguga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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LINC00116 codes for a mitochondrial peptide linking respiration and lipid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4940-4945. [PMID: 30796188 PMCID: PMC6421467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Short peptides are encoded in genomes of all organisms and have important functions. Due to the small size of such open reading frames, they are frequently overlooked by automatic genome annotation. We investigated the gene that was misannotated as long noncoding RNA LINC00116 and demonstrated that this gene codes for a 56-amino-acid-long peptide, Mtln, which is localized in mitochondria. Inactivation of the Mtln coding gene leads to reduction of oxygen consumption attributed to respiratory complex I activity and perturbs lipid composition of the cell. This influence is mediated by Mtln interaction with NADH-dependent cytochrome b5 reductase. Disruption of the mitochondrial localization of the latter phenocopies Mtln inactivation. Genes coding for small peptides have been frequently misannotated as long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes. Here we have demonstrated that one such transcript is translated into a 56-amino-acid-long peptide conserved in chordates, corroborating the work published while this manuscript was under review. The Mtln peptide could be detected in mitochondria of mouse cell lines and tissues. In line with its mitochondrial localization, lack of the Mtln decreases the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Unlike the integral components and assembly factors of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Mtln does not alter its enzymatic activity directly. Interaction of Mtln with NADH-dependent cytochrome b5 reductase stimulates complex I functioning most likely by providing a favorable lipid composition of the membrane. Study of Mtln illuminates the importance of small peptides, whose genes might frequently be misannotated as lncRNAs, for the control of vitally important cellular processes.
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Lee EJ, Hwang JS, Kang ES, Lee SB, Hur J, Lee WJ, Choi MJ, Kim JT, Seo HG. Nanoemulsions improve the efficacy of turmeric in palmitate- and high fat diet-induced cellular and animal models. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:181-189. [PMID: 30469082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Turmeric is a well-known functional food exhibiting multiple biological activities in health and disease. However, low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limit its therapeutic potential. Herein, we investigated the utility of nanoemulsions as a carrier to improve the efficacy of turmeric. Compared with turmeric extract (TE), 5% TE-loaded nanoemulsion (TE-NE), which contains 20-fold lower curcumin content than TE, achieved similar inhibition of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Exposure of HepG2 cells to 5% TE-NE also suppressed the palmitate-induced accumulation of lipid vacuoles and reactive oxygen species comparably with TE, and was accompanied by decreased levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2), cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Consistent with these effects in HepG2 cells, oral administration of 5% TE-NE to mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) markedly suppressed lipid accumulation in liver, leading to a significant reduction in body weight and adipose tissue weight, equivalent to the effects observed with TE. Compared with TE, 5% TE-NE also equivalently inhibited the levels of SREBP-1, PPAR-γ2, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP in the liver of mice fed a HFD. Furthermore, TE and 5% TE-NE significantly improved serum lipid profiles in a similar manner. These observations indicate that nanoemulsions can improve the efficacy of turmeric, thereby eliciting more potent biological efficacy against palmitate- and high fat diet (HFD)-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Torres MJ, Ryan TE, Lin CT, Zeczycki TN, Neufer PD. Impact of 17β-estradiol on complex I kinetics and H 2O 2 production in liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16889-16898. [PMID: 30217819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally or surgically induced postmenopausal women are widely prescribed estrogen therapies to alleviate symptoms associated with estrogen loss and to lower the subsequent risk of developing metabolic diseases, including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the molecular mechanisms by which estrogens modulate metabolism across tissues remain ill-defined. We have previously reported that 17β-estradiol (E2) exerts antidiabetogenic effects in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by protecting mitochondrial and cellular redox function in skeletal muscle. The liver is another key tissue for glucose homeostasis and a target of E2 therapy. Thus, in the present study we determined the effects of acute loss of ovarian E2 and E2 administration on liver mitochondria. In contrast to skeletal muscle mitochondria, E2 depletion via OVX did not alter liver mitochondrial respiratory function or complex I (CI) specific activities (NADH oxidation, quinone reduction, and H2O2 production). Surprisingly, in vivo E2 replacement therapy and in vitro E2 exposure induced tissue-specific effects on both CI activity and on the rate and topology of CI H2O2 production. Overall, E2 therapy protected and restored the OVX-induced reduction in CI activity in skeletal muscle, whereas in liver mitochondria E2 increased CI H2O2 production and decreased ADP-stimulated respiratory capacity. These results offer novel insights into the tissue-specific effects of E2 on mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Torres
- From the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,the Department of Kinesiology, and
| | - Terence E Ryan
- From the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,the Departments of Physiology, and
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- From the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,the Departments of Physiology, and
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- From the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, .,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- From the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, .,the Department of Kinesiology, and.,the Departments of Physiology, and
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25
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Baker PR, Friedman JE. Mitochondrial role in the neonatal predisposition to developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3692-3703. [PMID: 30168806 DOI: 10.1172/jci120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic in obese children and adults, and the onset might have fetal origins. A growing body of evidence supports the role of developmental programming, whereby the maternal environment affects fetal and infant development, altering the risk profile for disease later in life. Human and nonhuman primate studies of maternal obesity demonstrate that risk factors for pediatric obesity and NAFLD begin in utero. The pathologic mechanisms for NAFLD are multifactorial but have centered on altered mitochondrial function/dysfunction that might precede insulin resistance. Compared with the adult liver, the fetal liver has fewer mitochondria, low activity of the fatty acid metabolic enzyme carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase-1, and little or no gluconeogenesis. Exposure to excess maternal fuels during fetal life uniquely alters hepatic fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial health. These events promote increased oxidative stress and excess triglyceride storage, and, together with altered immune function and epigenetic changes, they prime the fetal liver for NAFLD and might drive the risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Baker
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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26
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Conrad M, Kagan VE, Bayir H, Pagnussat GC, Head B, Traber MG, Stockwell BR. Regulation of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in diverse species. Genes Dev 2018; 32:602-619. [PMID: 29802123 PMCID: PMC6004068 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314674.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review by Conrad et al. reviews the functions and regulation of lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis, and the antioxidant network in diverse species, including humans, other mammals and vertebrates, plants, invertebrates, yeast, bacteria, and archaea, and discusses the potential evolutionary roles of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Lipid peroxidation is the process by which oxygen combines with lipids to generate lipid hydroperoxides via intermediate formation of peroxyl radicals. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 react with peroxyl radicals to yield peroxides, and then these oxidized lipid species can be detoxified by glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and other components of the cellular antioxidant defense network. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated nonapoptotic cell death involving overwhelming iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Here, we review the functions and regulation of lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis, and the antioxidant network in diverse species, including humans, other mammals and vertebrates, plants, invertebrates, yeast, bacteria, and archaea. We also discuss the potential evolutionary roles of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Laboratory of Navigational Lipidomics of Cell Death and Regeneration, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Gabriela C Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330.,Molecular and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330.,College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9547613. [PMID: 29991976 PMCID: PMC6016172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9547613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis without alcohol consumption, namely, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a common hepatic condition that encompasses a wide spectrum of presentations, ranging from simple accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes without any liver damage to inflammation, necrosis, ballooning, and fibrosis (namely, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) up to severe liver disease and eventually cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology of fatty liver and its progression is influenced by multiple factors (environmental and genetics), in a “multiple parallel-hit model,” in which oxidative stress plays a very likely primary role as the starting point of the hepatic and extrahepatic damage. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive insight on the present researches and findings on the role of oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD. With this aim, we evaluated the available data in basic science and clinical studies in this field, reviewing the most recent works published on this topic.
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Hintze KJ, Benninghoff AD, Cho CE, Ward RE. Modeling the Western Diet for Preclinical Investigations. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:263-271. [PMID: 29635305 PMCID: PMC5952921 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models have been invaluable for biomedical research. Preclinical investigations with rodents allow researchers to investigate diseases by using study designs that are not suitable for human subjects. The primary criticism of preclinical animal models is that results are not always translatable to humans. Some of this lack of translation is due to inherent differences between species. However, rodent models have been refined over time, and translatability to humans has improved. Transgenic animals have greatly aided our understanding of interactions between genes and disease and have narrowed the translation gap between humans and model animals. Despite the technological innovations of animal models through advances in genetics, relatively little attention has been given to animal diets. Namely, developing diets that replicate what humans eat will help make animal models more relevant to human populations. This review focuses on commonly used rodent diets that are used to emulate the Western dietary pattern in preclinical studies of obesity and type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic liver disease, maternal nutrition, and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korry J Hintze
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT,USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT,Address correspondence to KJH (e-mail: )
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT,Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Clara E Cho
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT,USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Robert E Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT,USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT
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Khaleel EF, Abdel-Aleem GA, Mostafa DG. Resveratrol improves high-fat diet induced fatty liver and insulin resistance by concomitantly inhibiting proteolytic cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, free fatty acid oxidation, and intestinal triglyceride absorption. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:145-157. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) has the ability to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the mechanism remains unclear. Hence, using high-fat diet (HFD) obese rat model, we investigated the effect of a low dose of RES (20 mg/kg) on the hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBPs) – lipogenesis pathway, enzymes involved in β-oxidation and activity of pancreatic lipase. Four groups of rats (n = 8) of control (12% of calories as fat) and HFD (40% of calories as fat) were administered orally with either normal saline as a vehicle or RES as a concomitant treatment for 8 weeks on a daily basis. Then, various biochemical, histological, and molecular experiments were carried out. RES prevented the development and progression of NAFLD and significantly improved insulin sensitivity through (1) inhibiting the proteolytic cleavage of SREBPs-1 and SREBPs-2 without affecting their precursor mRNA or protein levels, (2) inhibiting free fatty acid β-oxidation and generation of reactive oxygen species through significant inhibition of CPT-1 and UCP-2, and (3) decreasing activity of pancreatic lipase in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings are the first in the literature to show new mechanisms of the hepatoprotective effect of RES against HFD induced NAFLD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F. Khaleel
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 3340, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada A. Abdel-Aleem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 3340, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia G. Mostafa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 3340, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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30
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Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Suppresses Oleic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation through an Activation of LKB1/AMPK Pathway in HepG2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3140267. [PMID: 29507591 PMCID: PMC5817260 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3140267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (ZA) has been used as folk medicines in East Asian and recently reported to have several bioactivity; however, the studies of ZA on the regulation of triacylglycerol (TG) biosynthesis have not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined whether the methanol extract of ZA (ZA-M) could reduce oleic acid- (OA-) induced intracellular lipid accumulation and confirmed its mode of action in HepG2 cells. ZA-M was shown to promote the phosphorylation of AMPK and its upstream LKB1, followed by reduction of lipogenic gene expressions. As a result, treatment of ZA-M blocked de novo TG biosynthesis and subsequently mitigated intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. ZA-M also inhibited OA-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TNF-α, suggesting that ZA-M possess the anti-inflammatory feature in fatty acid over accumulated condition. Taken together, these results suggest that ZA-M attenuates OA-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation through the activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in HepG2 cells.
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31
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Mitochondrial adaptation in steatotic mice. Mitochondrion 2017; 40:1-12. [PMID: 28935446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Western lifestyle-associated malnutrition causes steatosis that may progress to liver inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a key factor in promoting this disease. Here we have molecularly, biochemically and biophysically analyzed mitochondria from steatotic wild type and immune-compromised mice fed a Western diet (WD) - enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). WD-mitochondria demonstrated lipidomic changes, a decreased mitochondrial ATP production capacity and a significant sensitivity to calcium. These changes preceded hepatocyte damage and were not associated with enhanced ROS production. Thus, WD-mitochondria do not promote steatohepatitis per se, but demonstrate bioenergetic deficits and increased sensitivity to stress signals.
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Excessive alcohol consumption induces methane production in humans and rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7329. [PMID: 28779149 PMCID: PMC5544731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have established the possibility of non-bacterial methane (CH4) generation in oxido-reductive stress conditions in plants and animals. Increased ethanol input is leading to oxido-reductive imbalance in eukaryotes, thus our aim was to provide evidence for the possibility of ethanol-induced methanogenesis in non-CH4 producer humans, and to corroborate the in vivo relevance of this pathway in rodents. Healthy volunteers consumed 1.15 g/kg/day alcohol for 4 days and the amount of exhaled CH4 was recorded by high sensitivity photoacoustic spectroscopy. Additionally, Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into control, 1.15 g/kg/day and 2.7 g/kg/day ethanol-consuming groups to detect the whole-body CH4 emissions and mitochondrial functions in liver and hippocampus samples with high-resolution respirometry. Mitochondria-targeted L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) can increase tolerance to liver injury, thus the effects of GPC supplementations were tested in further ethanol-fed groups. Alcohol consumption was accompanied by significant CH4 emissions in both human and rat series of experiments. 2.7 g/kg/day ethanol feeding reduced the oxidative phosphorylation capacity of rat liver mitochondria, while GPC significantly decreased the alcohol-induced CH4 formation and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction as well. These data demonstrate a potential for ethanol to influence human methanogenesis, and suggest a biomarker role for exhaled CH4 in association with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Choi Y, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. Diet high in fructose promotes liver steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis in C57BL/6J female mice: Role of disturbed lipid homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:111-121. [PMID: 28257781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of high (H)-fructose (FR) diet (D) (HFRD) on hepatic lipid homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatocyte apoptosis were investigated in 6-week old female C57BL/6J mice fed a regular chow (ContD) or HFRD (35% fructose-derived calories) for 3 weeks. HFRD-fed mice exhibited increased levels of hepatic steatosis with a significant elevation of serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and TNFα compared to ContD-fed mice (P<0.05). HFRD-fed mice exhibited ∼2.7- fold higher levels FAS along with significantly decreased protein levels of adiponection-R2 (∼30%), P-AMPK (∼60%), P-ACC (∼70%) and RXR-α (∼55%), suggesting decreased hepatic fat oxidation compared to controls. Interestingly, hepatic fatty acid uptake into hepatocytes and lipolysis were significantly increased in HFRD-fed mice, as shown by decreased CD36 and fatty acid transporter protein-2, and increased adipose triglyceride lipase, respectively (P<0.05). Increased hepatic levels of iNOS and GSSG/GSH suggest elevated oxidative stress with a higher number of macrophages in the adipose tissue in HFRD-fed mice (P<0.05). Significantly elevated rates of hepatocyte apoptosis (∼2.4-fold), as determined by TUNEL analysis with increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and PARP-1 levels (∼2- and 1.5-fold, respectively), were observed in HFRD-fed mice. Thus, HFRD exposure increased hepatic steatosis accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Harada S, Miyagi K, Obata T, Morimoto Y, Nakamoto K, Kim KI, Kim SK, Kim SR, Tokuyama S. Influence of hyperglycemia on liver inflammatory conditions in the early phase of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:698-705. [PMID: 28220495 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high prevalence and now important issue of public health. In general, there exists strong interaction between NAFLD and diabetes, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. In this study, we determined the effects of hyperglycemia on progression in the early phase of NAFLD in mice. METHODS Male ddY mice were fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60% of kcal from fat and 0.1% methionine by weight. Hyperglycemic condition was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. The assessment of liver function used serum AST and ALT levels, and histological analysis. Hepatic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA levels was estimated by qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS During the 3-42 days that the mice were fed CDAHFD, the livers gradually caused accumulation of fat, and infiltration of inflammation cells gradually increased. Serum AST and ALT levels and significantly increased after being fed CDAHFD for 3 days and were exacerbated by the STZ-induced hyperglycemic condition. In addition, hepatic TNF-α mRNA also significantly increased. These phenomena reversed by insulin administration. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that progression in the early phase of NAFLD may be exacerbated by hyperglycemia-induced exacerbation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kei Miyagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokio Obata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuko Morimoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Health Support, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ke Ih Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Soo Ryang Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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35
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Lim CT, Kumar R. Hepatitis B and concomitant hepatic steatosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:38. [PMID: 28251117 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is becoming more common in Asia with prevalence becoming as common as Western countries. Concomitant Hepatitis B and hepatic steatosis is increasingly encountered in clinical practice. The interaction between the two concomitant conditions at both molecular level and clinical outcome remains to be explored. The present review is aimed at summarizing the existing literature on the complex interaction of the two-concomitant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Teik Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Rajneesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Bombicino SS, Iglesias DE, Mikusic IAR, D'Annunzio V, Gelpi RJ, Boveris A, Valdez LB. Diabetes impairs heart mitochondrial function without changes in resting cardiac performance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:335-345. [PMID: 27682517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease associated to a cardiac contractile dysfunction that is not attributable to underlying coronary artery disease or hypertension, and could be consequence of a progressive deterioration of mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that impaired mitochondrial function precedes Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the cardiac performance and heart mitochondrial function of diabetic rats, using an experimental model of type I Diabetes. Rats were sacrificed after 28days of Streptozotocin injection (STZ, 60mgkg-1, ip.). Heart O2 consumption was declined, mainly due to the impairment of mitochondrial O2 uptake. The mitochondrial dysfunction observed in diabetic animals included the reduction of state 3 respiration (22%), the decline of ADP/O ratio (∼15%) and the decrease of the respiratory complexes activities (22-26%). An enhancement in mitochondrial H2O2 (127%) and NO (23%) production rates and in tyrosine nitration (58%) were observed in heart of diabetic rats, with a decrease in Mn-SOD activity (∼50%). Moreover, a decrease in contractile response (38%), inotropic (37%) and lusitropic (58%) reserves were observed in diabetic rats only after a β-adrenergic stimulus. Therefore, in conditions of sustained hyperglycemia, heart mitochondrial O2 consumption and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency are decreased, and H2O2 and NO productions are increased, leading to a cardiac compromise against a work overload. This mitochondrial impairment was detected in the absence of heart hypertrophy and of resting cardiac performance changes, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction could precede the onset of diabetic cardiac failure, being H2O2, NO and ATP the molecules probably involved in mitochondrion-cytosol signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina S Bombicino
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío E Iglesias
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana A Rukavina Mikusic
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica D'Annunzio
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), Faculty of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J Gelpi
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), Faculty of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Boveris
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura B Valdez
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL; UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Choi Y, Abdelmegeed MA, Song BJ. Preventive effects of dietary walnuts on high-fat-induced hepatic fat accumulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:70-80. [PMID: 27732911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that dietary walnut would prevent high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced hepatic apoptosis based on its antioxidant properties. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a rodent chow or HFD (45% energy-derived)±walnuts (21.5% energy-derived) for 6 weeks. Liver histological and biochemical analyses revealed significantly elevated fat accumulation in mice fed HFD compared to mice fed the chow or HFD±walnuts. Walnut supplementation prevented HFD-mediated alteration of the levels of key proteins in lipid homeostasis such as Sirt1, AMPK and FAS, leading to decreased fat accumulation. In addition, walnut supplementation to HFD significantly decreased the hepatic levels of cytochrome P450-2E1, nitrated proteins and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, walnut supplementation decreased the activated cell-death-associated p-JNK and p-p38K accompanied with increased hepatocyte apoptosis in HFD group. The beneficial effects of dietary walnut likely result, at least partially, from its antioxidant ingredients and attenuating HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, nitroxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ashworth WB, Davies NA, Bogle IDL. A Computational Model of Hepatic Energy Metabolism: Understanding Zonated Damage and Steatosis in NAFLD. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005105. [PMID: 27632189 PMCID: PMC5025084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), lipid build-up and the resulting damage is known to occur more severely in pericentral cells. Due to the complexity of studying individual regions of the sinusoid, the causes of this zone specificity and its implications on treatment are largely ignored. In this study, a computational model of liver glucose and lipid metabolism is presented which treats the sinusoid as the repeating unit of the liver rather than the single hepatocyte. This allows for inclusion of zonated enzyme expression by splitting the sinusoid into periportal to pericentral compartments. By simulating insulin resistance (IR) and high intake diets leading to the development of steatosis in the model, we identify key differences between periportal and pericentral cells accounting for higher susceptibility to pericentral steatosis. Secondly, variation between individuals is seen in both susceptibility to steatosis and in its development across the sinusoid. Around 25% of obese individuals do not show excess liver fat, whilst 16% of lean individuals develop NAFLD. Furthermore, whilst pericentral cells tend to show higher lipid levels, variation is seen in the predominant location of steatosis from pericentral to pan-sinusoidal or azonal. Sensitivity analysis was used to identify the processes which have the largest effect on both total hepatic triglyceride levels and on the sinusoidal location of steatosis. As is seen in vivo, steatosis occurs when simulating IR in the model, predominantly due to increased uptake, along with an increase in de novo lipogenesis. Additionally, concentrations of glucose intermediates including glycerol-3-phosphate increased when simulating IR due to inhibited glycogen synthesis. Several differences between zones contributed to a higher susceptibility to steatosis in pericentral cells in the model simulations. Firstly, the periportal zonation of both glycogen synthase and the oxidative phosphorylation enzymes meant that the build-up of glucose intermediates was less severe in the periportal hepatocyte compartments. Secondly, the periportal zonation of the enzymes mediating β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation resulted in excess fats being metabolised more rapidly in the periportal hepatocyte compartments. Finally, the pericentral expression of de novo lipogenesis contributed to pericentral steatosis when additionally simulating the increase in sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) seen in NAFLD patients in vivo. The hepatic triglyceride concentration was predicted to be most sensitive to inter-individual variation in the activity of enzymes which, either directly or indirectly, determine the rate of free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation. The concentration was most strongly dependent on the rate constants for β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. It also showed moderate sensitivity to the rate constants for processes which alter the allosteric inhibition of β-oxidation by acetyl-CoA. The predominant sinusoidal location of steatosis meanwhile was most sensitive variations in the zonation of proteins mediating FFA uptake or triglyceride release as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Neither the total hepatic concentration nor the location of steatosis showed strong sensitivity to variations in the lipogenic rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Ashworth
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan A. Davies
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I. David L. Bogle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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La Favor JD, Burnett AL. A microdialysis method to measure in vivo hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in various rodent tissues. Methods 2016; 109:131-140. [PMID: 27452801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cell signaling and disease pathogenesis. Despite their biological importance, assessment of ROS often involves measurement of indirect byproducts or measurement of ROS from excised tissue. Herein, we describe a microdialysis technique that utilizes the Amplex Ultrared assay to directly measure hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide in tissue of living, anesthetized rats and mice. We demonstrate the application of this methodology in the penis, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. We provide data demonstrating the impact of important methodological considerations such as membrane length, perfusion rate, and time-dependence upon probe insertion. In this report, we provide a complete list of equipment, troubleshooting tips, and suggestions for implementing this technique in a new system. The data herein demonstrate the feasibility of measuring both in vivo H2O2 and superoxide in the extracellular environment of various rodent tissues, providing a technique with potential application to a vast array of disease states which are subject to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D La Favor
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltiore, MD, United States.
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltiore, MD, United States
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Chen J, Fan X, Zhou L, Gao X. Treatment with geraniol ameliorates methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1357-65. [PMID: 26695085 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and is considered to be a causative factor of cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this work was to investigate whether treatment with geraniol (a monoterpene) attenuated NASH induced by methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in rats. METHODS Rats were fed with MCD diet to induce NASH and treated with geraniol (200 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. RESULTS Treatment with geraniol reduced histological scores, fibrosis, and apoptosis in livers, lowered activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, and attenuated hepatic fat accumulation in rats fed with MCD diet. Treatment with geraniol preserved hepatic mitochondrial function, evidenced by reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation, enhanced adenosine triphosphate formation and membrane integrity, restored mitochondrial electron transport chain enzyme activity, and increased mitochondrial DNA content in rats fed with MCD diet. Treatment with geraniol reduced uncoupling protein 2 protein expression, and enhanced protein expression of prohibitin, mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I in livers of rats fed with MCD diet. Treatment with geraniol abated oxidative stress, evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine formation, enhanced activity of glutathione S-epoxide transferase, and down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome P450 2E1 in livers of rats fed with MCD diet. Treatment with geraniol reduced myeloperoxidase activity and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 in livers of rats fed with MCD diet. CONCLUSION Treatment with geraniol attenuated MCD-induced NASH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Gao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ashworth W, Perez-Galvan C, Davies N, Bogle IDL. Liver function as an engineering system. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Ashworth
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, U.K
- COMPLEX (Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology); University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Carlos Perez-Galvan
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nathan Davies
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Ian David Lockhart Bogle
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
- COMPLEX (Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology); University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Li B, Li W, Ahmad H, Zhang L, Wang C, Wang T. Effects of Choline on Meat Quality and Intramuscular Fat in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129109. [PMID: 26046629 PMCID: PMC4457733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of choline supplementation on intramuscular fat (IMF) and lipid oxidation in IUGR pigs. Twelve normal body weight (NBW) and twelve intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) newborn piglets were collected and distributed into 4 treatments (Normal: N, Normal+Choline: N+C, IUGR: I, and IUGR+Choline: I+C) with 6 piglets in each treatment. At 23 d of age, NBW and IUGR pigs were fed basal or choline supplemented diets. The results showed that the IUGR pigs had significantly lower (P<0.05) BW as compared with the NBW pigs at 23 d, 73 d, and 120 d of age, however, there was a slight decreased (P>0.05) in BW of IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs at 200 d. Compared with the NBW pigs, pH of meat longissimus dorsi muscle was significantly lower (P<0.05), and the meat color was improved in IUGR pigs. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while triglyceride (TG) and IMF contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs. IUGR up-regulated the mRNA gene expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Dietary choline significantly increased (P<0.05) the BW at 120d of age, however, significantly decreased (P<0.05) the TG and IMF contents in both IUGR and NBW pigs. FAS and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) mRNA gene expressions were increased (P<0.05) while the muscle-carnitine palmityl transferase (M-CPT) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) mRNA (P<0.05) gene expressions were decreased in the muscles of the IUGR pigs by choline supplementation. Furthermore, choline supplementation significantly increased (P<0.05) the MDA content as well as the O2•¯ scavenging activity in meat of IUGR pigs. The results suggested that IUGR pigs showed a permanent stunting effect on the growth performance, increased fat deposition and oxidative stress in muscles. However, dietary supplementation of choline improved the fat deposition via enhancing the lipogenesis and reducing the lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hussain Ahmad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Choline and Cystine Deficient Diets in Animal Models with Hepatocellular Injury: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Expression of RAGE, TNF-α, and IL-1β. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:121925. [PMID: 26137185 PMCID: PMC4468296 DOI: 10.1155/2015/121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of diets deficient in choline and/or cystine on hepatocellular injury in animal models (young male Wistar rats, aged 21 days), by monitoring some of the oxidative stress biomarkers and the expression of RAGE, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 10) and submitted to different diets over 30 days: AIN-93 diet (standard, St), AIN-93 choline deficient (CD) diet and AIN-93 choline and cystine deficient (CCD) diet, in the pellet (pl) and powder (pw) diet forms. Independently of the diet form, AIN-93 diet already led to hepatic steatosis and CD/CCD diets provoked hepatic damage. The increase of lipid peroxidation, represented by the evaluation of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, associated with the decrease of levels of antioxidant enzymes, were the parameters with higher significance toward redox profile in this model of hepatic injury. Regarding inflammation, in relation to TNF-α, higher levels were evidenced in CD(pl), while, for IL-1β, no significant alteration was detected. RAGE expression was practically the same in all groups, with exception of CCD(pw) versus CCD(pl). These results together confirm that AIN-93 causes hepatic steatosis and choline and/or cysteine deficiencies produce important hepatic injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory profiles.
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Oxidative stress, cardiolipin and mitochondrial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14205-18. [PMID: 25339807 PMCID: PMC4202349 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is today considered the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting a high proportion of the population worldwide. NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Obesity, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia are the most important risk factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to fibrosis and chronic liver disease is still unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the physiopathology of NAFLD, although the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction are still unclear. Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in producing lethal hepatocyte injury associated with NAFLD. Mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main subcellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may damage mitochondrial proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid located at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays an important role in several reactions and processes involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial dependent steps of apoptosis. This phospholipid is particularly susceptible to ROS attack. Cardiolipin peroxidation has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological conditions, including NAFLD. In this review, we focus on the potential roles played by oxidative stress and cardiolipin alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD.
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Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and therapeutics from a mitochondria-centric perspective. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:637027. [PMID: 25371775 PMCID: PMC4211163 DOI: 10.1155/2014/637027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of disorders characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides within the liver. The global prevalence of NAFLD has been increasing as the obesity epidemic shows no sign of relenting. Mitochondria play a central role in hepatic lipid metabolism and also are affected by upstream signaling pathways involved in hepatic metabolism. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of NAFLD and touch on some of the therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria as well as metabolically important signaling pathways. Mitochondria are able to adapt to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by increasing rates of beta-oxidation; however increased substrate delivery to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and eventually ETC dysfunction. Decreased ETC function combined with increased rates of fatty acid beta-oxidation leads to the accumulation of incomplete products of beta-oxidation, which combined with increased levels of ROS contribute to insulin resistance. Several related signaling pathways, nuclear receptors, and transcription factors also regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, many of which are redox sensitive and regulated by ROS.
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Rokugawa T, Uehara T, Higaki Y, Matsushima S, Obata A, Arano Y, Abe K. Potential of (99m)Tc-MIBI SPECT imaging for evaluating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in mice. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:57. [PMID: 26116119 PMCID: PMC4452628 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in pathological conditions leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Technetium-99 m-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI), a lipophilic cationic myocardial perfusion agent, is retained in the mitochondria depending on membrane potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of 99mTc-MIBI for evaluating the hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in mice. Methods Male C57Black6J/jcl mice were fed a MCD diet for up to 4 weeks. SPECT scan (N =6) with 99mTc-MIBI was performed at 2 and 4 weeks after MCD diet. Mice were imaged with small-animal SPECT/CT under isoflurane anesthesia. Radioactivity concentrations of the liver were measured, and the time of maximum (Tmax) and the elimination half-life (T1/2) were evaluated. After SPECT scan, liver histopathology was analyzed to evaluate steatosis and inflammation. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score was obtained from the histological score of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Blood biochemistry and hepatic ATP content were also measured (N =5 to 6). Results Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly elevated at 2 and 4 weeks after MCD diet. A decrease in hepatic ATP content was also observed in MCD-fed mice. 99mTc-MIBI SPECT imaging clearly showed the decrease of hepatic 99mTc-MIBI retention in MCD-fed mice compared to control mice. T1/2 after 99mTc-MIBI injection was significantly decreased in the liver of MCD-fed mice (control, MCD 2 weeks, and MCD 4 weeks, T1/2 = 57.6, 37.6, and 19.8 min, respectively), although no change in Tmax was observed in MCD-fed mice. SPECT data and histological score showed that the negative correlation (r = −0.74, p <0.05) between T1/2 and NAFLD activity score was significant. Conclusions Hepatic 99mTc-MIBI elimination was increased with increase in NAFLD activity score (NAS) in mice fed MCD diet for 2 and 4 weeks. These results suggest that 99mTc-MIBI SPECT imaging might be useful for detecting hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by steatosis and inflammation such as NAFLD or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemi Rokugawa
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan,
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Martínez AK, Maroni L, Marzioni M, Ahmed ST, Milad M, Ray D, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Mouse models of liver fibrosis mimic human liver fibrosis of different etiologies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:143-153. [PMID: 25396098 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The liver has the amazing capacity to repair itself after injury; however, the same processes that are involved in liver regeneration after acute injury can cause serious consequences during chronic liver injury. In an effort to repair damage, activated hepatic stellate cells trigger a cascade of events that lead to deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix components causing the progressive replacement of the liver parenchyma by scar tissue, thus resulting in fibrosis. Although fibrosis occurs as a result of many chronic liver diseases, the molecular mechanisms involved depend on the underlying etiology. Since studying liver fibrosis in human subjects is complicated by many factors, mouse models of liver fibrosis that mimic the human conditions fill this void. This review summarizes the general mouse models of liver fibrosis and mouse models that mimic specific human disease conditions that result in liver fibrosis. Additionally, recent progress that has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the fibrogenic processes of each of the human disease conditions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Syed T Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Baylor Scott & White, Texas A&M Internal Medicine Residency Program, Temple, TX
| | - Mena Milad
- Baylor Scott & White, Texas A&M Internal Medicine Residency Program, Temple, TX
| | - Debolina Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas ; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas ; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
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Tariq Z, Green CJ, Hodson L. Are oxidative stress mechanisms the common denominator in the progression from hepatic steatosis towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)? Liver Int 2014; 34:e180-90. [PMID: 24621397 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not a single disease entity, rather it describes a spectrum of liver conditions that range from fatty liver (steatosis) to more severe steatosis coupled with marked inflammation and fibrosis [non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)] to severe liver disease such as cirrhosis and possibly hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity, notably abdominal obesity, is a common risk factor for NAFLD. The pathogenesis from steatosis to NASH is poorly understood, and the 'two hit' model, as suggested nearly two decades ago, provides a feasible starting point for characterization of underlying mechanisms. This review will examine the oxidative stress factors ('triggers') which have been implicated as a 'second hit' in the development of primary NASH. It would be reasonable to assume that multiple, rather than single, pro-oxidative intracellular and extracellular triggers act in conjunction promoting oxidative stress that drives the development of NASH. It is likely that the common denominator of these pro-oxidative triggers is mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding the contribution of each of these 'triggers' is an essential step in starting to understand and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for progression from steatosis to NASH, thus enabling the development of therapeutic targeting to prevent NASH development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoon Tariq
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Hwang YJ, Wi HR, Kim HR, Park KW, Hwang KA. Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. alleviates lipogenesis and oxidative stress during oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Nutrients 2014; 6:2956-72. [PMID: 25057104 PMCID: PMC4113772 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess accumulation of lipids and oxidative stress in the liver contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (PSZ) can protect against NAFLD by regulating lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the liver. To investigate the effect of PSZ upon NAFLD, we used an established cellular model: HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid. Then, the extent of hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress was assessed and levels of inflammatory markers measured. Oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells, compared with controls, had greater lipid accumulation. PSZ decreased lipid accumulation by 63% in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, PSZ decreased the target gene expression of lipogenesis such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 by 1.75, 6.0, 2.32, 1.93 and 1.81 fold, respectively. In addition, Oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells elicited extensive accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) by 4.53 fold, whereas PSZ-treated cells decreased the expression of TNFα mRNA by 1.76 fold. PSZ significantly inhibited oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that PSZ has effects on steatosis in vitro and further studies are needed in vivo to verify the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Hae-Ri Wi
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Haeng-Ran Kim
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
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Li S, Meng F, Liao X, Wang Y, Sun Z, Guo F, Li X, Meng M, Li Y, Sun C. Therapeutic role of ursolic acid on ameliorating hepatic steatosis and improving metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86724. [PMID: 24489777 PMCID: PMC3906058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases around the world, and is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Ursolic acid (UA), an ubiquitous triterpenoid with multifold biological roles, is distributed in various plants. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of UA against hepatic steatosis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Obese NAFLD model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats by 8-week HFD feeding. Therapeutic role of UA was evaluated using 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5% UA-supplemented diet for another 6 weeks. The results from both morphologic and histological detections indicated that UA significantly reversed HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Besides, hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α was markedly up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels by UA. Knocking down PPAR-α significantly inhibited the anti-steatosis role of UA in vitro. HFD-induced adverse changes in the key genes, which participated in hepatic lipid metabolism, were also alleviated by UA treatment. Furthermore, UA significantly ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated that UA effectively ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis through a PPAR-α involved pathway, via improving key enzymes in the controlling of lipids metabolism. The metabolic disorders were accordingly improved with the decrease of hepatic steatosis. Thereby, UA could be a promising candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Xilu Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Yemei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Zongxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Fuchuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Man Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
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