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Vidal-Ortiz A, Blanco-Centurion C, Shiromani PJ. Unilateral optogenetic stimulation of Lhx6 neurons in the zona incerta increases REM sleep. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad217. [PMID: 37599437 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine how a waking brain falls asleep researchers have monitored and manipulated activity of neurons and glia in various brain regions. While imaging Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) neurons in the zona incerta (ZI) we found a subgroup that anticipates onset of NREM sleep (Blanco-Centurion C, Luo S, Vidal-Ortiz A, Swank C, Shiromani PJ. Activity of a subset of vesicular GABA-transporter neurons in the ventral ZI anticipates sleep onset. Sleep. 2021;44(6):zsaa268. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa268.). To differentiate the GABA subtype we now image and optogenetically manipulate the ZI neurons containing the transcription factor, Lhx6. In the first study, Lhx6-cre mice (n = 5; female = 4) were given rAAV-DJ-EF1a-DIO-GCaMP6M into the ZI (isofluorane anesthesia), a GRIN lens implanted, and 21days later sleep and fluorescence in individual Lhx6 neurons were recorded for 4 hours. Calcium fluorescence was detected in 132 neurons. 45.5% of the Lhx6 neurons were REM-max; 30.3% were wake-max; 11.4% were wake + REM max; 9% were NREM-max; and 3.8% had no change. The NREM-max group of neurons fluoresced 30 seconds ahead of sleep onset. The second study tested the effects of unilateral optogenetic stimulation of the ZI Lhx6 neurons (n = 14 mice) (AAV5-Syn-FLEX-rc[ChrimsonR-tdTomato]. Stimulation at 1 and 5 Hz (1 minute on- 4 minutes off) significantly increased percent REM sleep during the 4 hours stimulation period (last half of day cycle). The typical experimental approach is to stimulate neurons in both hemispheres, but here we found that low-frequency stimulation of ZI Lhx6 neurons in one hemisphere is sufficient to shift states of consciousness. Detailed mapping combined with mechanistic testing is necessary to identify local nodes that can shift the brain between wake-sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Vidal-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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2
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Ni P, Fan L, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Chung S. From cells to insights: the power of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical interneurons in psychiatric disorder modeling. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1336085. [PMID: 38188058 PMCID: PMC10768008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1336085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), represent a global health challenge with their poorly understood and complex etiologies. Cortical interneurons (cINs) are the primary inhibitory neurons in the cortex and their subtypes, especially those that are generated from the medial ganglionic emission (MGE) region, have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies provide exciting opportunities to model and study these disorders using human iPSC-derived cINs. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of various methods employed to generate MGE-type cINs from human iPSCs, which are mainly categorized into induction by signaling molecules vs. direct genetic manipulation. We discuss their advantages, limitations, and potential applications in psychiatric disorder modeling to aid researchers in choosing the appropriate methods based on their research goals. We also provide examples of how these methods have been applied to study the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. In addition, we discuss ongoing challenges and future directions in the field. Overall, iPSC-derived cINs provide a powerful tool to model the developmental pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, thus aiding in uncovering disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This review article will provide valuable resources for researchers seeking to navigate the complexities of cIN generation methods and their applications in the study of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Fan
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhui Jiang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuqing Zhou
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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3
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Cortical interneuron specification and diversification in the era of big data. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102703. [PMID: 36933450 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition in the mammalian cerebral cortex is mediated by a small population of highly diverse GABAergic interneurons. These largely local neurons are interspersed among excitatory projection neurons and exert pivotal regulation on the formation and function of cortical circuits. We are beginning to understand the extent of GABAergic neuron diversity and how this is generated and shaped during brain development in mice and humans. In this review, we summarise recent findings and discuss how new technologies are being used to further advance our knowledge. Understanding how inhibitory neurons are generated in the embryo is an essential pre-requisite of stem cell therapy, an evolving area of research, aimed at correcting human disorders that result in inhibitory dysfunction.
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4
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Asgarian Z, Oliveira MG, Stryjewska A, Maragkos I, Rubin AN, Magno L, Pachnis V, Ghorbani M, Hiebert SW, Denaxa M, Kessaris N. MTG8 interacts with LHX6 to specify cortical interneuron subtype identity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5217. [PMID: 36064547 PMCID: PMC9445035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons originating in the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) diverge into a range of different subtypes found in the adult mouse cerebral cortex. The mechanisms underlying this divergence and the timing when subtype identity is set up remain unclear. We identify the highly conserved transcriptional co-factor MTG8 as being pivotal in the development of a large subset of MGE cortical interneurons that co-expresses Somatostatin (SST) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY). MTG8 interacts with the pan-MGE transcription factor LHX6 and together the two factors are sufficient to promote expression of critical cortical interneuron subtype identity genes. The SST-NPY cortical interneuron fate is initiated early, well before interneurons migrate into the cortex, demonstrating an early onset specification program. Our findings suggest that transcriptional co-factors and modifiers of generic lineage specification programs may hold the key to the emergence of cortical interneuron heterogeneity from the embryonic telencephalic germinal zones. There is a large diversity of inhibitory interneurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex. How this emerges during embryogenesis remains unclear. Here, the authors identify MTG8 as a co-factor of LHX6 and a new regulator of cortical interneuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Asgarian
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcio Guiomar Oliveira
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Agata Stryjewska
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ioannis Maragkos
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Anna Noren Rubin
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Mohammadmersad Ghorbani
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.,Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Scott Wayne Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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5
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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6
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Voss L, Bartos M, Elgueta C, Sauer JF. Interneuron function and cognitive behavior are preserved upon postnatal removal of Lhx6. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4923. [PMID: 35318414 PMCID: PMC8941127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM homeobox domain transcription factor 6 (Lhx6) is crucial for the prenatal specification and differentiation of hippocampal GABAergic interneuron precursors. Interestingly, Lhx6 remains to be expressed in parvalbumin-positive hippocampal interneurons (PVIs) long after specification and differentiation have been completed, the functional implications of which remain elusive. We addressed the role of adult-expressed Lhx6 in the hippocampus by knocking down Lhx6 in adult mice (> 8 weeks old) using viral or transgenic expression of Cre-recombinase in Lhx6loxP/loxP mice. Late removal of Lhx6 did not affect the number of PVIs and had no impact on the morphological and physiological properties of PVIs. Furthermore, mice lacking Lhx6 in PVIs displayed normal cognitive behavior. Loss of Lhx6 only partially reduced the expression of Sox6 and Arx, downstream transcription factors that depend on Lhx6 during embryonic development of PVIs. Our data thus suggest that while Lhx6 is vitally important to drive interneuron transcriptional networks during early development, it becomes uncoupled from downstream effectors during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Voss
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Elgueta
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Shi Y, Wang M, Mi D, Lu T, Wang B, Dong H, Zhong S, Chen Y, Sun L, Zhou X, Ma Q, Liu Z, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu Q, Marín O, Wang X. Mouse and human share conserved transcriptional programs for interneuron development. Science 2021; 374:eabj6641. [PMID: 34882453 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Mi
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Youqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Le Sun
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Guangdong 519031, China
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8
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Reichard J, Zimmer-Bensch G. The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:776809. [PMID: 34803599 PMCID: PMC8595945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.776809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are characterized by diverse facets of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, differing in etiology, onset and severity. Such symptoms include mental delay, cognitive and language impairments, or restrictions to adaptive and social behavior. Nevertheless, all have in common that critical milestones of brain development are disrupted, leading to functional deficits of the central nervous system and clinical manifestation in child- or adulthood. To approach how the different development-associated neuropathologies can occur and which risk factors or critical processes are involved in provoking higher susceptibility for such diseases, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying proper brain formation is required. NDDs rely on deficits in neuronal identity, proportion or function, whereby a defective development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, is implicated in numerous disorders. Such deficits can be provoked by genetic and environmental factors during corticogenesis. Thereby, epigenetic mechanisms can act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome, since they are known to be responsive to external stimuli also in cortical neurons. In line with that, DNA methylation, histone modifications/variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuronal development, and alterations in epigenomic marks have been associated with NDDs of varying phenotypes. Here, we provide an overview of essential steps of mammalian corticogenesis, and discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms assumed to contribute to pathophysiological aspects of NDDs, when being disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichard
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Development, Diversity, and Death of MGE-Derived Cortical Interneurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179297. [PMID: 34502208 PMCID: PMC8430628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, cortical interneurons (INs) are a highly diverse group of cells. A key neurophysiological question concerns how each class of INs contributes to cortical circuit function and whether specific roles can be attributed to a selective cell type. To address this question, researchers are integrating knowledge derived from transcriptomic, histological, electrophysiological, developmental, and functional experiments to extensively characterise the different classes of INs. Our hope is that such knowledge permits the selective targeting of cell types for therapeutic endeavours. This review will focus on two of the main types of INs, namely the parvalbumin (PV+) or somatostatin (SOM+)-containing cells, and summarise the research to date on these classes.
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10
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Turrero García M, Baizabal JM, Tran DN, Peixoto R, Wang W, Xie Y, Adam MA, English LA, Reid CM, Brito SI, Booker MA, Tolstorukov MY, Harwell CC. Transcriptional regulation of MGE progenitor proliferation by PRDM16 controls cortical GABAergic interneuron production. Development 2020; 147:dev.187526. [PMID: 33060132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is populated by neurons derived from neural progenitors located throughout the embryonic telencephalon. Excitatory neurons are derived from the dorsal telencephalon, whereas inhibitory interneurons are generated in its ventral portion. The transcriptional regulator PRDM16 is expressed by radial glia, neural progenitors present in both regions; however, its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. It is unclear whether PRDM16 plays a similar role in neurogenesis in both dorsal and ventral progenitor lineages and, if so, whether it regulates common or unique networks of genes. Here, we show that Prdm16 expression in mouse medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors is required for maintaining their proliferative capacity and for the production of proper numbers of forebrain GABAergic interneurons. PRDM16 binds to cis-regulatory elements and represses the expression of region-specific neuronal differentiation genes, thereby controlling the timing of neuronal maturation. PRDM16 regulates convergent developmental gene expression programs in the cortex and MGE, which utilize both common and region-specific sets of genes to control the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors, ensuring the generation of correct numbers of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana N Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Peixoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yajun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manal A Adam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren A English
- Summer Honors Undergraduate Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador I Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Lindtner S, Li Z, Xu Z, Wei S, Liang Q, Wen Y, Tao G, You Y, Chen B, Wang Y, Rubenstein JL, Yang Z. Sp9 Regulates Medial Ganglionic Eminence-Derived Cortical Interneuron Development. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2653-2667. [PMID: 29878134 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature neurons generated by the subpallial MGE tangentially migrate to the cortex where they become parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) and somatostatin (SST+) interneurons. Here, we show that the Sp9 transcription factor controls the development of MGE-derived cortical interneurons. SP9 is expressed in the MGE subventricular zone and in MGE-derived migrating interneurons. Sp9 null and conditional mutant mice have approximately 50% reduction of MGE-derived cortical interneurons, an ectopic aggregation of MGE-derived neurons in the embryonic ventral telencephalon, and an increased ratio of SST+/PV+ cortical interneurons. RNA-Seq and SP9 ChIP-Seq reveal that SP9 regulates MGE-derived cortical interneuron development through controlling the expression of key transcription factors Arx, Lhx6, Lhx8, Nkx2-1, and Zeb2 involved in interneuron development, as well as genes implicated in regulating interneuron migration Ackr3, Epha3, and St18. Thus, Sp9 has a central transcriptional role in MGE-derived cortical interneuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Fitzgerald M, Sotuyo N, Tischfield DJ, Anderson SA. Generation of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1375-1386. [PMID: 32638460 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex functions by the complex interactions of intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal activities, glial actions, and the effects of humoral factors. The intrinsic neuronal influences are mediated by two major subclasses: excitatory glutamatergic neurons that generally have axonal projections extending beyond the neuron's locality and inhibitory GABAergic neurons that generally project locally. These interneurons can be grouped based on morphological, neurochemical, electrophysiological, axonal targeting, and circuit influence characteristics. Cortical interneurons (CIns) can also be grouped based on their origins within the subcortical telencephalon. Interneuron subtypes, of which a dozen or more are thought to exist, are characterized by combinations of these subgrouping features. Due to their well-documented relevance to the causes of and treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, and to their remarkable capacity to migrate extensively following transplantation, there has been tremendous interest in generating cortical GABAergic interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells. In this concise review, we discuss recent progress in understanding how interneuron subtypes are generated in vivo, and how that progress is being applied to the generation of rodent and human CIns in vitro. In addition, we will discuss approaches for the rigorous designation of interneuron subgroups or subtypes in transplantation studies, and challenges to this field, including the protracted maturation of human interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fitzgerald
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathaniel Sotuyo
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David J Tischfield
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Symmank J, Gölling V, Gerstmann K, Zimmer G. The Transcription Factor LHX1 Regulates the Survival and Directed Migration of POA-derived Cortical Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1644-1658. [PMID: 29912395 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance of excitation and inhibition is crucial for proper function of the cerebral cortex, relying on the accurate number and subtype composition of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)-expressing interneurons. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors precisely orchestrate their multifaceted development including the long-range migration from the basal telencephalon to cortical targets as well as interneuron survival throughout the developmental period. Particularly expressed guidance receptors were described to channel the migration of cortical interneurons deriving from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the preoptic area (POA) along distinct routes. Hence, unveiling the regulatory genetic networks controlling subtype-specific gene expression profiles is key to understand interneuron-specific developmental programs and to reveal causes for associated disorders. In contrast to MGE-derived interneurons, little is known about the transcriptional networks in interneurons born in the POA. Here, we provide first evidence for the LIM-homeobox transcription factor LHX1 as a crucial key player in the post-mitotic development of POA-derived cortical interneurons. By transcriptional regulation of related genes, LHX1 modulates their survival as well as the subtype-specific expression of guidance receptors of the Eph/ephrin family, thereby affecting directional migration and layer distribution in the adult cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Gölling
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Gerstmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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14
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Angara K, Pai ELL, Bilinovich SM, Stafford AM, Nguyen JT, Li KX, Paul A, Rubenstein JL, Vogt D. Nf1 deletion results in depletion of the Lhx6 transcription factor and a specific loss of parvalbumin + cortical interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6189-6195. [PMID: 32123116 PMCID: PMC7084085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915458117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which encodes the protein, neurofibromin, an inhibitor of Ras activity. Cortical GABAergic interneurons (CINs) are implicated in NF1 pathology, but the cellular and molecular changes to CINs are unknown. We deleted mouse Nf1 from the medial ganglionic eminence, which gives rise to both oligodendrocytes and CINs that express somatostatin and parvalbumin. Nf1 loss led to a persistence of immature oligodendrocytes that prevented later-generated oligodendrocytes from occupying the cortex. Moreover, molecular and cellular properties of parvalbumin (PV)-positive CINs were altered by the loss of Nf1, without changes in somatostatin (SST)-positive CINs. We discovered that loss of Nf1 results in a dose-dependent decrease in Lhx6 expression, the transcription factor necessary to establish SST+ and PV+ CINs, which was rescued by the MEK inhibitor SL327, revealing a mechanism whereby a neurofibromin/Ras/MEK pathway regulates a critical CIN developmental milestone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Angara
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Stephanie M Bilinovich
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - April M Stafford
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Julie T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Katie X Li
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, PennState University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
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15
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Denaxa M, Neves G, Rabinowitz A, Kemlo S, Liodis P, Burrone J, Pachnis V. Modulation of Apoptosis Controls Inhibitory Interneuron Number in the Cortex. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1710-1721. [PMID: 29444425 PMCID: PMC6230259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are composed of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Finding the right balance between the two is important for controlling overall cortical excitation and network dynamics. However, it is unclear how the correct number of cortical interneurons (CIs) is established in the mammalian forebrain. CIs are generated in excess from basal forebrain progenitors, and their final numbers are adjusted via an intrinsically determined program of apoptosis that takes place during an early postnatal window. Here, we provide evidence that the extent of CI apoptosis during this critical period is plastic and cell-type specific and can be reduced in a cell-autonomous manner by acute increases in neuronal activity. We propose that the physiological state of the emerging neural network controls the activity levels of local CIs to modulate their numbers in a homeostatic manner. Lhx6 is required for survival of CIs generated in the MGE MGE-derived CI loss is compensated for by a decrease in CGE-derived interneuron apoptosis Increases in cortical network activity are correlated with improved CI survival Transient, cell-autonomous depolarization improves the survival of grafted CIs
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Denaxa
- Nervous System Development and Homeostasis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Guilherme Neves
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Adam Rabinowitz
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sarah Kemlo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Petros Liodis
- Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Juan Burrone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Nervous System Development and Homeostasis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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16
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Mancinelli S, Lodato S. Decoding neuronal diversity in the developing cerebral cortex: from single cells to functional networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Kalemaki K, Konstantoudaki X, Tivodar S, Sidiropoulou K, Karagogeos D. Mice With Decreased Number of Interneurons Exhibit Aberrant Spontaneous and Oscillatory Activity in the Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:96. [PMID: 30429776 PMCID: PMC6220423 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurons are inhibitory neurons and protect neural tissue from excessive excitation. Cortical GABAergic neurons play a pivotal role for the generation of synchronized cortical network oscillations. Imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms underlies many neuropsychiatric disorders and is correlated with abnormalities in oscillatory activity, especially in the gamma frequency range (30–80 Hz). We investigated the functional changes in cortical network activity in response to developmentally reduced inhibition in the adult mouse barrel cortex (BC). We used a mouse model that displays ∼50% fewer cortical interneurons due to the loss of Rac1 protein from Nkx2.1/Cre-expressing cells [Rac1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice], to examine how this developmental loss of cortical interneurons may affect basal synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, spontaneous activity, and neuronal oscillations in the adult BC. The decrease in the number of interneurons increased basal synaptic transmission, as examined by recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) from layer II networks in the Rac1 cKO mouse cortex, decreased long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to tetanic stimulation but did not alter the pair-pulse ratio (PPR). Furthermore, under spontaneous recording conditions, Rac1 cKO brain slices exhibit enhanced sensitivity and susceptibility to emergent spontaneous activity. We also find that this developmental decrease in the number of cortical interneurons results in local neuronal networks with alterations in neuronal oscillations, exhibiting decreased power in low frequencies (delta, theta, alpha) and gamma frequency range (30–80 Hz) with an extra aberrant peak in high gamma frequency range (80–150 Hz). Therefore, our data show that disruption in GABAergic inhibition alters synaptic properties and plasticity, while it additionally disrupts the cortical neuronal synchronization in the adult BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kalemaki
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Simona Tivodar
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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18
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CTCF Governs the Identity and Migration of MGE-Derived Cortical Interneurons. J Neurosci 2018; 39:177-192. [PMID: 30377227 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3496-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a central regulator of chromatin topology recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify novel roles of CTCF in the developing mouse brain. We provide evidence that CTCF is required for the expression of the LIM homeodomain factor LHX6 involved in fate determination of cortical interneurons (CINs) that originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Conditional Ctcf ablation in the MGE of mice of either sex leads to delayed tangential migration, abnormal distribution of CIN in the neocortex, a marked reduction of CINs expressing parvalbumin and somatostatin (Sst), and an increased number of MGE-derived cells expressing Lhx8 and other markers of basal forebrain projection neurons. Likewise, Ctcf-null MGE cells transplanted into the cortex of wild-type hosts generate fewer Sst-expressing CINs and exhibit lamination defects that are efficiently rescued upon reexpression of LHX6. Collectively, these data indicate that CTCF regulates the dichotomy between Lhx6 and Lhx8 to achieve correct specification and migration of MGE-derived CINs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work provides evidence that CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) controls an early fate decision point in the generation of cortical interneurons mediated at least in part by Lhx6. Importantly, the abnormalities described could reflect early molecular and cellular events that contribute to human neurological disorders previously linked to CTCF, including schizophrenia, autism, and intellectual disability.
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19
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Medrano-Fernández A, Delgado-Garcia JM, Del Blanco B, Llinares M, Sánchez-Campusano R, Olivares R, Gruart A, Barco A. The Epigenetic Factor CBP Is Required for the Differentiation and Function of Medial Ganglionic Eminence-Derived Interneurons. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4440-4454. [PMID: 30334186 PMCID: PMC6505511 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of inhibitory circuits depends on the action of a network of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators that are critical for interneuron specification and differentiation. Although the identity of many of these transcription factors is well established, much less is known about the specific contribution of the chromatin-modifying enzymes that sculpt the interneuron epigenome. Here, we generated a mouse model in which the lysine acetyltransferase CBP is specifically removed from neural progenitors at the median ganglionic eminence (MGE), the structure where the most abundant types of cortical interneurons are born. Ablation of CBP interfered with the development of MGE-derived interneurons in both sexes, causing a reduction in the number of functionally mature interneurons in the adult forebrain. Genetic fate mapping experiments not only demonstrated that CBP ablation impacts on different interneuron classes, but also unveiled a compensatory increment of interneurons that escaped recombination and cushion the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. Consistent with having a reduced number of interneurons, CBP-deficient mice exhibited a high incidence of spontaneous epileptic seizures, and alterations in brain rhythms and enhanced low gamma activity during status epilepticus. These perturbations led to abnormal behavior including hyperlocomotion, increased anxiety and cognitive impairments. Overall, our study demonstrates that CBP is essential for interneuron development and the proper functioning of inhibitory circuitry in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Medrano-Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Del Blanco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marián Llinares
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Román Olivares
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550, Alicante, Spain.
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20
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Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels, Calcium Binding Proteins, and Their Interaction in the Pathological Process of Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092735. [PMID: 30213136 PMCID: PMC6164075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important second messenger, the calcium ion (Ca2+) plays a vital role in normal brain function and in the pathophysiological process of different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and epilepsy. Ca2+ takes part in the regulation of neuronal excitability, and the imbalance of intracellular Ca2+ is a trigger factor for the occurrence of epilepsy. Several anti-epileptic drugs target voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Intracellular Ca2+ levels are mainly controlled by VDCCs located in the plasma membrane, the calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) inside the cytoplasm, calcium channels located on the intracellular calcium store (particular the endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum), and the Ca2+-pumps located in the plasma membrane and intracellular calcium store. So far, while many studies have established the relationship between calcium control factors and epilepsy, the mechanism of various Ca2+ regulatory factors in epileptogenesis is still unknown. In this paper, we reviewed the function, distribution, and alteration of VDCCs and CBPs in the central nervous system in the pathological process of epilepsy. The interaction of VDCCs with CBPs in the pathological process of epilepsy was also summarized. We hope this review can provide some clues for better understanding the mechanism of epileptogenesis, and for the development of new anti-epileptic drugs targeting on VDCCs and CBPs.
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21
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Downregulation of tumor-suppressor gene LHX6 in cancer: a systematic review. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. LIM Homeobox 6 (LHX6) encodes a LIM homeodomain transcription factor, contributes to tissue development and morphogenesis, and is mostly expressed in medial ganglionic eminence and odontogenic mesenchyme. However, it has been reported to play a role in cancer progression. This narrative review summarizes literatures that emphasize the molecular regulation of LHX6 in tumorigenesis.
Methods. In our systematic review, the PubMed database was used for the literature search using the combination of words that included “LHX6” and “cancer”. Relevant studies, including in vitro, in vivo experiments, and clinical studies, were analyzed in this review.
Results. We found evidences that LHX6 might be important in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, growth, invasion, and metastasis through the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, LHX6 is observed to be downregulated in certain types of cancer due to hypermethylation, thus hindering its tumor suppressing ability. In addition, hypermethylation can also be used to determine the stage of cancer development.
Conclusion. The downregulation of LHX6 expression might be responsible in promoting cancer progression. Future studies are necessary to investigate the potential of LHX6 as a novel cancer biomarker as well as its therapeutic implications towards certain types of cancer.
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22
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Hu JS, Vogt D, Sandberg M, Rubenstein JL. Cortical interneuron development: a tale of time and space. Development 2017; 144:3867-3878. [PMID: 29089360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are a diverse group of neurons that project locally and are crucial for regulating information processing and flow throughout the cortex. Recent studies in mice have advanced our understanding of how these neurons are specified, migrate and mature. Here, we evaluate new findings that provide insights into the development of cortical interneurons and that shed light on when their fate is determined, on the influence that regional domains have on their development, and on the role that key transcription factors and other crucial regulatory genes play in these events. We focus on cortical interneurons that are derived from the medial ganglionic eminence, as most studies have examined this interneuron population. We also assess how these data inform our understanding of neuropsychiatric disease and discuss the potential role of cortical interneurons in cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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23
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Hu JS, Vogt D, Lindtner S, Sandberg M, Silberberg SN, Rubenstein JLR. Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 control subtype and laminar identity of MGE-derived neocortical interneurons. Development 2017; 144:2837-2851. [PMID: 28694260 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Distinct cortical interneuron (CIN) subtypes have unique circuit functions; dysfunction in specific subtypes is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing (SST+ and PV+) interneurons are the two major subtypes generated by medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors. Spatial and temporal mechanisms governing their cell-fate specification and differential integration into cortical layers are largely unknown. We provide evidence that Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 (Nr2f1 and Nr2f2) transcription factor expression in an arc-shaped progenitor domain within the MGE promotes time-dependent survival of this neuroepithelium and the time-dependent specification of layer V SST+ CINs. Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 autonomously repress PV+ fate in MGE progenitors, in part through directly driving Sox6 expression. These results have identified, in mouse, a transcriptional pathway that controls SST-PV fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shanni N Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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24
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Nadadhur AG, Emperador Melero J, Meijer M, Schut D, Jacobs G, Li KW, Hjorth JJJ, Meredith RM, Toonen RF, Van Kesteren RE, Smit AB, Verhage M, Heine VM. Multi-level characterization of balanced inhibitory-excitatory cortical neuron network derived from human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178533. [PMID: 28586384 PMCID: PMC5460818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of neuronal cultures from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) serve the studies of human brain disorders. However we lack neuronal networks with balanced excitatory-inhibitory activities, which are suitable for single cell analysis. We generated low-density networks of hPSC-derived GABAergic and glutamatergic cortical neurons. We used two different co-culture models with astrocytes. We show that these cultures have balanced excitatory-inhibitory synaptic identities using confocal microscopy, electrophysiological recordings, calcium imaging and mRNA analysis. These simple and robust protocols offer the opportunity for single-cell to multi-level analysis of patient hiPSC-derived cortical excitatory-inhibitory networks; thereby creating advanced tools to study disease mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G. Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Emperador Melero
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Meijer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desiree Schut
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbren Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Johannes Hjorth
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhiannon M. Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F. Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E. Van Kesteren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
The proper construction of neural circuits requires the generation of diverse cell types, their distribution to defined regions, and their specific and appropriate wiring. A major objective in neurobiology has been to understand the molecular determinants that link neural birth to terminal specification and functional connectivity, a task that is especially daunting in the case of cortical interneurons. Considerable evidence supports the idea that an interplay of intrinsic and environmental signalling is crucial to the sequential steps of interneuron specification, including migration, selection of a settling position, morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. However, when and how these influences merge to support the appropriate terminal differentiation of different classes of interneurons remains uncertain. In this Review, we discuss a wealth of recent findings that have advanced our understanding of the developmental mechanisms that contribute to the diversification of interneurons and suggest areas of particular promise for further investigation.
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26
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Ansen-Wilson LJ, Lipinski RJ. Gene-environment interactions in cortical interneuron development and dysfunction: A review of preclinical studies. Neurotoxicology 2017; 58:120-129. [PMID: 27932026 PMCID: PMC5328258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are a diverse group of locally projecting neurons essential to the organization and regulation of neural networks. Though they comprise only ∼20% of neurons in the neocortex, their dynamic modulation of cortical activity is requisite for normal cognition and underlies multiple aspects of learning and memory. While displaying significant morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological variability, cINs collectively function to maintain the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the cortex by dampening hyperexcitability and synchronizing activity of projection neurons, primarily through use of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Disruption of the excitatory-inhibitory balance is a common pathophysiological feature of multiple seizure and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. While most studies have focused on genetic disruption of cIN development in these conditions, emerging evidence indicates that cIN development is exquisitely sensitive to teratogenic disruption. Here, we review key aspects of cIN development, including specification, migration, and integration into neural circuits. Additionally, we examine the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to common chemical and environmental agents disrupt these events in preclinical models. Understanding how genetic and environmental factors interact to disrupt cIN development and function has tremendous potential to advance prevention and treatment of prevalent seizure and neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Ansen-Wilson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1010B McArdle Building, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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27
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Volk DW, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Altered expression of developmental regulators of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:3-9. [PMID: 26972474 PMCID: PMC5018248 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory neurons that express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin in schizophrenia may be related to disturbances in the migration, phenotypic specification, and/or maturation of these neurons. These pre- and postnatal developmental stages are regulated in a cell type-specific manner by various transcription factors and co-activators, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FgfR), and other molecular markers. Consequently, we used quantitative PCR to quantify mRNA levels for these developmental regulators in the PFC of 62 schizophrenia subjects in whom parvalbumin and somatostatin neuron disturbances were previously reported, and in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Relative to unaffected comparison subjects, subjects with schizophrenia exhibited elevated mRNA levels for 1) the transcription factor MafB, which is expressed by parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons as they migrate from the medial ganglionic eminence to the cortex, 2) the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, which is expressed postnatally by parvalbumin neurons to maintain parvalbumin levels and inhibitory function, and 3) FgfR1, which is required for the migration and phenotypic specification of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons. Elevations in these markers were most prominent in younger schizophrenia subjects and were not present in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Finally, expression levels of other important developmental regulators (i.e. Dlx1, Dlx5, Dlx6, SATB1, Sip1/Zeb2, ST8SIA4, cMaf, Nkx6.2, and Arx) were not altered in schizophrenia. The over-expression of a subset of molecular markers with distinct roles in the pre- and postnatal development of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons might reflect compensatory mechanisms to sustain the development of these neurons in the face of other insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding Author: David W. Volk, MD, PhD, W1655 BST, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Tel: 412-648-9617,
| | - Jessica R. Edelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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28
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Volk DW, Sampson AR, Zhang Y, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Cortical GABA markers identify a molecular subtype of psychotic and bipolar disorders. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2501-12. [PMID: 27328999 PMCID: PMC5584051 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuron-related markers, including the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, the neuropeptide somatostatin, and the transcription factor Lhx6, are most pronounced in a subset of schizophrenia subjects identified as having a 'low GABA marker' (LGM) molecular phenotype. Furthermore, schizophrenia shares degrees of genetic liability, clinical features and cortical circuitry abnormalities with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Therefore, we determined the extent to which a similar LGM molecular phenotype may also exist in subjects with these disorders. METHOD Transcript levels for GAD67, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and Lhx6 were quantified using quantitative PCR in prefrontal cortex area 9 of 184 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 39), schizoaffective disorder (n = 23) or bipolar disorder (n = 35), or with a confirmed absence of any psychiatric diagnoses (n = 87). A blinded clustering approach was employed to determine the presence of a LGM molecular phenotype across all subjects. RESULTS Approximately 49% of the subjects with schizophrenia, 48% of the subjects with schizoaffective disorder, and 29% of the subjects with bipolar disorder, but only 5% of unaffected subjects, clustered in the cortical LGM molecular phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the characterization of psychotic and bipolar disorders by cortical molecular phenotype which may help elucidate more pathophysiologically informed and personalized medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Allan R. Sampson
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jessica R. Edelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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29
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Sun AX, Yuan Q, Tan S, Xiao Y, Wang D, Khoo ATT, Sani L, Tran HD, Kim P, Chiew YS, Lee KJ, Yen YC, Ng HH, Lim B, Je HS. Direct Induction and Functional Maturation of Forebrain GABAergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1942-53. [PMID: 27498872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing interneurons play an important modulatory role in the cortex and have been implicated in multiple neurological disorders. Patient-derived interneurons could provide a foundation for studying the pathogenesis of these diseases as well as for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Here, we identified a set of genetic factors that could robustly induce human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into GABAergic neurons (iGNs) with high efficiency. We demonstrated that the human iGNs express neurochemical markers and exhibit mature electrophysiological properties within 6-8 weeks. Furthermore, in vitro, iGNs could form functional synapses with other iGNs or with human-induced glutamatergic neurons (iENs). Upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice, human iGNs underwent synaptic maturation and integration into host neural circuits. Taken together, our rapid and highly efficient single-step protocol to generate iGNs may be useful to both mechanistic and translational studies of human interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Graduate School for integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shawn Tan
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Graduate School for integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Yixin Xiao
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Danlei Wang
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Audrey Tze Ting Khoo
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Levena Sani
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hoang-Dai Tran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Paul Kim
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yong Seng Chiew
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Chun Yen
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Huck Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Graduate School for integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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30
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Jiang X, Lachance M, Rossignol E. Involvement of cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive basket cells in epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:81-126. [PMID: 27323940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking basket cells subtype (PV INs) are important regulators of cortical network excitability and of gamma oscillations, involved in signal processing and cognition. Impaired development or function of PV INs has been associated with epilepsy in various animal models of epilepsy, as well as in some genetic forms of epilepsy in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the experimental data linking PV INs dysfunction with epilepsy, focusing on disorders of the specification, migration, maturation, synaptic function, or connectivity of PV INs. Furthermore, we reflect on the potential therapeutic use of cell-type specific stimulation of PV INs within active networks and on the transplantation of PV INs precursors in the treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Lachance
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Rossignol
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Konstantoudaki X, Chalkiadaki K, Tivodar S, Karagogeos D, Sidiropoulou K. Impaired synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex of mice with developmentally decreased number of interneurons. Neuroscience 2016; 322:333-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Zhou C, Yang G, Chen M, He L, Xiang L, Ricupero C, Mao JJ, Ling J. Lhx6 and Lhx8: cell fate regulators and beyond. FASEB J 2015; 29:4083-91. [PMID: 26148970 PMCID: PMC4566936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-267500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As transcription factors of the lines (LIN)-11/Islet (Isl)-1/mitosis entry checkpoint (MEC)-3 (LIM)-homeobox subfamily, LIM homeobox (Lhx)6 and -8 are remarkably conserved and involved in the morphogenesis of multiple organ systems. Lhx6 and -8 play overlapping and distinctive roles, but in general act as cell fate mediators and in turn are regulated by several transcriptional factors, such as sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factors, and wingless-int (Wnt)/β-catenin. In this review, we first summarize Lhx6 and -8 distributions in development and then explore how Lhx6 and -8 act as transcription factors and coregulators of cell lineage specification. Known Lhx6 and -8 functions and targets are outlined in neurogenesis, craniofacial development, and germ cell differentiation. The underlying mechanisms of Lhx6 and -8 in regulating cell fate remain elusive. Whether Lhx6 and -8 affect functions in tissues and organs other than neural, craniofacial, oocytes, and germ cells is largely unexplored. Taken together, Lhx6 and -8 are important regulators of cell lineage specification and may act as one of the pivotal mediators of stem cell fate. Undoubtedly, future investigations of Lhx6 and -8 biology will continue to yield fascinating insights into tissue development and homeostasis, in addition to their putative roles in tissue regeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo Chen
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling He
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lusai Xiang
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Ricupero
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Abstract
The neocortex is the part of the brain responsible for execution of higher-order brain functions, including cognition, sensory perception, and sophisticated motor control. During evolution, the neocortex has developed an unparalleled neuronal diversity, which still remains partly unclassified and unmapped at the functional level. Here, we broadly review the structural blueprint of the neocortex and discuss the current classification of its neuronal diversity. We then cover the principles and mechanisms that build neuronal diversity during cortical development and consider the impact of neuronal class-specific identity in shaping cortical connectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lodato
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; ,
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; ,
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34
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Abstract
The neocortex is the part of the brain responsible for execution of higher-order brain functions, including cognition, sensory perception, and sophisticated motor control. During evolution, the neocortex has developed an unparalleled neuronal diversity, which still remains partly unclassified and unmapped at the functional level. Here, we broadly review the structural blueprint of the neocortex and discuss the current classification of its neuronal diversity. We then cover the principles and mechanisms that build neuronal diversity during cortical development and consider the impact of neuronal class-specific identity in shaping cortical connectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lodato
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; ,
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; ,
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35
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Volk DW, Chitrapu A, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Chemokine receptors and cortical interneuron dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:12-7. [PMID: 25464914 PMCID: PMC4427549 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in inhibitory (GABA) neurons, including deficiencies in the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD67, in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia are pronounced in the subpopulations of neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin. The presence of similar illness-related deficits in the transcription factor Lhx6, which regulates prenatal development of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons, suggests that cortical GABA neuron dysfunction may be related to disturbances in utero. Since the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 guide the migration of cortical parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons from their birthplace in the medial ganglionic eminence to their final destination in the neocortex, we sought to determine whether altered CXCR4 and/or CXCR7 mRNA levels were associated with disturbances in GABA-related markers in schizophrenia. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify CXCR4 and CXCR7 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex of 62 schizophrenia and 62 healthy comparison subjects that were previously characterized for markers of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons and in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. We found elevated mRNA levels for CXCR7 (+29%; p<.0001) and CXCR4 (+14%, p=.052) in schizophrenia subjects but not in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. CXCR7 mRNA levels were inversely correlated with mRNA levels for GAD67, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and Lhx6 in schizophrenia but not in healthy subjects. These findings suggest that higher mRNA levels for CXCR7, and possibly CXCR4, may represent a compensatory mechanism to sustain the migration and correct positioning of cortical parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons in the face of other insults that disrupt the prenatal development of cortical GABA neurons in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding Author: David W. Volk, MD, PhD, W1655 BST, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Tel: 412-648-9617
| | - Anjani Chitrapu
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jessica R. Edelson
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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36
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Vogt D, Cho KKA, Lee AT, Sohal VS, Rubenstein JLR. The parvalbumin/somatostatin ratio is increased in Pten mutant mice and by human PTEN ASD alleles. Cell Rep 2015; 11:944-956. [PMID: 25937288 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the phosphatase PTEN are strongly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we investigate the function of Pten in cortical GABAergic neurons using conditional mutagenesis in mice. Loss of Pten results in a preferential loss of SST(+) interneurons, which increases the ratio of parvalbumin/somatostatin (PV/SST) interneurons, ectopic PV(+) projections in layer I, and inhibition onto glutamatergic cortical neurons. Pten mutant mice exhibit deficits in social behavior and changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) power. Using medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) transplantation, we test for cell-autonomous functional differences between human PTEN wild-type (WT) and ASD alleles. The PTEN ASD alleles are hypomorphic in regulating cell size and the PV/SST ratio in comparison to WT PTEN. This MGE transplantation/complementation assay is efficient and is generally applicable for functional testing of ASD alleles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Kathleen K A Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony T Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vikaas S Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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37
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Brandão JA, Romcy-Pereira RN. Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate specification of cortical GABAergic neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:149. [PMID: 25972784 PMCID: PMC4412069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons constitute an extremely diverse population of cells organized in a well-defined topology of precisely interconnected cells. They play a crucial role regulating inhibitory-excitatory balance in brain circuits, gating sensory perception, and regulating spike timing to brain oscillations during distinct behaviors. Dysfunctions in the establishment of proper inhibitory circuits have been associated to several brain disorders such as autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. In the rodent adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in restricted domains of the ventral telencephalon. However, only recently, studies have revealed some of the mechanisms generating the heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes and their modes of integration in brain networks. Here we will discuss some the events involved in the production of cortical GABAergic neuron diversity with focus on the interaction between intrinsically driven genetic programs and environmental signals during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Brandão
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
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38
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Overexpression of Lhx8 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in PC12 cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:329-35. [PMID: 25475040 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM-homeobox genes play a pivotal function in tissue patterning and differentiation, Lhx8 is a member of LIM-homeobox gene family, and it is selectively expressed in embryonic basal forebrain and is a key factor for the determination of cholinergic cells fate. However, besides cholinergic differentiation, little is known about the potential role of Lhx8 in cell biology. In this study, we transfected Lhx8 complementary DNA (cDNA) into PC12 cell line using lentiviral vectors to acquire the cells which stably expressed high level of Lhx8, and we provide the experimental evidence that overexpression of Lhx8 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in vitro. In conclusion, besides cholinergic differentiation, our results suggest that Lhx8 also plays as a suppressor gene of proliferation in cell biology.
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Volk DW, Lewis DA. Early developmental disturbances of cortical inhibitory neurons: contribution to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:952-7. [PMID: 25053651 PMCID: PMC4133685 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a disabling and core feature of schizophrenia. Cognitive impairments have been linked to disturbances in inhibitory (gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Cognitive deficits are present well before the onset of psychotic symptoms and have been detected in early childhood with developmental delays reported during the first year of life. These data suggest that the pathogenetic process that produces dysfunction of prefrontal GABA neurons in schizophrenia may be related to altered prenatal development. Interestingly, adult postmortem schizophrenia brain tissue studies have provided evidence consistent with a disease process that affects different stages of prenatal development of specific subpopulations of prefrontal GABA neurons. Prenatal ontogeny (ie, birth, proliferation, migration, and phenotypic specification) of distinct subpopulations of cortical GABA neurons is differentially regulated by a host of transcription factors, chemokine receptors, and other molecular markers. In this review article, we propose a strategy to investigate how alterations in the expression of these developmental regulators of subpopulations of cortical GABA neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of cortical GABA neuron dysfunction and consequently cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, W1655 BST, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, US; tel: 412-648-9617, fax: 412-624-9910, e-mail:
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Volk DW, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Cortical inhibitory neuron disturbances in schizophrenia: role of the ontogenetic transcription factor Lhx6. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1053-61. [PMID: 24837792 PMCID: PMC4133682 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in parvalbumin- and somatostatin-containing neurons, including deficits in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in schizophrenia, may be related to disrupted pre- and/or postnatal development. Deficits in the transcription factor Lhx6, which regulates parvalbumin and somatostatin neuron development, are associated with GAD67 deficits in schizophrenia. Therefore, we investigated the potential pre- and postnatal roles of Lhx6 in GABA-related disturbances using qPCR and/or in situ hybridization to quantify PFC levels of (1) Lhx6 mRNA in a new cohort of schizophrenia subjects; (2) Lhx6 mRNA in monkeys across postnatal development; (3) GABA-related mRNAs in Lhx6 heterozygous (Lhx6+/−) mice, which model Lhx6 deficits in schizophrenia; and (4) Lhx6 mRNA in GAD67+/− mice, which model GAD67 deficits in schizophrenia. Lhx6 mRNA levels were lower (−15%) in schizophrenia and correlated with lower GAD67 mRNA levels. In addition, Lhx6 mRNA levels declined 24% from the perinatal to prepubertal periods then stabilized in monkeys. Finally, GAD67, parvalbumin, and somatostatin mRNAs were not altered in Lhx6+/− mice, and Lhx6 mRNA was not altered in GAD67+/− mice. These data suggest that PFC Lhx6 and GAD67 mRNA deficits are common components of GABA neuron pathology in schizophrenia. An excessive early postnatal decline in Lhx6 mRNA might contribute to Lhx6 mRNA deficits in schizophrenia. However, a partial loss of Lhx6 is not sufficient in isolation to produce deficits in GAD67 mRNA and vice versa, suggesting that the concurrence of Lhx6 and GAD67 mRNA deficits in schizophrenia may instead be the consequence of a common upstream factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, W1655 BST, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, US; tel: 412-648-9617, fax: 412-624-9910, e-mail:
| | | | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Meza-Sosa KF, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. microRNAs: key triggers of neuronal cell fate. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:175. [PMID: 25009466 PMCID: PMC4070303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires a precisely coordinated series of events. During embryonic development, different intra- and extracellular signals stimulate neural stem cells to become neural progenitors, which eventually irreversibly exit from the cell cycle to begin the first stage of neurogenesis. However, before this event occurs, the self-renewal and proliferative capacities of neural stem cells and neural progenitors must be tightly regulated. Accordingly, the participation of various evolutionary conserved microRNAs is key in distinct central nervous system (CNS) developmental processes of many organisms including human, mouse, chicken, frog, and zebrafish. microRNAs specifically recognize and regulate the expression of target mRNAs by sequence complementarity within the mRNAs 3′ untranslated region and importantly, a single microRNA can have several target mRNAs to regulate a process; likewise, a unique mRNA can be targeted by more than one microRNA. Thus, by regulating different target genes, microRNAs let-7, microRNA-124, and microRNA-9 have been shown to promote the differentiation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors into specific neural cell types while microRNA-134, microRNA-25 and microRNA-137 have been characterized as microRNAs that induce the proliferation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors. Here we review the mechanisms of action of these two sets of microRNAs and their functional implications during the transition from neural stem cells and neural progenitors to fully differentiated neurons. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of these microRNAs as well as the role of the recently described natural RNA circles which act as natural microRNA sponges regulating post-transcriptional microRNA expression and function during the early stages of neurogenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
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Pietersen CY, Mauney SA, Kim SS, Passeri E, Lim MP, Rooney RJ, Goldstein JM, Petreyshen TL, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, Mccarley RW, Sonntag KC, Woo TUW. Molecular profiles of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:70-85. [PMID: 24628518 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.878339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of pyramidal cell network function by the soma- and axon-targeting inhibitory neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) represents a core pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia. In order to gain insight into the molecular basis of their functional impairment, we used laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate PV-immunolabeled neurons from layer 3 of Brodmann's area 42 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) from postmortem schizophrenia and normal control brains. We then extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) from these neurons and determined their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile using the Affymetrix platform of microarray technology. Seven hundred thirty-nine mRNA transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in PV neurons in subjects with schizophrenia, including genes associated with WNT (wingless-type), NOTCH, and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) signaling, in addition to genes that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis. Of these 739 genes, only 89 (12%) were also differentially expressed in pyramidal neurons, as described in the accompanying paper, suggesting that the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia appears to be predominantly neuronal type specific. In addition, we identified 15 microRNAs (miRNAs) that were differentially expressed in schizophrenia; enrichment analysis of the predicted targets of these miRNAs included the signaling pathways found by microarray to be dysregulated in schizophrenia. Taken together, findings of this study provide a neurobiological framework within which hypotheses of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the dysfunction of PV neurons in schizophrenia can be generated and experimentally explored and, as such, may ultimately inform the conceptualization of rational targeted molecular intervention for this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y Pietersen
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts , USA
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Kessaris N, Magno L, Rubin AN, Oliveira MG. Genetic programs controlling cortical interneuron fate. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:79-87. [PMID: 24440413 PMCID: PMC4082532 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons originate in the embryonic subcortical telencephalon. Spatial and temporal control of progenitor differentiation generates diversity. Genetic pathways of interneuron cell fate specification. Intrinsic pathways and extrinsic cues interplay in interneuron specification.
The origins of cortical interneurons in rodents have been localized to the embryonic subcortical telencephalon where distinct neuroepithelial precursors generate defined interneuron subsets. A swathe of research activity aimed at identifying molecular determinants of subtype identity has uncovered a number of transcription factors that function at different stages of interneuron development. Pathways that lead to the acquisition of mature interneuron traits are therefore beginning to emerge. As genetic programs are influenced by external factors the search continues not only into genetic determinants but also extrinsic influences and the interplay between the two in cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Noren Rubin
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcio Guiomar Oliveira
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Zhao Y, Flandin P, Vogt D, Blood A, Hermesz E, Westphal H, Rubenstein JLR. Ldb1 is essential for development of Nkx2.1 lineage derived GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon. Dev Biol 2013; 385:94-106. [PMID: 24157949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The progenitor zones of the embryonic mouse ventral telencephalon give rise to GABAergic and cholinergic neurons. We have shown previously that two LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factors, Lhx6 and Lhx8, that are downstream of Nkx2.1, are critical for the development of telencephalic GABAergic and cholinergic neurons. Here we investigate the role of Ldb1, a nuclear protein that binds directly to all LIM-HD factors, in the development of these ventral telencephalon derived neurons. We show that Ldb1 is expressed in the Nkx2.1 cell lineage during embryonic development and in mature neurons. Conditional deletion of Ldb1 causes defects in the expression of a series of genes in the ventral telencephalon and severe impairment in the tangential migration of cortical interneurons from the ventral telencephalon. Similar to the phenotypes observed in Lhx6 or Lhx8 mutant mice, the Ldb1 conditional mutants show a reduction in the number of both GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon. Furthermore, our analysis reveals defects in the development of the parvalbumin-positive neurons in the globus pallidus and striatum of the Ldb1 mutants. These results provide evidence that Ldb1 plays an essential role as a transcription co-regulator of Lhx6 and Lhx8 in the control of mammalian telencephalon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangu Zhao
- Program on Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Volk DW, Lewis DA. Prenatal ontogeny as a susceptibility period for cortical GABA neuron disturbances in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2013; 248:154-64. [PMID: 23769891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia have been linked to disturbances in GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Furthermore, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia appear well before the onset of psychosis and have been reported to be present during early childhood and even during the first year of life. Taken together, these data raise the following question: Does the disease process that produces abnormalities in prefrontal GABA neurons in schizophrenia begin prenatally and disrupt the ontogeny of cortical GABA neurons? Here, we address this question through a consideration of evidence that genetic and/or environmental insults that occur during gestation initiate a pathogenetic process that alters cortical GABA neuron ontogeny and produces the pattern of GABA neuron abnormalities, and consequently cognitive difficulties, seen in schizophrenia. First, we review available evidence from postmortem human brain tissue studies characterizing alterations in certain subpopulations of prefrontal GABA neuron that provide clues to a prenatal origin in schizophrenia. Second, we review recent discoveries of transcription factors, cytokine receptors, and other developmental regulators that govern the birth, migration, specification, maturation, and survival of different subpopulations of prefrontal GABA neurons. Third, we discuss recent studies demonstrating altered expression of these ontogenetic factors in the PFC in schizophrenia. Fourth, we discuss the potential role of disturbances in the maternal-fetal environment such as maternal immune activation in the development of GABA neuron dysfunction. Finally, we propose critical questions that need to be answered in future research to further investigate the role of altered GABA neuron ontogeny in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Bao ZS, Zhang CB, Wang HJ, Yan W, Liu YW, Li MY, Zhang W. Whole-genome mRNA expression profiling identifies functional and prognostic signatures in patients with mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:714-20. [PMID: 23663361 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has divided patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) into four subtypes based on mRNA expression microarray. The mesenchymal subtype, with a larger proportion, is considered a more lethal one. Clinical outcome prediction is required to better guide more personalized treatment for these patients. AIMS The objective of this study was to identify a mRNA expression signature to improve outcome prediction for patients with mesenchymal GBM. RESULTS For signature identification and validation, we downloaded mRNA expression microarray data from TCGA as training set and data from Rembrandt and GSE16011 as validation set. Cox regression and risk-score analysis were used to develop the 4 signatures, which were function and prognosis associated as revealed by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA). Patients who had high-risk scores according to the signatures had poor overall survival compared with patients who had low-risk scores. CONCLUSIONS The signatures were identified as risk predictors that patients who had a high-risk score tended to have unfavorable outcome, demonstrating their potential for personalizing cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shi Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Denaxa M, Kalaitzidou M, Garefalaki A, Achimastou A, Lasrado R, Maes T, Pachnis V. Maturation-promoting activity of SATB1 in MGE-derived cortical interneurons. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1351-62. [PMID: 23142661 PMCID: PMC3607226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of cortical interneuron subtypes is controlled by genetic programs that are activated in the ventral forebrain and unfold during the prolonged period of inhibitory neuron development. The LIM-homeodomain protein LHX6 is critical for the development of all cortical interneurons originating in the medial ganglionic eminence, but the molecular mechanisms that operate downstream of LHX6 to control the terminal differentiation of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons within the cortex remain unknown. Here, we provide evidence that the nuclear matrix and genome organizer protein SATB1 is induced by neuronal activity and functions downstream of Lhx6 to control the transition of tangentially migrating immature interneurons into the terminally differentiated Somatostatin (SST)-expressing subtype. Our experiments provide a molecular framework for understanding the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms by which specified but immature cortical interneurons acquire the subtype-defining molecular and morphophysiological characteristics that allow them to integrate and function within cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Denaxa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, NW7 1AA London, United Kingdom
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