1
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Hashida R, Kawabata T. Structural Perspective of NR4A Nuclear Receptor Family and Their Potential Endogenous Ligands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:580-590. [PMID: 38432913 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There are 48 nuclear receptors in the human genome, and many members of this superfamily have been implicated in human diseases. The NR4A nuclear receptor family consisting of three members, NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 (formerly annotated as Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR1, respectively), are still orphan receptors but exert pathological effects on immune-related and neurological diseases. We previously reported that prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) and prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) are potent activators of NR4A3, which bind directly to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor. Recently, the co-crystallographic structures of NR4A2-LBD bound to PGA1 and PGA2 were reported, followed by reports of the neuroprotective effects of these possible endogenous ligands in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Based on these structures, we modeled the binding structures of the other two members (NR4A1 and NR4A3) with these potential endogenous ligands using a template-based modeling method, and reviewed the similarity and diversity of ligand-binding mechanisms in the nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Hashida
- Genox Research Inc
- Department of Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University
| | - Takeshi Kawabata
- Department of Applied Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University
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2
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Thiel W, Esposito EJ, Findley AP, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Modulation of retinoid-X-receptors differentially regulates expression of apolipoprotein genes apoc1 and apoeb by zebrafish microglia. Biol Open 2021; 11:273656. [PMID: 34878094 PMCID: PMC8822359 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses performed in both human and zebrafish indicate strong expression of Apoe and Apoc1 by microglia. Apoe expression by microglia is well appreciated, but Apoc1 expression has not been well-examined. PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR receptors appear to regulate expression of the apolipoprotein gene cluster in macrophages, but a similar role in microglia in vivo has not been studied. Here, we characterized microglial expression of apoc1 in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) in situ and demonstrate that in the CNS, apoc1 expression is unique to microglia. We then examined the effects of PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR modulation on microglial expression of apoc1 and apoeb during early CNS development using a pharmacological approach. Changes in apoc1 and apoeb transcripts in response to pharmacological modulation were quantified by RT-qPCR in whole heads, and in individual microglia using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) in situ hybridization. We found that expression of apoc1 and apoeb by microglia were differentially regulated by LXR/RXR and PPAR/RXR modulating compounds, respectively, during development. Our results also suggest RXR receptors could be involved in endogenous induction of apoc1 expression by microglia. Collectively, our work supports the use of zebrafish to better understand regulation and function of these apolipoproteins in the CNS. Summary: Here we investigate expression of two apolipoprotein genes by microglia in the zebrafish model during normal development, and in contexts of pharmacological manipulations that target candidate regulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Thiel
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Emma J Esposito
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
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3
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le Maire A, Teyssier C, Balaguer P, Bourguet W, Germain P. Regulation of RXR-RAR Heterodimers by RXR- and RAR-Specific Ligands and Their Combinations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111392. [PMID: 31694317 PMCID: PMC6912802 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The three subtypes (α, β, and γ) of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate retinoic acid signaling by forming heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Heterodimers are functional units that bind ligands (retinoids), transcriptional co-regulators and DNA, to regulate gene networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, and death. Using biochemical, crystallographic, and cellular approaches, we have set out to explore the spectrum of possibilities to regulate RXR-RAR heterodimer-dependent transcription through various pharmacological classes of RAR- and RXR- specific ligands, alone or in combination. We reveal the molecular details by which these compounds direct specificity and functionality of RXR-RAR heterodimers. Among these ligands, we have reevaluated and improved the molecular and structural definition of compounds CD2665, Ro41-5253, LE135, or LG100754, highlighting novel functional features of these molecules. Our analysis reveals a model of RXR-RAR heterodimer action in which each subunit retains its intrinsic properties in terms of ligand and co-regulator binding. However, their interplay upon the combined action of RAR- and RXR-ligands allows for the fine tuning of heterodimer activity. It also stresses the importance of accurate ligand characterization to use synthetic selective retinoids appropriately and avoid data misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane le Maire
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Catherine Teyssier
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Pierre Germain
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-6741-7910
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Miyashita Y, Numoto N, Arulmozhiraja S, Nakano S, Matsuo N, Shimizu K, Shibahara O, Fujihara M, Kakuta H, Ito S, Ikura T, Ito N, Tokiwa H. Dual conformation of the ligand induces the partial agonistic activity of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). FEBS Lett 2018; 593:242-250. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Miyashita
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Sundaram Arulmozhiraja
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Osamu Shibahara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Smart Molecules; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
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5
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Chen L, Wu L, Zhu L, Zhao Y. Overview of the structure-based non-genomic effects of the nuclear receptor RXRα. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:36. [PMID: 30093910 PMCID: PMC6080560 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor RXRα (retinoid X receptor-α) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of multiple genes. Its non-genomic function is largely related to its structure, polymeric forms and modification. Previous research revealed that some non-genomic activity of RXRα occurs via formation of heterodimers with Nur77. RXRα-Nur77 heterodimers translocate from the nucleus to the mitochondria in response to certain apoptotic stimuli and this activity correlates with cell apoptosis. More recent studies revealed a significant role for truncated RXRα (tRXRα), which interacts with the p85α subunit of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to enhanced activation of AKT and promoting cell growth in vitro and in animals. We recently reported on a series of NSAID sulindac analogs that can bind to tRXRα through a unique binding mechanism. We also identified one analog, K-80003, which can inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing tRXRα to form a tetramer, thus disrupting p85α-tRXRα interaction. This review analyzes the non-genomic effects of RXRα in normal and tumor cells, and discusses the functional differences based on RXRα protein structure (structure source: the RCSB Protein Data Bank).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Linyan Zhu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Yiyi Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
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6
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Chen L, Aleshin AE, Alitongbieke G, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Ye X, Hu M, Ren G, Chen Z, Ma Y, Zhang D, Liu S, Gao W, Cai L, Wu L, Zeng Z, Jiang F, Liu J, Zhou H, Cadwell G, Liddington RC, Su Y, Zhang XK. Modulation of nongenomic activation of PI3K signalling by tetramerization of N-terminally-cleaved RXRα. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16066. [PMID: 28714476 PMCID: PMC5520057 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) binds to DNA either as homodimers or heterodimers, but it also forms homotetramers whose function is poorly defined. We previously discovered that an N-terminally-cleaved form of RXRα (tRXRα), produced in tumour cells, activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling by binding to the p85α subunit of PI3K and that K-80003, an anti-cancer agent, inhibits this process. Here, we report through crystallographic and biochemical studies that K-80003 binds to and stabilizes tRXRα tetramers via a ‘three-pronged’ combination of canonical and non-canonical mechanisms. K-80003 binding has no effect on tetramerization of RXRα, owing to the head–tail interaction that is absent in tRXRα. We also identify an LxxLL motif in p85α, which binds to the coactivator-binding groove on tRXRα and dissociates from tRXRα upon tRXRα tetramerization. These results identify conformational selection as the mechanism for inhibiting the nongenomic action of tRXRα and provide molecular insights into the development of RXRα cancer therapeutics. The transcription factor retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) can also form homotetramers. Here the authors show that the anti-cancer agent K-80003 selectively inhibits the nongenomic action of N-terminally-cleaved RXRα in tumour cells by stabilizing its tetramerization but not that of full-length RXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alexander E Aleshin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gulimiran Alitongbieke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xindao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gaoang Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gregory Cadwell
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Liddington
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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7
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Tsuji M. Antagonist-perturbation mechanism for activation function-2 fixed motifs: active conformation and docking mode of retinoid X receptor antagonists. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:577-585. [PMID: 28534193 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HX531, which contains a dibenzodiazepine skeleton, is one of the first retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists. Functioning via RXR-PPARγ heterodimer, this compound is receiving a lot of attention as a therapeutic drug candidate for diabetic disease controlling differentiation of adipose tissue. However, the active conformation of HX531 for RXRs is not well established. In the present study, quantum mechanics calculations and molecular mechanical docking simulations were carried out to precisely study the docking mode of HX531 with the human RXRα ligand-binding domain, as well as to provide a new approach to drug design using a structure-based perspective. It was suggested that HX531, which has the R configuration for the bent dibenzodiazepine plane together with the equatorial configuration for the N-methyl group attached to the nitrogen atom in the seven-membered diazepine ring, is a typical activation function-2 (AF-2) fixed motif perturbation type antagonist, which destabilizes the formation of AF-2 fixed motifs. On the other hand, the docking simulations supported the experimental result that LG100754 is an RXR homodimer antagonist and an RXR heterodimer agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Tsuji
- Institute of Molecular Function, 2-105-14 Takasu, Misato-shi, Saitama, 341-0037, Japan.
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8
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Markov GV, Gutierrez-Mazariegos J, Pitrat D, Billas IML, Bonneton F, Moras D, Hasserodt J, Lecointre G, Laudet V. Origin of an ancient hormone/receptor couple revealed by resurrection of an ancestral estrogen. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601778. [PMID: 28435861 PMCID: PMC5375646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin of ancient ligand/receptor couples is often analyzed via reconstruction of ancient receptors and, when ligands are products of metabolic pathways, they are not supposed to evolve. However, because metabolic pathways are inherited by descent with modification, their structure can be compared using cladistic analysis. Using this approach, we studied the evolution of steroid hormones. We show that side-chain cleavage is common to most vertebrate steroids, whereas aromatization was co-opted for estrogen synthesis from a more ancient pathway. The ancestral products of aromatic activity were aromatized steroids with a side chain, which we named "paraestrols." We synthesized paraestrol A and show that it effectively binds and activates the ancestral steroid receptor. Our study opens the way to comparative studies of biologically active small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel V. Markov
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Juliana Gutierrez-Mazariegos
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Delphine Pitrat
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Isabelle M. L. Billas
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Bonneton
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jens Hasserodt
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Guillaume Lecointre
- Département Systématique et Evolution, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS–MNHN–Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)–École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 30, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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9
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Structure of the homodimeric androgen receptor ligand-binding domain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14388. [PMID: 28165461 PMCID: PMC5303882 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in normal physiology, development and metabolism as well as in the aetiology and treatment of diverse pathologies such as androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS), male infertility and prostate cancer (PCa). Here we show that dimerization of AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) is induced by receptor agonists but not by antagonists. The 2.15-Å crystal structure of homodimeric, agonist- and coactivator peptide-bound AR-LBD unveils a 1,000-Å2 large dimerization surface, which harbours over 40 previously unexplained AIS- and PCa-associated point mutations. An AIS mutation in the self-association interface (P767A) disrupts dimer formation in vivo, and has a detrimental effect on the transactivating properties of full-length AR, despite retained hormone-binding capacity. The conservation of essential residues suggests that the unveiled dimerization mechanism might be shared by other nuclear receptors. Our work defines AR-LBD homodimerization as an essential step in the proper functioning of this important transcription factor. The androgen receptor is crucial for the development and physiology of reproductive organs. Here the authors present the structure of the androgen receptor ligand-binding domain bound to dihydrotestosterone, identifying a homodimerization interface that is crucial for receptor activity in vivo.
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10
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Álvarez S, Lieb M, Martínez C, Khanwalkar H, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Álvarez R, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Modulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Subtypes by 5- and 8-Substituted (Naphthalen-2-yl)-based Arotinoids. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1378-91. [PMID: 26012882 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) transduce the signals of their natural and synthetic ligands (retinoids and rexinoids) to cellular transcriptional machinery to induce gene programs that control diverse biological and physiological effects on organisms. All-trans-retinoic acid, the natural ligand for RARs, is used therapeutically for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), whereas the synthetic rexinoid bexarotene (a representative member of the aromatic retinoids or arotinoids) is approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Other retinoids have found applications in the topical treatment of skin disorders. In continuation of previous work on the naphthalene-based arotinoid scaffold, we synthesized a new series of (3-halo)benzoic acids connected to C5- or C8-substituted naphthyl rings via (E)-ethenyl and amide and, for the C5 series, (E)-chalcone linkers. These compounds were evaluated as RAR modulators in comparison with previously described dihydronaphthalene arotinoids with the same substitution pattern. Transactivation studies in this series revealed an absence of synergy between small halogen atoms (F, Cl) at C3 and the groups at C5 or C8, as had been observed on some of the dihydronaphthalene analogues. Instead, non-halogenated 4-(2-naphthamido)benzoic acid derivatives transactivated toward the RARβ subtype in preference to the paralogues. The derivatives with bulkier substituents at C8 were characterized as dual RARβ/RARα antagonists, and (E)-4-[(8-(phenylethynyl)naphthalene-2-yl)ethenyl]benzoic acid (11 c), with an ethenyl connector, was shown to be a potent antagonist of RARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IBI, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain)
| | - Michele Lieb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, Ilkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg (France)
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IBI, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain)
| | - Harshal Khanwalkar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, Ilkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg (France)
| | - Fátima Rodríguez-Barrios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IBI, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain)
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IBI, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain).
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, Ilkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg (France).
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IBI, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain).
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Chen F, Liu J, Huang M, Hu M, Su Y, Zhang XK. Identification of a New RXRα Antagonist Targeting the Coregulator-Binding Site. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:736-741. [PMID: 25057340 PMCID: PMC4094270 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
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Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα)
is implicated in the regulation of many biological processes and also
represents a unique intracellular target for pharmacologic interventions.
Efforts on discovery of small molecules targeting RXRα have
been primarily focused on the molecules that bind to its classical
ligand-binding pocket (LBP). Here, we report the identification and
characterization of a new RXRα transcriptional antagonist by
using structure-based virtual screening. The new antagonist binds
with submicromolar affinity to RXRα (Kd = 4.88 × 10–7 M) and selectively inhibits
RXRα transactivation. The compound does not bind to the LBP
but to a hydrophobic groove on the surface of RXRα. The new
compound also effectively suppresses AKT activation and promotes apoptosis
of cancer cells in a RXRα-dependent manner by inhibiting tRXRα
interaction with the p85α subunit of PI3K. Thus, the compound
represents a new RXRα modulator that regulates the nongenomic
actions of RXRα by surface binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Sanford−Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingfeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Sanford−Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiao-kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Sanford−Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Martínez C, Lieb M, Álvarez S, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Álvarez R, Khanwalkar H, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Dual RXR Agonists and RAR Antagonists Based on the Stilbene Retinoid Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:533-7. [PMID: 24900875 DOI: 10.1021/ml400521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arotinoids containing a C5,C8-diphenylnaphthalene-2-yl ring linked to a (C3-halogenated) benzoic acid via an ethenyl connector (but not the corresponding naphthamides), which are prepared by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of naphthaldehydes and benzylphosphonates, display the rather unusual property of being RXR agonists (15-fold induction of the RXR reporter cell line was achieved at 3- to 10-fold lower concentration than 9-cis-retinoic acid) and RAR antagonists as shown by transient transactivation studies. The binding of such bulky ligands suggests that the RXR ligand-binding domain is endowed with some degree of structural elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Martínez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Michele Lieb
- Equipe
Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Functional
Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/UdS, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch,
Cedex, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | - Susana Álvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Fátima Rodríguez-Barrios
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Harshal Khanwalkar
- Equipe
Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Functional
Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/UdS, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch,
Cedex, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Equipe
Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Functional
Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/UdS, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch,
Cedex, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Bridgham JT, Keay J, Ortlund EA, Thornton JW. Vestigialization of an allosteric switch: genetic and structural mechanisms for the evolution of constitutive activity in a steroid hormone receptor. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004058. [PMID: 24415950 PMCID: PMC3886901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal in molecular evolution is to understand the genetic and physical mechanisms by which protein functions evolve and, in turn, to characterize how a protein's physical architecture influences its evolution. Here we dissect the mechanisms for an evolutionary shift in function in the mollusk ortholog of the steroid hormone receptors (SRs), a family of biologically essential transcription factors. In vertebrates, the activity of SRs allosterically depends on binding a hormonal ligand; in mollusks, however, the SR ortholog (called ER, because of high sequence similarity to vertebrate estrogen receptors) activates transcription in the absence of ligand and does not respond to steroid hormones. To understand how this shift in regulation evolved, we combined evolutionary, structural, and functional analyses. We first determined the X-ray crystal structure of the ER of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgER), and found that its ligand pocket is filled with bulky residues that prevent ligand occupancy. To understand the genetic basis for the evolution of mollusk ERs' unique functions, we resurrected an ancient SR progenitor and characterized the effect of historical amino acid replacements on its functions. We found that reintroducing just two ancient replacements from the lineage leading to mollusk ERs recapitulates the evolution of full constitutive activity and the loss of ligand activation. These substitutions stabilize interactions among key helices, causing the allosteric switch to become “stuck” in the active conformation and making activation independent of ligand binding. Subsequent changes filled the ligand pocket without further affecting activity; by degrading the allosteric switch, these substitutions vestigialized elements of the protein's architecture required for ligand regulation and made reversal to the ancestral function more complex. These findings show how the physical architecture of allostery enabled a few large-effect mutations to trigger a profound evolutionary change in the protein's function and shaped the genetics of evolutionary reversibility. An important goal in evolutionary genetics is to understand how genetic mutations cause the evolution of new protein functions and how a protein's structure shapes its evolution. Here we address these questions by studying a dramatic lineage-specific shift in function in steroid hormone receptors (SRs), a physiologically important family of transcription factors. In vertebrates, SRs bind hormones and then undergo a structural change that allows them to activate gene expression. In mollusks, SRs do not bind hormone and are always active. We identified the genetic and structural mechanisms for the evolution of constitutive activity in the mollusk SRs by using X-ray crystallography, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and experimental studies of the effects of ancient mutations on protein structure and function. We found that constitutive activity evolved due to just two historical substitutions that subtly stabilized elements of the active conformation, and subsequent mutations filled the hormone-binding cavity. The structural characteristics required for a hormone-sensitive activator were thus vestigialized, much the same way that a whale's hindlimbs became vestiges of their ancestral form after they became dispensable. Our findings show how the architecture of a protein can shape its evolution, allowing radically different functions to evolve by a few large-effect mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - June Keay
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Biochemistry Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Thornton
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Departments of Human Genetics and Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Allosteric Controls of Nuclear Receptor Function in the Regulation of Transcription. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2317-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Maqdasy S, Baptissart M, Vega A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Cholesterol and male fertility: what about orphans and adopted? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:30-46. [PMID: 22766106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The link between cholesterol homeostasis and male fertility has been clearly suggested in patients who suffer from hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. This has been confirmed by the generation of several transgenic mouse models or in animals fed with high cholesterol diet. Next to the alteration of the endocrine signaling pathways through steroid receptors (androgen and estrogen receptors); "orphan" and "adopted" nuclear receptors, such as the Liver X Receptors (LXRs), the Proliferating Peroxisomal Activated Receptors (PPARs) or the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), have been involved in this cross-talk. These transcription factors show distinct expression patterns in the male genital tract, explaining the large panel of phenotypes observed in transgenic male mice and highlighting the importance of lipid homesostasis and the complexity of the molecular pathways involved. Increasing our knowledge of the roles of these nuclear receptors in male germ cell differentiation could help in proposing new approaches to either treat infertile men or define new strategies for contraception.
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16
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Yaghmaei S, Roberts C, Ai R, Mizwicki MT, Chang CEA. Agonist and antagonist binding to the nuclear vitamin D receptor: dynamics, mutation effects and functional implications. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:2. [PMID: 25505647 PMCID: PMC4215818 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The thermodynamically favored complex between the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25D3) triggers a shift in equilibrium to favor VDR binding to DNA, heterodimerization with the nuclear retinoid x receptor (RXR) and subsequent regulation of gene transcription. The key amino acids and structural requirements governing VDR binding to nuclear coactivators (NCoA) are well defined. Yet very little is understood about the internal changes in amino acid flexibility underpinning the control of ligand affinity, helix 12 conformation and function. Herein, we use molecular dynamics (MD) to study how the backbone and side-chain flexibility of the VDR differs when a) complexed to 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25D3, agonist) and (23S),25-dehydro-1α(OH)-vitamin D3-26,23-lactone (MK, antagonist); b) residues that form hydrogen bonds with the C25-OH (H305 and H397) of 1,25D3 are mutated to phenylalanine; c) helix 12 conformation is changed and ligand is removed; and d) x-ray water near the C1- and C3-OH groups of 1,25D3 are present or replaced with explicit solvent. Methods We performed molecular dynamic simulations on the apo- and holo-VDRs and used T-Analyst to monitor the changes in the backbone and side-chain flexibility of residues that form regions of the VDR ligand binding pocket (LBP), NCoA surface and control helix 12 conformation. Results The VDR-1,25D3 and VDR-MK MD simulations demonstrate that 1,25D3 and MK induce highly similar changes in backbone and side-chain flexibility in residues that form the LBP. MK however did increase the backbone and side-chain flexibility of L404 and R274 respectively. MK also induced expansion of the VDR charge clamp (i.e. NCoA surface) and weakened the intramolecular interaction between H305---V418 (helix 12) and TYR401 (helix 11). In VDR_FF, MK induced a generally more rigid LBP and stronger interaction between F397 and F422 than 1,25D3, and reduced the flexibility of the R274 side-chain. Lastly the VDR MD simulations indicate that R274 can sample multiple conformations in the presence of ligand. When the R274 is extended, the β-OH group of 1,25D3 lies proximal to the backbone carbonyl oxygen of R274 and the side-chain forms H-bonds with hinge domain residues. This differs from the x-ray, kinked geometry, where the side-chain forms an H-bond with the 1α-OH group. Furthermore, 1,25D3, but not MK was observed to stabilize the x-ray geometry of R274 during the > 30 ns MD runs. Conclusions The MD methodology applied herein provides an in silico foundation to be expanded upon to better understand the intrinsic flexibility of the VDR and better understand key side-chain and backbone movements involved in the bimolecular interaction between the VDR and its’ ligands. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-9616-1-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Yaghmaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | | | - Rizi Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Chia-En A Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
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17
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Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B. General molecular biology and architecture of nuclear receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 12:486-504. [PMID: 22242852 PMCID: PMC3637177 DOI: 10.2174/156802612799436641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate and coordinate multiple processes by integrating internal and external signals, thereby maintaining homeostasis in front of nutritional, behavioral and environmental challenges. NRs exhibit strong similarities in their structure and mode of action: by selective transcriptional activation or repression of cognate target genes, which can either be controlled through a direct, DNA binding-dependent mechanism or through crosstalk with other transcriptional regulators, NRs modulate the expression of gene clusters thus achieving coordinated tissue responses. Additionally, non genomic effects of NR ligands appear mediated by ill-defined mechanisms at the plasma membrane. These effects mediate potential therapeutic effects as small lipophilic molecule targets, and many efforts have been put in elucidating their precise mechanism of action and pathophysiological roles. Currently, numerous nuclear receptor ligand analogs are used in therapy or are tested in clinical trials against various diseases such as hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, allergies and cancer and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pawlak
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Bart Staels
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
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18
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Kumar S, Sandell LL, Trainor PA, Koentgen F, Duester G. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: retinoid metabolic effects in mouse knockout models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:198-205. [PMID: 21515404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that controls growth and development. The first step of RA synthesis is controlled by enzymes of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) families that catalyze oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde. The second step of RA synthesis is controlled by members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family also known as retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) that further oxidize retinaldehyde to produce RA. RA functions as a ligand for DNA-binding RA receptors that directly regulate transcription of specific target genes. Elucidation of the vitamin A metabolic pathway and investigation of the endogenous function of vitamin A metabolites has been greatly improved by development of mouse ADH, RDH, and RALDH loss-of-function models. ADH knockouts have demonstrated a postnatal role for this enzyme family in clearance of excess retinol to prevent vitamin A toxicity and in generation of RA for postnatal survival during vitamin A deficiency. A point mutation in Rdh10 generated by ethylnitrosourea has demonstrated that RDH10 generates much of the retinaldehyde needed for RA synthesis during embryonic development. Raldh1, Raldh2, and Raldh3 knockouts have demonstrated that RALDH1, RALDH2, and RALDH3 generate most of the RA needed during embryogenesis. These mouse models serve as instrumental tools for providing new insight into retinoid function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Development and Aging Program, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Tremmel C, Schaefer M, Azoitei A, Ruff H, Spindler-Barth M. Interaction of the N-terminus of ecdysone receptor isoforms with the ligand-binding domain. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:293-300. [PMID: 21094674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms exert different biological functions, although they vary only in their N-terminal domain. Despite identical C-termini, which mediate hormone-induced activity, the influence of ligand is isoform specific, which indicates an N/C-interaction. The position of helix 12 with and without hormone varies among isoforms and modifies N/C-interaction determined by fluorescence resonance-energy transfer (FRET), which depends on the salt bridge between helices 4 and 12 of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). Disruption of the salt bridge by mutation of K497 (helix 4) had no effect on basal N/C-interaction, but prevented the hormone-induced increase, which was partially restored by a salt bridge with reversed polarity. The heterodimerization partner Ultraspiracle (Usp) can compensate for the disruption of the salt bridge. Without ligand the AB-domains of EcR-A and EcR-B1, but not EcR-B2, interact with the LBD via K497 and repress transcriptional activity. This intramolecular cross talk between N- and C-terminus along with the position of helix 12 stabilized by K497 regulates transcriptional activity of EcR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Tremmel
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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20
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Széles L, Póliska S, Nagy G, Szatmari I, Szanto A, Pap A, Lindstedt M, Santegoets SJAM, Rühl R, Dezsö B, Nagy L. Research resource: transcriptome profiling of genes regulated by RXR and its permissive and nonpermissive partners in differentiating monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2218-31. [PMID: 20861222 PMCID: PMC3051201 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are heterodimerization partners for many nuclear receptors and also act as homodimers. Heterodimers formed by RXR and a nonpermissive partner, e.g. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), can be activated only by the agonist of the partner receptor. In contrast, heterodimers that contain permissive partners, e.g. liver X receptor (LXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), can be activated by agonists for either the partner receptor or RXR, raising the possibility of pleiotropic RXR signaling. However, it is not known to what extent the receptor’s activation results in triggering mechanisms dependent or independent of permissive heterodimers. In this study, we systematically and quantitatively characterized all probable RXR-signaling pathways in differentiating human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Using pharmacological, microarray and quantitative RT-PCR techniques, we identified and characterized gene sets regulated by RXR agonists (LG100268 and 9-cis retinoic acid) and agonists for LXRs, PPARs, RARα, and VDR. Our results demonstrated that permissiveness was partially impaired in Mo-DCs, because a large number of genes regulated by PPAR or LXR agonists was not affected by RXR-specific agonists or was regulated to a lesser extent. As expected, we found that RXR agonists regulated only small portions of RARα or VDR targets. Importantly, we could identify and characterize PPAR- and LXR-independent pathways in Mo-DCs most likely mediated by RXR homodimers. These data suggested that RXR signaling in Mo-DCs was mediated via multiple permissive heterodimers and also by mechanism(s) independent of permissive heterodimers, and it was controlled in a cell-type and gene-specific manner. This works reports the mapping of RXR mediated transcription in human dendritic cells and shows that it is through multiple permissive heterodimers and also via heterodimer-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Széles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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21
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Alvarez S, Khanwalkar H, Alvarez R, Erb C, Martínez C, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Germain P, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. C3 halogen and c8'' substituents on stilbene arotinoids modulate retinoic Acid receptor subtype function. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1630-40. [PMID: 19670208 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of the entire series of C3-halogenated derivatives and bulkier substituents at the C8'' position of the parent stilbene-based RARbeta-selective agonist BMS641 4 c was undertaken. The synthesis uses an E-selective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) condensation of C8-substituted C5-dimethyl dihydronaphthaldehyde and the benzylic phosphonates derived from the C3-halogenated benzoates to construct the stilbene skeleton. Transactivation studies revealed the synergistic effect of small halogen atoms at C3 (F, Cl) and the moderately bulky phenyl group at C8'' (in 4 b and 4 c) to achieve RARbeta selectivity. Our results, supported by computational studies, provide a structural rationale for the mixed agonist-antagonist activities of these arotinoids, which are potent agonists of the RARbeta subtype and antagonists of the RARalpha paralogue. Moreover, transitions from partial agonists to inverse agonists and antagonists can be accomplished with the incorporation of the same halogen atoms into the structures of known modulators BMS701 (5 a) and BMS493 (6 a), which have bulkier substituents than phenyl (p-tolyl and phenylethynyl, respectively) at C8''. Conversely, incorporation of halogen atoms in 6 a converted the ligand from an RARbeta inverse agonist (6 b) to an antagonist (6 c) or an agonist (6 d). Amazingly, 6 a-c commonly acted as inverse agonists for RARalpha, while 6 d and 6 e acted as regular RARalpha antagonists, not affecting co-repressor interaction. In the case of the mixed agonist/antagonist 5 a, C3-halogenation yields inverse RARalpha and RARbeta agonists (5 b-d) with the exception of iodinated 5 e, which is a regular antagonist for both these receptors. Because RARbeta gene expression is frequently deleted or epigenetically silenced in several tumor cells, the novel repertoire of receptor and function-selective RAR agonists, mixed agonist/antagonists, regular antagonists, and inverse agonists will be useful in the elucidation of the mechanism of tumor suppression by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo (Spain)
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Kanda A, Swaroop A. A comprehensive analysis of sequence variants and putative disease-causing mutations in photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor NR2E3. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2174-84. [PMID: 19898638 PMCID: PMC2773741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The photoreceptor-specific orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 is a key regulator of transcriptional events during photoreceptor differentiation in mammalian retina. Mutations in NR2E3 are associated with enhanced S-cone syndrome and related retinal phenotypes that reveal characteristic excess of S-cone function. This study was undertaken to determine biochemical as well as functional consequences of reported sequence variants and disease-causing mutations in NR2E3. METHODS Twenty-five different mutations in the wild-type NR2E3 expression construct were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and performed nuclear localization, gel-shift, rhodopsin promoter activity assays, and co-immunoprecipitation in cultured mammalian cells. RESULTS Of the 25 mutant proteins, 15 mislocalize at least partially to the cytoplasm. Eight of the nine changes in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and 12 of the 14 mutations in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of NR2E3 exhibited reduced DNA-binding and transcriptional activation of the rhodopsin promoter. Moreover, these mutations dramatically altered the interaction of NR2E3 with NRL as well as with CRX. Two NR2E3 variants between DBD and LBD showed no effect on any biochemical or functional parameter tested. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a better understanding of sequence variants, validate disease-causing mutations, and demonstrate the significance of DBD and LBD in mediating NR2E3 function. These studies contribute to molecular mechanisms underlying retinal phenotypes caused by NR2E3 mutations.
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García J, Khanwalkar H, Pereira R, Erb C, Voegel JJ, Collette P, Mauvais P, Bourguet W, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Pyrazine arotinoids with inverse agonist activities on the retinoid and rexinoid receptors. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1252-9. [PMID: 19343742 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RAR and RXR agonists: A collection of pyrazine-based RAR/RXR ligands were prepared by a series of palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and characterized. Structure-activity relationships were elucidated. Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha/beta-subtype-selective and retinoid X receptor (RXR) inverse agonist activities are described for pyrazine acrylic acid arotinoid, 14 d. Heterocyclic arotinoids derived from central-region dihalogenated pyrazine scaffolds have been synthesized by consecutive halogen and/or position-selective palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Pyrazines were further functionalized as alkyl ethers or methylamines prior to the last Pd-catalyzed reactions. Transient transactivation studies with the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha, beta, and gamma subtypes and with retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha revealed distinct agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist activities for these compounds. Of interest are the RARalpha,beta-selective inverse agonists with pyrazine acrylic acid structures, in particular 14 c, which is RARbeta-selective, and 14 d, a pan-RAR/RXR inverse agonist with more affinity for the RAR subtypes that enhance the interaction of RAR with cognate corepressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Nakamura M, Hamasaki T, Tokitou M, Baba M, Hashimoto Y, Aoyama H. Discovery of tetrahydrotetramethylnaphthalene analogs as adult T-cell leukemia cell-selective proliferation inhibitors in a small chemical library constructed based on multi-template hypothesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4740-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Alvarez S, Alvarez R, Khanwalkar H, Germain P, Lemaire G, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Retinoid receptor subtype-selective modulators through synthetic modifications of RARgamma agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4345-59. [PMID: 19482478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of retinoids designed to interfere with the repositioning of H12 have been synthesized to identify novel RARgamma antagonists based on the structure of known RARgamma agonists. The transcriptional activities of the novel ligands were revealed by cell-based reporting assays, using engineered cells containg RAR subtype-selective fusions of the RAR ligand-binding domains with the yeast GAL4 activator DNA-binding domain and the cognate luciferase reporter gene. Whereas none of the ligands exhibited features of a selective RARgamma antagonist, some of them are endowed with interesting activities. In particular 24a acts as a pan-RAR agonist that induces at high concentration a higher transactivation potential on RARalpha than TTNPB and synergizes at low concentration with TTNPB-bound RARalpha but not RARbeta or RARgamma. Similarly, 24c synergizes with TTNPB-bound RARgamma and exhibits RARalpha,beta antagonist activity. Compounds 24b and 25b are strong RARalpha,beta-selective antagonists without agonist or antagonist activities for RARgamma. Compounds 24b and 24c display weak RXR antagonist activity. In addition several pan-antagonists and partial agonist/antagonists have been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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26
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Santín E, Khanwalkar H, Voegel J, Collette P, Mauvais P, Gronemeyer H, de Lera Á. Highly Potent Naphthofuran-Based Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:780-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Hopkins PM, Durica D, Washington T. RXR isoforms and endogenous retinoids in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:602-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Novák J, Benísek M, Hilscherová K. Disruption of retinoid transport, metabolism and signaling by environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:898-913. [PMID: 18282601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the assessment of circulatory levels of retinoids has become a widely used biomarker of exposure to environmental pollutants, the adverse effects caused by imbalance of the retinoid metabolism and signaling in wildlife are not known in detail. Retinoids play an important role in controlling such vital processes as morphogenesis, development, reproduction or apoptosis. Unlike other signaling molecules, retinoids are not strictly endogenous but they are derived from dietary sources of vitamin A or its precursors and thus they are sometimes referred to as 'dietary' hormones. Some environmental pollutants that affect embryogenesis, immunity or epithelial functions were also shown to interfere with retinoid metabolism and signaling in animals. This suggests that at least some of their toxic effects may be related to interaction with the retinoid metabolism, transport or signal transduction. This review summarizes in vivo and in vitro studies on interaction of environmental complex samples, pesticides, polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic compounds and other organic pollutants with physiology of retinoids. It sums up contemporary knowledge about levels of interaction and mechanisms of action of the environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Novák
- Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Modulators of the structural dynamics of the retinoid X receptor to reveal receptor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17323-8. [PMID: 17947383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705356104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRalpha, -beta, and -gamma) occupy a central position in the nuclear receptor superfamily, because they form heterodimers with many other family members and hence are involved in the control of a variety of (patho)physiologic processes. Selective RXR ligands, referred to as rexinoids, are already used or are being developed for cancer therapy and have promise for the treatment of metabolic diseases. However, important side effects remain associated with existing rexinoids. Here we describe the rational design and functional characterization of a spectrum of RXR modulators ranging from partial to pure antagonists and demonstrate their utility as tools to probe the implication of RXRs in cell biological phenomena. One of these ligands renders RXR activity particularly sensitive to coactivator levels and has the potential to act as a cell-specific RXR modulator. A combination of crystallographic and fluorescence anisotropy studies reveals the molecular details accounting for the agonist-to-antagonist transition and provides direct experimental evidence for a correlation between the pharmacological activity of a ligand and its impact on the structural dynamics of the activation helix H12. Using RXR and its cognate ligands as a model system, our correlative analysis of 3D structures and dynamic data provides an original view on ligand actions and enables the establishment of mechanistic concepts, which will aid in the development of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
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30
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de Lera AR, Bourguet W, Altucci L, Gronemeyer H. Design of selective nuclear receptor modulators: RAR and RXR as a case study. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:811-20. [PMID: 17906643 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily whose effects on cell growth and survival can be modulated therapeutically by small-molecule ligands. Although compounds that target these receptors are powerful anticancer drugs, their use is limited by toxicity. An improved understanding of the structural biology of RXRs and RARs and recent advances in the chemical synthesis of modified retinoid and rexinoid ligands should enable the rational design of more selective agents that might overcome such problems. Here, we review structural data for RXRs and RARs, discuss strategies in the design of selective RXR and RAR modulators, and consider lessons that can be learned for the design of selective nuclear-receptor modulators in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel R de Lera
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Quimica, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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31
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Zapata-Gonzalez F, Rueda F, Petriz J, Domingo P, Villarroya F, de Madariaga A, Domingo JC. 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, exerts immunosuppressive effects on dendritic cells by RXR-dependent activation: inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma blocks some of the 9cRA activities, and precludes them to mature phenotype development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6130-9. [PMID: 17475839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
At nanomolar range, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) was able to interfere in the normal differentiation process from human monocyte to immature dendritic cell (DC) and produced a switch in mature DCs to a less stimulatory mode than untreated cells. 9cRA-treated mature DCs secreted high levels of IL-10 with an IL-12 reduced production. The phenotypic alterations unleashed by 9cRA were similar but not identical to other specific retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists and to those already reported for rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma activator, on DCs. The simultaneous addition of 9cRA and rosiglitazone on DCs displayed additive effects. Moreover, addition to cultures of GW9662, a specific inhibitor of PPARgamma, or the RXR pan-antagonist HX603, blocked these changes. All these results suggest an activation of PPARgamma-RXR and other RXR containing dimers by 9cRA in DCs. Finally, both GW9662 and HX603 by themselves altered the maturation process unleashed by TNFalpha, poly(I:C) or LPS on human DCs further suggesting that the heterodimer PPARgamma-RXR must fulfill a significant role in the physiological maturation process of these cells in addition to the repressing effects reported till now for this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Zapata-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, and Cryopreservation Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Figueira ACM, Neto MDO, Bernardes A, Dias SMG, Craievich AF, Baxter JD, Webb P, Polikarpov I. Low-resolution structures of thyroid hormone receptor dimers and tetramers in solution. Biochemistry 2007; 46:1273-83. [PMID: 17260956 DOI: 10.1021/bi061698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray structures of thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR) DNA and ligand binding domains (DBD and LBD) have yielded significant insights into TR action. Nevertheless, the TR DBD and LBD act in concert to mediate TH effects upon gene expression, and TRs form multiple oligomers; however, structures of full-length TRs or DBD-LBD constructs that would clarify these influences are not available. Here, we report low-resolution X-ray structures of the TRbeta DBD-LBD construct in solution which define the shape of dimers and tetramers and likely positions of the DBDs and LBDs. The holo TRbeta DBD-LBD construct forms a homodimer with LBD-DBD pairs in close contact and DBDs protruding from the base in the same direction. The DBDs are connected to the LBDs by crossed extended D domains. The apo hTRbeta DBD-LBD construct forms tetramers that resemble bulged cylinders with pairs of LBD dimers in a head-to-head arrangement with DBD pairs packed tightly against the LBD core. Overall, there are similarities with our previous low-resolution structures of retinoid X receptors, but TRs exhibit two unique features. First, TR DBDs are closely juxtaposed in the dimer and tetramer forms. Second, TR DBDs are closely packed against LBDs in the tetramer, but not the dimer. These findings suggest that TRs may be able to engage in hitherto unknown interdomain interactions and that the D domain must rearrange in different oligomeric forms. Finally, the data corroborate our suggestion that apo TRs form tetramers in solution which dissociate into dimers upon hormone binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, Brazil 13560-970
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33
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Hashida R, Ohkura N, Saito H, Tsujimoto G. The NR4A nuclear receptor family in eosinophils. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:13-20. [PMID: 17096060 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that many members of the family of nuclear receptors have been implicated in human diseases, and metabolic disorders in particular. The NR4A nuclear receptor family consists of three members, Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR1. All of these are orphan receptors, and Nur77 and NOR1 exert possible pathological roles in immune diseases through the modulation of leukocyte functions. CD30 stimulation, which induces eosinophil-specific apoptosis, markedly enhances expression of Nur77 and NOR1 in eosinophils. This suggests the possibility of pharmacological modulation of Nur77- or NOR1-specific apoptotic pathways via receptor-dependent transactivation. In this review, we discuss treatment of allergic diseases by low molecular weight compounds acting through the NR4A receptor family to cause eosinophil apoptosis. NR4A nuclear receptor genes were selected following comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes in eosinophils of atopic dermatitis patients compared with healthy volunteers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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34
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Escriva H, Bertrand S, Germain P, Robinson-Rechavi M, Umbhauer M, Cartry J, Duffraisse M, Holland L, Gronemeyer H, Laudet V. Neofunctionalization in vertebrates: the example of retinoic acid receptors. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e102. [PMID: 16839186 PMCID: PMC1500811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of gene duplications in establishing vertebrate innovations is one of the main challenges of Evo-Devo (evolution of development) studies. Data on evolutionary changes in gene expression (i.e., evolution of transcription factor-cis-regulatory elements relationships) tell only part of the story; protein function, best studied by biochemical and functional assays, can also change. In this study, we have investigated how gene duplication has affected both the expression and the ligand-binding specificity of retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which play a major role in chordate embryonic development. Mammals have three paralogous RAR genes—RARα, β, and γ—which resulted from genome duplications at the origin of vertebrates. By using pharmacological ligands selective for specific paralogues, we have studied the ligand-binding capacities of RARs from diverse chordates species. We have found that RARβ-like binding selectivity is a synapomorphy of all chordate RARs, including a reconstructed synthetic RAR representing the receptor present in the ancestor of chordates. Moreover, comparison of expression patterns of the cephalochordate amphioxus and the vertebrates suggests that, of all the RARs, RARβ expression has remained most similar to that of the ancestral RAR. On the basis of these results together, we suggest that while RARβ kept the ancestral RAR role, RARα and RARγ diverged both in ligand-binding capacity and in expression patterns. We thus suggest that neofunctionalization occurred at both the expression and the functional levels to shape RAR roles during development in vertebrates. In eukaryotic organisms, each gene is a stretch of DNA composed of control regions that bind transcription factors and coding regions that transcribe the mRNA that is later translated into proteins. At the molecular level, changes in control regions can affect the time and place at which a protein is synthesized, whereas changes in the coding region can alter the protein's function. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are chordate-specific transcription factors which, upon binding the natural morphogen retinoic acid, bind to and activate transcription from target genes. Here, the authors show how the ligand specificity of RARs has changed during vertebrate evolution in parallel with changes in expression. Through functional characterization of the RARs from several vertebrates, the chordate amphioxus, and the reconstructed ancestral RAR sequence, the authors show that of the three vertebrate RARs, RARβ has retained the ancestral characteristics in terms of both function and expression, while RARα and γ have evolved by acquiring new functions, both new binding specificity and new expression patterns. Thus both types of evolution have been important in the diversification of vertebrate RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Escriva
- Structure and Evolution of Nuclear Hormone Receptors, UMR 5161 du CNRS, INRA LA 1237, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Bertrand
- Structure and Evolution of Nuclear Hormone Receptors, UMR 5161 du CNRS, INRA LA 1237, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Germain
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP 163, Illkrich, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Structure and Evolution of Nuclear Hormone Receptors, UMR 5161 du CNRS, INRA LA 1237, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Umbhauer
- UMR CNRS 7622, Biologie du Développement, Case 24, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Cartry
- UMR CNRS 7622, Biologie du Développement, Case 24, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Duffraisse
- Structure and Evolution of Nuclear Hormone Receptors, UMR 5161 du CNRS, INRA LA 1237, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Linda Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP 163, Illkrich, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Structure and Evolution of Nuclear Hormone Receptors, UMR 5161 du CNRS, INRA LA 1237, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Njar VCO, Gediya L, Purushottamachar P, Chopra P, Vasaitis TS, Khandelwal A, Mehta J, Huynh C, Belosay A, Patel J. Retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) for treatment of cancer and dermatological diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4323-40. [PMID: 16530416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring retinoids and their synthetic analogs play a key role in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and their use/potential in oncology, dermatology and a variety of diseases are well documented. This review focuses on the role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the principal endogenous metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) and its metabolism in oncology and dermatology. ATRA has been used successfully in differentiated therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia, skin cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and also in the treatment of acne and psoriasis. However, its usefulness is limited by the rapid emergence of acquired ATRA resistance involving multifactoral mechanisms. A key mechanism of resistance involves ATRA-induced catabolism of ATRA. Thus, a novel strategy to overcome the limitation associated with exogenous ATRA therapy has been to modulate and/or increase the levels of endogenous ATRA by inhibiting the cytochrome P450-dependent ATRA-4-hydroxylase enzymes (particularly CYP26s) responsible for ATRA metabolism. These inhibitors are also referred to as retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs). This review highlights development in the design, synthesis, and evaluation of RAMBAs. Major emphasis is given to liarozole, the most studied and only RAMBA in clinical use and also the new RAMBAs in development and with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201-1559, USA.
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36
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Ali-Khan SE, Hales BF. Retinoid Receptor Antagonists Alter the Pattern of Apoptosis in Organogenesis Stage Mouse Limbs. Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:208-20. [PMID: 16322074 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of murine limbs in vitro to vitamin A (retinol) induces limb reduction defects and apoptosis. To assess the relative roles of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), embryonic-day-12 murine limbs were cultured with selective RAR or RXR antagonists in the presence or absence of teratogenic concentrations of retinol. Both antagonists alone impaired limb development; in the presence of teratogenic concentrations of retinol, both attenuated limb malformations. Abnormal limb morphology, whether caused by excessive or attenuated retinoid signaling by retinol or either antagonist, respectively, was correlated with increased apoptosis after 24 h of drug exposure. We conclude that, in the developing limb, antagonists selective for either member of the RAR/RXR heterodimer attenuate retinoid signaling and block the teratogenic signaling of excess retinol. Improvements in limb morphology in the presence of either the RAR or the RXR antagonist coincided with restoration of the extent and localization of limb bud apoptosis to control patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ali-Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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37
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Kagaya S, Ohkura N, Tsukada T, Miyagawa M, Sugita Y, Tsujimoto G, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Hashida R. Prostaglandin A2 acts as a transactivator for NOR1 (NR4A3) within the nuclear receptor superfamily. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1603-7. [PMID: 16141523 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the nuclear receptor superfamily, Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR1 constitute the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A. Modulation of NOR1 function would be therapeutic potential for diseases related to dysfunction of NOR1, including extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and autoimmune diseases. By screening arachidonate metabolites for their capacity of transcriptional activation, we have identified prostaglandin (PG) A2 as a transactivator for NOR1. PGA2 acted as a potent activator of NOR1-dependent transcription through the GAL4-based reporter system. The putative ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor directly bound PGA2, and LBD-deleted receptor showed little transcriptional activation by PGA2. Primary cultured spleen cells derived from transgenic mice overexpressing NOR1, showed higher sensitivity to PGA2 compared to those from wild-type mice. These observations suggest that PGA2 can serve as a transactivator of NOR1, and thus suggest a possibility of pharmacological modulation of the NOR1 pathways by PGA2-related compounds.
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38
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Kagechika H, Shudo K. Synthetic Retinoids: Recent Developments Concerning Structure and Clinical Utility. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5875-83. [PMID: 16161990 DOI: 10.1021/jm0581821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kagechika
- School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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39
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Szanto A, Narkar V, Shen Q, Uray IP, Davies PJA, Nagy L. Retinoid X receptors: X-ploring their (patho)physiological functions. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 2:S126-43. [PMID: 15608692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate many aspects of metazoan life. A class of nuclear receptors requires RXR as heterodimerization partner for their function. This places RXR in the crossroad of multiple distinct biological pathways. This and the fact that the debate on the endogenous ligand requirement for RXR is not yet settled make RXR still an enigmatic transcription factor. Here, we review some of the biology of RXR. We place RXR into the evolution of nuclear receptors, review structural details and ligands of the receptor. Then processes regulated by RXR are discussed focusing on the developmental roles deduced from studies on knockout animals and metabolic roles in diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis deduced from pharmacological studies. Finally, aspects of RXR's involvement in myeloid differentiation and apoptosis are summarized along with issues on RXR's suitability as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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40
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Ohta K, Iijima T, Kawachi E, Kagechika H, Endo Y. Novel retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists having a dicarba-closo-dodecaborane as a hydrophobic moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5913-8. [PMID: 15501068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized novel retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective antagonists bearing a carborane moiety. Compounds 8a-d or 9a-d themselves have no differentiation-inducing activity toward HL-60 cells and no inhibitory activity towards a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist. However, they inhibit the synergistic activity of an RXR agonist, PA024, in the presence of Am80 on the cell differentiation of HL-60. Transactivation assay using RARs and RXRs suggested that the inhibitory activity of 9b resulted from the selective antagonism at the RXR site of RXR-RAR heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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41
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Mascrez B, Ghyselinck NB, Watanabe M, Annicotte JS, Chambon P, Auwerx J, Mark M. Ligand-dependent contribution of RXRbeta to cholesterol homeostasis in Sertoli cells. EMBO Rep 2004; 5:285-90. [PMID: 14993927 PMCID: PMC1299005 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that mice expressing retinoid X receptor beta (RXRbeta) impaired in its transcriptional activation function AF-2 (Rxrb(af20) mutation) do not display the spermatid release defects observed in RXRbeta-null mutants, indicating that the role of RXRbeta in spermatid release is ligand-independent. In contrast, like RXRbeta-null mutants, Rxrb(af20) mice accumulate cholesteryl esters in Sertoli cells (SCs) due to reduced ABCA1 transporter-mediated cholesterol efflux. We provide genetic and molecular evidence that cholesterol homeostasis in SCs does not require PPARalpha and beta, but depends upon the TIF2 coactivator and RXRbeta/LXRbeta heterodimers, in which RXRbeta AF-2 is transcriptionally active. Our results also indicate that RXRbeta may be activated by a ligand distinct from 9-cis retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Mascrez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
- Tel: +33 388 655 636; Fax: +33 388 653 201; E-mail:
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42
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Sanglier S, Bourguet W, Germain P, Chavant V, Moras D, Gronemeyer H, Potier N, Van Dorsselaer A. Monitoring ligand-mediated nuclear receptor-coregulator interactions by noncovalent mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:4958-67. [PMID: 15606784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Retinoic acid (RARalpha, beta, gamma) and retinoid X (RXRalpha, beta, gamma) receptors mediate the retinoid/rexinoid signal to the transcriptional machineries by interacting at the first level with coactivators or corepressors, which leads to the recruitment of enzymatically active noncovalent complexes at target gene promoters. It has been shown that the interaction of corepressors with nuclear receptors involves conserved LXXI/HIXXXI/L consensus sequences termed corepressor nuclear receptor (CoRNR) boxes. Here we describe the use of nondenaturing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to determine the characteristics of CoRNR box peptide binding to the ligand binding domains of the RARalpha-RXRalpha heterodimer. The stability of the RARalpha-RXRalpha-CoRNR ternary complexes was monitored in the presence of different types of agonists or antagonists for the two receptors, including inverse agonists. These results show unambiguously the differential impact of distinct retinoids on corepressor binding. We show that ESI-MS is a powerful technique that complements classical methods and allows one to: (a) obtain direct evidence for the formation of noncovalent NR complexes; (b) determine ligand binding stoichiometries and (c) monitor ligand effects on these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sanglier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, CNRS UMR 7509, ECPM, Strasbourg, France
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43
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Niles RM. Signaling pathways in retinoid chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. Mutat Res 2004; 555:81-96. [PMID: 15476854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, has been shown to have chemopreventive and therapeutic activity for certain cancers such as head and neck, cervical, neuroblastoma and promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoic acid achieves these activities by inducing differentiation and/or growth arrest. A large number of studies have investigated the mechanism(s) by which retinoic acid alters the behavior of premalignant and tumor cells. Although much important data has been obtained, the exact signaling pathways required for retinoic acid to exert its biological effects remains elusive. In this review, we outline the role and function of retinoid nuclear receptors, followed by a discussion of how major signaling pathways are affected in different tumor types by retinoids. We conclude by examining the effect of retinoic acid on G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Niles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
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44
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Pogenberg V, Guichou JF, Vivat-Hannah V, Kammerer S, Pérez E, Germain P, de Lera AR, Gronemeyer H, Royer CA, Bourguet W. Characterization of the interaction between retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) heterodimers and transcriptional coactivators through structural and fluorescence anisotropy studies. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1625-33. [PMID: 15528208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes by recruiting coregulator complexes at cognate promoters. To understand the effects of heterodimerization and ligand binding on coactivator recruitment, we solved the crystal structure of the complex between the RARbeta/RXRalpha ligand-binding domain heterodimer, its 9-cis retinoic acid ligand, and an LXXLL-containing peptide (termed NR box 2) derived from the nuclear receptor interaction domain (NID) of the TRAP220 coactivator. In parallel, we measured the binding affinities of the isolated NR box 2 peptide or the full-length NID of the coactivator SRC-1 for retinoid receptors in the presence of various types of ligands. Our correlative analysis of three-dimensional structures and fluorescence data reveals that heterodimerization does not significantly alter the structure of individual subunits or their intrinsic capacity to interact with NR box 2. Similarly, we show that the ability of a protomer to recruit NR box 2 does not vary as a function of the ligand binding status of the partner receptor. In contrast, the strength of the overall association between the heterodimer and the full-length SRC-1 NID is dictated by the combinatorial action of RAR and RXR ligands, the simultaneous presence of the two receptor agonists being required for highest binding affinity. We identified an LXXLL peptide-driven mechanism by which the concerted reorientation of three phenylalanine side chains generates an "aromatic clamp" that locks the RXR activation helix H12 in the transcriptionally active conformation. Finally, we show how variations of helix H11-ligand interactions can alter the communication pathway linking helices H11, H12, and the connecting loop L11-12 to the coactivator-binding site. Together, our results reveal molecular and structural features that impact on the ligand-dependent interaction of the RAR/RXR heterodimer with nuclear receptor coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Pogenberg
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS U5048-INSERM U554-UM1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
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45
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Yasmin R, Yeung KT, Chung RH, Gaczynska ME, Osmulski PA, Noy N. DNA-looping by RXR Tetramers Permits Transcriptional Regulation “at a Distance”. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:327-38. [PMID: 15451664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RXR, a member of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, regulates gene transcription in response to 9-cis-retinoic acid. We previously showed that, among nuclear receptors, RXR is unique in that it self-associates into homotetramers, and that these tetramers dissociate rapidly upon ligation. Here, we report that binding of RXR tetramers to DNA containing two RXR response elements results in a dramatic DNA-looping. RXR can thus juxtapose distant DNA sequences, enabling transcriptional regulation by far-upstream factors. We show that RXR functions as a DNA architectural factor and that, while this activity is regulated by 9-cis-retinoic acid, it is distinct from and independent of the receptor's intrinsic transcriptional activity. The data establish RXR as the first identified architectural factor whose activity is regulated by a small ligand, and demonstrate a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Yasmin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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46
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Germain P, Kammerer S, Pérez E, Peluso-Iltis C, Tortolani D, Zusi FC, Starrett J, Lapointe P, Daris JP, Marinier A, de Lera AR, Rochel N, Gronemeyer H. Rational design of RAR-selective ligands revealed by RARbeta crystal stucture. EMBO Rep 2004; 5:877-82. [PMID: 15319780 PMCID: PMC1299136 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of RARbeta, a suspect tumour suppressor, reveals important features that distinguish it from the two other RAR isotypes. The most striking difference is an extra cavity allowing RARbeta to bind more bulky agonists. Accordingly, we identified a ligand that shows RARbeta selectivity with a 100-fold higher affinity to RARbeta than to alpha or gamma isotypes. The structural differences between the three RAR ligand-binding pockets revealed a rationale explaining how a single retinoid can be at the same time an RARalpha, gamma antagonist and an RARbeta agonist. In addition, we demonstrate how to generate an RARbeta antagonist by gradually modifying the bulkiness of a single substitution. Together, our results provide structural guidelines for the synthesis of RARbeta-selective agonists and antagonists, allowing for the first time to address pharmacologically the tumour suppressor role of RARbeta in vitro and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Germain
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sabrina Kammerer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Efrén Pérez
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - David Tortolani
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
| | - F Christopher Zusi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - John Starrett
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - Philippe Lapointe
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 100 Boul de L'Industrie, Candiac, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Daris
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 100 Boul de L'Industrie, Candiac, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Marinier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 100 Boul de L'Industrie, Candiac, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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47
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Cavasotto CN, Liu G, James SY, Hobbs PD, Peterson VJ, Bhattacharya AA, Kolluri SK, Zhang XK, Leid M, Abagyan R, Liddington RC, Dawson MI. Determinants of Retinoid X Receptor Transcriptional Antagonism. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4360-72. [PMID: 15317450 DOI: 10.1021/jm030651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and bioactivity of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist 4-[(3'-n-butyl-5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5',5',8',8'-tetramethyl-2'-naphthalenyl)(cyclopropylidene)methyl]benzoic acid and several heteroatom-substituted analogues are described. Ligand design was based on the scaffold of the 3'-methyl RXR-selective agonist analogue and reports that 3'-n-propyl and longer n-alkyl groups conferred RXR antagonism. The transcriptional antagonism of the 3'-n-butyl analogue was demonstrated by its blockade of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta expression induced by the RXRalpha/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma heterodimer complexed with an RXRalpha agonist plus the PPARgamma agonist ciglitazone and the inhibition of 9-cis-RA-induced coactivator SRC-1a recruitment to RXRalpha. Receptor-ligand docking studies using full-atom flexible ligand and flexible receptor suggested that binding of the antagonist to the RXRalpha antagonist conformation was favored because the salt bridge that formed between the retinoid carboxylate and the RXRalpha helix H5 arginine-321 was far stronger than that formed on its binding to the agonist conformation. The antagonist also blocked activation of RAR subtypes alpha and beta by 9-cis-RA but not that of RARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio N Cavasotto
- Cancer Center, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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48
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Bergman T, Henrich VC, Schlattner U, Lezzi M. Ligand control of interaction in vivo between ecdysteroid receptor and ultraspiracle ligand-binding domain. Biochem J 2004; 378:779-84. [PMID: 14594447 PMCID: PMC1223994 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids (Ecs) enhance the formation of Ec receptor-ultraspiracle protein (EcR-USP) heterodimers which regulate gene transcription. To study EcR-USP heterodimerization, fusion proteins were constructed from the LBDs (ligand-binding domains) of Drosophila EcR or USP and the activation or DNA-binding region of GAL4 respectively. Reporter gene ( lacZ ) activation was fully dependent on the co-expression of the two fusion proteins and thus constitutes a reliable measure for the interaction in vivo between the two LBDs in the yeast cell. To identify structures involved in heterodimerization, a total of 27 point mutations were generated in the EcR and USP LBDs at selected sites. Heterodimerization and its inducibility by ligand were mainly affected by mutations in the dimerization interface and in the ligand-binding pocket of EcR respectively. However, also mutations not located in these structures or even in the LBD of USP influenced ligand-dependent heterodimerization. Together with previously reported ligand-binding studies, the existence of such local, intra- and inter-molecular mutation effects suggest that ligand-induced dimerization results from a synergistic interaction between ligand-binding and heterodimerization functions in EcR LBD, and that it depends on global features of the LBDs of EcR and USP and on their mutual surface compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bergman
- Institute for Cell Biology, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Ethier I, Beaudry G, St-Hilaire M, Milbrandt J, Rouillard C, Lévesque D. The transcription factor NGFI-B (Nur77) and retinoids play a critical role in acute neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal effect and striatal neuropeptide gene expression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:335-46. [PMID: 14603264 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigation, the cellular mechanisms responsible for neuroleptic actions remain elusive. We have previously shown that neuroleptics modulated the expression of some members of the ligand-activated transcription factors (nuclear receptors) including the nerve-growth factor inducible gene B (NGFI-B or Nur77) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) isoforms. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we investigated the role of NGFI-B and retinoids in acute behavioral and biochemical responses to dopamine antagonists. NGFI-B knockout (KO) mice display a profound alteration of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and striatal neuropeptide gene expression. Haloperidol-induced increase of striatal enkephalin mRNA is totally abolished in NGFI-B KO mice whereas the increase of neurotensin mRNA expression is reduced by 50%. Interestingly, catalepsy induced by raclopride, a specific dopamine D(2)/D(3) antagonist is completely abolished in NGFI-B-deficient mice whereas the cataleptic response to SCH 23390, a dopamine D(1) agonist, is preserved. Accordingly, the effects of haloperidol on striatal c-fos, Nor-1, and dynorphin mRNA expression are also preserved in NGFI-B-deficient mice. The cataleptic response and the increase of enkephalin mRNA expression induced by haloperidol can also be suppressed by administration of retinoid ligands 9-cis retinoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In addition, we demonstrate that haloperidol enhances colocalization of NGFI-B and RXRgamma1 isoform mRNAs, suggesting that both NGFI-B and a RXR isoform are highly coexpressed after haloperidol administration. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that NGFI-B and retinoids are actively involved in the molecular cascade induced by neuroleptic drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Alitretinoin
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology
- Autoradiography
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/chemically induced
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/genetics
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal
- Binding Sites
- Catalepsy/chemically induced
- Catalepsy/genetics
- Catalepsy/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Interactions
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Haloperidol/pharmacology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Retinoids/agonists
- Retinoids/physiology
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ethier
- 1Neuroscience Unit, CHUQ Research Center (CHUL), Quebec, Canada
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50
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Vivat-Hannah V, Bourguet W, Gottardis M, Gronemeyer H. Separation of retinoid X receptor homo- and heterodimerization functions. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7678-88. [PMID: 14560013 PMCID: PMC207639 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.21.7678-7688.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a promiscuous dimerization partner the retinoid X receptor (RXR) can contribute to signaling by multiple nuclear receptors. However, the impact of RXR cosignaling and the possible existence of an RXR homodimer signaling pathway are largely unexplored. We report here on the separation of RXR homo- and heterodimerization as an essential step towards the elucidation of the roles of RXR homo- and heterodimers in retinoid-rexinoid signaling. RXR homodimerization was specifically disrupted by single mutations in the RXR dimerization interface. In contrast, even multiple mutations did not fully impair RXR heterodimerization with retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Importantly, the mutation of mouse RXRalpha (mRXRalpha) Tyr402 substantially weakened RAR heterodimerization while concomitantly increasing homodimerization. Not only did this lead to cooperatively enhanced RXR homodimer binding to DR1 or DR5 elements, but unexpectedly, the mutant acquired significant binding efficiency for noncognate DR3 or DR4 elements as well. The increased stability of RXR homodimers on DR1 correlated with increased transcriptional activity of mRXRalpha(Y402A) on DR1-based reporter genes. Weak, if any, heterodimerization was observed with thyroid, vitamin D(3), or peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors. A model accounting for the structural impact of the Tyr402 mutation on dimerization is discussed. These results provide the basis for a genetic replacement of wild-type RXRs by mutants like mRXRalpha(Y402A) to elucidate the physiological impact of RXR homo- and heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vivat-Hannah
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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