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Prange R. Hepatitis B virus movement through the hepatocyte: An update. Biol Cell 2022; 114:325-348. [PMID: 35984727 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that utilize cellular machinery for many aspects of their propagation and effective egress of virus particles from host cells is one important determinant of virus infectivity. Hijacking host cell processes applies in particular to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), as its DNA genome with about 3 kb in size is one of the smallest viral genomes known. HBV is a leading cause of liver disease and still displays one of the most successful pathogens in human populations worldwide. The extremely successful spread of this virus is explained by its efficient transmission strategies and its versatile particle types, including virions, empty envelopes, naked capsids and others. HBV exploits distinct host trafficking machineries to assemble and release its particle types including nucleocytoplasmic shuttling transport, secretory and exocytic pathways, the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport pathway, and the autophagy pathway. Understanding how HBV uses and subverts host membrane trafficking systems offers the chance of obtaining new mechanistic insights into the regulation and function of this essential cellular processes. It can also help to identify potential targets for antiviral interventions. Here, I will provide an overview of HBV maturation, assembly, and budding, with a focus on recent advances, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future studies. Unless otherwise indicated, almost all presented knowledge was gained from cell culture-based, HBV in vitro -replication and in vitro -infection systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Prange
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz, Mainz, D-55131, Germany
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2
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Briday M, Hallé F, Lecoq L, Radix S, Martin J, Montserret R, Dujardin M, Fogeron ML, Nassal M, Meier BH, Lomberget T, Böckmann A. Pharmacomodulation of a ligand targeting the HBV capsid hydrophobic pocket. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8840-8847. [PMID: 36042894 PMCID: PMC9358932 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped retrotranscribing DNA virus and an important human pathogen. Its capsid-forming core protein (Cp) features a hydrophobic pocket proposed to be central notably in capsid envelopment. Indeed, mutations in and around this pocket can profoundly modulate, and even abolish, secretion of enveloped virions. We have recently shown that Triton X-100, a detergent used during Cp purification, binds to the hydrophobic pocket with micromolar affinity. We here performed pharmacomodulation of pocket binders through systematic modifications of the three distinct chemical moieties composing the Triton X-100 molecule. Using NMR and ITC, we found that the flat aromatic moiety is essential for binding, while the number of atoms of the aliphatic chain modulates binding affinity. The hydrophilic tail, in contrast, is highly tolerant to changes in both length and type. Our data provide essential information for designing a new class of HBV antivirals targeting capsid–envelope interactions. Small-molecule binding to the Hepatitis B virus core protein hydrophobic pocket, a possible strategy for targeting viral particle assembly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Briday
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - François Hallé
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Radix
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Roland Montserret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Dujardin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Lomberget
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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3
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Honda T, Yamada N, Murayama A, Shiina M, Aly HH, Kato A, Ito T, Ishizu Y, Kuzuya T, Ishigami M, Murakami Y, Tanaka T, Moriishi K, Nishitsuji H, Shimotohno K, Ishikawa T, Fujishiro M, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Kato T. Amino Acid Polymorphism in Hepatitis B Virus Associated With Functional Cure. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1583-1598. [PMID: 34352407 PMCID: PMC8536788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To provide an adequate treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis B, it is essential to know which patients are expected to have a good prognosis and which patients do not require therapeutic intervention. Previously, we identified the substitution of isoleucine to leucine at amino acid 97 (I97L) in the hepatitis B core region as a key predictor among patients with stable hepatitis. In this study, we attempted to identify the point at which I97L affects the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the stabilization of hepatitis. METHODS To confirm the clinical features of I97L, we used a cohort of hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B infected with HBV-I97 wild-type (wt) or HBV-I97L. The effects of I97L on viral characteristics were evaluated by in vitro HBV production and infection systems with the HBV reporter virus and cell culture-generated HBV. RESULTS The ratios of reduction in hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA were higher in patients with HBV-I97L than in those with HBV-I97wt. HBV-I97L exhibited lower infectivity than HBV-I97wt in both infection systems with reporter HBV and cell culture-generated HBV. HBV-I97L virions exhibiting low infectivity primarily contained a single-stranded HBV genome. The lower efficiency of cccDNA synthesis was demonstrated after infection of HBV-I97L or transfection of the molecular clone of HBV-I97L. CONCLUSIONS The I97L substitution reduces the level of cccDNA through the generation of immature virions with single-stranded genomes. This I97L-associated low efficiency of cccDNA synthesis may be involved in the stabilization of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Norie Yamada
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Hussein Hassan Aly
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Asuka Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Takanori Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Yoji Ishizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Teiji Kuzuya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo
| | - Tomohisa Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Takanobu Kato, MD, PhD, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. fax: +81-3-5285-1161.
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Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis B Core Protein Spikes Promotes Peptide Binding Independent of the Secretion Phenotype. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050956. [PMID: 33946808 PMCID: PMC8145704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen, which forms enveloped virus particles. During viral maturation, membrane-bound hepatitis B surface proteins package hepatitis B core protein capsids. This process is intercepted by certain peptides with an “LLGRMKG” motif that binds to the capsids at the tips of dimeric spikes. With microcalorimetry, electron cryo microscopy and peptide microarray-based screens, we have characterized the structural and thermodynamic properties of peptide binding to hepatitis B core protein capsids with different secretion phenotypes. The peptide “GSLLGRMKGA” binds weakly to hepatitis B core protein capsids and mutant capsids with a premature (F97L) or low-secretion phenotype (L60V and P5T). With electron cryo microscopy, we provide novel structures for L60V and P5T and demonstrate that binding occurs at the tips of the spikes at the dimer interface, splaying the helices apart independent of the secretion phenotype. Peptide array screening identifies “SLLGRM” as the core binding motif. This shortened motif binds only to one of the two spikes in the asymmetric unit of the capsid and induces a much smaller conformational change. Altogether, these comprehensive studies suggest that the tips of the spikes act as an autonomous binding platform that is unaffected by mutations that affect secretion phenotypes.
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Abstract
Viral hepatitis causes more deaths than tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection. Most cases are due to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which afflicts >250 million people. Current therapies are rarely curative, and new approaches are needed. Here, we report the discovery (by nuclear magnetic resonance) of a small molecule binder in the hydrophobic pocket in the HBV capsid. This structural element is, in an unknown manner, central in capsid envelopment. Binding of the pocket factor induces a distinct, stable conformation in the capsid, as expected for a signaling switch. This brings not only a new molecular view on the mechanism underlying capsid envelopment, but it also opens a rationale for its inhibition. Viral hepatitis is growing into an epidemic illness, and it is urgent to neutralize the main culprit, hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small-enveloped retrotranscribing DNA virus. An intriguing observation in HB virion morphogenesis is that capsids with immature genomes are rarely enveloped and secreted. This prompted, in 1982, the postulate that a regulated conformation switch in the capsid triggers envelopment. Using solid-state NMR, we identified a stable alternative conformation of the capsid. The structural variations focus on the hydrophobic pocket of the core protein, a hot spot in capsid–envelope interactions. This structural switch is triggered by specific, high-affinity binding of a pocket factor. The conformational change induced by the binding is reminiscent of a maturation signal. This leads us to formulate the “synergistic double interaction” hypothesis, which explains the regulation of capsid envelopment and indicates a concept for therapeutic interference with HBV envelopment.
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Swanson J, Fragkoudis R, Hawes PC, Newman J, Burman A, Panjwani A, Stonehouse NJ, Tuthill TJ. Generation of Antibodies against Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP4 Using Hepatitis B Core VLPs as a Scaffold. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:338. [PMID: 33920339 PMCID: PMC8069431 DOI: 10.3390/life11040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of the economically important disease of livestock, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). VP4 is a highly conserved capsid protein, which is important during virus entry. Previous published work has shown that antibodies targeting the N-terminus of VP4 of the picornavirus human rhinovirus are broadly neutralising. In addition, previous studies showed that immunisation with the N-terminal 20 amino acids of enterovirus A71 VP4 displayed on the hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLP) can induce cross-genotype neutralisation. To investigate if a similar neutralising response against FMDV VP4 could be generated, HBc VLPs displaying the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 were designed. The N-terminal 15 amino acids of FMDV VP4 was inserted into the major immunodominant region. HBc VLPs were also decorated with peptides of the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 attached using a HBc-spike binding tag. Both types of VLPs were used to immunise mice and the resulting serum was investigated for VP4-specific antibodies. The VLP with VP4 inserted into the spike, induced VP4-specific antibodies, however the VLPs with peptides attached to the spikes did not. The VP4-specific antibodies could recognise native FMDV, but virus neutralisation was not demonstrated. This work shows that the HBc VLP presents a useful tool for the presentation of FMDV capsid epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Swanson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Philippa C. Hawes
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anusha Panjwani
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Tobias J. Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
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Gan BK, Rullah K, Yong CY, Ho KL, Omar AR, Alitheen NB, Tan WS. Targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil-1-acetic acid (5-FA) to cancer cells overexpressing epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) using virus-like nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16867. [PMID: 33033330 PMCID: PMC7545207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is widely used in cancer treatments. However, non-specific distribution of chemotherapeutic agents to healthy tissues and normal cells in the human body always leads to adverse side effects and disappointing therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to develop a targeted drug delivery system based on the hepatitis B virus-like nanoparticle (VLNP) for specific delivery of 5-fluorouracil-1-acetic acid (5-FA) to cancer cells expressing epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). 5-FA was synthesized from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and it was found to be less toxic than the latter in cancer cells expressing different levels of EGFR. The cytotoxicity of 5-FA increased significantly after being conjugated on the VLNP. A cell penetrating peptide (CPP) of EGFR was displayed on the VLNP via the nanoglue concept, for targeted delivery of 5-FA to A431, HT29 and HeLa cells. The results showed that the VLNP displaying the CPP and harboring 5-FA internalized the cancer cells and killed them in an EGFR-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that the VLNP can be used to deliver chemically modified 5-FU derivatives to cancer cells overexpressing EGFR, expanding the applications of the VLNP in targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to cancer cells overexpressing this transmembrane receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Koon Gan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Rullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy (KOP), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092023. [PMID: 32887393 PMCID: PMC7563130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
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9
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Seitz S, Habjanič J, Schütz AK, Bartenschlager R. The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:263-288. [PMID: 32600157 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New hepatitis B virions released from infected hepatocytes are the result of an intricate maturation process that starts with the formation of the nucleocapsid providing a confined space where the viral DNA genome is synthesized via reverse transcription. Virion assembly is finalized by the enclosure of the icosahedral nucleocapsid within a heterogeneous envelope. The latter contains integral membrane proteins of three sizes, collectively known as hepatitis B surface antigen, and adopts multiple conformations in the course of the viral life cycle. The nucleocapsid conformation depends on the reverse transcription status of the genome, which in turn controls nucleocapsid interaction with the envelope proteins for virus exit. In addition, after secretion the virions undergo a distinct maturation step during which a topological switch of the large envelope protein confers infectivity. Here we review molecular determinants for envelopment and models that postulate molecular signals encoded in the capsid scaffold conducive or adverse to the recruitment of envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jelena Habjanič
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne K Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; .,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Berthier L, Brass O, Deleage G, Terreux R. Construction of atomic models of full hepatitis B vaccine particles at different stages of maturation. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 98:107610. [PMID: 32302938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B, one of the world's most common liver infections, is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Via the infected cells, this virus generates non pathogen particles with similar surface structures as those found in the full virus. These particles are used in a recombinant form (HBsAg) to produce efficient vaccines. The atomic structure of the HBsAg particles is currently unsolved, and the only existing structural data for the full particle were obtained by electronic microscopy with a maximum resolution of 12 Å. As many vaccines, HBsAg is a complex bio-system. This complexity results from numerous sources of heterogeneity, and traditional bio-immuno-chemistry analytic tools are often limited in their ability to fully describe the molecular surface or the particle. For the Hepatitis B vaccine particle (HBsAg), no atomic data are available so far. In this study, we used the principal well-known elements of HBsAg structure to reconstitute and model the full HBsAg particle assembly at a molecular level (protein assembly, particle formation and maturation). Full HBsAg particle atomic models were built based on an exhaustive experimental data review, amino acid sequence analysis, iterative threading modeling, and molecular dynamic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Berthier
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Brass
- Sanofi Pasteur, avenue Ch. Mérieux, F-69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Gilbert Deleage
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Raphaël Terreux
- PRABI-LG - Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR, UCBL, CNRS 5305, Université de Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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11
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Jiang B, Wu Q, Kuhnhenn L, Akhras S, Spengler C, Boller K, Peiffer KH, Hildt E. Formation of semi-enveloped particles as a unique feature of a hepatitis B virus PreS1 deletion mutant. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:940-954. [PMID: 31240738 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring variants with deletions or mutations in the C-terminal PreS1 domain from hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infected patients have been shown to promote HBsAg retention, inhibit HBsAg secretion and change the extracellular appearance of PreS1-containing HBV particles (filaments and virions). AIMS To study the impact of N-terminal deletion in preS1 domain on viral secretion and morphogenesis. METHODS An HBV mutant with 15 amino acids (aa 25-39) deletion in N-terminal preS1 was isolated. Intracellular and extracellular HBsAg were quantified by Western blot. Subcellular HBsAg distribution was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The viral morphology was characterised by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, Western blot, electron microscopy, HBV mixed ELISA and HBV particle gel essay. RESULTS Expression of this mutant genome released higher amounts of HBsAg in the form of shorter filaments. A significant fraction of semi-enveloped virions was observed in the supernatant that has been unprecedented so far. Stepwise insertion of aa 25-31, aa 32-39 and aa 25-39 increased the length of filaments. The rescue of aa 25-31 and aa 25-39 drastically reduced the amounts of extracellular HBsAg and semi-enveloped virions, while such effects could not be observed after insertion of aa 32-39, arguing against a simple spacer function of this region. The deletion and rescued mutants do not differ in subcellular HBsAg distribution and colocalisation with ER, Golgi and multivesicular bodies markers arguing against differences in release pathways. CONCLUSION N-terminal PreS1-domain (aa 25-31) determines HBsAg secretion and triggers proper assembly of PreS1-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfu Jiang
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Qingyan Wu
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kuhnhenn
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sami Akhras
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Boller
- Department of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Kai-Henrik Peiffer
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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12
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van der Ree MH, Jansen L, Welkers MRA, Reesink HW, Feenstra KA, Kootstra NA. Deep sequencing identifies hepatitis B virus core protein signatures in chronic hepatitis B patients. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:213-225. [PMID: 30121196 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify HBc amino acid differences between subgroups of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS Deep sequencing of HBc was performed in samples of 89 CHB patients (42 HBeAg positive, 47 HBeAg negative). Amino acid types were compared using Sequence Harmony to identify subgroup specific sites between HBeAg-positive and -negative patients, and between patients with combined response and non-response to peginterferon/adefovir combination therapy. RESULTS We identified 54 positions in HBc where the frequency of appearing amino acids was significantly different between HBeAg-positive and -negative patients. In HBeAg negative patients, 22 positions in HBc were identified which differed between patients with treatment response and those with non-response. The fraction non-consensus sequence on selected positions was significantly higher in HBeAg-negative patients, and was negatively correlated with HBV DNA and HBsAg levels. CONCLUSIONS Sequence Harmony identified a number of amino acid changes associated with HBeAg-status and response to peginterferon/adefovir combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike H van der Ree
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs R A Welkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik W Reesink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Anton Feenstra
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics VU (IBIVU), Department of Computer Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicine and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Biabanikhankahdani R, Ho KL, Alitheen NB, Tan WS. A Dual Bioconjugated Virus-Like Nanoparticle as a Drug Delivery System and Comparison with a pH-Responsive Delivery System. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040236. [PMID: 29652827 PMCID: PMC5923566 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of virus-like nanoparticles (VLNPs) using chemical conjugation techniques have brought the field of virology closer to nanotechnology. The huge surface area to volume ratio of VLNPs permits multiple copies of a targeting ligand and drugs to be attached per nanoparticle. By exploring the chemistry of truncated hepatitis B core antigen (tHBcAg) VLNPs, doxorubicin (DOX) was coupled covalently to the external surface of these nanoparticles via carboxylate groups. About 1600 DOX molecules were conjugated on each tHBcAg VLNP. Then, folic acid (FA) was conjugated to lysine residues of tHBcAg VLNPs to target the nanoparticles to cancer cells over-expressing folic acid receptor (FR). The result demonstrated that the dual bioconjugated tHBcAg VLNPs increased the accumulation and uptake of DOX in the human cervical and colorectal cancer cell lines compared with free DOX, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity of DOX towards these cells. The fabrication of these dual bioconjugated nanoparticles is simple, and drugs can be easily conjugated with a high coupling efficacy to the VLNPs without any limitation with respect to the cargo’s size or charge, as compared with the pH-responsive system based on tHBcAg VLNPs. These dual bioconjugated nanoparticles also have the potential to be modified for other combinatorial drug deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Biabanikhankahdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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14
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Konopleva MV, Sokolova MV, Shevlyagina NV, Bazhenov AI, Fel'Dsherova AA, Krymskij MA, Borisova VN, Semenenko TA, Nesterenko VG, Suslov AP. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS WITH ESCAPE MUTATIONS IN S-gene G145R AND S143L. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:119-128. [PMID: 36494979 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-3-119-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of serological properties and immunization, the wild type of HBsAg HBV and its G145R mutant behave as different antigens. This testifies to serious structural changes, which presumably could have a significant impact on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles. Nevertheless, morphological and ultrastructural investigations of HBV with G145R mutation have not been carried yet. OBJECTIVES Research of structural and morphological organization of HBV in the presence of the G145R escape mutation. METHODS Studies of sera, purified viruses and recombinant HBsAg were carried out by transmission electron microscopy by the method of negative staining and indirect reaction of immunelabeling using monoclonal antibodies of different specificity. Specimens of wild type HBV and HBV with S143L mutation obtained in an identical manner were used as the control. RESULTS The presence of typical virus particles of HBV was shown in the specimens of wild strain and HBV with S143L mutation. Specimens of HBV with G145R mutation were characterized by expressed morphological heterogeneity. In the initial serum and in the specimen of purified virus containing G145R mutant, large oval particles 60-70 nm and up to 200 nm in size, respectively, were found. The presence of antigen structures of HBV in all heterogeneous forms was confirmed. It was shown that forming of subviral particles in the process of expression of the recombinant HBsAg with G145R mutation depends on conditions of expression and purification of the protein. They can vary from well-formed circular and oval particles to practically unstructured fine-grained masses. CONCLUSION Direct data on the impact of G145R escape-mutation in S-gene, in contrast to S143L mutation, on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles of HBV were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Konopleva
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - M V Sokolova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - N V Shevlyagina
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A I Bazhenov
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - A A Fel'Dsherova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | | | - T A Semenenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - V G Nesterenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A P Suslov
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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15
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is one of the smallest human pathogens, encoded by a 3,200-bp genome with only four open reading frames. Yet the virus shows a remarkable diversity in structural features, often with the same proteins adopting several conformations. In part, this is the parsimony of viruses, where a minimal number of proteins perform a wide variety of functions. However, a more important theme is that weak interactions between components as well as components with multiple conformations that have similar stabilities lead to a highly dynamic system. In hepatitis B virus, this is manifested as a virion where the envelope proteins have multiple structures, the envelope-capsid interaction is irregular, and the capsid is a dynamic compartment that actively participates in metabolism of the encapsidated genome and carries regulated signals for intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
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16
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Blondot ML, Bruss V, Kann M. Intracellular transport and egress of hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S49-S59. [PMID: 27084037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates its genomic information in the nucleus via transcription and therefore has to deliver its partially double stranded DNA genome into the nucleus. Like other viruses with a nuclear replication phase, HBV genomes are transported inside the viral capsids first through the cytoplasm towards the nuclear envelope. Following the arrival at the nuclear pore, the capsids are transported through, using classical cellular nuclear import pathways. The arrest of nuclear import at the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear pore is unique, however, and is where the capsids efficiently disassemble leading to genome release. In the latter phase of the infection, newly formed nucleocapsids in the cytosol have to move to budding sites at intracellular membranes carrying the three viral envelope proteins. Capsids containing single stranded nucleic acid are not enveloped, in contrast to empty and double stranded DNA containing capsids. A small linear domain in the large envelope protein and two areas on the capsid surface have been mapped, where point mutations strongly block nucleocapsid envelopment. It is possible that these domains are involved in the envelope--with capsid interactions driving the budding process. Like other enveloped viruses, HBV also uses the cellular endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery for catalyzing budding through the membrane and away from the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Blondot
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Volker Bruss
- Institute for Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technische Universität Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kann
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Selzer L, Zlotnick A. Assembly and Release of Hepatitis B Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021394. [PMID: 26552701 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a dynamic and versatile protein that directs many viral processes. During capsid assembly, core protein allosteric changes ensure efficient formation of a stable capsid that assembles while packaging viral RNA-polymerase complex. Reverse transcription of the RNA genome as well as transport of the capsid to multiple cellular compartments are directed by dynamic phosphorylation and structural changes of core protein. Subsequently, interactions of the capsid with the surface proteins and/or host proteins trigger envelopment and release of the viral capsids or the transport to the nucleus. Held together by many weak protein-protein interactions, the viral capsid is an extraordinary metastable machine that is stable enough to persist in the cellular and extracellular environment but dissociates to allow release of the viral genome at the right time during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Selzer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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18
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An Aptamer against the Matrix Binding Domain on the Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Impairs Virion Formation. J Virol 2015; 89:9281-7. [PMID: 26136564 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00466-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatitis B virus (HBV) particle is an icosahedral nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid envelope containing viral surface proteins. A small domain (matrix domain [MD]) in the large surface protein L and a narrow region (matrix binding domain [MBD]) including isoleucine 126 on the capsid surface have been mapped, in which point mutations such as core I126A specifically blocked nucleocapsid envelopment. It is possible that the two domains interact with each other during virion morphogenesis. By the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method, we evolved DNA aptamers from an oligonucleotide library binding to purified recombinant capsids but not binding to the corresponding I126A mutant capsids. Aptamers bound to capsids were separated from unbound molecules by filtration. After 13 rounds of selections and amplifications, 16 different aptamers were found among 73 clones. The four most frequent aptamers represented more than 50% of the clones. The main aptamer, AO-01 (13 clones, 18%), showed the lowest dissociation constant (Kd) of 180 ± 82 nM for capsid binding among the four molecules. Its Kd for I126A capsids was 1,306 ± 503 nM. Cotransfection of Huh7 cells with AO-01 and an HBV genomic construct resulted in 47% inhibition of virion production at 3 days posttransfection, but there was no inhibition by cotransfection of an aptamer with a random sequence. The half-life of AO-01 in cells was 2 h, which might explain the incomplete inhibition. The results support the importance of the MBD for nucleocapsid envelopment. Inhibiting the MD-MBD interaction with a low-molecular-weight substance might represent a new approach for an antiviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Approximately 240 million people are persistently infected with HBV. To date, antiviral therapies depend on a single target, the viral reverse transcriptase. Future additional targets could be viral protein-protein interactions. We selected a 55-base-long single-stranded DNA molecule (aptamer) which binds with relatively high affinity to a region on the HBV capsid interacting with viral envelope proteins during budding. This aptamer inhibits virion formation in cell culture. The results substantiate the current model for HBV morphogenesis and show that the capsid envelope interaction is a potential antiviral target.
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19
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Muhamad A, Ho KL, Abdul Rahman MB, Tejo BA, Uhrín D, Tan WS. Hepatitis B virus peptide inhibitors: solution structures and interactions with the viral capsid. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7780-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Tan WS, Ho KL. Phage display creates innovative applications to combat hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11650-11670. [PMID: 25206271 PMCID: PMC4155357 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has killed countless lives in human history. The invention of HBV vaccines in the 20th century has reduced significantly the rate of the viral infection. However, currently there is no effective treatment for chronic HBV carriers. Newly emerging vaccine escape mutants and drug resistant strains have complicated the viral eradication program. The entire world is now facing a new threat of HBV and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Could phage display provide solutions to these life-threatening problems? This article reviews critically and comprehensively the innovative and potential applications of phage display in the development of vaccines, therapeutic agents, diagnostic reagents, as well as gene and drug delivery systems to combat HBV. The application of phage display in epitope mapping of HBV antigens is also discussed in detail. Although this review mainly focuses on HBV, the innovative applications of phage display could also be extended to other infectious diseases.
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21
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Katen SP, Tan Z, Chirapu SR, Finn MG, Zlotnick A. Assembly-directed antivirals differentially bind quasiequivalent pockets to modify hepatitis B virus capsid tertiary and quaternary structure. Structure 2013; 21:1406-16. [PMID: 23871485 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver disease. Assembly of the HBV capsid is a critical step in virus production and an attractive target for new antiviral therapies. We determined the structure of HBV capsid in complex with AT-130, a member of the phenylpropenamide family of assembly effectors. AT-130 causes tertiary and quaternary structural changes but does not disrupt capsid structure. AT-130 binds a hydrophobic pocket that also accommodates the previously characterized heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compounds but favors a unique quasiequivalent location on the capsid surface. Thus, this pocket is a promiscuous drug-binding site and a likely target for different assembly effectors with a broad range of mechanisms of activity. That AT-130 successfully decreases virus production by increasing capsid assembly rate without disrupting capsid structure delineates a paradigm in antiviral design, that disrupting reaction timing is a viable strategy for assembly effectors of HBV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Katen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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22
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The hepatitis B virus preS1 domain hijacks host trafficking proteins by motif mimicry. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:540-7. [PMID: 23851574 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an infectious, potentially lethal human pathogen. However, there are no effective therapies for chronic HBV infections. Antiviral development is hampered by the lack of high-resolution structures for essential HBV protein-protein interactions. The interaction between preS1, an HBV surface-protein domain, and its human binding partner, γ2-adaptin, subverts the membrane-trafficking apparatus to mediate virion export. This interaction is a putative drug target. We report here atomic-resolution descriptions of the binding thermodynamics and structural biology of the interaction between preS1 and the EAR domain of γ2-adaptin. NMR, protein engineering, X-ray crystallography and MS showed that preS1 contains multiple γ2-EAR-binding motifs that mimic the membrane-trafficking motifs (and binding modes) of host proteins. These motifs localize together to a relatively rigid, functionally important region of preS1, an intrinsically disordered protein. The preS1-γ2-EAR interaction was relatively weak and efficiently outcompeted by a synthetic peptide. Our data provide the structural road map for developing peptidomimetic antivirals targeting the γ2-EAR-preS1 interaction.
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23
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Blokhina EA, Kupriyanov VV, Ravin NV, Skryabin KG. The method of noncovalent in vitro binding of target proteins to virus-like nanoparticles formed by core antigen of hepatitis B virus. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2013; 448:52-4. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672913010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Blokhina EA, Kuprianov VV, Stepanova LA, Tsybalova LM, Kiselev OI, Ravin NV, Skryabin KG. A molecular assembly system for presentation of antigens on the surface of HBc virus-like particles. Virology 2013; 435:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Purification of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen from unclarified Escherichia coli feedstock using phage-immobilized expanded bed adsorption chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Lee KW, Tey BT, Ho KL, Tejo BA, Tan WS. Nanoglue: an alternative way to display cell-internalizing peptide at the spikes of hepatitis B virus core nanoparticles for cell-targeting delivery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2415-23. [PMID: 22775561 DOI: 10.1021/mp200389t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-internalizing peptides (CIPs) can be used to mediate specific delivery of nanoparticles across cellular membrane. The objective of this study was to develop a display technique using hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid-binding peptide as a "nanoglue" to present CIPs on HBV nanoparticles for cell-targeting delivery. A CIP was selected from a phage display library and cross-linked specifically at the tips of the spikes of the HBV capsid nanoparticle via the "nanoglue" by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS). Fluorescent oligonucleotides packaged in the nanoparticles and the fluorescein molecules conjugated on the nanoparticles were delivered to cells by using this display technique. This study demonstrated a proof of principle for cell-targeting delivery via "nanoglue" bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Wooi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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28
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Castel G, Chtéoui M, Heyd B, Tordo N. Phage display of combinatorial peptide libraries: application to antiviral research. Molecules 2011; 16:3499-518. [PMID: 21522083 PMCID: PMC6263255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the growing number of diseases caused by emerging or endemic viruses, original strategies are urgently required: (1) for the identification of new drugs active against new viruses and (2) to deal with viral mutants in which resistance to existing antiviral molecules has been selected. In this context, antiviral peptides constitute a promising area for disease prevention and treatment. The identification and development of these inhibitory peptides require the high-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries. Phage-display is a powerful technique for selecting unique molecules with selective affinity for a specific target from highly diverse combinatorial libraries. In the last 15 years, the use of this technique for antiviral purposes and for the isolation of candidate inhibitory peptides in drug discovery has been explored. We present here a review of the use of phage display in antiviral research and drug discovery, with a discussion of optimized strategies combining the strong screening potential of this technique with complementary rational approaches for identification of the best target. By combining such approaches, it should be possible to maximize the selection of molecules with strong antiviral potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noël Tordo
- Unité Postulante des Stratégies Antivirales, CNRS URA-3015, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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29
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Pan XB, Wei L, Han JC, Ma H, Deng K, Cong X. Artificial recombinant cell-penetrating peptides interfere with envelopment of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid and viral production. Antiviral Res 2010; 89:109-14. [PMID: 21144865 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human infectious pathogen, with over 300 million chronically infected patients worldwide. Current therapeutics for chronic HBV infection have shown only limited success. The plasma membrane represents an impermeable barrier for development of most macromolecular antiviral agents. To develop new anti-HBV macromolecules that can cross the membrane barrier, we designed a series of artificial recombinant peptides including cell penetrating sequence oligoarginine R7 and several nucleocapsid binding subunits (NBS). The anti-HBV function of these peptides was evaluated in a HBV DNA replicative cell line HepG2.2.15. Our results showed that the synthetic recombinant cell penetrating peptides retained the activity of cell penetrating in the living cells. HBV DNA in culture medium markedly decreased in cells treated with cell penetrating peptides bearing NBS for three days. Intracellular HBcAg and HBV DNA replicative intermediates increased by 2-3 fold. In conclusion, the synthetic recombinant cell penetrating peptides bearing NBS can efficiently enter into the cells; block nucleocapsid assembly and inhibit HBV release. Cell penetrating subunit presents a high efficiency tool to deliver synthetic antiviral peptides into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ben Pan
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, 11# Xizhimeng South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, PR China.
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30
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Packianathan C, Katen SP, Dann CE, Zlotnick A. Conformational changes in the hepatitis B virus core protein are consistent with a role for allostery in virus assembly. J Virol 2010; 84:1607-15. [PMID: 19939922 PMCID: PMC2812345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02033-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected cells, virus components must be organized at the right place and time to ensure assembly of infectious virions. From a different perspective, assembly must be prevented until all components are available. Hypothetically, this can be achieved by allosterically controlling assembly. Consistent with this hypothesis, here we show that the structure of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein dimer, which can spontaneously self-assemble, is incompatible with capsid assembly. Systematic differences between core protein dimer and capsid conformations demonstrate linkage between the intradimer interface and interdimer contact surface. These structures also provide explanations for the capsid-dimer selectivity of some antibodies and the activities of assembly effectors. Solution studies suggest that the assembly-inactive state is more accurately an ensemble of conformations. Simulations show that allostery supports controlled assembly and results in capsids that are resistant to dissociation. We propose that allostery, as demonstrated in HBV, is common to most self-assembling viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Packianathan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sarah P. Katen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Charles E. Dann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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31
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HBV life cycle: entry and morphogenesis. Viruses 2009; 1:185-209. [PMID: 21994545 PMCID: PMC3185491 DOI: 10.3390/v1020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver disease. HBV primarily infects hepatocytes by a still poorly understood mechanism. After an endocytotic process, the nucleocapsids are released into the cytoplasm and the relaxed circular rcDNA genome is transported towards the nucleus where it is converted into covalently closed circular cccDNA. Replication of the viral genome occurs via an RNA pregenome (pgRNA) that binds to HBV polymerase (P). P initiates pgRNA encapsidation and reverse transcription inside the capsid. Matured, rcDNA containing nucleocapsids can re-deliver the RC-DNA to the nucleus, or be secreted via interaction with the envelope proteins as progeny virions.
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32
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A Cell-based Method to Monitor the Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus Capsid and Surface Proteins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Freund SMV, Johnson CM, Jaulent AM, Ferguson N. Moving towards high-resolution descriptions of the molecular interactions and structural rearrangements of the human hepatitis B core protein. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:1301-13. [PMID: 18952101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) forms icosahedral capsids and plays central roles in viral replication. The critical interactions that HBc makes prior to capsid formation (potential drug targets) have proved refractory to structural characterisation as HBc aggressively forms capsids. Our current structural understanding of HBc interactions is therefore capsid-centric, and this view has been limited by the resolution of cryo-electron microscopy and the inherent difficulties in getting high-quality crystals of viral capsids. To augment these approaches, we used capsid-dissociating conditions, solution NMR, and biophysical methodologies to directly characterise, at atomic resolution, the structural properties of dimeric HBc, as well as its dynamics and intermolecular interactions. Dimeric HBc recapitulates the structural properties and binding interactions of HBc within the context of capsids. Antiviral peptides induced long-range structural asymmetry in dimeric HBc, providing new insights into how ligand binding can effect communication between different regions of HBc and, therefore, between the capsid interior and the capsid exterior. Our work also paves the way for detailed descriptions of the previously invisible early stages of replication involving soluble HBc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M V Freund
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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34
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Crowther RA. The Leeuwenhoek lecture 2006. Microscopy goes cold: frozen viruses reveal their structural secrets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2441-51. [PMID: 17690055 PMCID: PMC2606804 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The electron microscope provides a powerful tool for investigating the structure of biological complexes such as viruses. A modern instrument is fully capable of atomic resolution on suitable non-biological specimens, but biological materials are difficult to preserve, owing to their fragility, and to image, owing to their radiation, sensitivity. The act of imaging the specimen severely damages it. Originally, samples were prepared by staining with a heavy metal salt, which provides a stable specimen but limits the amount of details that can be retrieved. Now particulate specimens, such as viruses, are prepared by rapid freezing of unstained material and observed in a frozen state with low doses of electrons. The resulting images require extensive computer processing to extract fully detailed three-dimensional information about the specimen. The whole process is referred to as single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. Using this approach, the structure of the human hepatitis B virus core was solved at the level of the protein fold. By comparing maps of RNA- and DNA-containing cores, it was possible to propose a model for the maturation and control of the envelopment of the virus during assembly. These examples show that cryomicroscopy offers great potential for understanding the structure and function of complex biological assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Crowther
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.
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35
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Lee KW, Tan WS. Recombinant hepatitis B virus core particles: association, dissociation and encapsidation of green fluorescent protein. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:172-180. [PMID: 18584885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBcAg) expressed in Escherichia coli self-assembles into icosahedral capsids of about 35 nm which can be exploited as gene or drug delivery vehicles. The association and dissociation properties of the C-terminally truncated HBcAg with urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) were studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the dissociated HBcAg was able to re-associate into particles when the applied denaturing agents were physically removed. In order to evaluate the potential of the particles in capturing molecules, purified green fluorescent protein (GFP) was applied to the dissociated HBcAg for encapsidation. The HBcAg particles harbouring the GFP molecules were purified using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and analysed using native agarose gel electrophoresis and TEM. A method for the encapsidation of GFP in HBcAg particles which has the potential to capture drugs or nucleic acids was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Wooi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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36
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Hellström U, Lindh M, Krogsgaard K, Sylvan S. Demonstration of an association between detection of IgG antibody reactivity towards the C-terminal region of the preS1 protein of hepatitis B virus and the capacity to respond to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:804-10. [PMID: 17931371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains complex, with somewhat unpredictable responses. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of the pretreatment presence of circulatory antibodies towards a synthetic peptide mimicking the amino acids 94-117 of the preS1 protein of HBV and the capacity to respond to alpha-inteferon (IFN-alpha) treatment. METHODS The anti preS1(94-117) antibodies were measured by a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the response to INF-alpha therapy was judged by the effect on the viral kinetics as measured by an assay based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction during the treatment and follow up. RESULTS We found a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between the pretreatment presence of anti preS1(94-117) antibodies and a decrease in viral levels on follow up after the end of IFN-alpha therapy. The combined response of HBV DNA suppression (P < 0.001), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss (P < 0.0001), anti-HBe seroconversion (P < 0.005) and AST aminotransferase normalization (P < 0.01) was also highly associated with the pretreatment presence of anti preS1(94-117) antibodies. CONCLUSION The positive predictive value (PPV) of anti preS1(94-117) in determining a virological response was 83% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%, indicating that in the absence of pretreatment anti preS1 reactivity virtually no patient has the capacity to respond to IFN-alpha therapy. Our findings may help to improve the efficacy of INF-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by guiding the selection of patients for treatment and optimizing the clinical management of the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Hellström
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Tang KF, Abdullah MP, Yusoff K, Tan WS. Interactions of hepatitis B core antigen and peptide inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5620-6. [PMID: 17918821 DOI: 10.1021/jm070468d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The core protein (HBcAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been shown to interact with the large surface antigen during HBV morphogenesis, and these interactions can be blocked by small peptides selected from either linear or constrained phage display peptide libraries. The association of HBcAg with peptide inhibitors was quantitatively evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The thermodynamic data show that the interaction between HBcAg and peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA is enthalpy-driven and occurs at a 3:1 stoichiometry and dissociation constant (Kd) value of 79.4 muM. However, peptide WSFFSNI displays a higher binding affinity for HBcAg with a Kd value of 18.5 muM when compared to peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA. A combinatorial approach using chemical cross-linking and surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry shows that the Lys of peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA interacted either with D64, E77, or D78 of HBcAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Fai Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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38
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Seitz S, Urban S, Antoni C, Böttcher B. Cryo-electron microscopy of hepatitis B virions reveals variability in envelope capsid interactions. EMBO J 2007; 26:4160-7. [PMID: 17762862 PMCID: PMC2230676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen causing about 750,000 deaths per year. The virion consists of a nucleocapsid and an envelope formed by lipids, and three integral membrane proteins. Although we have detailed structural insights into the organization of the HBV core, the arrangement of the envelope in virions and its interaction with the nucleocapsid is elusive. Here we show the ultrastructure of hepatitis B virions purified from patient serum. We identified two morphological phenotypes, which appear as compact and gapped particles with nucleocapsids in distinguishable conformations. The overall structures of these nucleocapsids resemble recombinant cores with two alpha-helical spikes per asymmetric unit. At the charged tips the spikes are contacted by defined protrusions of the envelope proteins, probably via electrostatic interactions. The HBV envelope in the two morphotypes is to some extent variable, but the surface proteins follow a general packing scheme with up to three surface protein dimers per asymmetric unit. The variability in the structure of the envelope indicates that the nucleocapsid does not firmly constrain the arrangement of the surface proteins, but provides a general template for the packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seitz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum (OMZ), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Molecular Virology, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum (OMZ), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Molekulare Virologie, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum (OMZ), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. Tel.: +49 6221 562910; Fax: +49 6221 561946; E-mail:
| | - Christoph Antoni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Currently approved treatments for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection include the immunomodulatory agent, IFN-α, and nucleos(t)ide analogues. Their efficacy is limited by their side effects, as well as the induction of viral mutations that render them less potent. It is thus necessary to develop drugs that target additional viral antigens. Chemicals and biomaterials by unique methods of preventing HBV replication are currently being developed, including novel nucleosides and newly synthesized compounds such as capsid assembling and mRNA transcription inhibitors. Molecular therapies that target different stages of the HBV life cycle will aid current methods to manage chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. The use of immunomodulators and gene therapy are also under consideration. This report summarizes the most recent treatment possibilities for CHB infection. Emerging therapies and their potential mechanisms, efficacy, and pitfalls are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Wu
- Hepatology Institute, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
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40
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genome and DNA polymerase. The capsid is formed in the cytosol of the infected cell during packaging of an RNA pregenome replication complex by multiple copies of a 21-kDa C protein. The capsid gains the ability to bud during synthesis of the viral DNA genome by reverse transcription of the pregenome in the lumen of the particle. The three envelope proteins S, M, and L shape a complex transmembrane fold at the endoplasmic reticulum, and form disulfide-linked homo- and heterodimers. The transmembrane topology of a fraction of the large envelope protein L changes post-translationally, therefore, the N terminal domain of L (preS) finally appears on both sides of the membrane. During budding at an intracellular membrane, a short linear domain in the cytosolic preS region interacts with binding sites on the capsid surface. The virions are subsequently secreted into the blood. In addition, the surface proteins can bud in the absence of capsids and form subviral lipoprotein particles of 20 nm diameter which are also secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Bruss
- Department of Virology, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
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41
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Dryden KA, Wieland SF, Whitten-Bauer C, Gerin JL, Chisari FV, Yeager M. Native hepatitis B virions and capsids visualized by electron cryomicroscopy. Mol Cell 2006; 22:843-850. [PMID: 16793552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 350 million people, of which one million will die every year. The infectious virion is an enveloped capsid containing the viral polymerase and double-stranded DNA genome. The structure of the capsid assembled in vitro from expressed core protein has been studied intensively. However, little is known about the structure and assembly of native capsids present in infected cells, and even less is known about the structure of mature virions. We used electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) and image analysis to examine HBV virions (Dane particles) isolated from patient serum and capsids positive and negative for HBV DNA isolated from the livers of transgenic mice. Both types of capsids assembled as icosahedral particles indistinguishable from previous image reconstructions of capsids. Likewise, the virions contained capsids with either T = 3 or T = 4 icosahedral symmetry. Projections extending from the lipid envelope were attributed to surface glycoproteins. Their packing was unexpectedly nonicosahedral but conformed to an ordered lattice. These structural features distinguish HBV from other enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Dryden
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stefan F Wieland
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Christina Whitten-Bauer
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John L Gerin
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Francis V Chisari
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark Yeager
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037.
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42
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Ng MYT, Tan WS, Abdullah N, Ling TC, Tey BT. Heat treatment of unclarified Escherichia coli homogenate improved the recovery efficiency of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:134-9. [PMID: 16860402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat precipitation procedure has been regularly incorporated as a selective purification step in various thermostable proteins expressed in different hosts. This method is efficient in precipitation of most of the host proteins and also deactivates various host proteases that can be harmful to the desired gene products. In this study, introduction of heat treatment procedure in the purification of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) produced in Escherichia coli has been investigated. Thermal treatment of the cell homogenate at 60 degrees C for 30 min prior to subsequent clarification steps has resulted in 1.4 times and 18% higher in purity and recovery yield, respectively, compared to the non-heat-treated cell homogenate. In direct capture of HBcAg by using anion-exchangers from unclarified feedstock, pre-conditioning the feedstock by heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 45 min has increased the recovery yield of HBcAg by 2.9-fold and 42% in purity compared to that treated for 10 min. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis showed that the antigenicity of the core particles was not affected by the heat treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y T Ng
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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43
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Guo H, Aldrich CE, Saputelli J, Xu C, Mason WS. The insertion domain of the duck hepatitis B virus core protein plays a role in nucleocapsid assembly. Virology 2006; 353:443-50. [PMID: 16837020 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of hepadnaviral DNA is dependent upon both the viral DNA polymerase and the viral core protein, the subunit of the nucleocapsids in which viral DNA synthesis takes place. In a study of natural isolates of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), we cloned full-length viral genomes from a puna teal. One of the clones failed to direct viral DNA replication in transfected cells, apparently as a result of a 3 nt inframe deletion of histidine 107 in the core protein. Histidine 107 is located in the center of a predicted helical region of the "insertion domain", a stretch of 45 amino acids which appears to be at the tip of a spike on the surface of the nucleocapsid. The mutation was introduced into a well-characterized strain of DHBV for further analysis. Core protein accumulated in cells transfected with the mutant DHBV but was partially degraded, suggesting that it was unstable. Assembled nucleocapsids were not detected by capsid gel electrophoresis. Interestingly, the mutant protein appeared to form chimeric nucleocapsids with wild-type core protein. The chimeric nucleocapsids supported viral DNA replication. These results suggest that the insertion domain of the spike may play a role either in assembly of stable nucleocapsids, possibly in formation of the dimer subunits, or in triggering nucleocapsid disintegration, required during initiation of new rounds of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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44
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Chia SL, Tan WS, Shaari K, Abdul Rahman N, Yusoff K, Satyanarayanajois SD. Structural analysis of peptides that interact with Newcastle disease virus. Peptides 2006; 27:1217-25. [PMID: 16377031 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A peptide with the sequence CTLTTKLYC has previously been identified to inhibit the propagation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in embryonated chicken eggs and tissue culture. NDV has been classified into two main groups: the velogenic group, and mesogenic with lentogenic strains as the other group based on its dissociation constants. In this study the peptide, CTLTTKLYC, displayed on the pIII protein of a filamentous M13 phage was synthesized and mutated in order to identify the amino acid residues involved in the interactions with NDV. Mutations of C1 and K6 to A1 and A6 did not affect the binding significantly, but substitution of Y8 with A8 dramatically reduced the interaction. This suggests that Y8 plays an important role in the peptide-virus interaction. The three-dimensional structure of the peptide was determined using circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular modeling. The peptide exhibited two possible conformers. One that consists of consecutive beta-turns around T2-L3-T4-T5 and K6-L7-Y8-C9. The other conformer exhibited a beta-hairpin bend type of structure with a bend around L3-T4-T5-K6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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45
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Zoulim F, Lucifora J. Hepatitis B virus drug resistance: mechanism and clinical implications for the prevention of treatment failure. Future Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.1.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. Recently, the research efforts to identify new inhibitors enabled the development of antiviral agents to treat patients chronically infected by HBV. In clinical practice, the use of nucleoside analogs, which inhibit viral polymerase activity, induces suppression of viral replication accompanied by an improvement in biochemical and histological conditions in most patients. However, many clinical studies revealed the emergence of drug-resistant mutants during extended treatment. This review focuses on the mechanism of HBV drug-resistant mutant selection and on the clinical implications of HBV drug resistance for the prevention of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM Unit 271, 151 cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM Unit 271, 151 cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France
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46
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Abstract
Hepatitis B is one of the most prevalent viral diseases in the world. It leads to chronic liver disease in 10% of infected individuals, putting them at an increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality from complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the success of universal hepatitis B vaccination in many countries, this disease remains a major public health problem, resulting in more than 500,000 deaths per year. Although the current therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is effective, it is not optimal; novel approaches to the management of CHB are needed. An improved understanding of virus-host interactions, advances in gene therapy, the development of molecular therapies targeted at different stages of the hepatitis B virus life cycle, and new insights into various approaches of immune modulation will lead to the development of better therapeutic agents for the management of CHB. These advances herald a new era of combination therapy. In this review, we will discuss emerging therapies and potential mechanisms, and highlight the promises and pitfalls of these new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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47
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Böttcher B, Vogel M, Ploss M, Nassal M. High plasticity of the hepatitis B virus capsid revealed by conformational stress. J Mol Biol 2005; 356:812-22. [PMID: 16378623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates through reverse transcription inside its icosahedral nucleocapsid. The internal genome status is signaled to the capsid surface, predicting regulated conformational changes in the capsid structure. To probe their nature and extent, we imposed local conformational stress on the outer surface of HBV capsid-like particles, and monitored its consequences by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. The capsid structure had an enormous flexibility and robustness as a whole, as well as within the subunits, whose spikes were able to rotate by as much as 40 degrees against the distal interdimer contact sites. The likely hinge for the swiveling movement was the conserved Gly111 residue at the inner surface of the capsid. The stress imposed from the outside also affected the internal capsid organization, implying a specific route for the flow of conformational information between capsid interior and exterior as required for signaling of the genome status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Böttcher
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, and University Hospital Freiburg Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Germany.
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48
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Brandenburg B, Stockl L, Gutzeit C, Roos M, Lupberger J, Schwartlander R, Gelderblom H, Sauer IM, Hofschneider PH, Hildt E. A novel system for efficient gene transfer into primary human hepatocytes via cell-permeable hepatitis B virus-like particle. Hepatology 2005; 42:1300-9. [PMID: 16317706 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) have been used to deliver a variety of biologically active cargo across cellular membranes. However the potential of PTDs to mediate transport of nanoparticular structures into the cytoplasm bypassing the endosomal compartment remains unclear. Cell-permeable virus-like particles (VLPs) harboring a marker gene based on hepatitis B virus nucleocaspids were established. Cell permeability was achieved by fusion with translocation motif (TLM)-PTD. Electron and confocal microscopy revealed that these VLPs translocate as complete particles across the plasma membrane and transverse the cytoplasm toward the nucleus. Inhibition of endocytosis did not affect translocation of these VLPs into the cytoplasm. Based on these particles, a gene transfer system was developed. To this end the particles were loaded with DNA-encoding small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBs) or green fluorescence protein (eGFP) that served as marker genes. Although the DNA-packaging efficiency was very low, applying the appropriate number of VLPs to primary human hepatocytes a gene transfer efficiency of approximately 95% was observed. In conclusion, the TLM-PTD has the potential to mediate efficient transfer of assembled particles and its cargo, nucleic acids, into primary human hepatocytes. This provides the basis for development of novel transducible therapeutic or diagnostic particles.
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49
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Gilbert RJC, Beales L, Blond D, Simon MN, Lin BY, Chisari FV, Stuart DI, Rowlands DJ. Hepatitis B small surface antigen particles are octahedral. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14783-8. [PMID: 16203986 PMCID: PMC1253561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505062102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious component of hepatitis B (HB) virus (HBV), the Dane particle, has a diameter of approximately 44 nm and consists of a double-layered capsid particle enclosing a circular, incomplete double-stranded DNA genome. The outer capsid layer is formed from the HB surface antigen (HBsAg) and lipid, whereas the inner layer is formed from the HB core Ag assembled into an icosahedral structure. During chronic infection HBsAg is expressed in large excess as noninfectious quasispherical particles and tubules with approximately 22-nm diameter. Here, we report cryo-EM reconstructions of spherical HBsAg particles at approximately 12-A resolution. We show that the particles possess different diameters and have separated them into two predominant populations, both of which have octahedral symmetry. Despite their differing diameters, the two forms of the particle have the same mass and are built through conformational switching of the same building block, a dimer of HBsAg. We propose that this conformational switching, combined with interactions with the underlying core, leads to the formation of HBV Dane particles of different sizes, dictated by the symmetry of the icosahedral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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Kronenberg S, Böttcher B, von der Lieth CW, Bleker S, Kleinschmidt JA. A conformational change in the adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid leads to the exposure of hidden VP1 N termini. J Virol 2005; 79:5296-303. [PMID: 15827144 PMCID: PMC1082756 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5296-5303.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex infection process of parvoviruses is not well understood so far. An important role has been attributed to a phospholipase A2 domain which is located within the unique N terminus of the capsid protein VP1. Based on the structural difference between adeno-associated virus type 2 wild-type capsids and capsids lacking VP1 or VP2, we show via electron cryomicroscopy that the N termini of VP1 and VP2 are involved in forming globules inside the capsids of empty and full particles. Upon limited heat shock, VP1 and possibly VP2 become exposed on the outsides of full but not empty capsids, which is correlated with the disappearance of the globules in the inner surfaces of the capsids. Using molecular modeling, we discuss the constraints on the release of the globularly organized VP1-unique N termini through the channels at the fivefold symmetry axes outside of the capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kronenberg
- Applied Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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