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Yan W, Wang Z, Pei Y, Zhou B. Adaptive responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to ocean warming and acidification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108257. [PMID: 38064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA), driven by rapid global warming accelerating at unprecedented rates, are profoundly impacting the stability of seagrass ecosystems. Yet, our current understanding of the effects of OW and OA on seagrass remains constrained. Herein, we investigated the response of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.), a representative seagrass species, to OW and OA through comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The results showed notable variations in plant performance under varying conditions: OW, OA, and OWA (a combination of both conditions). Specifically, under average oceanic temperature conditions for eelgrass growth over the past 20 years -from May to November-OA promoted the production of differentially expressed genes and metabolites associated with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. Under warming condition, eelgrass was resistant to OA by accelerating galactose metabolism, along with glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Under the combined OW and OA condition, eelgrass stimulated fructose and mannose metabolism, glycolysis, and carbon fixation, in addition to galactose metabolism and the TCA cycle to face the interplay. Our findings suggest that eelgrass exhibits adaptive capacity by inducing different metabolites and associated genes, primarily connected with carbon and nitrogen metabolism, in response to varying degrees of OW and OA. The data generated here support the exploration of mechanisms underlying seagrass responses to environmental fluctuations, which hold critical significance for the future conservation and management of these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yanzhao Pei
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Xu H, Fang C, Shao C, Li L, Huang Q. Study of the synergistic effect of singlet oxygen with other plasma-generated ROS in fungi inactivation during water disinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156576. [PMID: 35688233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) possesses the ability of high-efficiency disinfection. It is reported that mixtures of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including ·OH, 1O2, O2- and H2O2 generated from CAP have better antimicrobial ability than mimicked solution of mixture of single ROS type, but the reason is not clear. In this study, CAP was applied to treat yeasts in water in order to investigate the fungal inactivation efficiency and mechanism. The results showed that plasma treatment for 5 min could result in >2-log reduction of yeast cells, and application of varied ROS scavengers could significantly increase the yeast survival rate, indicating that ·OH and 1O2 played the pivotal role in yeast inactivation. Moreover, the synergistic effect of 1O2 with other plasma-generated ROS was revealed. 1O2 could diffuse into cells and induce the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and different levels of MMP depolarization determined different cell death modes. Mild damage of mitochondria during short-term plasma treatment could lead to apoptosis. For long-term plasma treatment, the cell membrane could be severely damaged by the plasma-generated ·OH, so a large amount of 1O2 could induce more depolarization of MMP, leading to increase of intracellular O2- and Fe2+ which subsequently caused cell inactivation. 1O2 could also induce protein aggregation and increase of RIP1/RIP3 necrosome, leading to necroptosis. With participation of 1O2, endogenous ·OH could also be generated via Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions during plasma treatment, which potentiated necroptosis. Adding l-His could mitigate membrane damage, inhibit the drop of MMP and the formation of necrosome, and thus prevent the happening of necroptosis. These findings may deepen the understanding of plasma sterilization mechanisms and provide guidance for microbial killing in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cao Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changsheng Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lamei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, China.
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Duteil L, Queille-Roussel C, Aladren S, Bustos X, Trullas C, Granger C, Krutmann J, Passeron T. Prevention of Polymorphic Light Eruption Afforded by a Very High Broad-Spectrum Protection Sunscreen Containing Ectoin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:1603-1613. [PMID: 35716331 PMCID: PMC9276854 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) is the most common idiopathic, acquired photodermatosis. The pathophysiology of PLE is not yet fully understood but seems to involve immunological mechanisms, UVA-induced oxidative stress, and the subsequent elicitation of a cellular stress response affecting keratinocyte gene expression and skin immune function. In the present study, a high broad-spectrum sunscreen medical device (MD), containing a very high protection complex of UVB and UVA filters and ectoin, was investigated for its ability to protect against UVA-induced PLE. Methods The study was carried out as a monocentric, double-blinded, randomized, untreated controlled design. The test MD was applied (2 mg/cm2) on one side of the chest according to a randomization list of 15 patients with a typical history of PLE, and the contralateral area remained untreated. After product application, the test areas were exposed daily to increasing doses of UVA radiation (from 40 to 60 J/cm2) until a PLE reaction was detected or for a maximum of five consecutive days. Evaluations of induced PLE included clinical scoring and chromametry for erythema and pigmentation. Results Overall, no positive PLE reaction was observed on the side of the chest treated by the test MD, whereas positive PLE reactions were triggered on the untreated side of 13 subjects. Subjective sensations were very rare on the MD-treated side but were numerous and more severe on the untreated side. Chromametry and clinical visual inspection indicated that the skin color was unchanged on the MD-protected side, whereas high increased values of erythema and pigmentation were observed on the untreated chest side. Conclusion This MD sunscreen based on a complex of UVA–UVB filters and 1% of ectoin may be effective in preventing UVA-induced PLE. New studies comparing this MD sunscreen versus the same product without ectoin should be conducted. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05320315 (retrospectively registered 09/17/2021). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13555-022-00755-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Duteil
- CPCAD, Hôpital l'Archet 2, Nice, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Granger
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
- Stella Polaris Europe, Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot, France
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- 9C3M, INSERM U1065, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Bui TKN, Mawatari K, Emoto T, Fukushima S, Shimohata T, Uebanso T, Akutagawa M, Kinouchi Y, Takahashi A. UV-LED irradiation reduces the infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 by targeting different viral components depending on the peak wavelength. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112410. [PMID: 35193038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped virus that mainly infects humans. Given its high global prevalence, disinfection is critical for reducing the risk of infection. Ultraviolet-light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are eco-friendly irradiating modules with different peak wavelengths, but the molecules degraded by UV-LED irradiation have not been clarified. To identify the target viral molecules of UV-LEDs, we exposed HSV-1 suspensions to UV-LED irradiation at wavelengths of 260-, 280-, 310-, and 365-nm and measured viral DNA, protein, and lipid damage and infectivity in host cells. All UV-LEDs substantially reduced by inhibiting host cell transcription, but 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs had significantly stronger virucidal efficiency than 310- and 365-nm UV-LEDs. Meanwhile, 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs induced the formation of viral DNA photoproducts and the degradation of viral proteins and some phosphoglycerolipid species. Unlike 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs, 310- and 365-nm UV-LEDs decreased the viral protein levels, but they did not drastically change the levels of viral DNA photoproducts and lipophilic metabolites. These results suggest that UV-LEDs reduce the infectivity of HSV-1 by targeting different viral molecules based on the peak wavelength. These findings could facilitate the optimization of UV-LED irradiation for viral inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Ngan Bui
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Emoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shiho Fukushima
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Kinouchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Effects of Natural Antioxidants on Phospholipid and Ceramide Profiles of 3D-Cultured Skin Fibroblasts Exposed to UVA or UVB Radiation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040578. [PMID: 33918064 PMCID: PMC8068794 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the primary factors responsible for disturbances in human skin cells phospholipid metabolism. Natural compounds that are commonly used to protect skin, due to their lipophilic or hydrophilic nature, show only a narrow range of cytoprotective activity, which prompts research on their combined application. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of ascorbic acid and rutin on the phospholipid and ceramide profiles in UV-irradiated fibroblasts cultured in a three-dimensional system that approximates the culture conditions to the dermis. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for phospholipid and ceramide profiling. As a result of UVA and UVB cells irradiation, upregulation of phosphatidylcholines, ceramides, and downregulation of sphingomyelins were observed, while treatment with ascorbic acid and rutin of UVA/UVB-irradiated fibroblast promoted these changes to provide cells a stronger response to stress. Moreover, an upregulation of phosphatidylserines in cells exposed to UVB and treated with both antioxidants suggests the stimulation of UV-damaged cells apoptosis. Our findings provide new insight into action of rutin and ascorbic acid on regulation of phospholipid metabolism, which improves dermis fibroblast membrane properties.
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Bernard JJ, Gallo RL, Krutmann J. Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:688-701. [PMID: 31213673 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a ubiquitous component of the environment that has important effects on a wide range of cell functions. Short-wavelength UVB radiation induces sunburn and is a potent immunomodulator, yet longer-wavelength, lower-energy UVA radiation also has effects on mammalian immunity. This Review discusses current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which UV radiation can modify innate and adaptive immune responses and how this immunomodulatory capacity can be both beneficial in the case of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and detrimental in the case of skin cancer and the response to several infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Onyango AN. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4321714. [PMID: 30116482 PMCID: PMC6079365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4321714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), a key component of the metabolic syndrome, precedes the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Its etiological pathways are not well defined, although many contributory mechanisms have been established. This article summarizes such mechanisms into the hypothesis that factors like nutrient overload, physical inactivity, hypoxia, psychological stress, and environmental pollutants induce a network of cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that jointly inhibit insulin signaling in insulin target cells including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and adipocytes. The insulin resistance-inducing cellular stresses include oxidative, nitrosative, carbonyl/electrophilic, genotoxic, and endoplasmic reticulum stresses; the stress responses include the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the DNA damage response, the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis, while the dysregulated responses include the heat shock response, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling. Insulin target cells also produce metabolites that exacerbate cellular stress generation both locally and systemically, partly through recruitment and activation of myeloid cells which sustain a state of chronic inflammation. Thus, insulin resistance may be prevented or attenuated by multiple approaches targeting the different cellular stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold N. Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
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Gęgotek A, Bielawska K, Biernacki M, Dobrzyńska I, Skrzydlewska E. Time-dependent effect of rutin on skin fibroblasts membrane disruption following UV radiation. Redox Biol 2017; 12:733-744. [PMID: 28412651 PMCID: PMC5393167 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the skin to solar UV radiation induces a number of biological alterations, including a redox imbalance; therefore, there is an urgent need for skin cells protective compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of natural, previously extensively examined, polyphenol with antioxidant properties - rutin, on UV-induced skin fibroblasts membrane disruption. Accordingly, fibroblasts exposed to UVA and UVB irradiation were incubated with rutin (12h before and/or up to 24h after irradiation), and the structural and metabolic changes were examined. Rutin penetration through the fibroblast phospholipid bilayer was aided by UVA-induced bilitranslocase activity 2-4h after irradiation, while UVB irradiation led to enhanced phospholipid peroxidation and higher membrane permeability to facilitate the interaction of rutin with phospholipids. Lipidomic analysis revealed that 4h of rutin treatment also partially prevented UVA/B-induced increase in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine level, as well as their membrane localization, which resulted in an enhanced zeta potential in the cells and liposomes. Moreover, rutin 2h following irradiation, in a various degree, prevented the increased in phospholipase A2 activity and ROS generation, and partially protected against the reduction of arachidonic and linoleic acids level and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal level increase. Rutin effectively prevented against decrease in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione and vitamins E and C activities/levels, particularly 2h following UVA irradiation. In conclusion, highest skin fibroblasts membrane level of rutin occurred in 2-4h following UVA/B-radiation results in its strongest effect on biomembrane structure and functions and cellular antioxidant system irrespective of the radiation type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Biernacki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Dobrzyńska
- Department of Electrochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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CHA HWAJUN, HE CONGFEN, ZHAO HUA, DONG YINMAO, AN INSOOK, AN SUNGKWAN. Intercellular and intracellular functions of ceramides and their metabolites in skin (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:16-22. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Akazawa-Ogawa Y, Shichiri M, Nishio K, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Hagihara Y. Singlet-oxygen-derived products from linoleate activate Nrf2 signaling in skin cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:164-75. [PMID: 25499849 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Linoleates are required for normal mammalian health and development, but they are also prone to oxidation, resulting in biologically active metabolites such as hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs). To investigate the biological activity of 9-EZ-HODE, 10-EZ-HODE, 12-ZE-HODE, and 13-ZE-HODE, the metabolites of singlet-oxygen-derived products from linoleates, we assessed adaptive cytoprotection in HaCaT skin cells. Treating HaCaT cells with sublethal concentrations of 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE, which are singlet-oxygen-mediated specific oxidation metabolites of linoleates, but not 9-EZ-HODE and 13-ZE-HODE, caused resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage. Microarray analysis of HaCaT cells revealed that 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE induced cellular antioxidant genes that are responsive to nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), such as heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione synthesis enzymes. Although 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE did not induce Nrf2 mRNA, treatment with these metabolites increased the intranuclear expression of Nrf2. These results suggest that 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE initiate adaptive responses that reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Akazawa-Ogawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishio
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Etsuo Niki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Gupta A, Avci P, Dai T, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Ultraviolet Radiation in Wound Care: Sterilization and Stimulation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:422-437. [PMID: 24527357 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound care is an important area of medicine considering the increasing age of the population who may have diverse comorbidities. Light-based technology comprises a varied set of modalities of increasing relevance to wound care. While low-level laser (or light) therapy and photodynamic therapy both have wide applications in wound care, this review will concentrate on the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. RECENT ADVANCES UVC (200-280 nm) is highly antimicrobial and can be directly applied to acute wound infections to kill pathogens without unacceptable damage to host tissue. UVC is already widely applied for sterilization of inanimate objects. UVB (280-315 nm) has been directly applied to the wounded tissue to stimulate wound healing, and has been widely used as extracorporeal UV radiation of blood to stimulate the immune system. UVA (315-400 nm) has distinct effects on cell signaling, but has not yet been widely applied to wound care. CRITICAL ISSUES Penetration of UV light into tissue is limited and optical technology may be employed to extend this limit. UVC and UVB can damage DNA in host cells and this risk must be balanced against beneficial effects. Chronic exposure to UV can be carcinogenic and this must be considered in planning treatments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS New high-technology UV sources, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and microwave-generated UV plasma are becoming available for biomedical applications. Further study of cellular signaling that occurs after UV exposure of tissue will allow the benefits in wound healing to be better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Uchida Y. Ceramide signaling in mammalian epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:453-62. [PMID: 24055887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide, the backbone structure of all sphingolipids, as well as a minor component of cellular membranes, has a unique role in the skin, by forming the epidermal permeability barrier at the extracellular domains of the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is required for terrestrial mammalian survival. In contrast to the role of ceramide in forming the permeability barrier, the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites have not yet been recognized. Ceramide and/or its metabolites regulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes. Recent studies have further demonstrated that a ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, modulates innate immune function. Ceramide has already been applied to therapeutic approaches for treatment of eczema associated with attenuated epidermal permeability barrier function. Pharmacological modulation of ceramide and its metabolites' signaling can also be applied to cutaneous disease prevention and therapy. The author here describes the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites in mammalian cells and tissues, including the epidermis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Dermatology Service and Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kim JA, Ahn BN, Kong CS, Kim SK. The chromene sargachromanol E inhibits ultraviolet A-induced ageing of skin in human dermal fibroblasts. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:968-76. [PMID: 23278330 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is influenced by environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The effects of UV radiation on skin functions should be investigated using human in vitro models to understand the mechanisms of skin ageing. Additionally, marine algae provide a valuable source for identifying and extracting biologically active substances. OBJECTIVES In this study, sargachromanol E was isolated from a marine brown alga, Sargassum horneri, and its inhibitory effect on skin ageing was investigated using UVA-irradiated dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation induced by UVA irradiation were investigated in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Sargachromanol E did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity or phototoxicity in UVA-exposed dermal fibroblasts. Additionally, sargachromanol E suppressed intracellular formation of ROS, membrane protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and expression of collagenases such as MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9, all of which are caused by UVA exposure. It was further found that these inhibitions were related to an increase in the expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) genes, TIMP1 and TIMP2. Moreover, we have shown that the transcriptional activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) signalling caused by UVA irradiation was inhibited by treatment with sargachromanol E. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that UVA irradiation modulates MMP expression via the transcriptional activation of AP-1 signalling, whereas treatment with sargachromanol E protected cell damage caused by UVA irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
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14
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Peuschel H, Sydlik U, Grether-Beck S, Felsner I, Stöckmann D, Jakob S, Kroker M, Haendeler J, Gotić M, Bieschke C, Krutmann J, Unfried K. Carbon nanoparticles induce ceramide- and lipid raft-dependent signalling in lung epithelial cells: a target for a preventive strategy against environmentally-induced lung inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:48. [PMID: 23228165 PMCID: PMC3546038 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Particulate air pollution in lung epithelial cells induces pathogenic endpoints like proliferation, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory reactions. The activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key event responsible for signalling events involving mitogen activated protein kinases specific for these endpoints. The molecular events leading to receptor activation however are not well understood. These events are relevant for the toxicological evaluation of inhalable particles as well as for potential preventive strategies in situations when particulate air pollution cannot be avoided. The current study therefore had the objective to elucidate membrane-coupled events leading to EGFR activation and the subsequent signalling cascade in lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, we aimed to identify the molecular target of ectoine, a biophysical active substance which we described to prevent carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation. Methods Membrane signalling events were investigated in isolated lipid rafts from lung epithelial cells with regard to lipid and protein content of the signalling platforms. Using positive and negative intervention approaches, lipid raft changes, subsequent signalling events, and lung inflammation were investigated in vitro in lung epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) and in vivo in exposed animals. Results Carbon nanoparticle treatment specifically led to an accumulation of ceramides in lipid rafts. Detailed analyses demonstrated a causal link of ceramides and subsequent EGFR activation coupled with a loss of the receptor in the lipid raft fractions. In vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate the relevance of these events for carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation. Moreover, the compatible solute ectoine was able to prevent ceramide-mediated EGFR phosphorylation and subsequent signalling as well as lung inflammation in vivo. Conclusion The data identify a so far unknown event in pro-inflammatory signalling and contribute to the understanding of particle cell interaction and therefore to risk identification and risk assessment of inhalable xenobiotics. Moreover, as this cellular reaction can be prevented by the well tolerated substance ectoine, a molecular preventive strategy for susceptible persons against airway inflammation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Peuschel
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Babenko NA, Hassouneh LKM, Kharchenko VS, Garkavenko VV. Vitamin E prevents the age-dependent and palmitate-induced disturbances of sphingolipid turnover in liver cells. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:905-15. [PMID: 21796379 PMCID: PMC3682064 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid turnover has been shown to be activated at old age and in response to various stress stimuli including oxidative stress. Reduction of vitamin E content in the liver under the pro-oxidant action is associated with enhanced sphingolipid turnover and ceramide accumulation in hepatocytes. In the present paper, the correction of sphingolipid metabolism in the liver cells of old rats and in the palmitate-treated young hepatocytes using α-tocopherol has been investigated. 3- and 24-month-old rats, [(14) C]palmitic acid, [methyl-(14) C-choline]sphingomyelin (SM), and [(14) C]serine were used. α-Tocopherol administration to old rats or addition to the culture medium of old liver slices or hepatocytes prevented age-dependent increase of ceramide synthesis and lipid accumulation, and increased SM content in liver tissue and cells. α-Tocopherol treatment of old cells decreased the neutral and acid sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities in hepatocytes and serine palmitoyl transferase activity in the liver cell microsomes. Effect of α- or γ-tocopherol, but not of δ-tocopherol, on the newly synthesized ceramide content in old cells was correlated with the action of inhibitor of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) activity (myriocin) and SMase inhibitors (glutathione, imipramine). Addition of α-tocopherol as well as myriocin to the culture medium of young hepatocytes, treated by palmitate, abolished ceramide accumulation and synthesis. The data obtained demonstrate that α-tocopherol normalized elevated ceramide content in the old liver cells via inhibition of acid and neutral SMase activities and lipid synthesis de novo. α-Tocopherol, reducing ceramide synthesis, prevented palmitate-induced aging-like ceramide accumulation in young liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A Babenko
- Department of Physiology of Ontogenesis, Institute of Biology, Kharkov Karazin National University, 4 Svobody pl., Kharkov, Ukraine.
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16
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Hughes JR, Deeley JM, Blanksby SJ, Leisch F, Ellis SR, Truscott RJW, Mitchell TW. Instability of the cellular lipidome with age. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:935-47. [PMID: 21894448 PMCID: PMC3682067 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The human lens nucleus is formed in utero, and from birth onwards, there appears to be no significant turnover of intracellular proteins or membrane components. Since, in adults, this region also lacks active enzymes, it offers the opportunity to examine the intrinsic stability of macromolecules under physiological conditions. Fifty seven human lenses, ranging in age from 12 to 82 years, were dissected into nucleus and cortex, and the nuclear lipids analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In the first four decades of life, glycerophospholipids (with the exception of lysophosphatidylethanolamines) declined rapidly, such that by age 40, their content became negligible. In contrast the level of ceramides and dihydroceramides, which were undetectable prior to age 30, increased approximately 100-fold. The concentration of sphingomyelins and dihydrosphingomyelins remained unchanged over the whole life span. As a consequence of this marked alteration in composition, the properties of fiber cell membranes in the centre of young lenses are likely to be very different from those in older lenses. Interestingly, the identification of age 40 years as a time of transition in the lipid composition of the nucleus coincides with previously reported macroscopic changes in lens properties (e.g., a massive age-related increase in lens stiffness) and related pathologies such as presbyopia. The underlying reasons for the dramatic change in the lipid profile of the human lens with age are not known, but are most likely linked to the stability of some membrane lipids in a physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Hughes
- />Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW Australia
| | - Jane M. Deeley
- />ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- />ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW Australia
| | - Friedrich Leisch
- />Institute of Applied Statistics and Computing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shane R. Ellis
- />ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW Australia
| | - Roger J. W. Truscott
- />Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2001 Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- />School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW Australia
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17
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Kim JA, Ahn BN, Kong CS, Kim SK. Protective effect of chromene isolated from Sargassum horneri against UV-A-induced damage in skin dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:630-1. [PMID: 22775999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin homoeostasis is interrupted during UV-A irradiation. How the UV-A-altered skin components influences photoageing of skin should be investigated using human in vitro models that are important for understanding skin ageing. In this study, chromene compound, sargachromenol, was isolated from Sargassum horneri, and its potency on inhibition of photoageing was investigated in UV-A-irradiated dermal fibroblasts. Effects of sargachromenol on the prevention of photoageing were evaluated by measuring ROS production, membrane protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and ageing-related gene expression in UV-A-irradiated human skin dermal fibroblasts. The results indicated that treatment with sargachromenol suppressed the collagenase matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression without any cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. It was further found that these inhibitions were because of increase in the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 genes. Furthermore, we confirmed that the UV-A-induced transcriptions of AP-1 signalling pathway were regulated by sargachromenol treatment in UV-A-irradiated dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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18
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Shupik MA, Vanin AF, Alessenko AV. Interaction of the nitric oxide signaling system with the sphingomyelin cycle and peroxidation on transmission of toxic signal of tumor necrosis factor-α in ischemia-reperfusion. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:1197-209. [PMID: 22117546 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the functional role of nitric oxide in ischemia-reperfusion injury and mechanisms of signal transduction of apoptosis, which accompanies ischemic damage to organs and tissues. On induction of apoptosis an interaction is observed of the nitric oxide signaling system with the sphingomyelin cycle, which is a source of a proapoptotic agent ceramide. Evidence is presented of an interaction of the sphingomyelin cycle enzymes and ceramide with nitric oxide and enzymes synthesizing nitric oxide. The role of a proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in apoptosis and ischemia-reperfusion and mechanisms of its cytotoxic action, which involve nitric oxide, the sphingomyelin cycle, and lipid peroxidation are discussed. A comprehensive study of these signaling systems provides insight into the molecular mechanism of apoptosis during ischemia and allows us to consider new approaches for treatment of diseases associated with the activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Shupik
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Tyrrell RM. Modulation of gene expression by the oxidative stress generated in human skin cells by UVA radiation and the restoration of redox homeostasis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:135-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Bäumler W, Regensburger J, Knak A, Felgenträger A, Maisch T. UVA and endogenous photosensitizers – the detection of singlet oxygen by its luminescence. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:107-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Bayer M, Proksch P, Felsner I, Brenden H, Kohne Z, Walli R, Duong TN, Götz C, Krutmann J, Grether-Beck S. Photoprotection against UVAR: effective triterpenoids require a lipid raft stabilizing chemical structure. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:955-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Marionnet C, Grether-Beck S, Seité S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Lejeune F, Bastien P, Rougier A, Bernerd F, Krutmann J. A broad-spectrum sunscreen prevents UVA radiation-induced gene expression in reconstructed skin in vitro and in human skin in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:477-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zbierzak AM, Dörmann P, Hölzl G. Analysis of lipid content and quality in Arabidopsis plastids. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:411-426. [PMID: 21863456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts of plants contain an intricate membrane system, the thylakoids, which harbor the complexes of the photosynthetic machinery. Chloroplasts are confined by two membranes, the inner and outer envelope. The major glycerolipids of chloroplasts are the glycolipids monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD). Furthermore, two phospholipids, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and phosphatidyl choline (PC), are found in chloroplast membranes. The photosystems and light-harvesting complexes in the thylakoids are rich in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophylls) and contain a unique set of prenylquinol lipids (tocochromanol/vitamin E, plastoquinol, and phylloquinol/vitamin K1). In this chapter, methods for the isolation and quantification of chloroplast and leaf glycerolipids and prenylquinol lipids are presented. Glycerolipids are separated by thin-layer chromatography prior to conversion of the fatty acids into methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are subsequently quantified by gas chromatography. Prenylquinol lipids are separated by HPLC and quantified by UV absorption (plastoquinol) or fluorescence (tocochromanol, phylloquinol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Zbierzak
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Molecular Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Evidence has consistently indicated that activation of sphingomyelinases and/or ceramide synthases and the resulting accumulation of ceramide mediate cellular responses to stressors such as lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, serum deprivation, irradiation and various antitumor treatments. Recent studies had identified the genes encoding most of the enzymes responsible for the generation of ceramide and ongoing research is aimed at characterizing their individual functions in cellular response to stress. This chapter discusses the seminal and more recent discoveries in regards to the pathways responsible for the accumulation of ceramide during stress and the mechanisms by which ceramide affects cell functions. The former group includes the roles of neutral sphingomyelinase 2, serine palmitoyltransferase, ceramide synthases, as well as the secretory and endosomal/lysosomal forms of acid sphingomyelinase. The latter summarizes the mechanisms by which ceramide activate its direct targets, PKCzeta, PP2A and cathepsin D. The ability of ceramide to affect membrane organization is discussed in the light of its relevance to cell signaling. Emerging evidence to support the previously assumed notion that ceramide acts in a strictly structure-specific manner are also included. These findings are described in the context of several physiological and pathophysiological conditions, namely septic shock, obesity-induced insulin resistance, aging and apoptosis of tumor cells in response to radiation and chemotherapy.
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Hydrolytic pathway protects against ceramide-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes exposed to UVB. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2472-80. [PMID: 20520628 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although ceramides (Cers) are key constituents of the epidermal permeability barrier, they also function as apoptogenic signals for UVB irradiation-induced apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes. As epidermis is continuously exposed to UV irradiation, we hypothesized that Cer hydrolysis protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced apoptosis by attenuating Cer levels. Both low-dose UVB (L-UVB) (< 35 mJ cm(-2)) and high-dose UVB (H-UVB) (> or = 45 mJ cm(-2)) irradiation inhibited DNA synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes, but apoptosis occurred only after H-UVB. Whereas Cer production increased after both L- and H-UVB, it normalized only in L-UVB-exposed keratinocytes, but remained elevated after H-UVB. Both acidic ceramidase (aCDase) and neutral ceramidase (nCDase) activities declined after L- and H-UVB, but returned to normal only in L-UVB cells, with decreased CDase activities or mRNA or protein levels being sustained in H-UVB cells. Inhibition of CDase using either a CDase inhibitor, N-oleoylethanolamine, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) (either to a- and/or n-CDase(s)) sensitized keratinocytes to L-UVB-induced apoptosis in parallel with further Cer accumulation. Blockade of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) (but not SPHK2) by siRNA also increased apoptosis in L-UVB keratinocytes, revealing that conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) further protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced cell death. Thus, Cer → sphingosine → S1Pmetabolic conversion protects against UVB-induced, Cer-mediated apoptosis in keratinocytes, but excessive UVB overwhelms this mechanism, thereby leading to keratinocyte apoptosis.
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An L, Dong GQ, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Hu LW, Li JH, Liu Y. Effects of UVA on TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-10 expression levels in human keratinocytes and intervention studies with an antioxidant and a JNK inhibitor. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2010; 26:28-35. [PMID: 20070836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the expressions and transduction pathways of cytokines in ultraviolet (UV)A-irradiated keratinocytes. METHODS We cultured human keratinocytes of the HaCaT cell line and investigated both mRNA and protein expressions of cytokines in cells that were not irradiated or were exposed to 2.4 J/cm(2) UVA, with or without an antioxidant (beta-carotene) or a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125). RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were up-regulated in irradiated cells. IL-10 was not detected in non-irradiated cells, but was observed in irradiated cells. JNK was activated in irradiated cells and this could be antagonized by beta-carotene. The UVA-induced up-regulation of these cytokines was also antagonized by beta-carotene. SP600125 inhibited the UVA-induced increase in the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA and protein and in the expression of IL-1beta mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that oxidative stress may be an early intermediate effect in JNK-dependent UVA induction of cytokine expression in human keratinocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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KVOLIK S, DOBROSEVIC B, MARCZI S, PRLIC L, GLAVAS-OBROVAC L. Different apoptosis ratios and gene expressions in two human cell lines after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schieke SM, von Montfort C, Buchczyk DP, Timmer A, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J, Holbrook NJ, Klotz LO. Singlet Oxygen-induced Attenuation of Growth Factor Signaling: Possible Role of Ceramides. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:729-37. [PMID: 15453638 DOI: 10.1080/10715760410001712764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, an electronically excited form of molecular oxygen, is a primary mediator of the activation of stress-activated protein kinases elicited by ultraviolet A (UVA; 320-400 nm). Here, the effects of singlet oxygen (1O2) on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt/protein kinase B pathways were analyzed in human dermal fibroblasts. While basal ERK 1/2 phosphorylation was lowered in cells exposed to either 1O2, UVA or photodynamic treatment, Akt was moderately activated by photochemically generated 1O2 in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent fashion, resulting in the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). The activation of ERK 1/2 and Akt as induced by stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was inhibited by 1O2 generated intracellularly upon photoexcitation of rose Bengal (RB). Photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced apoptosis is known to be associated with increased formation of ceramides. Likewise, both 1O2 and UVA induced ceramide generation in human skin fibroblasts. The attenuation of EGF- and PDGF-induced activation of ERK 1/2 and Akt by 1O2 was mimicked by stimulation of fibroblasts with the cell-permeable C2-ceramide. Interestingly, EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor was strongly attenuated by 1O2 but unimpaired by C2-ceramide, implying that, although ceramide formation may mediate the above attenuation of ERK and Akt phosphorylation induced by 1O2, mechanisms beyond ceramide formation exist that mediate impairment of growth factor signaling by singlet oxygen. In summary, these data point to a novel mechanism of 1O2 toxicity: the known 1O2-induced activation of proapoptotic kinases such as JNK and p38 is paralleled by the prevention of activation of growth factor receptor-dependent signaling and of anti-apoptotic kinases, thus shifting the balance towards apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Schieke
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Onoue S, Nonaka R, Sato F, Koide C, Hayashi A, Wachi H. Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Abnormal Tropoelastin Deposition Induced by UVA-Photosensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Risa Nonaka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Wachi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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Callaghan TM, Wilhelm KP. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:313-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Grether-Beck S, Mühlberg K, Brenden H, Felsner I, Brynjólfsdóttir Á, Einarsson S, Krutmann J. Bioactive molecules from the Blue Lagoon:in vitroandin vivoassessment of silica mud and microalgae extracts for their effects on skin barrier function and prevention of skin ageing. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:771-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lamers PP, Janssen M, De Vos RCH, Bino RJ, Wijffels RH. Exploring and exploiting carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina for cell-factory applications. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:631-8. [PMID: 18752860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Dunaliella salina is the most interesting cell factory for the commercial production of beta-carotene because this species accumulates carotenoids to high concentrations. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms involved in beta-carotene overproduction in D. salina. The potential roles of reactive oxygen species and the plastoquinone redox state in signal sensing are discussed, together with available evidence on transcriptional and (post)translational regulation. Moreover, future directions that might further our knowledge in this area are given. Ultimately, a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in beta-carotene overproduction will facilitate innovative production of specific carotenoids and other products in D. salina and in related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Packo P Lamers
- Wageningen University, Department Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Baier J, Maisch T, Regensburger J, Pöllmann C, Bäumler W. Optical detection of singlet oxygen produced by fatty acids and phospholipids under ultraviolet A irradiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044029. [PMID: 19021356 DOI: 10.1117/1.2960553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation has been known to generate reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, in skin, leading to the oxidation of lipids and proteins. This oxidation influences cellular metabolism and can trigger cellular signaling cascades, since cellular membranes and the stratum corneum contain a substantial amount of fatty acids and lipids. Using highly sensitive IR-photomultiplier technology, we investigated the generation of singlet oxygen by fatty acids and lipids. In combination with their oxidized products, the fatty acids or lipids produced singlet oxygen under UVA radiation at 355 nm that is directly shown by luminescence detection. Linolenic or arachidonic acid showed the strongest luminescence signals, followed by linoleic acid and docohexaenoic acid. The amount of singlet oxygen induced by lipids such as phosphatidylcholine was significantly higher compared to the corresponding fatty acids within phospholipids. This result indicates a synergistic process of oxygen radicals and singlet oxygen during irradiation. UVA radiation initiates singlet oxygen generation, which subsequently oxidizes other fatty acids that in turn produce additional singlet oxygen. This leads to an enhancement of UVA-induced damage of fatty acids and lipids, which must enhance the oxidative damages in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Baier
- University of Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Warskulat U, Brookmann S, Felsner I, Brenden H, Grether-Beck S, Häussinger D. Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:1031-6. [PMID: 18557924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compatible organic osmolytes, such as betaine, myo-inositol and taurine, are involved in cell protection. Human dermal fibroblasts accumulate these osmolytes and express mRNA specific for their transporting systems betaine-/gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) transporter (BGT-1), sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporter (SMIT) and taurine transporter (TAUT). Taurine uptake was about sixfold higher than that of betaine and myo-inositol. Compared with normoosmotic (305 mOsm/l) control, hyperosmotic exposure (405 mOsm/l) led to a twofold induction of osmolyte uptake. Ultraviolet A (UVA) upregulated osmolyte transporter mRNA levels and increased osmolyte uptake. Taurine inhibited UVA-induced interleukin-6 (Il-6) mRNA expression by 40%. Furthermore, Il-6 accumulation in the supernatants of UVA-irradiated dermal fibroblasts was much slower when cells were preincubated with taurine. These data indicate that taurine accumulation seems to be part of the fibroblast response to UVA radiation and may protect against UVA-induced Il-6 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Warskulat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ceramide and raft signaling are linked with each other in UVA radiation-induced gene expression. Oncogene 2008; 27:4768-78. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reinehr R, Sommerfeld A, Keitel V, Grether-Beck S, Häussinger D. Amplification of CD95 Activation by Caspase 8-induced Endosomal Acidification in Rat Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2211-22. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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37
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Rockel N, Esser C, Grether-Beck S, Warskulat U, Flögel U, Schwarz A, Schwarz T, Yarosh D, Häussinger D, Krutmann J. The osmolyte taurine protects against ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3604-12. [PMID: 17785795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organic osmolytes, such as taurine, are involved in cell volume homeostasis and cell protection. Epidermal keratinocytes possess an osmolyte strategy, i.e., they take up taurine upon hyperosmotic stress and express the corresponding transporter TAUT. UVB irradiation also triggers taurine uptake and TAUT expression in this cell type. We therefore asked whether taurine plays a role in photoprotection. By using a TAUT-deficient mouse model, lack of taurine in the skin was found to cause a significantly higher sensitivity to UVB-induced immunosuppression. This was not due to an increased generation or decreased repair of UVB-induced DNA photoproducts in the skin of these animals. Instead, decreased skin taurine levels were associated with an increased formation of the soluble immunosuppressive molecule platelet-activating factor (PAF) from the membranes of UVB-irradiated epidermal cells. Blocking PAF activity in taut-deficient mice with a PAF receptor antagonist abrogated their increased sensitivity to UVB-induced immunosuppression. Moreover, taut -/- mice were more sensitive to PAF-mediated immunosuppression than taut +/+ mice. These data suggest that taurine uptake by epidermal cells prevents undue PAF formation, and thereby photoimmunosuppression. Thus, similar to nucleotide excision repair, taurine uptake is critically involved in photoprotection of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rockel
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zeidan YH, Wu BX, Jenkins RW, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. A novel role for protein kinase Cdelta-mediated phosphorylation of acid sphingomyelinase in UV light-induced mitochondrial injury. FASEB J 2007; 22:183-93. [PMID: 17698617 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8967com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have addressed the mechanisms by which ultraviolet (UV) light induces cell death, and a few have focused on stress mediators such as acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) or protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta). Based on a recent study that identified a novel mechanism of activation of ASMase through phosphorylation, the current study was undertaken to determine the upstream mechanisms regulating ASMase in response to UV and to investigate the role of ASMase and its phosphorylation at S508 as an integral event during UV light-induced cell death. Exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to UV light type C (UVC) transiently activated ASMase with maximal activity detected at 10 min postirradiation. A significant increase in C16-ceramide was detected concomitant with a decrease in C16-sphingomyelin. In marked contrast, cells overexpressing the ASMase(S508A) mutant, which could not be phosphorylated, had no change in either ASMase activity or ceramide levels post-UV radiation. Loss of PKCdelta by RNA interference or its inhibition by rottlerin blocked ASMase phosphorylation and membrane targeting, thus implicating PKCdelta upstream of ASMase activation by UV light. Further investigations revealed that UV radiation altered mitochondrial morphology from elongated tubules to fragmented perinuclear organelles, consistent with the onset of the apoptotic cascade. Importantly, cells overexpressing ASMase(S508A) were protected (>50%) from UV light-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Mechanistically, the results showed that ASMase(S508A) cells had 50% less active Bax than ASMase(WT) cells. These molecular differences culminated in resistance of ASMase(S508) cells to UVC-induced cell death (25%) as compared to ASMase(WT) cells (46%). Taken together, this study provides key molecular insights into activation of ASMase in response to UV light, the role of PKCdelta in this activation, and the role of ASMase in mediating apoptotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef H Zeidan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Shao N, Krieger-Liszkay A, Schroda M, Beck CF. A reporter system for the individual detection of hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen: its use for the assay of reactive oxygen species produced in vivo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:475-87. [PMID: 17376156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A reporter system for the assay of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was developed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a plant model organism well suited for the application of inhibitors and generators of various types of ROS. This system employs various HSP70A promoter segments fused to a Renilla reniformis luciferase gene as a reporter. Transformants with the complete HSP70A promoter were inducible by both hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen. Constructs that lacked upstream heat-shock elements (HSEs) were inducible by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that this induction does not require such HSEs. Rather, downstream elements located between positions -81 to -149 with respect to the translation start site appear to be involved. In contrast, upstream sequences are essential for the response to singlet oxygen. Thus, activation by singlet oxygen appears to require promoter elements that are different from those used by hydrogen peroxide. ROS generated endogenously by treatment of the alga with metronidazole, protoporphyrin IX, dinoterb or high light intensities were detected by this reporter system, and distinguished as production of hydrogen peroxide (metronidazole) and singlet oxygen (protoporphyrin IX, dinoterb, high light). This system thus makes it possible to test whether, under varying environmental conditions including the application of abiotic stress, hydrogen peroxide or singlet oxygen or both are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shao
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhuang S, Kochevar IE. Ultraviolet A Radiation Induces Rapid Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells by Fas Ligand-Independent Activation of the Fas Death Pathway¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780061uarira2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Silvers AL, Bowden GT. UVA Irradiation-induced Activation of Activator Protein-1 is Correlated with Induced Expression of AP-1 Family Members in the Human Keratinocyte Cell Line HaCaT¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750302uiiaoa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Gruber F, Oskolkova O, Leitner A, Mildner M, Mlitz V, Lengauer B, Kadl A, Mrass P, Krönke G, Binder BR, Bochkov VN, Leitinger N, Tschachler E. Photooxidation generates biologically active phospholipids that induce heme oxygenase-1 in skin cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16934-41. [PMID: 17449870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702523200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a key enzyme in the cellular response to tissue injury and oxidative stress. HO-1 enzymatic activity results in the formation of the cytoprotective metabolites CO and biliverdin. In the skin, HO-1 is strongly induced after long wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA-1). Here we show that UVA-1 irradiation generates oxidized phospholipids derived from 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC) that mediate the expression of HO-1 in skin cells. Using EO6 antibodies that recognize oxidized phospholipids, we show that UVA-1 irradiation of dermal fibroblasts generates oxidation-specific epitopes. Irradiation of arachidonate-containing phospholipids with UVA-1 led to formation of defined lipid oxidation products including epoxyisoprostane-phosphatidylcholine that induced HO-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts, in keratinocytes, and in a three-dimensional epidermal equivalent model. In addition, we demonstrate that the oxidation of PAPC by UVA-1 is a singlet oxygen-dependent mechanism. Together, we present a novel mechanism of UVA-1-induced HO-1 expression that is mediated by the generation of biologically active phospholipid oxidation products. Because UVA-1 irradiation is a mainstay treatment of several inflammatory skin diseases, structural identification of UVA-1-generated biomolecules with HO-1-inducing capacity should lead to the development of drugs that could substitute for irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gruber
- Deparment of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Becker S, Reinehr R, Grether-Beck S, Eberle A, Häussinger D. Hydrophobic bile salts trigger ceramide formation through endosomal acidification. Biol Chem 2007; 388:185-96. [PMID: 17261082 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHydrophobic bile salts activate NADPH oxidase through a ceramide- and PKCζ-dependent pathway as an important upstream event of bile salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying bile salt-induced ceramide formation have remained unclear to date and thus were studied in rat hepatocytes. Proapoptotic bile salts, such as taurolithocholylsulfate (TLCS), lowered the apparent pHveswithin seconds from 6.0 to 5.6 in an FITC-dextran-accessible endosomal compartment that also contains acidic sphingomyelinase. Simultaneously, a rapid decrease inN-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE) fluorescence was observed, suggestive of an increase in cytosolic [Cl-], which is known to activate vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. No vesicular acidification or increase in cytosolic [Cl-] was found in response to the non-apoptotic bile salt taurocholate or the anti-apoptotic bile salt tauroursodesoxycholate. Inhibition of TLCS-induced endosomal acidification by bafilomycin or 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid largely abolished the TLCS-induced ceramide-formation and downstream ceramide-dependent processes, such as p47phox-serine phosphorylation, NADPH oxidase activation, CD95 activation and apoptosis. These responses were also abolished after knockdown of acidic sphingomyelinase in rat hepatocytes. In conclusion, hydrophobic, proapoptotic bile salts stimulate ceramide formation through chloride-dependent acidification of endosomes, with subsequent activation of acidic sphingomyelinase. Our data suggest that changes in ion homeostasis underlie the stimulation of ceramide formation in response to hydrophobic bile acids as an important upstream event of bile salt-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Becker
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yu L, Venkataraman S, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Wertz PW, Domann FE. Glutathione peroxidase-1 inhibits UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:1066-71. [PMID: 17097614 PMCID: PMC1913288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found a role for H(2)O(2) in UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. UVA irradiation not only increased AP-2alpha, but also caused accumulation of H(2)O(2) in the cell culture media, and H(2)O(2) by itself could induce the expression of AP-2alpha. By catalyzing the removal of H(2)O(2) from cells through over-expression of GPx-1, induction of AP-2alpha expression by UVA was abolished. Induction of transcription factor AP-2alpha by UVA had been previously shown to be mediated through the second messenger ceramide. We found that not only UVA irradiation, but also H(2)O(2) by itself caused increases of ceramide in HaCaT cells, and C2-ceramide added to cells induced the AP-2alpha signaling pathway. Finally, forced expression of GPx-1 eliminated UVA-induced ceramide accumulation as well as AP-2alpha expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that GPx-1 inhibits UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression by suppressing the accumulation of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Mitchell C. Coleman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- * Corresponding author: Frederick E. Domann, Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, B180 ML, 100 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA 52242, Phone: 1-319-335-8019, Fax: 1-319-335-8039,
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von Montfort C, Sharov VS, Metzger S, Schöneich C, Sies H, Klotz LO. Singlet oxygen inactivates protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B by oxidation of the active site cysteine. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1399-404. [PMID: 17081112 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), an electronically excited form of molecular oxygen, is a mediator of biological effects of ultraviolet A radiation, stimulating signaling cascades in human cells. We demonstrate here that (1)O(2) generated by photosensitization or by thermodecomposition of 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)dipropionate-1,4-endoperoxide inactivates isolated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). PTPase activities of PTP1B or CD45 were abolished by low concentrations of (1)O(2), but were largely restored by post-treatment with dithiothreitol. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic digests of PTP1B exposed to (1)O(2) revealed oxidation of active-site Cys215 as the only cysteine residue oxidized. In summary, (1)O(2) may activate signaling cascades by interfering with phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von Montfort
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Valencia A, Rajadurai A, Carle AB, Kochevar IE. 7-Dehydrocholesterol enhances ultraviolet A-induced oxidative stress in keratinocytes: roles of NADPH oxidase, mitochondria, and lipid rafts. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1704-18. [PMID: 17145559 PMCID: PMC1880892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long wavelength solar UVA radiation stimulates formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), which are involved in skin photosensitivity and tumor promotion. High levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), the precursor to cholesterol, cause exaggerated photosensitivity to UVA in patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). Partially replacing cholesterol with 7-DHC in keratinocytes rapidly (<5 min) increased UVA-induced ROS, intracellular calcium, phospholipase A(2) activity, PGE(2), and NADPH oxidase activity. UVA-induced ROS and PGE(2) production were inhibited in these cells by depleting the Nox1 subunit of NADPH oxidase using siRNA or using a mitochondrial radical quencher, MitoQ. Partial replacement of cholesterol with 7-DHC also disrupted membrane lipid raft domains, although depletion of cholesterol, which also disrupts lipid rafts, did not affect UVA-induced increases in ROS and PGE(2). Phospholipid liposomes containing 7-DHC were more rapidly oxidized by a free radical mechanism than those containing cholesterol. These results indicate that 7-DHC enhances rapid UVA-induced ROS and PGE(2) formation by enhancing free radical-mediated membrane lipid oxidation and suggests that this mechanism might underlie the UVA photosensitivity in SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valencia
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Thier-224, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Merk HF, Baron JM, Heise R, Fritsche E, Schroeder P, Abel J, Krutmann J. Concepts in molecular dermatotoxicology. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:692-704. [PMID: 16881966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, molecular research has successfully elucidated some of the major mechanisms through which environmental noxae damage human skin. From this knowledge, novel concepts for skin protection have been developed. Here, we provide a brief overview of some of the most exciting and intriguing concepts in molecular dermatotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans F Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Krutmann J. The interaction of UVA and UVB wavebands with particular emphasis on signalling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 92:105-7. [PMID: 16600339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular response mechanisms and signalling pathways activated upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been extensively studied within the last two decades. Although many signalling pathways can be activated by both UVA as well as UVB, there are several distinctions indicating wavelength-specific response patterns accommodated by the terms UVA response and UVB response. Given that human skin is primarily exposed to UV light from solar radiation consisting of both UVA and UVB, we sought to explore a potential interaction between the distinct UVA and UVB responses at the level of MAPK. Our results indicate that the two distinct stress responses elicited by UVA or UVB interact with each other, producing a "third" response that is different from either alone and cannot be explained by a simple addition of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Krutmann
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
The evolution of aerobic metabolism such as respiration and photosynthesis resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A common property of all ROS types is that they can cause oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids. This toxicity of ROS explains the evolution of complex arrays of nonenzymatic and enzymatic detoxification mechanisms in plants. However, increasing evidence indicates that plants also make use of ROS as signaling molecules for regulating development and various physiological responses. In this review, novel insights into the mechanisms of how plants sense and respond to ROS are discussed in the context of the biological effects and functions of ROS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Reinehr R, Becker S, Braun J, Eberle A, Grether-Beck S, Haüssinger D. Endosomal Acidification and Activation of NADPH Oxidase Isoforms Are Upstream Events in Hyperosmolarity-induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23150-66. [PMID: 16772302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601451200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic exposure of rat hepatocytes induced a rapid oxidative-stress(ROS) response as an upstream signal for proapoptotic CD95 activation. This study shows that hyperosmotic ROS formation involves a rapid ceramide- and protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta)-dependent serine phosphorylation of p47phox and subsequent activation of NADPH oxidase isoforms. Hyperosmotic p47phox phosphorylation and ROS formation were sensitive to inhibition of sphingomyelinases and were strongly blunted after knockdown of acidic sphingomyelinase (ASM) or of p47phox protein. Hyperosmolarity induced a rapid bafilomycin- and 4,4 '-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2 '-disulfonic acid disodium salt (DIDS)-sensitive acidification of a vesicular compartment, which was accessible to endocytosed fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and colocalized with ASM, PKCzeta, and the NADPH oxidase isoform Nox 2 (gp91phox). Bafilomycin and DIDS prevented the hyperosmolarity-induced increase in ceramide formation, p47phox phosphorylation, and ROS formation. As shown recently (Reinehr, R., Becker, S., Höngen, A., and Häussinger, D. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 23977-23987), hyperosmolarity induced a Yes-dependent activation of JNK and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), followed by EGFR-CD95 association, EGFR-catalyzed CD95-tyrosine phosphorylation, and translocation of the EGFR-CD95 complex to the plasma membrane, where formation of the deathinducing signaling complex occurs. These proapoptotic responses were not only sensitive to inhibitors of sphingomyelinase, PKCzeta, or NADPH oxidases but also to ASM knockdown, bafilomycin, and DIDS, i.e. maneuvers largely preventing hyperosmolarity-induced endosomal acidification and/or ceramide formation. In hepatocytes from p47phox knock-out mice, hyperosmolarity failed to activate the CD95 system. The data suggest that hyperosmolarity induces endosomal acidification as an important upstream event for CD95 activation through stimulation of ASM-dependent ceramide formation and activation of NADPH oxidase isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Reinehr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University and Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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