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Toh EQ, Wang ECE. Targeted immunotherapy for hair regrowth and regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1285452. [PMID: 37881630 PMCID: PMC10595013 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1285452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- En Qi Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Immunity: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043125. [PMID: 36834537 PMCID: PMC9964491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid derived from cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., fam. Cannabaceae). CBD has received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome. However, CBD also has prominent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects; evidence exists that it could be beneficial in chronic inflammation, and even in acute inflammatory conditions, such as those due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this work, we review available evidence concerning CBD's effects on the modulation of innate immunity. Despite the lack so far of clinical studies, extensive preclinical evidence in different models, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and even ex vivo experiments on cells from human healthy subjects, shows that CBD exerts a wide range of inhibitory effects by decreasing cytokine production and tissue infiltration, and acting on a variety of other inflammation-related functions in several innate immune cells. Clinical studies are now warranted to establish the therapeutic role of CBD in diseases with a strong inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Azimi SZ, Alizadeh N, Ramezanzadeh E, Monfared A, Leili EK. The impact of underlying diseases-related drugs on the chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in hemodialysis patients. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 27:86. [PMID: 36685022 PMCID: PMC9854926 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_633_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Uremic pruritus or chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is a frequent compromising symptom in end-stage renal disease. Despite the little attention paid to drugs used among hemodialysis (HD) patients, investigating medications used in this population of patients and examining the status of CKD-aP may lead to the identification of medications that improve or worsen the pruritus condition. We aimed to assess the role of underlying diseases-related drugs on CKD-aP in HD patients. Materials and Methods We performed a case - control study on HD patients aged over 18 years old. The demographic data and clinical parameters including HD parameters, drug history, dermatologic assessments, and laboratory examination were assessed. Results We compared 128 patients with CKD-aP as cases and 109 patients without CKD-aP as controls. Cases were on the longer course of dialysis (44.69 ± 43.24 months for cases vs. 38.87 ± 50.73 months for controls; P = 0.02). In multiple analyses of variables related to CKD-aP, backward LR logistic regression revealed that only atorvastatin (P = 0.036) was considered to be a predictive factor associated with CKD-aP. Thus, the use of atorvastatin reduced the index of CKD-aP (95% confidence interval: 0.256-0.954, odd's Ratio = 0.494). Conclusion Atorvastatin was associated with decreased frequencies of CKD-aP among HD patients in our study. This knowledge may guide further clinical trials to evaluate atorvastatin's immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects on the CKD-aP in HD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyede Zeinab Azimi
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Narges Alizadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Narges Alizadeh, Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Elham Ramezanzadeh
- Department of Nephrology, Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Monfared
- Department of Nephrology, Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Kazemnejad Leili
- Department of Nephrology, Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Mechanism-based criteria to improve therapeutic outcomes in progressive multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 34732831 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are limited. Recent advances in our understanding of the neuroimmunology of PMS, including the mechanisms that drive slowly expanding lesions, have fuelled optimism for improved treatment of this condition. In this Review, we highlight the commonly observed neuropathology of PMS and discuss the associated mechanisms of CNS injury. We then apply this knowledge to formulate criteria for therapeutic efficacy in PMS, beginning with the need for early treatment owing to the substantial neuropathology that is already present at the initial clinical presentation. Other requirements include: antagonism of neuroaxonal injury mediators such as pro-inflammatory microglia and lymphocytes; remediation of oxidative stress resulting from iron deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction; and promotion of neuroprotection through remyelination. We consider whether current disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting MS meet the criteria for successful therapeutics in PMS and suggest that the evidence favours the early introduction of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators. Finally, we weigh up emerging medications, including repurposed generic medications and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, against these fundamental criteria. In this new therapeutic era in PMS, success depends collectively on understanding disease mechanisms, drug characteristics (including brain penetration) and rational use.
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Lee MC, Peng TR, Chen BL, Lee CH, Wang JY, Lai CP, Lee JA, Chen SM, Shiang JC. Effects of various statins on depressive symptoms: A network meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:205-213. [PMID: 34217957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that statins can reduce the severity of depressive symptoms. However, the optimal choice of statin remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a network meta-analysis to determine the optimal statin for treating depression. METHOD We performed a pairwise and network meta-analysis by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on October 29th, 2020. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that reported on changes in depressive symptoms. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess risk of bias. We tested for possible inconsistency globally by using a χ2-test and locally by calculating inconsistency factors for each comparison in closed loops. The ranking probabilities of being at each possible rank for each intervention were estimated. Comparison-adjusted funnel plots were obtained to assess publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. RESULTS We identified 13 studies that matched our inclusion criteria. The risks of bias were mostly low. None of the global or local tests found significance. Compared with placebo, atorvastatin significantly reduced the severity of depressive symptoms (mean difference -3.46, 95% confidence interval -5.26 to -1.67). Atorvastatin had the first and second rank with probabilities of 44.9% and 39.0%, respectively. Comparison-adjusted funnel plots revealed no significant publication bias. LIMITATIONS Low similarity of included studies and a relative large treatment effect of a single study were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this first network meta-analysis, atorvastatin, with high intensity and a lipophilic effect, was identified as the optimal choice of statin for treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chia Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Rong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Li Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lee
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pin Lai
- Department of Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University
| | - Jen-Ai Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Chuan Shiang
- Department of Nephrology, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Kirschen GW, AlAshqar A, Miyashita-Ishiwata M, Reschke L, El Sabeh M, Borahay MA. Vascular biology of uterine fibroids: connecting fibroids and vascular disorders. Reproduction 2021; 162:R1-R18. [PMID: 34034234 DOI: 10.1530/rep-21-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroids are benign tumors caused by the proliferation of myometrial smooth muscle cells in the uterus that can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, urinary retention, and infertility. While traditionally thought of as a disease process intrinsic to the uterus, accumulating evidence suggests that fibroid growth may be linked with the systemic vasculature system, although cell-intrinsic factors are certainly of principal importance in their inception. Fibroids are associated with essential hypertension and preeclampsia, as well as atherosclerosis, for reasons that are becoming increasingly elucidated. Factors such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, estrogen, and endothelial dysfunction all likely play a role in fibroid pathogenesis. In this review, we lay out a framework for reconceptualizing fibroids as a systemic vascular disorder, and discuss how pharmaceutical agents and other interventions targeting the vasculature may aid in the novel treatment of fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abdelrahman AlAshqar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Lauren Reschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malak El Sabeh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lee MC, Peng TR, Lee CH, Wang JY, Lee JA, Chen SM, Shiang JC. Statin use and depression risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:308-315. [PMID: 33421857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence regarding whether statin use is associated with depression is inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate this association. METHODS We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the EMBASE database, limiting the search to human patients and articles written in English and published by March 31, 2020. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies was used to assess study quality. All included studies were evaluated by 2 reviewers independently; any discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Because of the heterogeneity of study populations, a random effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size. Statistical heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. All analyses were performed using RevMan5 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. RESULTS A total of 13 observational (9 cohort, 3 case-control, and 1 cross-sectional) studies conducted in 11 countries and enrolling 5 035 070 participants were included. Substantial statistical heterogeneity was discovered (I2, 83%). Overall, use of statins was not associated with depression after trim and fill analysis (adjusted pooled odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.74-1.02). The finding was consistent in the subgroup analysis, except for studies published before 2013, showing statin use was associated with a lower risk of depression. LIMITATIONS High heterogeneity and asymmetry funnel plot of ORs from these studies were observed. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed statin use was not associated with depression. However, high heterogeneity was observed between identified studies, and results were inconsistent in the subgroups of studies published before 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chia Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University
| | - Tzu-Rong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lee
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ai Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University.
| | - Jeng-Chuan Shiang
- Department of Nephrology, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Molina-Leyva A, Cuenca-Barrales C. Pruritus and Malodour in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Impact on Quality of Life and Clinical Features Associated with Symptom Severity. Dermatology 2019; 236:59-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000502139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) suffer from symptoms such as pruritus and malodour which can significantly impair their quality of life. Objectives: (1) To analyse the impact of pruritus and malodour on the quality of life of patients with HS and (2) to explore the potential association between clinical features and the severity of these symptoms. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pruritus and malodour. Quality of life was assessed by means of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results: Two hundred and thirty-three patients were included in the study. Both pruritus and malodour positively correlated with worse quality of life (p < 0.05). Pruritus intensity was associated with the number of regions affected by HS, female sex, the intensity of suppuration, and the presence of comorbid Crohn’s disease. Statin use was associated with lower levels of pruritus. Malodour intensity was associated with higher body mass index, disease duration, the number of regions affected, Hurley stage, and intensity of suppuration. Conclusions: The results of our study show that pruritus and malodour are key symptoms in patients with HS which have a great impact on their quality of life. We have identified clinical features potentially associated with the intensity of these symptoms which could be useful to identify higher-risk patients and may influence treatment decisions.
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Maresca AM, Guasti L, Bozzini S, Mongiardi C, Tandurella N, Corso R, Zerba FG, Squizzato A, Campiotti L, Dentali F, Klersy C, Grandi AM, Falcone C. sRAGE and early signs of cardiac target organ damage in mild hypertensives. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:17. [PMID: 30755202 PMCID: PMC6371567 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) may be considered a marker inversely related to inflammation and its participation has been established in patients with advanced atherosclerotic vascular diseases. However, it is still unknown whether sRAGE reduction could be early metabolic change in the first stage of hypertension and initial hypertension-associated cardiac damage. We sought to determine the sRAGE values in otherwise healthy, untreated and recently diagnosed mild hypertensives and evaluate their association with blood pressure (BP) values, metabolic parameters, and with subclinical initial signs of cardiac target organ damage (TOD). Methods sRAGE were measured in 100 hypertensive and 100 normotensive subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), submitted to a clinic visit and both ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiography to determine the presence of initial cardiac TOD (presence of signs of left ventricular hypertrophy: left ventricular mass indexed for height2.7 (LVMi) > 48 g/m2.7 for men and > 44 g/m2.7 for women and/or increased left atrial volume 4-chamber indexed for body surface area (LAVi) > 34 ml/m2). Results sRAGE levels were similar between hypertensive and normotensive subjects and were not significantly correlated with office and 24-h BPs values. However, when subgrouping the hypertensive patients in Hyp-TOD and Hyp-withoutTOD, sRAGE was found to be different among the three groups (p = 0.030), being lower in the Hyp-TOD group than the values of both Hyp-withoutTOD (p = 0.038) and normotensives (p = 0.038). In hypertensive patients sRAGE was negatively related with both LVMi (r = − 0.239, p = 0.034) and LAVi (r = − 0.315, p = 0.005) and was independently related to cardiac TOD also in multivariable analysis. Conclusions In this population of mild hypertensives, low circulating sRAGE may be a very early marker of initial TOD, suggesting the possible participation of oxidative stress in initial cardiac changes in human hypertension. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0821-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maria Maresca
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Luigina Guasti
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sara Bozzini
- Interdepartimental Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CIRMC), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian Mongiardi
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Tandurella
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Corso
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco G Zerba
- Interdepartimental Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CIRMC), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Squizzato
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Leonardo Campiotti
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna M Grandi
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Colomba Falcone
- Interdepartimental Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CIRMC), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
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Dentali F, Nigro O, Squizzato A, Gianni M, Zuretti F, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Impact of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio on major clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Int J Cardiol 2018; 266:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Trejo-Moreno C, Castro-Martínez G, Méndez-Martínez M, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Arrellín G, Zamilpa A, Medina-Campos ON, Lombardo-Earl G, Barrita-Cruz GJ, Hernández B, Ramírez CC, Santana MA, Fragoso G, Rosas G. Acetone fraction from Sechium edule (Jacq.) S.w. edible roots exhibits anti-endothelial dysfunction activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:75-86. [PMID: 29501845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A recent ethnomedical survey on medicinal plants grown in Mexico revealed that Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae) is one of the most valued plant species to treat cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Fruits, young leaves, buds, stems, and tuberous roots of the plant are edible. Considering that endothelial dysfunction induced by Angiotensin II plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and is accompanied by a prooxidative condition, which in turn induces an inflammatory state, vascular remodeling, and tissue damage, and that S. edule has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive activity, its capability to control endothelial dysfunction was also assessed. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess in vivo the anti-endothelial dysfunction activity of the acetone fraction (rSe-ACE) of the hydroalcoholic extract from S. edule roots. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endothelial dysfunction was induced in female C57BL/6 J mice by a daily intraperitoneal injection of angiotensin II for 10 weeks. Either rSe-ACE or losartan (as a control) were co-administered with angiotensin II for the same period. Blood pressure was measured at weeks 0, 5, and 10. Kidney extracts were prepared to determine IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL17, IFNγ, TNFα, and TGFβ levels by ELISA, along with the prooxidative status as assessed by the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The expression of ICAM-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in kidney histological sections. Kidney and hepatic damage, as well as vascular tissue remodeling, were studied. RESULTS The rSe-ACE fraction administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg was able to control hypertension, as well as the prooxidative and proinflammatory status in kidney as efficiently as losartan, returning mice to normotensive levels. Additionally, the fraction was more efficient than losartan to prevent liver and kidney damage. Phytochemical characterization identified cinnamic acid as a major compound, and linoleic, palmitic, and myristic acids as the most abundant non-polar components in the mixture, previously reported to aid in the control of hypertension, inflammation, and oxidative stress, three important components of endothelial dysfunction. IN CONCLUSION this study demonstrated that rSe-ACE has anti-endothelial dysfunction activity in an experimental model and highlights the role of cinnamic acid and fatty acids in the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Trejo-Moreno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Castro-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico
| | - Marisol Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico
| | - Jesús Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos CP 62790, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Arrellín
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de México CP 03920, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos CP 62790, Mexico
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Galia Lombardo-Earl
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos CP 62790, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Joel Barrita-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Christian Carlos Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico
| | - María Angélica Santana
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62350, Mexico.
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Marino F, Scanzano A, Pulze L, Pinoli M, Rasini E, Luini A, Bombelli R, Legnaro M, de Eguileor M, Cosentino M. β 2 -Adrenoceptors inhibit neutrophil extracellular traps in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:603-614. [PMID: 29668114 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1017-398rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that in isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) adrenergic ligands can affect neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We have previously shown that, in PMN, adrenaline (A), through the activation of adrenergic receptors (AR), reduces stimulus-dependent cell activation; we have, therefore, planned to investigate if AR are involved in NET production. PMN were obtained from venous blood of healthy subject. The ability of adrenergic ligands to affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NET production, and cell migration was investigated in cells cultured under resting conditions or after activation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), LPS, or IL-8. Stimuli-induced NET production measured as ROS, microscopic evaluation, and elastase production was reverted by A and this effect was blocked by the selective β2 -AR antagonist ICI-118,551. The stimulus-induced ROS generation and migration was prevented by A and by isoprenaline (ISO), and these effects were counteracted only by ICI-118,551 and not by the other two selective ligands for the β1 and β3 -AR. Finally, the presence of the β-ARs on PMN was confirmed, by means of microscopy and flow cytometry. The data of the present study suggest that adrenergic compounds, through the interaction of mainly β2 -AR, are able to affect neutrophil functions. These data are suggestive of a possible therapeutic role of β2 -AR ligands (in addition to their classical use), promoting the possible therapeutic relevance of adrenergic system in the modulation of innate immunity proposing their possible use as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Monica Pinoli
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Trojanowicz B, Ulrich C, Kohler F, Bode V, Seibert E, Fiedler R, Girndt M. Monocytic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 relates to atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:287-298. [PMID: 28186543 PMCID: PMC7108029 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased levels of monocytic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found in haemodialysis (HD) patients may directly participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We demonstrated recently that uremia triggers the development of highly pro-atherogenic monocytes via an angiotensin II (AngII)–dependent mechanism. Opposing actions of the AngII-degrading ACE2 remain largely unknown. We examined the status of both ACEs and related receptors in circulating leukocytes of HD, not-dialyzed CKD and healthy individuals. Furthermore, we tested the possible impact of monocytic ACEs on atherogenesis and behaviour of the cells under conditions mimicking chronic renal failure. Methods: Expression of ACE, ACE2, AT1R, AT2R and MASR was investigated on circulating leukocytes from 71 HD (62 ± 14 years), 24 CKD stage 3–5 (74 ± 10 years) patients and 37 healthy control subjects (53 ± 6 years) and isolated healthy monocytes treated with normal and uremic serum. Analyses of ACE, ACE2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCSF and endothelial adhesion were tested on ACE-overexpressing THP-1 monocytes treated with captopril or losartan. ACE2-overexpressing monocytes were subjected to transmigration and adhesion assays and investigated for MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCSF, AT1R and AT2R expression. Results: The ACE mRNA level was significantly increased in HD and CKD stage 3–5 leukocytes. Correspondingly, ACE2 was downregulated and AngII as well as MAS receptor expression was upregulated in these cells. Healthy monocytes preconditioned with uremic serum reflected the same expressional regulation of ACE/ACE2, MAS and AngII receptors as those observed in HD and CKD stage 3–5 leukocytes. Overexpression of monocytic ACE dramatically decreased levels of ACE2 and induced a pro-atherogenic phenotype, partly reversed by AngII-modifying treatments, leading to an increase in ACE2. Overexpression of ACE2 in monocytes led to reduced endothelial adhesion, transmigration and downregulation of adhesion-related molecules. Conclusions: HD and not-dialyzed CKD stage 3–5 patients show enhanced ACE and decreased ACE2 expression on monocytes. This constellation renders the cells endothelial adhesive and likely supports the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusz Trojanowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christof Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Felix Kohler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Veronika Bode
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eric Seibert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Roman Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Li HH, Lin CL, Huang CN. Neuroprotective effects of statins against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:198-206. [PMID: 29557360 PMCID: PMC5879882 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that disruption of the homeostasis of lipid metabolism affects the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain has been reported to considerably increase the risk of developing AD. Thus, dysregulation of lipid homeostasis may increase the amyloid β (Aβ) levels by affecting amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, which is the most important risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Previous research demonstrated that Aβ can trigger neuronal insulin resistance, which plays an important role in response to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in AD. Epidemiological studies also suggested that statin use is associated with a decreased incidence of AD. Therefore, statins are believed to be a good candidate for conferring neuroprotective effects against AD. Statins may play a beneficial role in reducing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Their effect involves a putative mechanism beyond its cholesterol-lowering effects in preventing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of statins have not been clearly determined in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Given that statins may provide benefits beyond the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, these drugs may also improve the brain. Thus, statins may have beneficial effects on impaired insulin signaling by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in neuronal cells. They play a potential therapeutic role in targeting Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
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16
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Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and ischemic stroke risk in generally healthy adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183706. [PMID: 28829826 PMCID: PMC5567907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported as a marker for chronic inflammation, associated with poor prognosis in ischemic stroke patients, but there has been no study that investigated its association with ischemic stroke risk. This study was conducted to investigate elevated NLR as an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke incidence. Our retrospective cohort study included 24,708 generally healthy subjects aged 30–75 who received self-referred health screening at Seoul National University Hospital. Data on ischemic stroke incidence was retrieved from national medical claims registry. Median follow-up time was 5.9 years (interquartile range 4.2 years). Adjusted for major cardiovascular risk factors, compared to subjects with NLR<1.5, subjects with 2.5≤NLR<3.0, 3.0≤NLR<3.5, and NLR≥3.5 had elevated risk for ischemic stroke incidence with aHR (95% CI) of 1.76 (1.09–2.84), 2.21 (1.21–4.04), and 2.96 (1.57–5.58), respectively. NLR showed significant improvement in discrimination for ischemic stroke incidence compared to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (C-index 0.748 vs. 0.739, P = 0.025). There was significant net improvement in reclassification in Framingham risk for ischemic stroke incidence after addition of NLR, with IDI 0.0035 (P<0.0001), and NRI 6.02% (P = 0.0015). This reclassification for ischemic stroke incidence by NLR was markedly pronounced among subjects with atrial fibrillation with CHA2DS2-VASc<2 (NRI 42.41%, P = 0.056). Our study suggests elevated NLR to be an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke incidence in generally healthy adults. Future studies are needed to validate our results and further assess how subjects with elevated NLR should be managed within current guidelines.
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Marino F, Schembri L, Rasini E, Pinoli M, Scanzano A, Luini A, Congiu T, Cosentino M. Characterization of human leukocyte-HUVEC adhesion: Effect of cell preparation methods. J Immunol Methods 2017; 443:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Wu KLH, Wu CW, Tain YL, Chao YM, Hung CY, Tsai PC, Wang WS, Shih CD. Effects of high fructose intake on the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of AT 1R/gp91 PHOX signaling in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 41:73-83. [PMID: 28063367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic and dietary factors determine the development of hypertension. Whether dietary factor impacts the development of hereditary hypertension is unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of daily high-fructose diet (HFD) on the development of hypertension in adolescent spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Six-week-old SHR were randomly divided into two groups to receive HFD or normal diet (ND) for 3 weeks. The temporal profile of systolic blood pressure, alongside the sympathetic vasomotor activity, in the SHR-HFD showed significantly greater increases at 9-12 weeks of age compared with the age-matched SHR-ND group. Immunofluorescence was used to identify the distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidants and antioxidants in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) where sympathetic premotor neurons reside. In RVLM of SHR-HFD, the levels of ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation were elevated. The changes in protein expression were measured by Western blot. NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox and angiotensin II type I receptor were up-regulated in RVLM neuron. On the other hand, the expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase was suppressed. Both molecular and hemodynamic changes in the SHR-HFD were rescued by oral pioglitazone treatment from weeks 7 to 9. Furthermore, central infusion with tempol, a ROS scavenger, effectively ameliorated ROS accumulation in RVLM and diminished the heightened pressor response and enhanced sympathetic activity in the SHR-HFD. Together, these results suggest that HFD intake at adolescent SHR may impact the development of hypertension via increasing oxidative stress in RVLM which could be effectively attenuated by pioglitazone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Senior Citizen Services, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan 700, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chih-Wei Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Mei Chao
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ying Hung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Chia Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Sing Wang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Dean Shih
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Merlo S, Starčević JN, Mankoč S, Šantl Letonja M, Cokan Vujkovac A, Zorc M, Petrovič D. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphism (rs2010963) and Its Receptor, Kinase Insert Domain-Containing Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2071559), and Markers of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1482194. [PMID: 26881237 PMCID: PMC4736196 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1482194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastjan Merlo
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jovana Nikolajević Starčević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Mankoč
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Marjeta Zorc
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Petrovič
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Daniel Petrovič:
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Neutrophil's weapons in atherosclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:663-71. [PMID: 26551083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important components of immunity associated with inflammatory responses against a broad spectrum of pathogens. These cells could be rapidly activated by proinflammatory stimuli and migrate to the inflamed and infected sites where they release a variety of cytotoxic molecules with antimicrobial activity. Neutrophil antibacterial factors include extracellular proteases, redox enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and small bioactive molecules. In resting neutrophils, these factors are stored in granules and released upon activation during degranulation. These factors could be also secreted in a neutrophil-derived microparticle-dependent fashion. Neutrophils exhibit a unique property to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins to catch and kill bacteria. Neutrophil-released factors are efficient in inactivation and elimination of pathogens through oxidation-dependent or independent damage of bacterial cells, inactivation and neutralization of virulence factors and other mechanisms. However, in chronic atherosclerosis-associated inflammation, protective function of neutrophils could be impaired and misdirected against own cells. This could lead to deleterious effects and progressive vascular injury. In atherogenesis, a pathogenic role of neutrophils could be especially seen in early stages associated with endothelial dysfunction and induction of vascular inflammation and in late atherosclerosis associated with plaque rupture and atherothrombosis. Assuming a prominent impact of neutrophils in cardiovascular pathology, developing therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophil-specific antigens could have a promising clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Effects of alpha-tocopherol associated with lovastatin on brain tissue and memory function in SHRSPs. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Marino F, Tozzi M, Schembri L, Ferraro S, Tarallo A, Scanzano A, Legnaro M, Castelli P, Cosentino M. Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124565. [PMID: 25893670 PMCID: PMC4404350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in atherosclerotic plaques have been identified only recently, and their contribution to plaque development is not yet fully understood. In this study, production of elastase, interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PMN was investigated in subjects with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods The study enrolled 50 patients (Pts) and 10 healthy subjects (HS). Circulating PMN (cPMN) isolated from venous blood (in both Pts and HS) and from plaques (pPMN, in Pts) were cultured, alone or with 0.1 μM fMLP. Elastase, IL-8 and VEGF mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. In CEA specimens, PMN were localized by immunohistochemistry. Results In both Pts cPMN and pPMN, IL-8 mRNA was higher at rest but lower after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), and VEGF mRNA was higher both at rest and after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), while elastase mRNA was not significantly different. On the contrary, protein production was always higher in cPMN of HS with respect to values measured in cells of Pts. In CEA specimens, CD66b+ cells localized to areas with massive plaque formation close to neovessels. Pts with soft and mix plaques, as defined by computed tomography, did not differ in cPMN or pPMN IL-8, VEGF or elastase mRNA, or in intraplaque CD66b+ cell density. However, Pts with soft plaques had higher white blood cell count due to increased PMN. Conclusions In Pts with carotid plaques, both circulating and intraplaque PMN produce IL-8, VEGF and elastase, which are crucial for plaque development and progression. These findings suggest mechanistic explanations to the reported correlation between PMN count and cardiovascular mortality in carotid ATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Tarallo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Angela Scanzano
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castelli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Scanzano A, Schembri L, Rasini E, Luini A, Dallatorre J, Legnaro M, Bombelli R, Congiu T, Cosentino M, Marino F. Adrenergic modulation of migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, ROS and interleukin-8 production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:127-35. [PMID: 25561369 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adrenergic modulation of immunity has been extensively characterized, however, few information exist regarding polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), despite their key role in immunity and inflammation. We investigated the effect of adrenergic agents on human PMN migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin (IL)-8 production, and on adrenoceptor (AR) expression. METHODS Migration was measured by the Boyden chamber assay, CD11b/CD18 expression was assessed by flow cytometry, intracellular ROS were detected by spectrofluorimetry, and IL-8 was quantitated by standard ELISA assay. AR mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR and PMN morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Adrenaline(A), noradrenaline and the β-AR agonist isoprenaline reduced N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and ROS production, without affecting IL-8. The effect of A on CD11b was antagonized by yohimbine and propranolol, and increased by prazosin. The effect on ROS production was completely abolished by propranolol. PMN expressed α(1A)-, α(1B)-, α(1D)-, α(2A)-, α(2C)-, β(1)-, β(2)-, and β(3)-AR mRNA. A prevented fMLP-induced morphological changes of PMN. CONCLUSIONS Adrenergic agents reduced PMN responses mainly through β-AR, although α-AR may contribute at least to CD11b expression. AR-operated pathways in PMN should be investigated in disease conditions and in the response to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scanzano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese VA, Italy,
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25
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Redlich C, Berk M, Williams LJ, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Li X. Statin use and risk of depression: a Swedish national cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:348. [PMID: 25471121 PMCID: PMC4266881 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin medications, used to prevent heart disease by reducing cholesterol, also reduce inflammation and protect against oxidative damage. As inflammation and oxidative stress occur in depression, there is interest in their potential to reduce depression risk. We investigated whether use of statin medications was associated with a change in the risk of developing depression in a very large Swedish national cohort (n = 4,607,990). METHODS National register data for adults ≥40yr was analyzed to obtain information about depression diagnoses and prescriptions of statin medications between 2006 and 2008. Associations were tested using logistic regression. RESULTS Use of any statin was shown to reduce the odds of depression by 8% compared to individuals not using statin medications (OR = 0.92, 95% CI, 0.89-0.96; p < 0.001). Simvastatin had a protective effect (OR = 0.93, 95% CI, 0.89-0.97; p = 0.001), whereas atorvastatin was associated with increased risk of depression (OR = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.01-1.22; p = 0.032). There was a stepwise decrease in odds ratio with increasing age (OR ≥ 40 years = 0.95, OR ≥ 50 years = 0.91, OR ≥ 60 years = 0.85, OR ≥ 70 years = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS The use of any statin was associated with a reduction in risk of depression in individuals over the age of 40. Clarification of the strength of these protective effects, the clinical relevance of these effects and determination of which statins are most effective is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Redlich
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Lana J Williams
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Xinjun Li
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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26
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Marino F, Maresca AM, Castiglioni L, Cosentino M, Maio RC, Schembri L, Klersy C, Mongiardi C, Robustelli Test L, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Simvastatin down-regulates the production of interleukin-8 by neutrophil leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:37. [PMID: 24629144 PMCID: PMC3995542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil (PMN) leukocytes participate to the initial phases of atherosclerosis through the release of Interleukin 8 (CxCL8; IL-8) that contribute to amplification of inflammation. Aim of the study is to investigate the production of IL-8 by PMN leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients treated with simvastatin. METHODS In 15 dyslipidemic subjects with moderately increased cardiovascular risk, assessed by Framingham Risk Score, blood samples were obtain to investigate PMNs IL-8 production [at baseline and after N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation] before and after long-term (1-year) simvastatin treatment. RESULTS The resting release of IL-8 was higher in dyslipidemic patients at baseline when compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). One year of treatment was significantly associated with reduced IL-8 production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the fMLP-induced IL-8 production in dyslipidemic untreated patients was higher than that of controls (p < 0.05) and was reduced after simvastatin treatment (p < 0.01). IL-8 release after 1 year of treatment was reduced to levels which were lower than those observed in control subjects both for resting and stimulated cytokine production (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged treatment with simvastatin is associated with a reduction of IL-8 production, suggesting the possibility of statin to modulate the pro-inflammatory response in PMNs of patients with moderately increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Maria Maresca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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27
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Soluble RAGE plasma levels in patients with coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:584504. [PMID: 24228009 PMCID: PMC3817642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was define in a relatively large patient population with coronary artery disease (CAD) whether the concomitant presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD), which is known to convey additional cardiovascular risk, was associated with different circulating levels of sRAGE with respect to CAD alone and control subjects. Clinical and laboratory parameters including the ankle brachial index (ABI) and sRAGE (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit) were investigated in 544 patients with angiographically documented CAD and 328 control subjects. 213/554 CAD patients (39%) showed an ABI <0.9 associated with typical symptoms (group CAD + PAD), whereas 331 patients were free from PAD. The concentration of plasma sRAGE was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in CAD population, with and without PAD, than in control subjects. Among CAD patients, those with PAD showed lower levels of sRAGE. The distribution of the three groups (CAD, CAD + PAD, and controls) according to sRAGE tertiles showed that lower levels were more frequent in patients with CAD and CAD + PAD, whereas higher levels were more frequently found in controls. CAD patients presenting with PAD have lower sRAGE levels than CAD patients without peripheral atherosclerosis showing that stable atherosclerotic lesions in different vascular districts are inversely related to soluble decoy receptor sRAGE.
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Davis BB, Zeki AA, Bratt JM, Wang L, Filosto S, Walby WF, Kenyon NJ, Goldkorn T, Schelegle ES, Pinkerton KE. Simvastatin inhibits smoke-induced airway epithelial injury: implications for COPD therapy. Eur Respir J 2013; 42:350-61. [PMID: 23180589 PMCID: PMC6082623 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00042512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death. The statin drugs may have therapeutic potential in respiratory diseases such as COPD, but whether they prevent bronchial epithelial injury is unknown. We hypothesised that simvastatin attenuates acute tobacco smoke-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation and airway epithelial injury. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were given simvastatin (20 mg·kg(-1) i.p.) daily for either 7 days prior to tobacco smoke exposure and during 3 days of smoke exposure, or only during tobacco smoke exposure. Pretreatment with simvastatin prior to and continued throughout smoke exposure reduced the total influx of leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages into the lung and airways. Simvastatin attenuated tobacco smoke-induced cellular infiltration into lung parenchymal and airway subepithelial and interstitial spaces. 1 week of simvastatin pretreatment almost completely prevented smoke-induced denudation of the airway epithelial layer, while simvastatin given only concurrently with the smoke exposure had no effect. Simvastatin may be a novel adjunctive therapy for smoke-induced lung diseases, such as COPD. Given the need for statin pretreatment there may be a critical process of conditioning that is necessary for statins' anti-inflammatory effects. Future work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of this statin protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Davis
- 1Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Kumar A, Vashist A, Kumar P, Kalonia H, Mishra J. Protective effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors against running wheel activity induced fatigue, anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1326-36. [PMID: 23406743 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue stress (CFS) is an important health problem with unknown causes and unsatisfactory prevention strategies, often characterized by long-lasting and debilitating fatigue, myalgia, impairment of neuro-cognitive functions along with other common symptoms. The present study has been designed to explore the protective effect of statins against running wheel activity induced fatigue anxiety. METHODS Male albino Laca mice (20-30 g) were subjected to swim stress induced fatigue in a running wheel activity apparatus. Atorvastatin (10, 20 mg/kg, po) and fluvastatin (5, 10 mg/kg, po) were administered daily for 21 days, one hour prior to the animals being subjected to running wheel activity test session of 6 min. Various behavioral tests (running wheel activity, locomotor activity and elevated plus maze test), biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, glutathione levels and catalase activity) and mitochondrial complex enzyme dysfunctions (complex I, II, III and IV) were subsequently assessed. RESULTS Animals exposed to 6 min test session on running wheel for 21 days showed a significant decrease in number of wheel rotations per 6 min indicating fatigue stress like behavior. Treatment with atorvastatin (10 and 20 mg/kg) and fluvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 21 days significantly improved the behavioral alterations [increased number of wheel rotations and locomotor activity, and anxiety like behavior (decreased number of entries and time spent in open arm)], oxidative defence and mitochondrial complex enzyme activities in brain. CONCLUSION Present study suggests the protective role of statins against chronic fatigue induced behavioral, biochemical and mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Benigni A, Orisio S, Noris M, Iatropoulos P, Castaldi D, Kamide K, Rakugi H, Arai Y, Todeschini M, Ogliari G, Imai E, Gondo Y, Hirose N, Mari D, Remuzzi G. Variations of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene are associated with extreme human longevity. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:993-1005. [PMID: 22569962 PMCID: PMC3636412 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Longevity phenotype in humans results from the influence of environmental and genetic factors. Few gene polymorphisms have been identified so far with a modest effect on lifespan leaving room for the search of other players in the longevity game. It has been recently demonstrated that targeted disruption of the mouse homolog of the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene (AGTR1) translates into marked prolongation of animal lifespan (Benigni et al., J Clin Invest 119(3):524-530, 2009). Based on the above study in mice, here we sought to search for AGTR1 variations associated to reduced AT1 receptor protein levels and to prolonged lifespan in humans. AGTR1 was sequenced in 173 Italian centenarians and 376 younger controls. A novel non-synonymous mutation was detected in a centenarian. Two polymorphisms in AGTR1 promoter, rs422858 and rs275653, in complete linkage disequilibrium, were significantly associated with the ability to attain extreme old age. We then replicated the study of rs275653 in a large independent cohort of Japanese origin (598 centenarians and semi-supercentenarians, 422 younger controls) and indeed confirmed its association with exceptional old age. In combined analyses, rs275653 was associated to extreme longevity either at recessive model (P = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) 3.57) or at genotype level (P = 0.015). Significance was maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis revealed that subjects homozygous for the minor allele of rs275653 had less AT1R-positive peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells. Moreover, rs275653 was associated to lower blood pressure in centenarians. These findings highlight the role of AGTR1 as a possible candidate among longevity-enabling genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Benigni
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Orisio
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- />Transplant Research Center, “Chiara Cucchi De Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Paraskevas Iatropoulos
- />Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Davide Castaldi
- />Ph.D. School of Informatics, DISCo, University of Milan—Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Kei Kamide
- />Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- />Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- />Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Todeschini
- />Transplant Research Center, “Chiara Cucchi De Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogliari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Enyu Imai
- />Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- />Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- />Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniela Mari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- />Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
- />Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
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31
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Marino F, Maresca AM, Cosentino M, Castiglioni L, Rasini E, Mongiardi C, Maio RC, Legnaro M, Schembri L, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor expression in circulating monocytes of diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients over 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:153. [PMID: 23259529 PMCID: PMC3549933 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, a variety of pro-inflammatory cellular changes has been found in various cell types, including monocytes which are known to be involved in all the phases of atherogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of Ang II whereas the type 2 receptor (AT2R) seems associated with atheroprotection. We sought to investigate the potential changes of AT1R-AT2R expression in human monocytes of type 2 diabetic- hypercholesterolemic patients and in hypercholesterolemic subjects, upon clinical treatment with rosuvastatin. Methods The AT1R membrane protein and mRNA AT1R and AT2R expression in monocytes were investigated in 10 type 2 diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients and in 10 hypercholesterolemic subjects, before and after 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected. Results As expected, rosuvastatin was associated with a change in the lipid profile in the two groups. Both the membrane protein (P = 0.008) and the AT1R mRNA expression (P = 0.038) were significantly reduced during treatment in the absence of AT2R expression change in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients whereas no significant difference was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The serum IL-4 levels were increased during treatment whereas no change was observed in IFN-γ in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients. No cytokine change was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Conclusions Our study on monocytes of diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients, showing a reduced AT1R but not AT2R expression during rosuvastatin treatment, suggests that statin therapy may modulate favorably the AT1-AT2 receptor balance in subjects with coexistent type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Lunder M, Drevenšek G, Černe D, Marc J, Janić M, Šabovič M. Treatment With Low-dose Atorvastatin, Losartan, and Their Combination Increases Expression of Vasoactive-Related Genes in Rat Aortas. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 18:177-83. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248412463966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) at low doses express beneficial pleiotropic vascular effects. We aimed to explore whether these drugs at low doses induce the expression of vasoactive-related genes. Sixty adult Wistar rats were treated with low-dose atorvastatin (2 mg/kg), low-dose losartan (5 mg/kg), their combination or saline daily for 4, 6, or 8 weeks. Expression of the vasoactive-related genes endothelin receptor type A ( EDNRA), endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 ( NOS3), inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 ( NOS2), and angiotensin II receptor type 1 ( AGTRL1a) was measured in isolated thoracic aortas. Expression of EDNRA gradually decreased, the lowest values being obtained after 8 weeks (low-dose atorvastatin, losartan [1.6- and 1-7-fold vs controls, respectively; both P < .05], and the combination [2.3-fold vs control, P < .001]). The highest values of NOS3 were obtained after 6 weeks (low-dose atorvastatin, losartan, and their combination, 3.1-fold, P < .01; 3.4-fold, P < .001; and 3.6-fold, P < .001 vs controls, respectively) and then declined after 8 weeks. The combination was more effective in inducing total NOS3 expression when compared to the separate drugs (1.4-fold; P < .05). Importantly, expression of NOS3 was associated with increased plasma NO levels and positively correlated with thoracic aorta relaxation. No changes in expression of NOS2 and AGTRL1a were observed. We showed that low-dose atorvastatin or losartan and especially their combination increases the expression of NOS3 and decreases the expression of EDNRA. These findings are valuable in explaining the effectiveness of the “low-dose pharmacological approach” for improvement in arterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Lunder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Drevenšek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Černe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miodrag Janić
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Businaro R, Tagliani A, Buttari B, Profumo E, Ippoliti F, Di Cristofano C, Capoano R, Salvati B, Riganò R. Cellular and molecular players in the atherosclerotic plaque progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1262:134-41. [PMID: 22823445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis initiation and progression is controlled by inflammatory molecular and cellular mediators. Cells of innate immunity, stimulated by various endogenous molecules that have undergone a transformation following an oxidative stress or nonenzymatic glycation processes, activate cells of the adaptive immunity, found at the borders of atheromas. In this way, an immune response against endogenous modified antigens takes place and gives rise to chronic low-level inflammation leading to the slow development of complex atherosclerotic plaques. These lesions will occasionally ulcerate, thus ending with fatal clinical events. Plaque macrophages represent the majority of leukocytes in the atherosclerotic lesions, and their secretory activity, including proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading proteases, may be related to the fragilization of the fibrous cap and then to the rupture of the plaque. A considerable amount of work is currently focused on the identification of locally released proinflammatory factors that influence the evolution of the plaque to an unstable phenotype. A better understanding of these molecular processes may contribute to new treatment strategies. Mediators released by the immune system and associated with the development of carotid atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
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Lingrel JB, Pilcher-Roberts R, Basford JE, Manoharan P, Neumann J, Konaniah ES, Srinivasan R, Bogdanov VY, Hui DY. Myeloid-specific Krüppel-like factor 2 inactivation increases macrophage and neutrophil adhesion and promotes atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2012; 110:1294-302. [PMID: 22474254 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.267310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hemizygous deficiency of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been shown previously to augment atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. However, the cell type responsible for the increased atherosclerosis due to KLF2 deficiency has not been identified. This study examined the consequence of myeloid cell-specific KLF2 inactivation in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell-specific knockout mice were generated by Cre/loxP recombination. Macrophages isolated from myeloid-specific Klf2 knockout (myeKlf2(-/-)) mice were similar to myeKlf2(+/+) macrophages in response to activation, polarization, and lipid accumulation. However, in comparison to myeKlf2(+/+) macrophages, myeKlf2(-/-) macrophages adhered more robustly to endothelial cells. Neutrophils from myeKlf2(-/-) mice also adhered more robustly to endothelial cells, and fewer myeKlf2(-/-) neutrophils survived in culture over a 24-hour period in comparison with myeKlf2(+/+) neutrophils. When myeKlf2(-/-) mice were mated to Ldlr(-/-) mice and then fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet, significant increase in atherosclerosis was observed in the myeKlf2(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice compared with myeKlf2(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) littermates. The increased atherosclerosis in myeKlf2(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice was associated with elevated presence of neutrophils and macrophages, with corresponding increase of myeloperoxidase as well as chlorinated and nitrosylated tyrosine epitopes in their lesion areas compared with myeKlf2(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS This study documents a role for myeloid KLF2 expression in modulating atherosclerosis. The increased neutrophil accumulation and atherosclerosis progression with myeloid-specific KLF2 deficiency also underscores the importance of neutrophils in promoting vascular oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. Collectively, these results suggest that elevating KLF2 expression may be a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry B Lingrel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524.
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Chon H, Neumann J, Boer P, Joles JA, Braam B. Enhanced Angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in leukocytes of patients with chronic kidney disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 666:205-10. [PMID: 21640098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated increased Angiotensin II type I receptor expression in leukocytes from patients with untreated, but not in treated, essential hypertension (essential hypertension). We hypothesized that the Angiotensin II AT1 receptor is also increased in leukocytes from patients with chronic kidney disease, however and can still be corrected with combined anti-hypertensive treatment with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and statins. Blood pressure, cholesterol, renal function oxidative stress parameters, inflammation, and leukocyte Angiotensin II AT1 receptor mRNA expression were measured both on and (6 weeks) off treatment. Data were compared to data of 10 healthy control subjects. Untreated chronic kidney disease patients (n=20) had higher blood pressure, cholesterol and leukocyte Angiotensin II AT1 receptor mRNA expression, but no different ox-LDL, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, paraoxonase activity or hs-CRP. OxLDL and Lipoprotein(a) were increased in untreated chronic kidney disease. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor expression inversely correlated with renal function (R(2)=0.15, P<0.03) and Lipoprotein(a) but not with the other parameters. Treatment with RAS blockers and statins normalized blood pressure and cholesterol, however it did not correct enhanced leukocyte Angiotensin II AT1 receptor expression. Leukocyte Angiotensin II AT1 receptor expression is inappropriately high in chronic kidney disease, correlates inversely with renal function and does not depend on antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment. The uremic environment seems to dominate over previously reported actions of high blood pressure and cholesterol to enhance leukocyte Angiotensin II AT1 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chon
- Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and reduce low-density lipoprotein-C levels. Statins are well-tolerated drugs used for prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Statins possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and possible anticancer effects. Statins are reported to be effective against psoriasis, dermatitis, graft-versus-host disease, uremic pruritus, vitiligo, and hirsutism. Topical forms of statins are employed in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, rosacea, and rhinophyma. Animal studies show the beneficial effect of statins against contact dermatitis and wound healing. They have promising anti-HIV effects as well. This article succinctly reviews the various cellular and molecular effects of statins, their applications in cutaneous medicine and their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Jowkar
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Chalmers JD, Short PM, Mandal P, Akram AR, Hill AT. Statins in community acquired pneumonia: Evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Respir Med 2010; 104:1081-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang Q, Yan J, Chen X, Li J, Yang Y, Weng J, Deng C, Yenari MA. Statins: multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Neurol 2010; 230:27-34. [PMID: 20406638 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been widely used for the treatment of a variety of conditions beyond their original role in lowering cholesterol. Since statins have relatively few side effects, they have been recognized as useful medicine to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders. Current studies on the applications of statins have demonstrated their neuroprotective and clinical significance among neurodegenerative diseases like cerebral ischemic stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, though the neuroprotective mechanisms are not completely understood. This review will discuss recent development in the use of statins in slowing down the progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. It will summarize the potential mechanisms for statin-mediated neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In detail, this review discuss the roles of statins in lowering cholesterol, reducing reactive oxygen species, impairing β-amyloid production and serum apolipoprotein E levels, enhancing the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cerebral blood flow, and modulating cognitive related receptors and matrix metalloproteases. Finally, different alterations of various receptors in brain regions following statin treatment and their correlations with cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease will also be reviewed, as well as the potential for therapy in ameliorating the progression of Parkinson's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Interaction between repair, disease, & inflammation."
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China.
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Cosentino M, Marino F, Maio RC, Delle Canne MG, Luzzani M, Paracchini S, Lecchini S. Immunomodulatory activity of the lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMR/lignan) extracted from the heartwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:339-43. [PMID: 20005303 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological profile of the lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol (HMR/lignan, HMR) includes chemopreventive effects, antioxidant properties, and mild proestrogenic activity. The present study was devised to investigate the effects of HMR on THP-1 cells, an established model of human monocytes, and on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In THP-1 cells, HMR concentration-dependently reduced LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion in the supernatant. HMR at low, sub-muM concentrations also reduced TNF-alpha mRNA, which was however enhanced by supra-muM concentrations of HMR. In human PMNs, HMR concentration-dependently reduced ROS production induced by either N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, phorbol myristate acetate or angiotensin II, as well as interleukin-8 production induced by either N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe or angiotensin II. Results indicate that HMR is an effective inhibitor of both monocytic THP-1 cells and of human PMNs and warrant further studies to assess their relevance for the prevention and treatment of several conditions characterized by chronic systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cosentino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Expression and Interleukin-8 Production in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54:520-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181bfadfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guasti L, Marino F, Cosentino M, Maroni L, Maresca AM, Colombo F, Maio RC, Castiglioni L, Saporiti F, Loraschi A, Gaudio G, Bernasconi A, Laurita E, Grandi AM, Venco A. Cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients studied for suspected obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2009; 15:3-11. [PMID: 19924457 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-009-0315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and atherosclerosis-related inflammation has been poorly investigated, particularly focusing on functional responses of immune cells playing a key role in atherogenesis and in comparison with control groups with similar cardiovascular risk factors which are known to be themselves associated with inflammation. We sought to determine cellular tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and interleukin (IL)-8 release from neutrophils (PMNs) in patients studied for suspected OSA. METHODS Thirty-six consecutive patients who underwent a nocturnal complete cardiorespiratory evaluation for suspected OSA were initially evaluated. Serum, PBMCs, and PMNs were isolated (at baseline and after 12 weeks) from patients with apnea-ipopnea index (AHI) >20 (OSA group, n = 16) and from control patients with AHI <5 (nonOSA group, n = 11). All patients continued the same pharmacological therapy for 12 weeks; the OSA group was additionally treated with nocturnal continuous positive-airway-pressure ventilation (cPAP). RESULTS The two groups had similar clinical characteristics (prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardio-metabolic therapies) except for obesity. Resting and stimulated TNF-α production from PBMCs and IL-8 release from PMNs were similar in the two groups. Serum cytokines resulted within the normal range. In the OSA group, cPAP was not associated with changes in cellular responses. CONCLUSIONS In patients showing similar prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardio-metabolic therapies, differing for the presence or absence of OSA, cytokine productions from PBMC and PMN were similar and were not modified during cPAP therapy. Studies designed to investigate OSA-associated inflammation should carefully match the control group subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Guasti
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, Varese, 21100, Italy.
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Baetta R, Corsini A. Role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in atherosclerosis: current state and future perspectives. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:1-13. [PMID: 19931081 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the long-standing and widely accepted belief that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are of marginal relevance in atherosclerosis, evidence revealing a previously unappreciated role of PMN in the process of atherosclerosis is being accumulating. Systemic inflammation involving activated PMN is clearly associated with unstable conditions of coronary artery disease and an increased number of circulating neutrophils is a well-known risk indicator of future cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, PMN are activated in a number of clinical conditions associated with high risk of developing atherosclerosis and are detectable into culprit lesions of patients with coronary artery disease. At present, pharmacological interventions aimed at blocking neutrophil emigration from the blood into the arterial wall and/or inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory functions are not an option for treating atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence suggest that part of the atheroprotective effects of statins as well as HDL and HDL apolipoproteins may be related to their ability to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in the arterial wall. These hypotheses are not definitely established and warrant for further study. This Review describes the evidence suggesting that PMN may have a causative role in atherogenesis and atheroprogression and discusses the potential importance of modulating neutrophilic inflammation as part of a novel, improved strategy for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Simpson JL, Phipps S, Gibson PG. Inflammatory mechanisms and treatment of obstructive airway diseases with neutrophilic bronchitis. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:86-95. [PMID: 19555716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major global health issues. Although considered as distinct diseases, airway inflammation is a key underlying pathophysiological process in asthma, COPD and bronchiectasis. Persistent neutrophilic airway inflammation (neutrophilic bronchitis) occurs with innate immune activation and is a feature of each of these airway diseases. Little is known about the mechanisms leading to neutrophilic bronchitis and few treatments are effective in reducing neutrophil accumulation in the airways. There is a similar pattern of inflammatory mediator release and toll like receptor 2 expression in asthma, COPD and bronchiectasis. We propose the existence of an active amplification mechanism, an effector arm of the innate immune system, involving toll like receptor 2, operating in persistent neutrophilic bronchitis. Neutrophil persistence in the airways can occur through a number of mechanisms such as impaired apoptosis, efferocytosis and mucus hypersecretion, all of which are impaired in airways disease. Impairment of neutrophil clearance results in a reduced ability to respond to bacterial infection. Persistent activation of airway neutrophils may result in the persistent activation of the innate immune system resulting in further airway insult. Current therapies are limited for the treatment of neutrophilic bronchitis; possible treatments being investigated include theophylline, statins, antagonists of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrolide antibiotics. Macrolides have shown great promise in their ability to reduce airway inflammation, and can reduce airway neutrophils, levels of CXCL8 and neutrophil proteases in the airways. Studies also show improvements in quality of life and exacerbation rates in airways diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Simpson
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Statins: mechanisms of neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:64-75. [PMID: 19428962 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials report that the class of drugs known as statins may be neuroprotective in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and further trials are currently underway to test whether these drugs are also beneficial in multiple sclerosis and acute stroke treatment. Since statins are well tolerated and have relatively few side effects, they may be considered as viable drugs to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of their neuroprotective effects is only partly understood. In this article, we review the current data on the neuroprotective effects of statins and their underlying mechanisms. In the first section, we detail the mechanisms by which statins affect cellular signalling. The primary action of statins is to inhibit cellular cholesterol synthesis. However, the cholesterol synthesis pathway also has several by-products, the non-sterol isoprenoids that are also important in cellular functioning. Furthermore, reduced cholesterol levels may deplete the cholesterol-rich membrane domains known as lipid rafts, which in turn could affect cellular signalling. In the second section, we summarize how the effects on signalling translate into general neuroprotective effects through peripheral systems. Statins improve blood-flow, reduce coagulation, modulate the immune system and reduce oxidative damage. The final section deals with the effects of statins on the central nervous system, particularly during Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis.
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Quinn K, Henriques M, Parker T, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Human neutrophil peptides: a novel potential mediator of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1817-24. [PMID: 18805897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00472.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional view of atherosclerosis has recently been expanded from a predominantly lipid retentive disease to a coupling of inflammatory mechanisms and dyslipidemia. Studies have suggested a novel role for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dominant inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), also known as alpha-defensins, are secreted and released from PMN granules upon activation and are conventionally involved in microbial killing. Current evidence suggests an important immunomodulative role for these peptides. HNP levels are markedly increased in inflammatory diseases including sepsis and acute coronary syndromes. They have been found within the intima of human atherosclerotic arteries, and their deposition in the skin correlates with the severity of coronary artery diseases. HNPs form complexes with LDL in solution and increase LDL binding to the endothelial surface. HNPs have also been shown to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorder, and the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Given the emerging relationship between PMN-dominant inflammation and atherosclerosis, HNPs may serve as a link between them and as a biological marker and potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery diseases and acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Quinn
- The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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