1
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Garon L, Kokta V, Coulombe J. Trichothiodystrophy. JAMA Dermatol 2023; 159:877. [PMID: 37342013 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes an infant with frizzy, coarse, and fragile hair and low-set ears, blepharophimosis, and osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Garon
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victor Kokta
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Pathology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Coulombe
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Nikfarjam S, Singh KK. DNA damage response signaling: A common link between cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4380-4404. [PMID: 36156462 PMCID: PMC9972122 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) signaling ensures genomic and proteomic homeostasis to maintain a healthy genome. Dysregulation either in the form of down- or upregulation in the DDR pathways correlates with various pathophysiological states, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Impaired DDR is studied as a signature mechanism for cancer; however, it also plays a role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), inflammation, cardiovascular function, and aging, demonstrating a complex and intriguing relationship between cancer and pathophysiology of CVDs. Accordingly, there are increasing number of reports indicating higher incidences of CVDs in cancer patients. In the present review, we thoroughly discuss (1) different DDR pathways, (2) the functional cross talk among different DDR mechanisms, (3) the role of DDR in cancer, (4) the commonalities and differences of DDR between cancer and CVDs, (5) the role of DDR in pathophysiology of CVDs, (6) interventional strategies for targeting genomic instability in CVDs, and (7) future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Nikfarjam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Thijssen KL, van der Woude M, Davó-Martínez C, Dekkers DHW, Sabatella M, Demmers JAA, Vermeulen W, Lans H. C. elegans TFIIH subunit GTF-2H5/TTDA is a non-essential transcription factor indispensable for DNA repair. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1336. [PMID: 34824371 PMCID: PMC8617094 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The 10-subunit TFIIH complex is vital to transcription and nucleotide excision repair. Hereditary mutations in its smallest subunit, TTDA/GTF2H5, cause a photosensitive form of the rare developmental disorder trichothiodystrophy. Some trichothiodystrophy features are thought to be caused by subtle transcription or gene expression defects. TTDA/GTF2H5 knockout mice are not viable, making it difficult to investigate TTDA/GTF2H5 in vivo function. Here we show that deficiency of C. elegans TTDA ortholog GTF-2H5 is, however, compatible with life, in contrast to depletion of other TFIIH subunits. GTF-2H5 promotes TFIIH stability in multiple tissues and is indispensable for nucleotide excision repair, in which it facilitates recruitment of TFIIH to DNA damage. Strikingly, when transcription is challenged, gtf-2H5 embryos die due to the intrinsic TFIIH fragility in absence of GTF-2H5. These results support the idea that TTDA/GTF2H5 mutations cause transcription impairment underlying trichothiodystrophy and establish C. elegans as model for studying pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Thijssen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van der Woude
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlota Davó-Martínez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick H W Dekkers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Sabatella
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Mariangela Sabatella, Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A A Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gruber R, Zschocke A, Zellner H, Schmuth M. Successful treatment of trichothiodystrophy with dupilumab. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:1381-1383. [PMID: 33955026 PMCID: PMC8518772 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Click here for the corresponding questions to this CME article.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Zschocke
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Zellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Hobbs LK, Carr PC, Peroutka CM, Flowers RH, Zlotoff BJ. Recurrent rash in a 2-month-old. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:483-484. [PMID: 33870562 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Landon K Hobbs
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patrick C Carr
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christina M Peroutka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Hal Flowers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Barrett J Zlotoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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6
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Kciuk M, Marciniak B, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair-Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197264. [PMID: 33019598 PMCID: PMC7582305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective ozone layer is continually depleting due to the release of deteriorating environmental pollutants. The diminished ozone layer contributes to excessive exposure of cells to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This leads to various cellular responses utilized to restore the homeostasis of exposed cells. DNA is the primary chromophore of the cells that absorbs sunlight energy. Exposure of genomic DNA to UV light leads to the formation of multitude of types of damage (depending on wavelength and exposure time) that are removed by effectively working repair pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge considering cellular response to UV radiation with special focus on DNA damage and repair and to give a comprehensive insight for new researchers in this field. We also highlight most important future prospects considering application of the progressing knowledge of UV response for the clinical control of diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
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7
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DNA Repair and Ovarian Carcinogenesis: Impact on Risk, Prognosis and Therapy Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071713. [PMID: 32605254 PMCID: PMC7408288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence for the essential involvement of DNA repair and DNA damage response in the onset of solid malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Indeed, high-penetrance germline mutations in DNA repair genes are important players in familial cancers: BRCA1, BRCA2 mutations or mismatch repair, and polymerase deficiency in colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers. Recently, some molecular hallmarks (e.g., TP53, KRAS, BRAF, RAD51C/D or PTEN mutations) of ovarian carcinomas were identified. The manuscript overviews the role of DNA repair machinery in ovarian cancer, its risk, prognosis, and therapy outcome. We have attempted to expose molecular hallmarks of ovarian cancer with a focus on DNA repair system and scrutinized genetic, epigenetic, functional, and protein alterations in individual DNA repair pathways (homologous recombination, non-homologous end-joining, DNA mismatch repair, base- and nucleotide-excision repair, and direct repair). We suggest that lack of knowledge particularly in non-homologous end joining repair pathway and the interplay between DNA repair pathways needs to be confronted. The most important genes of the DNA repair system are emphasized and their targeting in ovarian cancer will deserve further attention. The function of those genes, as well as the functional status of the entire DNA repair pathways, should be investigated in detail in the near future.
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Rodríguez-Manchón S, Pedrón-Giner C, Cañedo-Villarroya E, Muñoz-Codoceo RA, Hernández-Martín Á. Malnutrition in children with ichthyosis: Recommendations for monitoring from a multidisciplinary clinic experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 85:144-151. [PMID: 32585277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature has been reported in congenital ichthyoses (CI), but few data exist on patients' nutritional status. OBJECTIVE To describe the nutritional status at the first evaluation of children and young adults with CI. METHODS Prospective observational study of patients assessed at a multidisciplinary clinic. Clinical variables and ichthyosis severity were collected. Anthropometric assessment was made by measuring weight and height, and nutritional status was classified based on the World Health Organization definitions for malnutrition. Analytical assessment included markers of nutritional status, fat-soluble vitamins, and micronutrients. RESULTS We included 50 patients with a median age of 5 years (IQR, 1.6-10.3). Undernutrition was found in 32% of patients, and 75% of the undernourished children presented growth impairment. Younger children and those with severe ichthyoses were the most affected. Micronutrient deficiencies were found in 60% of patients. Deficiencies of selenium (34%), iron (28%), vitamin D (22%), and zinc (4%) were the most frequent findings. LIMITATIONS Our small sample includes a heterogeneous group of ichthyoses. CONCLUSION Children with CI appear to be at risk of undernutrition, especially at younger ages. Nutritional deficiencies are common and should be monitored. Growth failure in children with ichthyosis could be caused by undernutrition and aggravated by nutritional deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Manchón
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Pedrón-Giner
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Cañedo-Villarroya
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Muñoz-Codoceo
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
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Hashimoto S, Takanari H, Compe E, Egly JM. Dysregulation of LXR responsive genes contribute to ichthyosis in trichothiodystrophy. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 97:201-207. [PMID: 32037099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by brittle hairs and various systemic symptoms, including photosensitivity and ichthyosis. While photosensitivity could result from DNA repair defects, other TTD clinical features might be due to deficiencies in certain molecular processes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to understand the pathophysiological mechanism of ichthyosis in TTD, focused on the transcriptional dysregulation. METHODS TTD mouse skin tissue and keratinocytes were pathologically and physiologically examined to identify the alteration of lipid homeostasis in TTD with ichtyosis. Gene expression of certain lipid transporter was assessed in fibroblasts derived from TTD patients and TTD mouse keratinocytes. RESULTS Histopathology and electron microscopy revealed abnormal lipid composition in TTD mice skin. In addition to abnormal cholesterol dynamics, TTD mouse keratinocytes exhibit impaired expression of Liver X receptor (LXR) responsive genes, including Abca12, a key regulator of Harlequin ichthyosis, and Abcg1 that is involved in the cholesterol transport process in the epidermis. Strikingly, dysregulation of LXR responsive genes has been only observed in cells isolated from TTD patients who developed ichthyosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the altered expression of the LXR-responsive genes contribute to the pathophysiology of ichthyosis in TTD. These findings provide a new drug discovery target for TTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hashimoto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takanari
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Emmanuel Compe
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Leemans G, De Raeve L, Keymolen K. ERCC2 mutations in two siblings with a severe trichothiodystrophy phenotype. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:876-879. [PMID: 31803976 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) describes a group of rare genetic disorders of DNA repair, characterized by sulphur-deficient hair, skin anomalies and systemic complications like preterm delivery, neurological impairment, haematological and ophthalmological abnormalities and life-threatening infections. OBJECTIVES The aim of this case report was to investigate the contribution of the gene mutation to the phenotype. METHODS We describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of a family with two TTD-affected siblings who died before the age of 2 years. RESULTS The causal mutated gene is the ERCC2 gene, and one of the identified mutations is the c.2164C>T (p.Arg722Trp) variant. The association of this mutation with a severe TTD phenotype was suggested earlier in literature, and the present family adds further evidence to this hypothesis. CONCLUSION Accurate identification of the underlying genetic defect can guide the clinical follow-up and counselling of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leemans
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - L De Raeve
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Keymolen
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Ahmed A, Almohanna H, Griggs J, Tosti A. Genetic Hair Disorders: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:421-448. [PMID: 31332722 PMCID: PMC6704196 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss in early childhood represents a broad differential diagnosis which can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for a physician. It is important to consider the diagnosis of a genetic hair disorder. Genetic hair disorders are a large group of inherited disorders, many of which are rare. Genetic hair abnormalities in children can be an isolated phenomenon or part of genetic syndromes. Hair changes may be a significant finding or even the initial presentation of a syndrome giving a clue to the diagnosis, such as Netherton syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. Detailed history including family history and physical examination of hair and other ectodermal structures such as nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands with the use of dermoscopic devices and biopsy all provide important clues to establish the correct diagnosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of genetic hair defects will allow for better comprehension of their treatment and prognosis. For example, in patients with an isolated hair defect, the main problem is aesthetic. In contrast, when the hair defect is associated with a syndrome, the prognosis will depend mainly on the associated condition. Treatment of many genetic hair disorders is focused on treating the primary cause and minimizing trauma to the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahad General Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Hind Almohanna
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob Griggs
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
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12
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Li Y, Xu A, Jia S, Huang J. Recent advances in the molecular mechanism of sex disparity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4222-4228. [PMID: 30988804 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more frequently observed and aggressive in men compared with women. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the sex disparity appears to be mediated by the stimulatory effects of androgens and the protective effects of estrogen in the development and progression of HCC. In the past few decades, studies on the sex difference of HCC mainly focused on the effect of sex hormones on the transactivation of hepatitis B virus X protein and the release of inflammatory cytokines, and these studies have further intensified in recent years. Sex hormones are also involved in genetic alterations and DNA damage repair in hepatocytes through binding to their specific cellular receptors and affecting the corresponding signaling pathways. Furthermore, the theory of sex chromosomes participating in HCC has been considered. The present review discussed the recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of sex disparity in HCC, with the aim of improving the understanding of the underlying critical factors and exploring more effective methods for the prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Li
- Experimental Center, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Anjian Xu
- Experimental Center, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Jia
- Experimental Center, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Experimental Center, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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13
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Kolesnikova O, Radu L, Poterszman A. TFIIH: A multi-subunit complex at the cross-roads of transcription and DNA repair. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 115:21-67. [PMID: 30798933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) is a multiprotein complex involved in both eukaryotic transcription and DNA repair, revealing a tight connection between these two processes. Composed of 10 subunits, it can be resolved into a 7-subunits core complex with the XPB translocase and the XPD helicase, and the 3-subunits kinase complex CAK, which also exists as a free complex with a distinct function. Initially identified as basal transcription factor, TFIIH also participates in transcription regulation and plays a key role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) for opening DNA at damaged sites, lesion verification and recruitment of additional repair factors. Our understanding of TFIIH function in eukaryotic cells has greatly benefited from studies of the genetic rare diseases xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD), that are not only characterized by cancer and aging predispositions but also by neurological and developmental defects. Although much remains unknown about TFIIH function, significant progresses have been done regarding the structure of the complex, the functions of its catalytic subunits and the multiple roles of the regulatory core-TFIIH subunits. This review provides a non-exhaustive survey of key discoveries on the structure and function of this pivotal factor, which can be considered as a promising target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kolesnikova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch Cedex, C.U. Strasbourg, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laura Radu
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch Cedex, C.U. Strasbourg, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Arnaud Poterszman
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch Cedex, C.U. Strasbourg, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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14
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Abagge KT, Haupenthal F, Felber GY, Raskin S. PIBIDS syndrome in two Brazilian siblings. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 11:11/1/e223744. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothiodystrophy is a rare condition associated with autosomal recessive or X-linked dominant variants in the ERCC2, ERCC3, GTF2H5, MPLKIP, RNF113A or GTF2E2 genes. The genes associated to photosensitive trichothiodystrophy encode subunits of transcription factor IIH, involved in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. The disease is characterised by cysteine-deficient brittle hair along with other neuroectodermal abnormalities. It has a variable clinical expression and some cases might be associated with photosensitivity, resulting in the acronym PIBIDS (photosensitivity, ichthyosis, brittle hair, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility and short stature). We report clinical findings of two siblings diagnosed with trichothiodystrophy associated with marked photosensitivity.
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15
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Gervais V, Muller I, Mari PO, Mourcet A, Movellan KT, Ramos P, Marcoux J, Guillet V, Javaid S, Burlet-Schiltz O, Czaplicki G, Milon A, Giglia-Mari G. Small molecule-based targeting of TTD-A dimerization to control TFIIH transcriptional activity represents a potential strategy for anticancer therapy. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14974-14988. [PMID: 30068551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human transcription factor TFIIH is a large complex composed of 10 subunits that form an intricate network of protein-protein interactions critical for regulating its transcriptional and DNA repair activities. The trichothiodystrophy group A protein (TTD-A or p8) is the smallest TFIIH subunit, shuttling between a free and a TFIIH-bound state. Its dimerization properties allow it to shift from a homodimeric state, in the absence of a functional partner, to a heterodimeric structure, enabling dynamic binding to TFIIH. Recruitment of p8 at TFIIH stabilizes the overall architecture of the complex, whereas p8's absence reduces its cellular steady-state concentration and consequently decreases basal transcription, highlighting that p8 dimerization may be an attractive target for down-regulating transcription in cancer cells. Here, using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations to study p8 conformational stability and a >3000-member library of chemical fragments, we identified small-molecule compounds that bind to the dimerization interface of p8 and provoke its destabilization, as assessed by biophysical studies. Using quantitative imaging of TFIIH in living mouse cells, we found that these molecules reduce the intracellular concentration of TFIIH and its transcriptional activity to levels similar to that observed in individuals with trichothiodystrophy owing to mutated TTD-A Our results provide a proof of concept of fragment-based drug discovery, demonstrating the utility of small molecules for targeting p8 dimerization to modulate the transcriptional machinery, an approach that may help inform further development in anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gervais
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France,
| | - Isabelle Muller
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Mari
- the Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, F-69008 Lyon, France, and
| | - Amandine Mourcet
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Kumar Tekwani Movellan
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Ramos
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Marcoux
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Guillet
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sumaira Javaid
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,the Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Georges Czaplicki
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Milon
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, BP-64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Giuseppina Giglia-Mari
- the Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, F-69008 Lyon, France, and
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Novel contiguous gene deletion in peruvian girl with Trichothiodystrophy type 4 and glutaric aciduria type 3. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:388-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Theil AF, Mandemaker IK, van den Akker E, Swagemakers SMA, Raams A, Wüst T, Marteijn JA, Giltay JC, Colombijn RM, Moog U, Kotzaeridou U, Ghazvini M, von Lindern M, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Jaspers NGJ, van der Spek PJ, Vermeulen W. Trichothiodystrophy causative TFIIEβ mutation affects transcription in highly differentiated tissue. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4689-4698. [PMID: 28973399 PMCID: PMC5886110 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare recessive developmental disorder Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is characterized by brittle hair and nails. Patients also present a variable set of poorly explained additional clinical features, including ichthyosis, impaired intelligence, developmental delay and anemia. About half of TTD patients are photosensitive due to inherited defects in the DNA repair and transcription factor II H (TFIIH). The pathophysiological contributions of unrepaired DNA lesions and impaired transcription have not been dissected yet. Here, we functionally characterize the consequence of a homozygous missense mutation in the general transcription factor II E, subunit 2 (GTF2E2/TFIIEβ) of two unrelated non-photosensitive TTD (NPS-TTD) families. We demonstrate that mutant TFIIEβ strongly reduces the total amount of the entire TFIIE complex, with a remarkable temperature-sensitive transcription defect, which strikingly correlates with the phenotypic aggravation of key clinical symptoms after episodes of high fever. We performed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell reprogramming of patient fibroblasts followed by in vitro erythroid differentiation to translate the intriguing molecular defect to phenotypic expression in relevant tissue, to disclose the molecular basis for some specific TTD features. We observed a clear hematopoietic defect during late-stage differentiation associated with hemoglobin subunit imbalance. These new findings of a DNA repair-independent transcription defect and tissue-specific malfunctioning provide novel mechanistic insight into the etiology of TTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan F Theil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke K Mandemaker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis/Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Raams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Wüst
- Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis/Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques C Giltay
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Department of Developmental Biology, iPS Core Facility, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis/Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas G J Jaspers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Rimel JK, Taatjes DJ. The essential and multifunctional TFIIH complex. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1018-1037. [PMID: 29664212 PMCID: PMC5980561 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TFIIH is a 10‐subunit complex that regulates RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription but also serves other important biological roles. Although much remains unknown about TFIIH function in eukaryotic cells, much progress has been made even in just the past few years, due in part to technological advances (e.g. cryoEM and single molecule methods) and the development of chemical inhibitors of TFIIH enzymes. This review focuses on the major cellular roles for TFIIH, with an emphasis on TFIIH function as a regulator of pol II transcription. We describe the structure of TFIIH and its roles in pol II initiation, promoter‐proximal pausing, elongation, and termination. We also discuss cellular roles for TFIIH beyond transcription (e.g. DNA repair, cell cycle regulation) and summarize small molecule inhibitors of TFIIH and diseases associated with defects in TFIIH structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Rimel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
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19
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Diseases Associated with Mutation of Replication and Repair Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:215-234. [PMID: 29951822 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in proteins that function in DNA replication and repair have been implicated in the development of human diseases including cancer, premature ageing, skeletal disorders, mental retardation, microcephaly, and neurodegeneration. Drosophila has orthologues of most human replication and repair proteins and high conservation of the relevant cellular pathways, thus providing a versatile system in which to study how these pathways are corrupted leading to the diseased state. In this chapter I will briefly review the diseases associated with defects in replication and repair proteins and discuss how past and future studies on the Drosophila orthologues of such proteins can contribute to the dissection of the mechanisms involved in disease development.
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20
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Merecz A, Karwowski BT. DNA tandem lesion: 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine. The influence on human health. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Male fertility can be affected by a variety of organs diseases, including the skin. Several genodermatoses affect the skin and several other organs including the male reproductive system, commonly in the form of cryptorchidism and hypogonadism. The most relevant syndromes are associated with dyschromias, such as deSanctis-Cacchione, poikiloderma congenital, LEOPARD, and H syndrome; others with ichthyosis, such as Rud, and trichothiodystrophy; or a group of unrelated genodermatoses, such as ablepharon macrostomia, Coffin-Siris, Gorlin-Goltz, and Werner. Acquired skin diseases may also affect male fertility usually in the form of orchitis or epididymal obstruction or androgen antagonists. These include infections (leprosy and HIV), autoimmune (erythema nodosum leprosum), granulomatous (sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis), nutritional deficiency (zinc), and malignancy. Several therapeutics of skin diseases are notorious for their effects on male fertility, most notably are the cytotoxic drugs (methotrexate), irradiation, and antiandrogens (spironolactone, finasteride). Although the prevalence of these skin diseases is low, the associated male infertility represents a challenge due to the difficulty of its management. Clinical management of the skin diseases should include consideration of their effects not only on the diseases but also on the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Badawy Abdel-Naser
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STIs, Ain Shams University, 4 Al Rahman Tower, El Sawah Square, Cairo, 11281, Egypt.
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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22
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Tse KH, Herrup K. DNA damage in the oligodendrocyte lineage and its role in brain aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:37-50. [PMID: 27235538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is a recent evolutionary addition that significantly enhances the speed of transmission in the neural network. Even slight defects in myelin integrity impair performance and enhance the risk of neurological disorders. Indeed, myelin degeneration is an early and well-recognized neuropathology that is age associated, but appears before cognitive decline. Myelin is only formed by fully differentiated oligodendrocytes, but the entire oligodendrocyte lineage are clear targets of the altered chemistry of the aging brain. As in neurons, unrepaired DNA damage accumulates in the postmitotic oligodendrocyte genome during normal aging, and indeed may be one of the upstream causes of cellular aging - a fact well illustrated by myelin co-morbidity in premature aging syndromes arising from deficits in DNA repair enzymes. The clinical and experimental evidence from Alzheimer's disease, progeroid syndromes, ataxia-telangiectasia and other conditions strongly suggest that oligodendrocytes may in fact be uniquely vulnerable to oxidative DNA damage. If this damage remains unrepaired, as is increasingly true in the aging brain, myelin gene transcription and oligodendrocyte differentiation is impaired. Delineating the relationships between early myelin loss and DNA damage in brain aging will offer an additional dimension outside the neurocentric view of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hei Tse
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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23
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Barkovich AJ, Deon S. Reprint of "Hypomyelinating disorders: An MRI approach. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:46-54. [PMID: 27235001 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of hypomyelinating disorders has been proposed as a group of disorders with varying systemic manifestations that are identified by MR findings of absence or near absence of the T2 hypointensity that develops in white matter as a result of myelination. Initially proposed as a separate group because they were the largest single category of undiagnosed leukodystrophies, their separation as a distinct group that can be recognized by looking for a specific MRI feature has resulted in a marked increase in their diagnosis and a better understanding of the different causes of hypomyelination. This review will discuss the clinical presentations, imaging findings on standard MRI, and new MRI-related techniques that allow a better understanding of these disorders and proposed methods for quantifying the myelination as a potential means of assessing disease course and the effects of proposed treatments. Disorders with hypomyelination of white matter, or hypomyelinating disorders (HMDs), represent the single largest category among undiagnosed genetic leukoencephalopathies (Schiffmann and van der Knaap, 2009; Steenweg et al., 2010). This group of inborn errors of metabolism is characterized by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of reduced or absent myelin development: delay in the development of T2 hypointensity and, often, T1 hyperintensity in the white matter of the brain. The concept of hypomyelination was first conceptualized by (Schiffmann and van der Knaap, 2009; Steenweg et al., 2010; Schiffmann et al., 1994) in a series of papers that showed that these MRI characteristics were easily recognized, were different from the MRI characteristics of dysmyelinating and demyelinating disorders, and that the combination of these imaging findings with specific other clinical and imaging features could be used to make diagnoses with some confidence. In this manuscript, we will discuss the physiologic and genetic bases of hypomyelinating disorders, as well as their classification, clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF-Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Q6 CA, United States.
| | - Sean Deon
- University of Colorado Medical Center and Prof. Petra Pouwels, University of Amsterdam
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24
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Hashimoto S, Anai H, Hanada K. Mechanisms of interstrand DNA crosslink repair and human disorders. Genes Environ 2016; 38:9. [PMID: 27350828 PMCID: PMC4918140 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) are the link between Watson-Crick strands of DNAs with the covalent bond and prevent separation of DNA strands. Since the ICL lesion affects both strands of the DNA, the ICL repair is not simple. So far, nucleotide excision repair (NER), structure-specific endonucleases, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), homologous recombination (HR), and factors responsible for Fanconi anemia (FA) are identified to be involved in ICL repair. Since the presence of ICL lesions causes severe defects in transcription and DNA replication, mutations in these DNA repair pathways give rise to a various hereditary disorders. NER plays an important role for the ICL recognition and removal in quiescent cells, and defects of NER causes congential progeria syndrome, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy. On the other hand, the ICL repair in S phase requires more complicated orchestration of multiple factors, including structure-specific endonucleases, and TLS, and HR. Disturbed this ICL repair orchestration in S phase causes genome instability resulting a cancer prone disease, Fanconi anemia. So far more than 30 factors in ICL repair have already identified. Recently, a new factor, UHRF1, was discovered as a sensor of ICLs. In addition to this, numbers of nucleases that are involved in the first incision, also called unhooking, of ICL lesions have also been identified. Here we summarize the recent studies of ICL associated disorders and repair mechanism, with emphasis in the first incision of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Anai
- Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hanada
- Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593 Japan
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25
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Barkovich AJ, Deon S. Hypomyelinating disorders: An MRI approach. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 87:50-8. [PMID: 26477299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of hypomyelinating disorders has been proposed as a group of disorders with varying systemic manifestations that are identified by MR findings of absence or near absence of the T2 hypointensity that develops in white matter as a result of myelination. Initially proposed as a separate group because they were the largest single category of undiagnosed leukodystrophies, their separation as a distinct group that can be recognized by looking for a specific MRI feature has resulted in a marked increase in their diagnosis and a better understanding of the different causes of hypomyelination. This review will discuss the clinical presentations, imaging findings on standard MRI, and new MRI-related techniques that allow a better understanding of these disorders and proposed methods for quantifying the myelination as a potential means of assessing disease course and the effects of proposed treatments. Disorders with hypomyelination of white matter, or hypomyelinating disorders (HMDs), represent the single largest category among undiagnosed genetic leukoencephalopathies (Schiffmann and van der Knaap, 2009; Steenweg et al., 2010). This group of inborn errors of metabolism is characterized by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of reduced or absent myelin development: delay in the development of T2 hypointensity and, often, T1 hyperintensity in the white matter of the brain. The concept of hypomyelination was first conceptualized by (Schiffmann and van der Knaap, 2009; Steenweg et al., 2010; Schiffmann et al., 1994) in a series of papers that showed that these MRI characteristics were easily recognized, were different from the MRI characteristics of dysmyelinating and demyelinating disorders, and that the combination of these imaging findings with specific other clinical and imaging features could be used to make diagnoses with some confidence. In this manuscript, we will discuss the physiologic and genetic bases of hypomyelinating disorders, as well as their classification, clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF-Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Q6 CA, United States.
| | - Sean Deon
- University of Colorado Medical Center and Prof. Petra Pouwels, University of Amsterdam
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26
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Constructive rescue of TFIIH instability by an alternative isoform of XPD derived from a mutated XPD allele in mild but not severe XP-D/CS. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:259-65. [PMID: 25716912 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in XPD cause xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), XP and Cockayne syndrome (CS) crossover syndrome (XP/CS), trichothiodystrophy and cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS). COFS represents the most severe end of the CS spectrum. This study reports two Japanese patients, COFS-05-135 and COFS-Chiba1, who died at ages of <1 year and exhibited typical COFS manifestations caused by XPD mutations p.[I619del];[R666W] and p.[G47R];[I619del], respectively. Two other cases of severe XP-D/CS (XP group D/CS), XP1JI (p.[G47R];[0]) and XPCS1PV (p.[R666W];[0]), died at ages <2 years. On the other hand, two cases of mild XP-D/CS, XP1NE (p.[G47R];[L461V;V716_R730del]) and XPCS118LV (p.[L461V;V716_R730del];[R666W]), lived beyond 37 years of age. p.I619Del and p.[L461V;V716_R730del] are functionally null; therefore, despite the differences in clinical manifestations, the functional protein in all of these patients was either p.G47R or p.R666W. To resolve the discrepancies in these XPD genotype-phenotype relationships, the p.[L461V;V716_R730del] allele was analyzed and we found that p.[L461V;A717G] was expressed from the same allele as p.[L461V;V716_R730del] by authentic splicing. Additionally, p.[L461V;A717G] could partially rescue the loss of XPD function, resulting in the milder manifestations observed in XP1NE and XPCS118LV.
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27
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Hosseini M, Ezzedine K, Taieb A, Rezvani HR. Oxidative and Energy Metabolism as Potential Clues for Clinical Heterogeneity in Nucleotide Excision Repair Disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:341-351. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Stettler K, Li X, Sandrock B, Braga-Lagache S, Heller M, Dümbgen L, Suter B. A Drosophila XPD model links cell cycle coordination with neuro-development and suggests links to cancer. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:81-91. [PMID: 25431422 PMCID: PMC4283652 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
XPD functions in transcription, DNA repair and in cell cycle control. Mutations in human XPD (also known as ERCC2) mainly cause three clinical phenotypes: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (XP/CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD), and only XP patients have a high predisposition to developing cancer. Hence, we developed a fly model to obtain novel insights into the defects caused by individual hypomorphic alleles identified in human XP-D patients. This model revealed that the mutations that displayed the greatest in vivo UV sensitivity in Drosophila did not correlate with those that led to tumor formation in humans. Immunoprecipitations followed by targeted quantitative MS/MS analysis showed how different xpd mutations affected the formation or stability of different transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) subcomplexes. The XP mutants most clearly linked to high cancer risk, Xpd R683W and R601L, showed a reduced interaction with the core TFIIH and also an abnormal interaction with the Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex. Interestingly, these two XP alleles additionally displayed high levels of chromatin loss and free centrosomes during the rapid nuclear division phase of the Drosophila embryo. Finally, the xpd mutations showing defects in the coordination of cell cycle timing during the Drosophila embryonic divisions correlated with those human mutations that cause the neurodevelopmental abnormalities and developmental growth defects observed in XP/CS and TTD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stettler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Björn Sandrock
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Dümbgen
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of DNA repair and transcription. Patients have multisystem abnormalities, including alterations in growth and development. This report characterizes the growth and nutritional status of a cohort of children with TTD. METHODS Twenty-five patients with TTD were evaluated through a natural history study of patients with DNA repair diseases at the National Institutes of Health. Mean length of follow-up was 2.7 years. Retrospective and prospective data on nutritional status and height/weight were collected. RESULTS In general, patients with TTD had considerable abnormalities in growth, with a mean height-for-age z score of -2.75 and a mean weight-for-age z score of -2.60 at baseline clinical evaluation. The median weight-for-length at baseline was, however, 50th percentile and indicators of adequate nutrition such as serum albumin, hemoglobin, and vitamins D and B12 were largely within normal limits. Changes in growth parameters as children aged were characterized by further separation from standard growth curves (change height-for-age z score/year [-0.18 ± 0.42] and weight-for-age z score/year [-0.36 ± 0.51]). Patients who died during follow-up (n = 5) had significantly lower standardized height (P = 0.03) and weight (P = 0.006), weight-for-length (<0.0001), and higher heart rates (P = 0.02) compared with the remainder of the cohort. CONCLUSIONS Children with TTD have markedly diminished weight-for-age and height-for-age relative to reference populations. The cause for this stunted growth remains unclear but does not appear to be related to poor nutrient absorption or malnutrition.
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Schmitt DR, Kuper J, Elias A, Kisker C. The structure of the TFIIH p34 subunit reveals a von Willebrand factor A like fold. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102389. [PMID: 25013903 PMCID: PMC4094531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II dependent transcription and nucleotide excision repair are mediated by a multifaceted interplay of subunits within the general transcription factor II H (TFIIH). A better understanding of the molecular structure of TFIIH is the key to unravel the mechanism of action of this versatile protein complex within these vital cellular processes. The importance of this complex becomes further evident in the context of severe diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome and trichothiodystrophy, that arise from single point mutations in TFIIH subunits. Here we describe the structure of the p34 subunit of the TFIIH complex from the eukaryotic thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum. The structure revealed that p34 contains a von Willebrand Factor A (vWA) like domain, a fold which is generally known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Within TFIIH p34 strongly interacts with p44, a positive regulator of the helicase XPD. Putative protein-protein interfaces are analyzed and possible binding sites for the p34-p44 interaction suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R. Schmitt
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Elias
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Moriwaki S, Saruwatari H, Kanzaki T, Kanekura T, Minoshima S. Trichothiodystrophy group A: A first Japanese patient with a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in theGTF2H5gene. J Dermatol 2014; 41:705-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Moriwaki
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka Medical College; Osaka
- Department of Photomedical Genomics; Basic Medical Photonics Laboratory; Medical Photonics Research Center; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu
| | - Hiroshi Saruwatari
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kanzaki
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Shinsei Minoshima
- Department of Photomedical Genomics; Basic Medical Photonics Laboratory; Medical Photonics Research Center; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu
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Gray LT, Vallur AC, Eddy J, Maizels N. G quadruplexes are genomewide targets of transcriptional helicases XPB and XPD. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:313-8. [PMID: 24609361 PMCID: PMC4006364 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
G4 motifs are greatly enriched near promoters, suggesting that quadruplex structures may be targets of transcriptional regulation. Here we show, by ChIP-Seq analysis of human cells, that 40% of the binding sites of the transcription-associated helicases, XPB and XPD, overlap with G4 motifs. The highly significant overlap of XPB and XPD binding sites with G4 motifs cannot be explained by GC-richness or parameters of the genomewide analysis, but instead suggests that these proteins are recruited to quadruplex structures that form in genomic DNA (G4 DNA). Biochemical analysis demonstrates that XPD is a robust G4 DNA helicase, and XPB binds to G4 DNA. XPB and XPD are enriched near the transcription start site (TSS) at 20% of genes, especially highly transcribed genes. XPB and XPD enrichment at G4 motifs characterizes specific signaling pathways and regulatory pathways associated with specific cancers. These results identify new candidate pathways for therapies targeted to quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Gray
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aarthy C Vallur
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2]
| | - Johanna Eddy
- 1] Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2]
| | - Nancy Maizels
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ferrando J, Mir-Bonafé JM, Cepeda-Valdés R, Domínguez A, Ocampo-Candiani J, García-Veigas J, Gómez-Flores M, Salas-Alanis JC. Further insights in trichothiodistrophy: a clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural study of 20 cases and literature review. Int J Trichology 2013. [PMID: 23180925 PMCID: PMC3500055 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichothiodistrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition that is characterized by a specific congenital hair shaft dysplasia caused by deficiency of sulfur associated with a wide spectrum of multisystem abnormalities. In this article, we study clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings of 20 patients with TTD with the aim to add further insights regarding to this rare condition. Additionally, analyses of our results are compared with those extracted from the literature in order to enhance its comprehensibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS TWENTY CASES OF TTD WERE INCLUDED: 7 from Mexico and 14 from Spain. Clinical, microscopic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and X-ray microanalysis (XrMa) were carried out in all of them. Genetic studies were performed in all seven Mexican cases. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and xeroderma pigmentosum/TTD-complex were excluded. RESULTS Cuticular changes and longitudinal crests of the hair shaft were demonstrated. These crests were irregular, disorganized, following the hair longest axis. Hair shaft sulfur deficiency was disposed discontinuously and intermittently rather than uniformly. This severe decrease of sulfur contents was located close to the trichoschisis areas. Only five patients did not show related disturbances. Micro-dolichocephaly was observed in five cases and represented the most frequent facial dysmorphism found. It is also remarkable that all patients with urologic malformations also combined diverse neurologic disorders. Moreover, three Mexican sisters demonstrated the coexistence of scarce pubic vellus hair, developmental delay, onychodystrophy, and maxillar/mandibullar hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS TTD phenotype has greatly varied from very subtle forms to severe alterations such as neurologic abnormalities, blindness, lamellar ichthyosis and gonadal malformations. Herein, a multisystem study should be performed mandatorily in patients diagnosed with TTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ferrando
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Nonnekens J, Cabantous S, Slingerland J, Mari PO, Giglia-Mari G. In vivo interactions of TTDA mutant proteins within TFIIH. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3278-83. [PMID: 23729738 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.126839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothiodystrophy group A (TTD-A) patients carry a mutation in the transcription factor II H (TFIIH) subunit TTDA. Using a novel in vivo tripartite split-GFP system, we show that TTDA interacts with the TFIIH subunit p52 and the p52-TTDA-GFP product is incorporated into TFIIH. p52-TTDA-GFP is able to bind DNA and is recruited to UV-damaged DNA. Furthermore, we show that two patient-mutated TTDA proteins can interact with p52, are able to bind to the DNA and can localize to damaged DNA. Our findings give new insights into the behavior of TTDA within the context of a living cell and thereby shed light on the complex phenotype of TTD-A patients.
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Abnormal XPD-induced nuclear receptor transactivation in DNA repair disorders: trichothiodystrophy and xeroderma pigmentosum. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:831-7. [PMID: 23232694 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
XPD (ERCC2) is a DNA helicase involved in nucleotide excision repair and in transcription as a structural bridge tying the transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) core with the cdk-activating kinase complex, which phosphorylates nuclear receptors. Mutations in XPD are associated with several different phenotypes, including trichothiodystrophy (TTD), with sulfur-deficient brittle hair, bone defects, and developmental abnormalities without skin cancer, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), with pigmentary abnormalities and increased skin cancer, or XP/TTD with combined features, including skin cancer. We describe the varied clinical features and mutations in nine patients examined at the National Institutes of Health who were compound heterozygotes for XPD mutations but had different clinical phenotypes: four TTD, three XP, and two combined XP/TTD. We studied TFIIH-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptor for vitamin D (VDR) and thyroid in cells from these patients. The vitamin D stimulation ratio of CYP24 and osteopontin was associated with specific pairs of mutations (reduced in 5, elevated in 1) but not correlated with distinct clinical phenotypes. Thyroid receptor stimulation ratio for KLF9 was not significantly different from normal. XPD mutations frequently were associated with abnormal VDR stimulation in compound heterozygote patients with TTD, XP, or XP/TTD.
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Orioli D, Compe E, Nardo T, Mura M, Giraudon C, Botta E, Arrigoni L, Peverali FA, Egly JM, Stefanini M. XPD mutations in trichothiodystrophy hamper collagen VI expression and reveal a role of TFIIH in transcription derepression. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1061-73. [PMID: 23221806 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the XPD subunit of the transcription/DNA repair factor (TFIIH) give rise to trichothiodystrophy (TTD), a rare hereditary multisystem disorder with skin abnormalities. Here, we show that TTD primary dermal fibroblasts contain low amounts of collagen type VI alpha1 subunit (COL6A1), a fundamental component of soft connective tissues. We demonstrate that COL6A1 expression is downregulated by the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) whose removal from the promoter is a key step in COL6A1 transcription upregulation in response to cell confluence. We provide evidence for TFIIH being involved in transcription derepression, thus highlighting a new function of TFIIH in gene expression regulation. The lack of COL6A1 upregulation in TTD is caused by the inability of the mutated TFIIH complexes to remove SREBP-1 from COL6A1 promoter and to sustain the subsequent high rate of COL6A1 transcription. This defect might account for the pathologic features that TTD shares with hereditary disorders because of mutations in COL6A genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Orioli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Effects of compound heterozygosity at the Xpd locus on cancer and ageing in mouse models. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:874-83. [PMID: 23046824 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
XPD is a helicase subunit of transcription factor IIH, an eleven-protein complex involved in a wide range of cellular activities including transcription and nucleotide excision DNA repair (NER). Mutations in NER genes including XPD can lead to a variety of overlapping syndromes with three general categories of symptoms in addition to sun (UV) sensitivity: severe skin cancer predisposition as in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), segmental progeria as in trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and Cockayne syndrome (CS), and a combination of both as in XP/CS and XP/TTD. Genetic background and compound heterozygosity are two factors potentially complicating straightforward interpretations of genotype-phenotype relationship at the XPD locus. Previously we showed that the presence of two different mutant Xpd alleles in compound heterozygous mice could in principle contribute to disease heterogeneity through biallelic effects, including dominance of one mutant allele over another and interallelic complementation between mutant alleles, in a tissue-specific manner. Here we report on the interaction between different mutant alleles in compound heterozygous mice carrying one XP/CS-associated allele (Xpd(G602D)) and one TTD-associated allele (Xpd(R722W)) relative to homozygous controls in an isogenic background over a range of metabolic and UV-induced DNA damage-related phenotypes. We found complementation of metabolic phenotypes including body weight and insulin sensitivity, but none for any of the measured responses to UV irradiation. Instead, we found dominance of the partially functional TTD allele over the XPCS allele in most aspects of the response to UV irradiation including sunburn and skin cancer in vivo or cellular proliferation and DNA damage foci formation in vitro. These data support to a model of genotype-phenotype relationship at the XPD locus in which interactions between different recessive diseases alleles are a potent source of disease heterogeneity in compound heterozygous patients.
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Pehlivan D, Cefle K, Raams A, Ozturk S, Baykal C, Kleijer WJ, Palanduz S, Jaspers NGJ. A Turkish trichothiodystrophy patient with homozygousXPDmutation and genotype-phenotype relationship. J Dermatol 2012; 39:1016-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston; Texas; USA
| | - Kivanc Cefle
- Department of Internal Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul; Turkey
| | - Anja Raams
- Department of Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Sukru Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul; Turkey
| | - Can Baykal
- Department of Dermatology; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul; Turkey
| | - Wim J. Kleijer
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Sukru Palanduz
- Department of Internal Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul; Turkey
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Diderich KEM, Nicolaije C, Priemel M, Waarsing JH, Day JS, Brandt RMC, Schilling AF, Botter SM, Weinans H, van der Horst GTJ, Hoeijmakers JHJ, van Leeuwen JPTM. Bone fragility and decline in stem cells in prematurely aging DNA repair deficient trichothiodystrophy mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:845-861. [PMID: 21814739 PMCID: PMC3682057 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare, autosomal recessive nucleotide excision repair (NER) disorder caused by mutations in components of the dual functional NER/basal transcription factor TFIIH. TTD mice, carrying a patient-based point mutation in the Xpd gene, strikingly resemble many features of the human syndrome and exhibit signs of premature aging. To examine to which extent TTD mice resemble the normal process of aging, we thoroughly investigated the bone phenotype. Here, we show that female TTD mice exhibit accelerated bone aging from 39 weeks onwards as well as lack of periosteal apposition leading to reduced bone strength. Before 39 weeks have passed, bones of wild-type and TTD mice are identical excluding a developmental defect. Albeit that bone formation is decreased, osteoblasts in TTD mice retain bone-forming capacity as in vivo PTH treatment leads to increased cortical thickness. In vitro bone marrow cell cultures showed that TTD osteoprogenitors retain the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts. However, after 13 weeks of age TTD females show decreased bone nodule formation. No increase in bone resorption or the number of osteoclasts was detected. In conclusion, TTD mice show premature bone aging, which is preceded by a decrease in mesenchymal stem cells/osteoprogenitors and a change in systemic factors, identifying DNA damage and repair as key determinants for bone fragility by influencing osteogenesis and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E. M. Diderich
- MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Nicolaije
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room Ee585, P.O Box 2040, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Priemel
- Center of Biomechanics and Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan H. Waarsing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judd S. Day
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renata M. C. Brandt
- MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Center of Biomechanics and Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Biomechanics Section, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sander M. Botter
- MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room Ee585, P.O Box 2040, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The transcription initiation factor TFIIH is a remarkable protein complex that has a fundamental role in the transcription of protein-coding genes as well as during the DNA nucleotide excision repair pathway. The detailed understanding of how TFIIH functions to coordinate these two processes is also providing an explanation for the phenotypes observed in patients who bear mutations in some of the TFIIH subunits. In this way, studies of TFIIH have revealed tight molecular connections between transcription and DNA repair and have helped to define the concept of 'transcription diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Compe
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C. U., Strasbourg, France.
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Aggarwal M, Brosh RM. Functional analyses of human DNA repair proteins important for aging and genomic stability using yeast genetics. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:335-48. [PMID: 22349084 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Model systems have been extremely useful for studying various theories of aging. Studies of yeast have been particularly helpful to explore the molecular mechanisms and pathways that affect aging at the cellular level in the simple eukaryote. Although genetic analysis has been useful to interrogate the aging process, there has been both interest and debate over how functionally conserved the mechanisms of aging are between yeast and higher eukaryotes, especially mammalian cells. One area of interest has been the importance of genomic stability for age-related processes, and the potential conservation of proteins and pathways between yeast and human. Translational genetics have been employed to examine the functional roles of mammalian proteins using yeast as a pliable model system. In the current review recent advancements made in this area are discussed, highlighting work which shows that the cellular functions of human proteins in DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability can be elucidated by genetic rescue experiments performed in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Aggarwal
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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Qadri I, Fatima K, AbdeL-Hafiz H. Hepatitis B virus X protein impedes the DNA repair via its association with transcription factor, TFIIH. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:48. [PMID: 21375739 PMCID: PMC3060106 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections play an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV X protein (HBx) is a multifunctional protein that can modulate various cellular processes and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HCC. HBx is known to interact with DNA helicase components of TFIIH, a basal transcriptional factor and an integral component of DNA excision repair. Results In this study, the functional relevance of this association was further investigated in the context to DNA repair. By site-directed mutagenesis HBx's critical residues for interaction with TFIIH were identified. Similarly, TFIIH mutants lacking ATPase domain and the conserved carboxyl-terminal domain failed to interact with HBx. Yeast and mammalian cells expressing HBxwt conferred hypersensitivity to UV irradiation, which is interpreted as a basic deficiency in nucleotide excision repair. HBxmut120 (Glu to Val) was defective in binding to TFIIH and failed to respond to UV. Conclusions We conclude that HBx may act as the promoting factor by inhibiting DNA repair causing DNA damage and accumulation of errors, thereby contributing to HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Qadri
- NUST Center of Virology and Immunology, National University of Science and Technology, Academic Block, Kashmir Highway, H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Usuda T, Saijo M, Tanaka K, Sato N, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi T. A Japanese trichothiodystrophy patient with XPD mutations. J Hum Genet 2010; 56:77-9. [PMID: 20944642 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2010.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair complicated with ichthyosis, physical and mental retardation, and proneness to infections. Approximately half of TTD patients exhibit cutaneous photosensitivity because of the defect of nucleotide excision repair. Three genes, XPB, XPD and TTDA, have been identified as causative genes of photosensitive TTD. These three genes are components of basal transcription factor IIH. Most TTD cases have been reported in Europe and North America. We report a severely affected Japanese TTD patient with XPD mutations. Interestingly, his father has ichthyotic skin. The alteration in the paternal allele was a nucleotide substitution leading to Arg-722 to Trp (R722W), as previously reported in TTD patients. The other alteration in the maternal allele was a novel 3-bp deletion at nucleotides 67-69, resulting in the deletion of Ser-23, which is located upstream of helicase motif I and is the closest to the N-terminal end of XPD in reported mutations. The expression study showed that the two alterations were causative mutations for TTD. In Asia, it is likely that there are TTD patients who have not been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touhei Usuda
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Rezvani HR, Mazurier F, Morice-Picard F, Jouary T, Cario-André M, Ged C, de Verneuil H, Taïeb A. Xeroderma pigmentosum: clues to understanding cancer initiation. DERMATOL SIN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1027-8117(10)60021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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