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Hofstra BM, Kas MJH, Verbeek DS. Comprehensive analysis of genetic risk loci uncovers novel candidate genes and pathways in the comorbidity between depression and Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:253. [PMID: 38862462 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence of a shared pathogenesis between Alzheimer's disease and depression. Therefore, we aimed to further investigate their shared disease mechanisms. We made use of publicly available brain-specific eQTL data and gene co-expression networks of previously reported genetic loci associated with these highly comorbid disorders. No direct genetic overlap was observed between Alzheimer's disease and depression in our dataset, but we did detect six shared brain-specific eQTL genes: SRA1, MICA, PCDHA7, PCDHA8, PCDHA10 and PCDHA13. Several pathways were identified as shared between Alzheimer's disease and depression by conducting clustering pathway analysis on hippocampal co-expressed genes; synaptic signaling and organization, myelination, development, and the immune system. This study highlights trans-synaptic signaling and synaptoimmunology in the hippocampus as main shared pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente M Hofstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Abadie V, Han AS, Jabri B, Sollid LM. New Insights on Genes, Gluten, and Immunopathogenesis of Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024:S0016-5085(24)00478-5. [PMID: 38670280 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a gluten-induced enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals upon consumption of cereal gluten proteins. It is a unique and complex immune disorder to study as the driving antigen is known and the tissue targeted by the immune reaction can be interrogated. This review integrates findings gained from genetic, biochemical, and immunologic studies, which together have revealed mechanisms of gluten peptide modification and HLA binding, thereby enabling a maladapted anti-gluten immune response. Observations in human samples combined with experimental mouse models have revealed that the gluten-induced immune response involves CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and B cells; their cross-talks are critical for the tissue-damaging response. The emergence of high-throughput technologies is increasing our understanding of the phenotype, location, and presumably function of the gluten-specific cells, which are all required to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Arnold S Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Skoracka K, Hryhorowicz S, Tovoli F, Raiteri A, Rychter AM, Słomski R, Dobrowolska A, Granito A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. From an understanding of etiopathogenesis to novel therapies-what is new in the treatment of celiac disease? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378172. [PMID: 38698821 PMCID: PMC11063403 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease, a chronic autoimmune disorder caused by genetic factors and exposure to gluten, is increasingly being recognized and diagnosed in both children and adults. Scientists have been searching for a cure for this disease for many years, but despite the impressive development of knowledge in this field, a gluten-free diet remains the only recommended therapy for all patients. At the same time, the increasing diagnosis of celiac disease in adults, which was considered a childhood disease in the 20th century, has opened a discussion on the etiopathology of the disease, which is proven to be very complex and involves genetic, immunological, nutritional, environmental and gut microbiota-related factors. In this review, we extensively discuss these factors and summarize the knowledge of the proposed state-of-the-art treatments for celiac disease to address the question of whether a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease has opened new directions for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Skoracka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Francesco Tovoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Raiteri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Rychter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Nutrigenetics, Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alessandro Granito
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Nutrigenetics, Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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4
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Stahl M, Koletzko S, Andrén Aronsson C, Lindfors K, Liu E, Agardh D. Coeliac disease: what can we learn from prospective studies about disease risk? THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:63-74. [PMID: 37972632 PMCID: PMC10965251 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Paediatric prospective studies of coeliac disease with longitudinal collection of biological samples and clinical data offer a unique perspective on disease risk. This Review highlights the information now available from international paediatric prospective studies on genetic and environmental risk factors for coeliac disease. In addition, recent omics studies have made it possible to study complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors and thereby further our insight into the causes of the disease. In the future, paediatric prospective studies will be able to provide more detailed risk prediction models combining genes, the environment, and biological corroboration from multiomics. Such studies could also contribute to biomarker development and an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Stahl
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Kinderspital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Carin Andrén Aronsson
- Unit of Celiac Disease and Diabetes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Edwin Liu
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Unit of Celiac Disease and Diabetes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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5
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Besser HA, Khosla C. Celiac disease: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:949-962. [PMID: 37839914 PMCID: PMC10843302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a widespread, gluten-induced, autoimmune disorder that lacks any medicinal therapy. Towards the goal of developing non-dietary treatments for CeD, research has focused on elucidating its molecular and cellular etiology. A model of pathogenesis has emerged centered on interactions between three molecular families: specific class II MHC proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), deamidated gluten-derived peptides, and T cell receptors (TCRs) on inflammatory CD4+ T cells. Growing evidence suggests that this pathogenic axis can be pharmacologically targeted to protect patients from some of the adverse effects of dietary gluten. Further studies have revealed the existence of additional host and environmental contributors to disease initiation and tissue damage. This review summarizes our current understanding of CeD pathogenesis and how it is being harnessed for therapeutic design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison A Besser
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H (Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Galbraith MD, Rachubinski AL, Smith KP, Araya P, Waugh KA, Enriquez-Estrada B, Worek K, Granrath RE, Kinning KT, Paul Eduthan N, Ludwig MP, Hsieh EW, Sullivan KD, Espinosa JM. Multidimensional definition of the interferonopathy of Down syndrome and its response to JAK inhibition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6218. [PMID: 37379383 PMCID: PMC10306300 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) display chronic hyperactivation of interferon signaling. However, the clinical impacts of interferon hyperactivity in DS are ill-defined. Here, we describe a multiomics investigation of interferon signaling in hundreds of individuals with DS. Using interferon scores derived from the whole blood transcriptome, we defined the proteomic, immune, metabolic, and clinical features associated with interferon hyperactivity in DS. Interferon hyperactivity associates with a distinct proinflammatory phenotype and dysregulation of major growth signaling and morphogenic pathways. Individuals with the highest interferon activity display the strongest remodeling of the peripheral immune system, including increased cytotoxic T cells, B cell depletion, and monocyte activation. Interferon hyperactivity accompanies key metabolic changes, most prominently dysregulated tryptophan catabolism. High interferon signaling stratifies a subpopulation with elevated rates of congenital heart disease and autoimmunity. Last, a longitudinal case study demonstrated that JAK inhibition normalizes interferon signatures with therapeutic benefit in DS. Together, these results justify the testing of immune-modulatory therapies in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela L. Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith P. Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine A. Waugh
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Belinda Enriquez-Estrada
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kayleigh Worek
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ross E. Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kohl T. Kinning
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neetha Paul Eduthan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael P. Ludwig
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elena W. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly D. Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Nanayakkara M, Bellomo C, Furone F, Maglio M, Marano A, Lania G, Porpora M, Nicoletti M, Auricchio S, Barone MV. PTPRK, an EGFR Phosphatase, Is Decreased in CeD Biopsies and Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010115. [PMID: 36611909 PMCID: PMC9818839 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered in genetically susceptible (HLA-DQ2/8) individuals by a group of wheat proteins and related prolamins from cereals. The celiac intestine is characterized by an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program of the enterocytes, with an increase in the proliferative compartment and crypt hyperplasia, which are the mechanisms that regulate the increased proliferation in CeD that arenot completely understood.The aim of this study is to understand the role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type K (PTPRK), a nodal phosphatase that regulates EGFR activation in the proliferation of the enterocytes from CeD biopsies and organoids. METHODS The levels of PTPRK were evaluated by RT PCR, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence techniques in intestinal biopsies and organoids from CeD patients and controls. Additionally, pEGFR and pERK were evaluated by WB and proliferation by BrdU incorporation. PTPRK si-RNA was silenced in CTR organoids and was overexpressed in CeD organoids. RESULTS PTPRK was reduced in Gluten Containing Diet-Celiac Disease (GCD-CeD) and Potential-Celiac Disease(Pot-CeD) biopsies (p < 0.01-p < 0.05) whereas pEGFR (p < 0.01 p < 0.01), pERK (p < 0.01 p < 0.01) and proliferation were increased. (p < 0.05 p < 0.05) respect to the controls.The CeD organoids reproduced these same alterations. Silencing of PTPRK in CTR organoids increased pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. The overexpression of PTPRK in CeD organoids reduced pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS modulation of PTPRK levels can reduce or increase pEGFR, pERK and proliferation in CeD or CTR organoids, respectively. The CeD organoids can be a good model to study the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Furone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Marano
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Porpora
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nicoletti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817464568; Fax: +39-0817463116
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8
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Levescot A, Malamut G, Cerf-Bensussan N. Immunopathogenesis and environmental triggers in coeliac disease. Gut 2022; 71:gutjnl-2021-326257. [PMID: 35879049 PMCID: PMC9554150 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is a frequent immune enteropathy induced by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Its pathogenesis has been extensively studied and CD has emerged as a model disease to decipher how the interplay between environmental and genetic factors can predispose to autoimmunity and promote lymphomagenesis. The keystone event is the activation of a gluten-specific immune response that is driven by molecular interactions between gluten, the indispensable environmental factor, HLA-DQ2/8, the main predisposing genetic factor and transglutaminase 2, the CD-specific autoantigen. The antigluten response is however not sufficient to induce epithelial damage which requires the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). In a plausible scenario, cooperation between cytokines released by gluten-specific CD4+ T cells and interleukin-15 produced in excess in the coeliac gut, licenses the autoimmune-like attack of the gut epithelium, likely via sustained activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in IEL. Demonstration that lymphomas complicating CD arise from IEL that have acquired gain-of-function JAK1 or STAT3 mutations stresses the key role of this pathway and explains how gluten-driven chronic inflammation may promote this rare but most severe complication. If our understanding of CD pathogenesis has considerably progressed, several questions and challenges remain. One unsolved question concerns the considerable variability in disease penetrance, severity and presentation, pointing to the role of additional genetic and environmental factors that remain however uneasy to untangle and hierarchize. A current challenge is to transfer the considerable mechanistic insight gained into CD pathogenesis into benefits for the patients, notably to alleviate the gluten-free diet, a burden for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Levescot
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Malamut
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, APHP Centre, Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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10
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Alharthi AM, Banaganapalli B, Hassan SM, Rashidi O, Al-Shehri BA, Alaifan MA, Alhussaini BH, Alsufyani HA, Alghamdi KS, Nasser KK, Bin-Taleb Y, Elango R, Shaik NA, Saadah OI. Complex Inheritance of Rare Missense Variants in PAK2, TAP2, and PLCL1 Genes in a Consanguineous Arab Family With Multiple Autoimmune Diseases Including Celiac Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:895298. [PMID: 35783297 PMCID: PMC9242504 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.895298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) share a common molecular etiology and often present overlapping clinical presentations. Thus, this study aims to explore the complex molecular basis of AID by whole exome sequencing and computational biology analysis. METHODS Molecular screening of the consanguineous AID family and the computational biology characterization of the potential variants were performed. The potential variants were searched against the exome data of 100 healthy individuals and 30 celiac disease patients. RESULT A complex inheritance pattern of PAK2 (V43A), TAP2 (F468Y), and PLCL1 (V473I) genetic variants was observed in the three probands of the AID family. The PAK2 variant (V43A) is a novel one, but TAP2 (F468Y) and PLCL1 (V473I) variants are extremely rare in local Arab (SGHP and GME) and global (gnomAD) databases. All these variants were localized in functional domains, except for the PAK2 variant (V43A) and were predicted to alter the structural (secondary structure elements, folding, active site confirmation, stability, and solvent accessibility) and functional (gene expression) features. Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that the dysregulation of PAK2, TAP2, and PLCL1 genes is likely to elicit autoimmune reactions by altering antigen processing and presentation, T cell receptor signaling, and immunodeficiency pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of exploring the alternate inheritance patterns in families presenting complex autoimmune diseases, where classical genetic models often fail to explain their molecular basis. These findings may have potential implications for developing personalized therapies for complex disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Mastoor Alharthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah M Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omran Rashidi
- Saudi Ajal for Health Services, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Ali Al-Shehri
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A Alaifan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakr H Alhussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel A Alsufyani
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kawthar Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hafar Al-Batin University, Hafar Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalda Khalid Nasser
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagoub Bin-Taleb
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar I Saadah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D, Palombo M, Falangone F, Cremon C, Marasco G, Stanghellini V. Corrigendum: Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Front Nutr 2021; 8:790387. [PMID: 34790692 PMCID: PMC8591313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.790387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fuschi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Falangone
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Verdu EF, Schuppan D. Co-factors, Microbes, and Immunogenetics in Celiac Disease to Guide Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1395-1411.e4. [PMID: 34416277 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a frequent immune-mediated disease that affects not only the small intestine but also many extraintestinal sites. The role of gluten proteins as dietary triggers, HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 as major necessary genetic predisposition, and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) as mechanistically involved autoantigen, are unique features of CeD. Recent research implicates many cofactors working in synergism with these key triggers, including the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, nongluten dietary triggers, intestinal barrier defects, novel immune cell phenotypes, and mediators and cytokines. In addition, apart from HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8, multiple and complex predisposing genetic factors and interactions have been defined, most of which overlap with predispositions in other, usually autoimmune, diseases that are linked to CeD. The resultant better understanding of CeD pathogenesis, and its manifold manifestations has already paved the way for novel therapeutic approaches beyond the lifelong strict gluten-free diet, which poses a burden to patients and often does not lead to complete mucosal healing. Thus, supported by improved mouse models for CeD and in vitro organoid cultures, several targeted therapies are in phase 2-3 clinical studies, such as highly effective gluten-degrading oral enzymes, inhibition of TG2, cytokine therapies, induction of tolerance to gluten ingestion, along with adjunctive and preventive approaches using beneficial probiotics and micronutrients. These developments are supported by novel noninvasive markers of CeD severity and activity that may be used as companion diagnostics, allow easy-to perform and reliable monitoring of patients, and finally support personalized therapy for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Verdu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology,Research Center for Immune Therapy and Celiac Center, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D, Palombo M, Falangone F, Cremon C, Marasco G, Stanghellini V. Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718356. [PMID: 34589512 PMCID: PMC8475765 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fuschi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Falangone
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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15
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Mehra P, Wells AD. Variant to Gene Mapping to Discover New Targets for Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633219. [PMID: 33936046 PMCID: PMC8082446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of immunological tolerance leads to autoimmune disease, and the mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance, especially in humans, are not fully understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of human genetic loci statistically linked to autoimmune disease risk, and epigenetic modifications of DNA and chromatin at these loci have been associated with autoimmune disease risk. Because the vast majority of these signals are located far from genes, identifying causal variants, and their functional consequences on the correct effector genes, has been challenging. These limitations have hampered the translation of GWAS findings into novel drug targets and clinical interventions, but recent advances in understanding the spatial organization of the genome in the nucleus have offered mechanistic insights into gene regulation and answers to questions left open by GWAS. Here we discuss the potential for 'variant-to-gene mapping' approaches that integrate GWAS with 3D functional genomic data to identify human genes involved in the maintenance of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mehra
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Discepolo V, Lania G, Ten Eikelder MLG, Nanayakkara M, Sepe L, Tufano R, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Paolella G, Barone MV. Pediatric Celiac Disease Patients Show Alterations of Dendritic Cell Shape and Actin Rearrangement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052708. [PMID: 33800150 PMCID: PMC7962447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent intestinal inflammatory disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals upon gluten ingestion. Recent studies point to a role in CD for genes involved in cell shape, adhesion and actin rearrangements, including a Rho family regulator, Rho GTPase-activating protein 31 (ARHGAP31). In this study, we investigated the morphology and actin cytoskeletons of peripheral monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from children with CD and controls when in contact with a physiological substrate, fibronectin. DCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes of pediatric CD patients and controls. After adhesion on fibronectin, DCs showed a higher number of protrusions and a more elongated shape in CD patients compared with controls, as assessed by immunofluorescence actin staining, transmitted light staining and video time-lapse microscopy. These alterations did not depend on active intestinal inflammation associated with gluten consumption and were specific to CD, since they were not found in subjects affected by other intestinal inflammatory conditions. The elongated morphology was not a result of differences in DC activation or maturation status, and did not depend on the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 haplotype. Notably, we found that ARH-GAP31 mRNA levels were decreased while RhoA-GTP activity was increased in CD DCs, pointing to an impairment of the Rho pathway in CD cells. Accordingly, Rho inhibition was able to prevent the cytoskeleton rearrangements leading to the elongated morphology of celiac DCs upon adhesion on fibronectin, confirming the role of this pathway in the observed phenotype. In conclusion, adhesion on fibronectin discriminated CD from the controls' DCs, revealing a gluten-independent CD-specific cellular phenotype related to DC shape and regulated by RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Discepolo
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuliana Lania
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Rossella Tufano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Renata Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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van der Graaf A, Zorro MM, Claringbould A, Võsa U, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Li C, Mooiweer J, Ricaño-Ponce I, Borek Z, Koning F, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, Sollid LM, Qiao SW, Kumar V, Li Y, Franke L, Withoff S, Wijmenga C, Sanna S, Jonkers I. Systematic Prioritization of Candidate Genes in Disease Loci Identifies TRAFD1 as a Master Regulator of IFNγ Signaling in Celiac Disease. Front Genet 2021; 11:562434. [PMID: 33569077 PMCID: PMC7868554 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.562434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a complex T cell-mediated enteropathy induced by gluten. Although genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genomic regions associated with CeD, it is difficult to accurately pinpoint which genes in these loci are most likely to cause CeD. We used four different in silico approaches-Mendelian randomization inverse variance weighting, COLOC, LD overlap, and DEPICT-to integrate information gathered from a large transcriptomics dataset. This identified 118 prioritized genes across 50 CeD-associated regions. Co-expression and pathway analysis of these genes indicated an association with adaptive and innate cytokine signaling and T cell activation pathways. Fifty-one of these genes are targets of known drug compounds or likely druggable genes, suggesting that our methods can be used to pinpoint potential therapeutic targets. In addition, we detected 172 gene combinations that were affected by our CeD-prioritized genes in trans. Notably, 41 of these trans-mediated genes appear to be under control of one master regulator, TRAF-type zinc finger domain containing 1 (TRAFD1), and were found to be involved in interferon (IFN)γ signaling and MHC I antigen processing/presentation. Finally, we performed in vitro experiments in a human monocytic cell line that validated the role of TRAFD1 as an immune regulator acting in trans. Our strategy confirmed the role of adaptive immunity in CeD and revealed a genetic link between CeD and IFNγ signaling as well as with MHC I antigen processing, both major players of immune activation and CeD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan van der Graaf
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria M. Zorro
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Annique Claringbould
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raúl Aguirre-Gamboa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Chan Li
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joram Mooiweer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Isis Ricaño-Ponce
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna Borek
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- Department of Immunology, K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Sanna
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Iris Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Jauregi-Miguel A. The tight junction and the epithelial barrier in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:105-132. [PMID: 33707052 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers are essential to maintain multicellular organisms well compartmentalized and protected from external environment. In the intestine, the epithelial layer orchestrates a dynamic balance between nutrient absorption and prevention of microorganisms, and antigen intrusion. Intestinal barrier function has been shown to be altered in coeliac disease but whether it contributes to the pathogenesis development or if it is merely a phenomenon secondary to the aberrant immune response is still unknown. The tight junction complexes are multiprotein cell-cell adhesions that seal the epithelial intercellular space and regulate the paracellular permeability of ions and solutes. These structures have a fundamental role in epithelial barrier integrity as well as in signaling mechanisms that control epithelial-cell polarization, the formation of apical domains and cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. In coeliac disease, the molecular structures and function of tight junctions appear disrupted and are not completely recovered after treatment with gluten-free diet. Moreover, zonulin, the only known physiological regulator of the tight junction permeability, appears augmented in autoimmune conditions associated with TJ dysfunction, including coeliac disease. This chapter will examine recent discoveries about the molecular architecture of tight junctions and their functions. We will discuss how different factors contribute to tight junction disruption and intestinal barrier impairment in coeliac disease. To conclude, new insights into zonulin-driven disruption of tight junction structures and barrier integrity in coeliac disease are presented together with the advancements in novel therapy to treat the barrier defect seen in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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19
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García-Santisteban I, Romero-Garmendia I, Cilleros-Portet A, Bilbao JR, Fernandez-Jimenez N. Celiac disease susceptibility: The genome and beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:1-45. [PMID: 33707051 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated complex disease that is triggered by the ingestion of gluten and develops in genetically susceptible individuals. It has been known for a long time that the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules DQ2 and DQ8 are necessary, although not sufficient, for the disease development, and therefore other susceptibility genes and (epi)genetic events must participate in CeD pathogenesis. The advances in Genomics during the last 15 years have made CeD one of the immune-related disorders with the best-characterized genetic component. In the present work, we will first review the main Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) carried out in the disorder, and emphasize post-GWAS discoveries, including diverse integrative strategies, SNP prioritization approaches, and insights into the Microbiome through the host Genomics. Second, we will explore CeD-related Epigenetics and Epigenomics, mostly focusing on the emerging knowledge of the celiac methylome, and the vast but yet under-explored non-coding RNA (ncRNA) landscape. We conclude that much has been done in the field although there are still completely unvisited areas in the post-Genomics of CeD. Chromatin conformation and accessibility, and Epitranscriptomics are promising domains that need to be unveiled to complete the big picture of the celiac Genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia García-Santisteban
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irati Romero-Garmendia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ariadna Cilleros-Portet
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and associated Metabolic Disorders, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain.
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20
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Escudero-Hernández C. Epithelial cell dysfunction in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:133-164. [PMID: 33707053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
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21
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Sharp SA, Jones SE, Kimmitt RA, Weedon MN, Halpin AM, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, King S, van Heel DA, Campbell PM, Hagopian WA, Turner JM, Oram RA. A single nucleotide polymorphism genetic risk score to aid diagnosis of coeliac disease: a pilot study in clinical care. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:1165-1173. [PMID: 32790217 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic risk scores (GRS) model genetic risk as a continuum and can discriminate coeliac disease but have not been validated in clinic. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ gene testing is available in clinic but does not include non-HLA attributed risk and is limited by discrete risk stratification. AIMS To accurately characterise both HLA and non-HLA coeliac disease genetic risk as a single nucleotide polymorphism-based GRS and evaluate diagnostic utility. METHODS We developed a 42 single nucleotide polymorphism coeliac disease GRS from a European case-control study (12 041 cases vs 12 228 controls) using HLA-DQ imputation and published genome-wide association studies. We validated the GRS in UK Biobank (1237 cases) and developed direct genotyping assays. We tested the coeliac disease GRS in a pilot clinical cohort of 128 children presenting with suspected coeliac disease. RESULTS The GRS was more discriminative of coeliac disease than HLA-DQ stratification in UK Biobank (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [ROC-AUC] = 0.88 [95% CIs: 0.87-0.89] vs 0.82 [95% CIs: 0.80-0.83]). We demonstrated similar discrimination in the pilot clinical cohort (114 cases vs 40 controls, ROC-AUC = 0.84 [95% CIs: 0.76-0.91]). As a rule-out test, no children with coeliac disease in the clinical cohort had a GRS below 38th population centile. CONCLUSIONS A single nucleotide polymorphism-based GRS may offer more effective and cost-efficient testing of coeliac disease genetic risk in comparison to HLA-DQ stratification. As a comparatively inexpensive test it could facilitate non-invasive coeliac disease diagnosis but needs detailed assessment in the context of other diagnostic tests and against current diagnostic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Sharp
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anne M Halpin
- Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Seema King
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia M Campbell
- Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Justine M Turner
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Royal Devon & Exeter, NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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22
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Fernandez-Jimenez N, Bilbao JR. Mendelian randomization analysis of celiac GWAS reveals a blood expression signature with diagnostic potential in absence of gluten consumption. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3037-3042. [PMID: 31127932 PMCID: PMC6737291 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy with a strong genetic component where the main environmental trigger is dietary gluten, and currently a correct diagnosis of the disease is impossible if gluten-free diet (GFD) has already been started. We hypothesized that merging different levels of genomic information through Mendelian randomization (MR) could help discover genetic biomarkers useful for CeD diagnosis. MR was performed using public databases of expression quantitative trait loci (QTL) and methylation QTL as exposures and the largest CeD genome-wide association study conducted to date as the outcome, in order to identify potential causal genes. As a result, we identified UBE2L3, an ubiquitin ligase located in a CeD-associated region. We interrogated the expression of UBE2L3 in an independent data set of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and found that its expression is altered in CeD patients on GFD when compared to non-celiac controls. The relative expression of UBE2L3 isoforms predicts CeD with 100% specificity and sensitivity and could be used as a diagnostic marker, especially in the absence of gluten consumption. This approach could be applicable to other diseases where diagnosis of asymptomatic patients can be complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Madrid, Spain
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23
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Celiac Disease Monocytes Induce a Barrier Defect in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225597. [PMID: 31717494 PMCID: PMC6888450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier function in celiac disease (CeD) patients is altered. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of monocytes in eliciting the epithelial barrier defect in CeD. For this purpose, human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active and inactive CeD patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were sorted for expression of CD14 and co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs, Caco2BBe). Barrier function, as well as tight junctional alterations, were determined. Monocytes were characterized by profiling of cytokines and surface marker expression. Transepithelial resistance was found to be decreased only in IECs that had been exposed to celiac monocytes. In line with this, tight junctional alterations were found by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western blotting of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Analysis of cytokine concentrations in monocyte supernatants revealed higher expression of interleukin-6 and MCP-1 in celiac monocytes. However, surface marker expression, as analyzed by FACS analysis after immunostaining, did not reveal significant alterations in celiac monocytes. In conclusion, CeD peripheral monocytes reveal an intrinsically elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern that is associated with the potential of peripheral monocytes to affect barrier function by altering TJ composition.
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24
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Intestinal Barrier Function in Gluten-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102325. [PMID: 31581491 PMCID: PMC6835310 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten-related disorders include distinct disease entities, namely celiac disease, wheat-associated allergy and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. Despite having in common the contact of the gastrointestinal mucosa with components of wheat and other cereals as a causative factor, these clinical entities have distinct pathophysiological pathways. In celiac disease, a T-cell mediate immune reaction triggered by gluten ingestion is central in the pathogenesis of the enteropathy, while wheat allergy develops as a rapid immunoglobulin E- or non-immunoglobulin E-mediated immune response. In non-celiac wheat sensitivity, classical adaptive immune responses are not involved. Instead, recent research has revealed that an innate immune response to a yet-to-be-defined antigen, as well as the gut microbiota, are pivotal in the development in this disorder. Although impairment of the epithelial barrier has been described in all three clinical conditions, its role as a potential pathogenetic co-factor, specifically in celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity, is still a matter of investigation. This article gives a short overview of the mucosal barrier of the small intestine, summarizes the aspects of barrier dysfunction observed in all three gluten-related disorders and reviews literature data in favor of a primary involvement of the epithelial barrier in the development of celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity.
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25
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Cielo D, Galatola M, Fernandez-Jimenez N, De Leo L, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Loganes C, Tommasini A, Not T, Auricchio R, Greco L, Bilbao JR. Combined Analysis of Methylation and Gene Expression Profiles in Separate Compartments of Small Bowel Mucosa Identified Celiac Disease Patients' Signatures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10020. [PMID: 31292504 PMCID: PMC6620355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
By GWAS studies on celiac disease, gene expression was studied at the level of the whole intestinal mucosa, composed by two different compartments: epithelium and lamina propria. Our aim is to analyse the gene-expression and DNA methylation of candidate genes in each of these compartments. Epithelium was separated from lamina propria in biopsies of CeD patients and CTRs using magnetic beads. Gene-expression was analysed by RT-PC; methylation analysis required bisulfite conversion and NGS. Reverse modulation of gene-expression and methylation in the same cellular compartment was observed for the IL21 and SH2B3 genes in CeD patients relative to CTRs. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted the regulatory elements in the genomic region of SH2B3 that altered methylation levels. The cREL and TNFAIP3 genes showed methylation patterns that were significantly different between CeD patients and CTRs. In CeD, the genes linked to inflammatory processes are up-regulated, whereas the genes involved in the cell adhesion/integrity of the intestinal barrier are down-regulated. These findings suggest a correlation between gene-expression and methylation profile for the IL21 and SH2B3 genes. We identified a “gene-expression phenotype” of CeD and showed that the abnormal response to dietary antigens in CeD might be related not to abnormalities of gene structure but to the regulation of molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cielo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M Galatola
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy. .,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - N Fernandez-Jimenez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), BioCruces Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
| | - L De Leo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - K Garcia-Etxebarria
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), BioCruces Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
| | - C Loganes
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - A Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - T Not
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), BioCruces Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - R Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - L Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - J R Bilbao
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), BioCruces Health Research Institute, Leioa, Spain
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26
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Oxidative stress, DNA stability and evoked inflammatory signaling in young celiac patients consuming a gluten-free diet. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1577-1584. [PMID: 31144026 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial, autoimmune, gluten-sensitive inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. Taking into account the pathogenesis of CD, a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment able to restore epithelium integrity and eliminate complications. The current study was designed to assess whether the use of a GFD is sufficient for maintaining a correct oxidative/antioxidant balance and ameliorating the evoked inflammatory signaling in young patients with CD. METHODS The study covered 80 children, aged between 7 and 18 years, attending the Gastroenterology Service of the Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Child Nutrition Service from the Virgen de las Nieves Hospital in Granada. Children with CD diagnosed were included in the celiac group who followed a strict GFD for 2 years (n = 40) and the control group (n = 40) included healthy children, with negative serological screening. Soluble superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, total antioxidant status, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, cortisol, melatonin and inflammatory parameters in plasma, 15-F2t-isoprostanes in urine, and DNA breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed. RESULTS No differences were found in oxidative stress between CD patients and controls; however, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IP-10 and TNF-β were higher in the CD patients. VEGF was also higher than in the control group. CONCLUSION The GFD in the CD patients is enough to reduce the oxidative stress; however, in the case of the inflammatory signaling, the initial exposure to gluten prior to stablish the GFD is strong enough to induce an inflammatory state which is maintained (even when consuming the GFD); meanwhile the increase in VEGF recorded in the CD group could be a compensatory mechanism to restore the damaged mucosa and duodenal villous atrophy, due to its role in endothelial activation and generation of new functional and stable vascular networks.
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27
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Lania G, Nanayakkara M, Maglio M, Auricchio R, Porpora M, Conte M, De Matteis MA, Rizzo R, Luini A, Discepolo V, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Barone MV. Constitutive alterations in vesicular trafficking increase the sensitivity of cells from celiac disease patients to gliadin. Commun Biol 2019; 2:190. [PMID: 31123714 PMCID: PMC6527696 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa due to an immune response to wheat gliadins. Some gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P57-68) induce an adaptive Th1 pro-inflammatory response. Other gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P31-43) induce a stress/innate immune response involving interleukin 15 (IL15) and interferon α (IFN-α). In the present study, we describe a stressed/inflamed celiac cellular phenotype in enterocytes and fibroblasts probably due to an alteration in the early-recycling endosomal system. Celiac cells are more sensitive to the gliadin peptide P31-43 and IL15 than controls. This phenotype is reproduced in control cells by inducing a delay in early vesicular trafficking. This constitutive lesion might mediate the stress/innate immune response to gliadin, which can be one of the triggers of the gliadin-specific T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lania
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Porpora
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry—IBP-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry—IBP-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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28
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Moerkens R, Mooiweer J, Withoff S, Wijmenga C. Celiac disease-on-chip: Modeling a multifactorial disease in vitro. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:467-476. [PMID: 31065364 PMCID: PMC6488795 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619836057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional model systems cannot fully recapitulate the multifactorial character of complex diseases like celiac disease (CeD), a common chronic intestinal disorder in which many different genetic risk factors interact with environmental factors such as dietary gluten. However, by combining recently developed human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology and organ-on-chip technology, in vitro intestine-on-chip systems can now be developed that integrate the genetic background of complex diseases, the different interacting cell types involved in disease pathology, and the modulating environmental factors such as gluten and the gut microbiome. The hiPSCs that are the basis of these systems can be generated from both diseased and healthy individuals, which means they can be stratified based on their load of genetic risk factors. A CeD-on-chip model system has great potential to improve our understanding of disease etiology and accelerate the development of novel treatments and preventive therapies in CeD and other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Moerkens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joram Mooiweer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Center, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
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29
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Cavalli M, Baltzer N, Umer HM, Grau J, Lemnian I, Pan G, Wallerman O, Spalinskas R, Sahlén P, Grosse I, Komorowski J, Wadelius C. Allele specific chromatin signals, 3D interactions, and motif predictions for immune and B cell related diseases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2695. [PMID: 30804403 PMCID: PMC6389883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have reported variants associated to immune diseases. However, the identified variants are rarely the drivers of the associations and the molecular mechanisms behind the genetic contributions remain poorly understood. ChIP-seq data for TFs and histone modifications provide snapshots of protein-DNA interactions allowing the identification of heterozygous SNPs showing significant allele specific signals (AS-SNPs). AS-SNPs can change a TF binding site resulting in altered gene regulation and are primary candidates to explain associations observed in GWAS and expression studies. We identified 17,293 unique AS-SNPs across 7 lymphoblastoid cell lines. In this set of cell lines we interrogated 85% of common genetic variants in the population for potential regulatory effect and we identified 237 AS-SNPs associated to immune GWAS traits and 714 to gene expression in B cells. To elucidate possible regulatory mechanisms we integrated long-range 3D interactions data to identify putative target genes and motif predictions to identify TFs whose binding may be affected by AS-SNPs yielding a collection of 173 AS-SNPs associated to gene expression and 60 to B cell related traits. We present a systems strategy to find functional gene regulatory variants, the TFs that bind differentially between alleles and novel strategies to detect the regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavalli
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Baltzer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Husen M Umer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Grau
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ioana Lemnian
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gang Pan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallerman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rapolas Spalinskas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pelin Sahlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Bragde H, Jansson U, Fredrikson M, Grodzinsky E, Söderman J. Celiac disease biomarkers identified by transcriptome analysis of small intestinal biopsies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4385-4401. [PMID: 30097691 PMCID: PMC6208765 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Establishing a celiac disease (CD) diagnosis can be difficult, such as when CD-specific antibody levels are just above cutoff or when small intestinal biopsies show low-grade injuries. To investigate the biological pathways involved in CD and select potential biomarkers to aid in CD diagnosis, RNA sequencing of duodenal biopsies from subjects with either confirmed Active CD (n = 20) or without any signs of CD (n = 20) was performed. Gene enrichment and pathway analysis highlighted contexts, such as immune response, microbial infection, phagocytosis, intestinal barrier function, metabolism, and transportation. Twenty-nine potential CD biomarkers were selected based on differential expression and biological context. The biomarkers were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction of eight RNA sequencing study subjects, and further investigated using an independent study group (n = 43) consisting of subjects not affected by CD, with a clear diagnosis of CD on either a gluten-containing or a gluten-free diet, or with low-grade intestinal injury. Selected biomarkers were able to classify subjects with clear CD/non-CD status, and a subset of the biomarkers (CXCL10, GBP5, IFI27, IFNG, and UBD) showed differential expression in biopsies from subjects with no or low-grade intestinal injury that received a CD diagnosis based on biopsies taken at a later time point. A large number of pathways are involved in CD pathogenesis, and gene expression is affected in CD mucosa already in low-grade intestinal injuries. RNA sequencing of low-grade intestinal injuries might discover pathways and biomarkers involved in early stages of CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bragde
- Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov County Hospital, Building E3 Level 4, 55185, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Jansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Forum Östergötland, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ewa Grodzinsky
- Division of Forensic Genetics & Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Söderman
- Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov County Hospital, Building E3 Level 4, 55185, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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31
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Medrano LM, Pascual V, Bodas A, López-Palacios N, Salazar I, Espino-Paisán L, González-Pérez B, Urcelay E, Mendoza JL, Núñez C. Expression patterns common and unique to ulcerative colitis and celiac disease. Ann Hum Genet 2018; 83:86-94. [PMID: 30402962 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases like celiac disease (CeD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) show a common genetic background defined by the existence of shared susceptibility loci. We aimed to go deeper into this common genetic background through performing a cross-disease study based on gene expression. We measured the expression of 21 genes located in 13 CeD-UC susceptibility regions, and 10 genes in five CeD risk regions. Determinations were carried out in colon/rectum samples from 13 UC patients (inflamed and uninflamed tissue) and four colon samples from controls. Duodenal samples from 19 CeD patients and 12 controls were used for comparisons. Differences were analyzed using the Bayesian method. The shared chromosomal regions containing TNFAIP3, PTPN2, ICOSLG, C1orf106, and IL21 showed similar results in both diseases. FASLG, PLEK, CCR4, and TAGAP, all located in CeD risk loci, were up-regulated in both CeD and UC patients. Finally, ZFP36L1, ZMIZ1, PUS10, UBE2L3, and BACH2 showed opposite results in CeD and UC. A high complexity underlies autoimmune common susceptibility loci, as the expression pattern of the studied genes does not always correlate with the one expected attending to the apparent genetic background. Differentially expressed genes such as ZFP36L1, ZMIZ1, PUS10, and BACH2 deserve further research in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Medrano
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Bodas
- Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Palacios
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Salazar
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Espino-Paisán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de Enfermedades Complejas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Pérez
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa I, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de Enfermedades Complejas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Mendoza
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Núñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de Enfermedades Complejas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Profiling Celiac Disease-Related Transcriptional Changes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:149-174. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jonkers IH, Wijmenga C. Context-specific effects of genetic variants associated with autoimmune disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R185-R192. [PMID: 28977443 PMCID: PMC5886469 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and coeliac disease are typical examples of complex genetic diseases caused by a combination of genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Insight into the genetic risk factors (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) has increased since genome-wide association studies (GWAS) became possible in 2007 and, for individual diseases, SNPs can now explain some 15-50% of genetic risk. GWAS have also shown that some 50% of the genetic risk factors for individual autoimmune diseases overlap between different diseases. Thus, shared risk factors may converge to pathways that, when perturbed by genetic variation, predispose to autoimmunity in general. This raises the question of what determines disease specificity, and suggests that identical risk factors may have different effects in various autoimmune diseases. Addressing this question requires translation of genetic risk factors to causal genes and then to molecular and cellular pathways. Since >90% of the genetic risk factors are found in the non-coding part of the genome (i.e. outside the exons of protein-coding genes) and can have an impact on gene regulation, there is an urgent need to better understand the non-coding part of the genome. Here, we will outline the methods being used to unravel the gene regulatory networks perturbed in autoimmune diseases and the importance of doing this in the relevant cell types. We will highlight findings in coeliac disease, which manifests in the small intestine, to demonstrate how cell type and disease context can impact on the consequences of genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H. Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Jabri B, Sollid LM. T Cells in Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3005-3014. [PMID: 28373482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a human T cell-mediated autoimmune-like disorder caused by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This review will discuss how CD4 T cell responses directed against an exogenous Ag can cause an autoreactive B cell response and participate in the licensing of intraepithelial lymphocytes to kill intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review will examine the mechanisms by which intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells mediate tissue destruction in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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Presymptomatic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease in Predisposed Children: The Role of Gene Expression Profile. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65:314-320. [PMID: 28827480 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) has increased significantly in recent years, and risk prediction and early diagnosis have become imperative especially in at-risk families. In a previous study, we identified individuals with CD based on the expression profile of a set of candidate genes in peripheral blood monocytes. Here we evaluated the expression of a panel of CD candidate genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from at-risk infants long time before any symptom or production of antibodies. METHODS We analyzed the gene expression of a set of 9 candidate genes, associated with CD, in 22 human leukocyte antigen predisposed children from at-risk families for CD, studied from birth to 6 years of age. Nine of them developed CD (patients) and 13 did not (controls). We analyzed gene expression at 3 different time points (age matched in the 2 groups): 4-19 months before diagnosis, at the time of CD diagnosis, and after at least 1 year of a gluten-free diet. At similar age points, controls were also evaluated. RESULTS Three genes (KIAA, TAGAP [T-cell Activation GTPase Activating Protein], and SH2B3 [SH2B Adaptor Protein 3]) were overexpressed in patients, compared with controls, at least 9 months before CD diagnosis. At a stepwise discriminant analysis, 4 genes (RGS1 [Regulator of G-protein signaling 1], TAGAP, TNFSF14 [Tumor Necrosis Factor (Ligand) Superfamily member 14], and SH2B3) differentiate patients from controls before serum antibodies production and clinical symptoms. Multivariate equation correctly classified CD from non-CD children in 95.5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS The expression of a small set of candidate genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells can predict CD at least 9 months before the appearance of any clinical and serological signs of the disease.
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Kumar S, Lal S, Bhatnagar A. Regulatory T cell subsets in peripheral blood of celiac disease patients and TLR2 expression: correlation with oxidative stress. APMIS 2017; 125:888-901. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| | - Sadhna Lal
- Department of Gastroenterology; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research; Chandigarh India
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Unalp-Arida A, Ruhl CE, Choung RS, Brantner TL, Murray JA. Lower Prevalence of Celiac Disease and Gluten-Related Disorders in Persons Living in Southern vs Northern Latitudes of the United States. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1922-1932.e2. [PMID: 28238771 PMCID: PMC7002016 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The association between prevalence of celiac disease and geographic region is incompletely understood, but the occurrence of several autoimmune disorders has been found to vary along a North-South gradient. We examined geographic, demographic, and clinical factors associated with prevalence of celiac disease and gluten-free diet in the United States. METHODS In a population-based study, we analyzed data on gluten-related conditions from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 2009 through 2014, on 22,277 participants 6 years and older. We identified persons with celiac disease based on results of serum tests for IgA against tissue transglutaminase and endomysium or on both a health care provider diagnosis and adherence to a gluten-free diet. Gluten avoidance without celiac disease was defined as adherence to a gluten-free diet without a diagnosis of celiac disease. We compared mean serum levels of biochemical and nutritional markers based on status of gluten-related conditions. RESULTS We found 0.7% of participants to have celiac disease and 1.1% of participants to avoid gluten without celiac disease. Celiac disease was more common among individuals who lived at latitudes of 35°-39° North (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-7.1) or at latitudes of 40° North or more (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.6-11.3) than individuals who lived at latitudes below 35° North, independent of race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index. Gluten avoidance without celiac disease was more common among individuals who lived at latitudes of 40° North or more, independent of demographic factors and body mass index. Participants with undiagnosed celiac disease (identified by positive results from serologic tests) had lower mean levels of vitamin B-12 and folate (data collected from 2009 through 2012) than persons without celiac disease. Participants with a health care provider diagnosis of celiac disease had a lower mean level of hemoglobin than persons without celiac disease. Mean levels of albumin, calcium, iron, ferritin, cholesterol, vitamin B-6, and vitamin D (data collected from 2009 through 2010) did not differ between participants with gluten-related conditions and those without. CONCLUSIONS In the US population, a higher proportion of persons living at latitudes of 35° North or greater have celiac disease or avoid gluten than persons living south of this latitude, independent of race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or body mass index. Mean levels of vitamin B-12 and folate are lower in individuals with undiagnosed celiac disease, and levels of hemoglobin are lower in participants with a diagnosis of celiac disease, compared with individuals without celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Unalp-Arida
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Rok Seon Choung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tricia L Brantner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Schumann M, Siegmund B, Schulzke JD, Fromm M. Celiac Disease: Role of the Epithelial Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:150-162. [PMID: 28275682 PMCID: PMC5331784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In celiac disease (CD) a T-cell-mediated response to gluten is mounted in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in a malabsorptive enteropathy histologically highlighted by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. Recent data point to the epithelial layer as an under-rated hot spot in celiac pathophysiology to date. This overview summarizes current functional and genetic evidence on the role of the epithelial barrier in CD, consisting of the cell membranes and the apical junctional complex comprising sealing as well as ion and water channel-forming tight junction proteins and the adherens junction. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms are discussed, including apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, biology of intestinal stem cells, alterations in the apical junctional complex, transcytotic uptake of gluten peptides, and possible implications of a defective epithelial polarity. Current research is directed toward new treatment options for CD that are alternatives or complementary therapeutics to a gluten-free diet. Thus, strategies to target an altered epithelial barrier therapeutically also are discussed.
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Key Words
- Bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBC, crypt base columnar cell
- CD, celiac disease
- Celiac Sprue
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Epithelial Polarity
- GFD, gluten-free diet
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IL, interleukin
- MIC-A, major histocompatibility complex class I chain–related gene-A
- Partitioning-Defective Proteins
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TJ, tight junction
- Tight Junction
- ZO, zonula occludens
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- α-Gliadin 33mer
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Evaluation of 10 SLE susceptibility loci in Asian populations, which were initially identified in European populations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41399. [PMID: 28128292 PMCID: PMC5269754 DOI: 10.1038/srep41399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten novel loci have been found to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility by a recent genome-wide association study conducted in Europeans. To test their disease associations and genetic similarities/differences in Asians and Europeans, we genotyped the 10 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and performed an association study. A Chinese cohort from Northern China was recruited as the discovery population, and three East Asian cohorts were included for independent replication. The 10 SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan allele discrimination assays. To prioritize the associated SNPs, different layers of the public functional data were integrated. Among the 10 SNPs, rs564799 in IL12A was shared in both ethnicities (Padjust = 5.91 × 10−4; odds ratio = 1.22, 1.10–1.35). We also confirmed the reported polymorphism rs7726414 in TCF7 in the current study (Padjust = 4.12 × 10−8; odds ratio = 1.46, 1.28–1.66). The directions and magnitudes of the allelic effects for most of the 10 SNPs were comparable between Europeans and Asians. However, higher risk allele frequencies and population-attributable risk percentages were observed in Asians than in Europeans. We also identified the most likely functional SNPs at each locus. In conclusion, both genetic similarities and differences across ethnicities have been observed, providing further evidence for a genetic basis of the high incidence of SLE in Asian ancestry.
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Escudero-Hernández C, Peña AS, Bernardo D. Immunogenetic Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 18:36. [PMID: 27216895 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is the most common oral intolerance in Western countries. It results from an immune response towards gluten proteins from certain cereals in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8). Its pathogenesis involves the adaptive (HLA molecules, transglutaminase 2, dendritic cells, and CD4(+) T-cells) and the innate immunity with an IL-15-mediated response elicited in the intraepithelial compartment. At present, the only treatment is a permanent strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Multidisciplinary studies have provided a deeper insight of the genetic and immunological factors and their interaction with the microbiota in the pathogenesis of the disease. Similarly, a better understanding of the composition of the toxic gluten peptides has improved the ways to detect them in food and drinks and how to monitor GFD compliance via non-invasive approaches. This review, therefore, addresses the major findings obtained in the last few years including the re-discovery of non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Escudero-Hernández
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, IBGM, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. Pediatría e Inmunología, University of Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (4th floor) Av. Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Amado Salvador Peña
- VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108 Room 10E65, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Bernardo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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Cappello M, Morreale GC, Licata A. Elderly Onset Celiac Disease: A Narrative Review. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2016; 9:41-9. [PMID: 27486350 PMCID: PMC4965017 DOI: 10.4137/cgast.s38454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Celiac sprue is a chronic disease, which usually occurs in children and young adults. However, it can develop in any age group, and the prevalence is increasing even in the elderly population. The atypical patterns of clinical presentation in this age group sometimes can cause a delay in diagnosis. Given the lower sensitivity and specificity of serological tests in the aged population, clinical suspect often arises in the presence of complications (autoimmune disorders, fractures, and finally, malignancy) and must be supported by endoscopic and imaging tools. In this review, we highlight the incidence and prevalence of celiac disease in the elderly, the patterns of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and the most frequent complications, with the aim of increasing awareness and reducing the diagnostic delay of celiac disease even in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cappello
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano C Morreale
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Licata
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
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Withoff S, Li Y, Jonkers I, Wijmenga C. Understanding Celiac Disease by Genomics. Trends Genet 2016; 32:295-308. [PMID: 26972670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a complex immune-mediated disease. Genetic studies have implicated 43 predisposing loci that collectively explain some 50% of the genetic variance in CeD. More than ∼90% of CeD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) localize to the non-coding genome, which we need to better understand to translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice. New genomic technologies and resources are permitting a systematic analysis of the functional elements in the non-coding part of the genome. Here we explain how investigating the regulatory and epigenomic landscape will help to pinpoint the cell types involved in CeD, and the driver genes and gene regulatory networks that are affected by CeD-associated SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebo Withoff
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yang Li
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Jonkers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Refined mapping of autoimmune disease associated genetic variants with gene expression suggests an important role for non-coding RNAs. J Autoimmun 2016; 68:62-74. [PMID: 26898941 PMCID: PMC5391837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association and fine-mapping studies in 14 autoimmune diseases (AID) have implicated more than 250 loci in one or more of these diseases. As more than 90% of AID-associated SNPs are intergenic or intronic, pinpointing the causal genes is challenging. We performed a systematic analysis to link 460 SNPs that are associated with 14 AID to causal genes using transcriptomic data from 629 blood samples. We were able to link 71 (39%) of the AID-SNPs to two or more nearby genes, providing evidence that for part of the AID loci multiple causal genes exist. While 54 of the AID loci are shared by one or more AID, 17% of them do not share candidate causal genes. In addition to finding novel genes such as ULK3, we also implicate novel disease mechanisms and pathways like autophagy in celiac disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, 42 of the AID SNPs specifically affected the expression of 53 non-coding RNA genes. To further understand how the non-coding genome contributes to AID, the SNPs were linked to functional regulatory elements, which suggest a model where AID genes are regulated by network of chromatin looping/non-coding RNAs interactions. The looping model also explains how a causal candidate gene is not necessarily the gene closest to the AID SNP, which was the case in nearly 50% of cases.
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Different Gene Expression Signatures in Children and Adults with Celiac Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146276. [PMID: 26859134 PMCID: PMC4747499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is developed after gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. It can appear at any time in life, but some differences are commonly observed between individuals with onset early in life or in adulthood. We aimed to investigate the molecular basis underlying those differences. We collected 19 duodenal biopsies of children and adults with CD and compared the expression of 38 selected genes between each other and with the observed in 13 non-CD controls matched by age. A Bayesian methodology was used to analyze the differences of gene expression between groups. We found seven genes with a similarly altered expression in children and adults with CD when compared to controls (C2orf74, CCR6, FASLG, JAK2, IL23A, TAGAP and UBE2L3). Differences were observed in 13 genes: six genes being altered only in adults (IL1RL1, CD28, STAT3, TMEM187, VAMP3 and ZFP36L1) and two only in children (TNFSF18 and ICOSLG); and four genes showing a significantly higher alteration in adults (CCR4, IL6, IL18RAP and PLEK) and one in children (C1orf106). This is the first extensive study comparing gene expression in children and adults with CD. Differences in the expression level of several genes were found between groups, being notorious the higher alteration observed in adults. Further research is needed to evaluate the possible genetic influence underlying these changes and the specific functional consequences of the reported differences.
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Picascia S, Mandile R, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Gianfrani C. Gliadin-Specific T-Cells Mobilized in the Peripheral Blood of Coeliac Patients by Short Oral Gluten Challenge: Clinical Applications. Nutrients 2015; 7:10020-31. [PMID: 26633487 PMCID: PMC4690067 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common lifelong food intolerance triggered by dietary gluten affecting 1% of the general population. Gliadin-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones obtained from intestinal biopsies have provided great support in the investigation of immuno-pathogenesis of CD. In the early 2000 a new in vivo, less invasive, approach was established aimed to evaluate the adaptive gliadin-specific T-cell response in peripheral blood of celiac patients on a gluten free diet. In fact, it has been demonstrated that three days of ingestion of wheat-containing food induces the mobilization of memory T lymphocytes reactive against gliadin from gut-associated lymphoid tissue into peripheral blood of CD patients. Such antigen-specific T-cells releasing interferon-γ can be transiently detected by using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays or by flow cytometry tetramer technology. This paper discusses the suitability of this in vivo tool to investigate the repertoire of gluten pathogenic peptides, to support CD diagnosis, and to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. A systematic review of all potential applications of short oral gluten challenge is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mandile
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Mameli C, Mazzantini S, Colombo V, Zuccotti GV. Relevance, pathogenesis and clinical implications of thyroid disorders in children with celiac disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:591-598. [PMID: 30289032 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1083855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a frequent chronic inflammatory small bowel disease which may present itself with associated autoimmune comorbidities. Among these comorbidities, thyroid disorders show a significant prevalence; even in the pediatric population. However, the exact epidemiology and clinical significance of such alterations are yet to be fully elucidated. The most updated guidelines do not currently offer any specific support. Focusing on the pediatric population, we will review the recent available literature that we believe might be helpful in advancing the clinician's knowledge-base regarding this issue. We also discuss which, to our knowledge, are the key pathophysiologic concepts behind the association between these two entities. Finally, we offer our own clinical perspective, recommending routine laboratory thyroid screening, possibly followed by an echographic thyroid evaluation as we believe such an approach to be appropriate when caring for children with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- a Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzantini
- a Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Colombo
- a Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Seldin MF. The genetics of human autoimmune disease: A perspective on progress in the field and future directions. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:1-12. [PMID: 26343334 PMCID: PMC4628839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progress in defining the genetics of autoimmune disease has been dramatically enhanced by large scale genetic studies. Genome-wide approaches, examining hundreds or for some diseases thousands of cases and controls, have been implemented using high throughput genotyping and appropriate algorithms to provide a wealth of data over the last decade. These studies have identified hundreds of non-HLA loci as well as further defining HLA variations that predispose to different autoimmune diseases. These studies to identify genetic risk loci are also complemented by progress in gene expression studies including definition of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), various alterations in chromatin structure including histone marks, DNase I sensitivity, repressed chromatin regions as well as transcript factor binding sites. Integration of this information can partially explain why particular variations can alter proclivity to autoimmune phenotypes. Despite our incomplete knowledge base with only partial definition of hereditary factors and possible functional connections, this progress has and will continue to facilitate a better understanding of critical pathways and critical changes in immunoregulation. Advances in defining and understanding functional variants potentially can lead to both novel therapeutics and personalized medicine in which therapeutic approaches are chosen based on particular molecular phenotypes and genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seldin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall Room 4453, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall Room 4453, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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48
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Dieli-Crimi R, Cénit MC, Núñez C. The genetics of celiac disease: A comprehensive review of clinical implications. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:26-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Quinn EM, Coleman C, Molloy B, Dominguez Castro P, Cormican P, Trimble V, Mahmud N, McManus R. Transcriptome Analysis of CD4+ T Cells in Coeliac Disease Reveals Imprint of BACH2 and IFNγ Regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140049. [PMID: 26444573 PMCID: PMC4596691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have to date identified 43 genome wide significant coeliac disease susceptibility (CD) loci comprising over 70 candidate genes. However, how altered regulation of such disease associated genes contributes to CD pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Recently there has been considerable emphasis on characterising cell type specific and stimulus dependent genetic variants. Therefore in this study we used RNA sequencing to profile over 70 transcriptomes of CD4+ T cells, a cell type crucial for CD pathogenesis, in both stimulated and resting samples from individuals with CD and unaffected controls. We identified extensive transcriptional changes across all conditions, with the previously established CD gene IFNy the most strongly up-regulated gene (log2 fold change 4.6; Padjusted = 2.40x10-11) in CD4+ T cells from CD patients compared to controls. We show a significant correlation of differentially expressed genes with genetic studies of the disease to date (Padjusted = 0.002), and 21 CD candidate susceptibility genes are differentially expressed under one or more of the conditions used in this study. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of immune related processes. Co-expression network analysis identified several modules of coordinately expressed CD genes. Two modules were particularly highly enriched for differentially expressed genes (P<2.2x10-16) and highlighted IFNy and the genetically associated transcription factor BACH2 which showed significantly reduced expression in coeliac samples (log2FC -1.75; Padjusted = 3.6x10-3) as key regulatory genes in CD. Genes regulated by BACH2 were very significantly over-represented among our differentially expressed genes (P<2.2x10-16) indicating that reduced expression of this master regulator of T cell differentiation promotes a pro-inflammatory response and strongly corroborates genetic evidence that BACH2 plays an important role in CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Quinn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Ciara Coleman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Ben Molloy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Patricia Dominguez Castro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange Research Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Valerie Trimble
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Nasir Mahmud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Ross McManus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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50
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Plugis NM, Khosla C. Therapeutic approaches for celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:503-21. [PMID: 26060114 PMCID: PMC4465084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common, lifelong autoimmune disorder for which dietary control is the only accepted form of therapy. A strict gluten-free diet is burdensome to patients and can be limited in efficacy, indicating there is an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches to supplement or supplant dietary therapy. Many molecular events required for disease pathogenesis have been recently characterized and inspire most current and emerging drug-discovery efforts. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) confirm the importance of human leukocyte antigen genes in our pathogenic model and identify a number of new risk loci in this complex disease. Here, we review the status of both emerging and potential therapeutic strategies in the context of disease pathophysiology. We conclude with a discussion of how genes identified during GWAS and follow-up studies that enhance susceptibility may offer insight into developing novel therapies.
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