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Sadler RA, Shoveller AK, Shandilya UK, Charchoglyan A, Wagter-Lesperance L, Bridle BW, Mallard BA, Karrow NA. Beyond the Coagulation Cascade: Vitamin K and Its Multifaceted Impact on Human and Domesticated Animal Health. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7001-7031. [PMID: 39057059 PMCID: PMC11276079 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is an essential micronutrient impacting many systems in the body. This lipid-soluble vitamin is found in various plant and animal products and is absorbed via the lymphatic system. This biomolecule's importance to human health includes but is not limited to its promotion of brain, cardiovascular, bone, and immune functions. These biological properties are also necessary for maintaining domesticated animal health. The synergistic impact of both VK and vitamin D (VD) maximizes these health benefits, specifically for the circulatory and skeletal systems. This manuscript reviews VK's properties, molecular structures, nutrikinetics, mechanisms of action, daily requirements, safety in supplemental form, biomarkers used for its detection, and impacts on various organs. The purpose of synthesizing this information is to evaluate the potential uses of VK for the treatment or prevention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka A. Sadler
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Armen Charchoglyan
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
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Links between Vitamin K, Ferroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030733. [PMID: 36978981 PMCID: PMC10045478 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death. It is characterized by the accumulation of iron and lipid hydroperoxides in cells. Vitamin K is known to have antioxidant properties and plays a role in reducing oxidative stress, particularly in lipid cell membranes. Vitamin K reduces the level of reactive oxygen species by modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, vitamin K decreases inflammation and potentially prevents ferroptosis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with oxidant–antioxidant imbalance. Studies have shown that intensified ferroptosis occurs in various tissues and cells affected by COVID-19. Vitamin K supplementation during SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a positive effect on reducing the severity of the disease. Preliminary research suggests that vitamin K may reduce lipid peroxidation and inhibit ferroptosis, potentially contributing to its therapeutic effects in COVID-19 patients. The links between ferroptosis, vitamin K, and SARS-CoV-2 infection require further investigation, particularly in the context of developing potential treatment strategies for COVID-19.
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Liang L, Zheng Q. Insights into the binding mechanism between α-TOH and CYP4F2: A homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:573-585. [PMID: 36924012 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (α-TOH) is a potent antioxidant. The concentrations of α-TOH in plasma are closely related to human health. α-TOH can be regulated by the metabolism of cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2). However, the atomic-level basis for this regulation process remains elusive. Here, we successfully constructed the structure of CYP4F2 by homology modeling and obtained the α-TOH-CYP4F2 complex models using molecular docking. Three parallel 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed on each complex model to investigate the details of the interaction between α-TOH and CYP4F2. MM-GBSA method combined with principal component analysis shows that 8 key residues establish a hydrophobic cavity stabilizing α-TOH in the pocket of CYP4F2 and S423 forms an important hydrogen bond with α-TOH anchoring α-TOH in the favorable position for ω-hydroxylation. Based on our simulation results and the experimental facts, we designed mutation simulation experiments to clarify the important role of two key residues (S423 and V433) in the binding of α-TOH with CYP4F2. The results show that the mutations directly or indirectly change the binding mode of α-TOH and decrease its binding affinity with CYP4F2, which is unfavorable for ω-hydroxylation. Our results could enrich the information on structure-function relationships of CYP4F2 and provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanism of CYP4F2 on the metabolism of α-TOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ellis JL, Wang M, Fu X, Fields CJ, Donovan SM, Booth SL. Feeding Practice and Delivery Mode Are Determinants of Vitamin K in the Infant Gut: An Exploratory Analysis. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac019. [PMID: 35295713 PMCID: PMC8921654 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infants have low stores of vitamin K at birth. Dietary intake of phylloquinone (PK) differs dramatically by infant feeding practice, but the contribution of microbially produced vitamin K (menaquinones) to infant vitamin K status is not well understood. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate determinants of infant fecal vitamin K profiles in mother-infant dyads at 6 wk postpartum. Methods Fecal and breast milk samples were collected from a subsample of breastfeeding (n = 23) or formula-feeding (n = 23) mother and infant dyads, delivered vaginally (n = 26) or by cesarean section (CS) (n = 20) in the Synergistic Theory and Research on Nutrition and Growth (STRONG) Kids 2 cohort. Vitamin K concentrations in breast milk and feces were analyzed by LC/MS and/or HPLC. Fecal bacterial metagenomes were analyzed to derive taxonomy and vitamin K biosynthetic genes. Multivariate linear modeling was used to assess effects of delivery and feeding modes on infant fecal vitamin K. Results Breast milk contained 1.3 ± 0.2 ng/mL PK, and formula was reported to contain 52 ng/mL PK. Fecal PK was 38-times higher (P < 0.001) in formula-fed than breastfed infants. Infant fecal menaquinones (MKn) MK6, MK7, MK12, and MK13 were higher (P < 0.001) in formula-fed than breastfed infants, whereas MK8 predominated in breastfed and was 5-times higher than formula-fed infants. Total MKn were greater (P < 0.001) in vaginally delivered than CS infants. Relative abundances of 33 bacterial species were affected by feeding mode, 2 by delivery mode, and 4 by both (P < 0.05). Bacterial gene content of 5/12 vitamin K biosynthetic genes were greater (P < 0.05) in breastfed compared with formula-fed infants, and 1 differed by delivery mode. Conclusions Feeding practice and delivery mode influence bacterial vitamin K production in the infant gut. High concentrations of unmetabolized PK in feces of formula-fed infants suggests formula PK content exceeds the absorptive capacity of the infant gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L Ellis
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- High Performance Biological Computing Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F, Nováková L. Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:677-698. [PMID: 34472618 PMCID: PMC8907489 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4–MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Mrštná
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Michele Protti
- M. Protti is with the Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fernando Remião
- F. Remião is with the UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, The Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Card DJ, Gorska R, Harrington DJ. Laboratory assessment of vitamin K status. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:70-75. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is required for the ɣ-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues within the Gla domain of the 17 vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs). The timely detection and correction of vitamin K deficiency can protect against bleeding. Vitamin K also plays a role in bone metabolism and vascular calcification. Patients at increased risk of vitamin K deficiency include those with a restricted diet or malnutrition, lipid malabsorption, cancer, renal disease, neonates and the elderly. Coagulation assays such as the prothrombin time have been used erroneously as indicators of vitamin K status, lacking sufficient sensitivity and specificity for this application. The measurement of phylloquinone (K1) in serum is the most commonly used marker of vitamin K status and reflects abundance of the vitamin. Concentrations <0.15 µg/L are indicative of deficiency. Disadvantages of this approach include exclusion of the other vitamin K homologues and interference from recent dietary intake. The cellular utilisation of vitamin K is determined through measurement of the prevalence of undercarboxylated VKDPs. Most commonly, undercarboxylated prothrombin (Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence/antagonism, PIVKA-II) is used (reference range 17.4–50.9 mAU/mL (Abbott Architect), providing a retrospective indicator of hepatic vitamin K status. Current clinical applications of PIVKA-II include supporting the diagnosis of vitamin K deficiency bleeding of the newborn, monitoring exposure to vitamin K antagonists, and when used in combination with α-fetoprotein, as a diagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using K1 and PIVKA-II in tandem is an approach that can be used successfully for many patient cohorts, providing insight into both abundance and utilisation of the vitamin.
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7
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Ellis JL, Fu X, Al Rajabi A, Grusak MA, Shearer MJ, Naumova EN, Saltzman E, Barger K, Booth SL. Plasma Response to Deuterium-Labeled Vitamin K Intake Varies by TG Response, but Not Age or Vitamin K Status, in Older and Younger Adults. J Nutr 2019; 149:18-25. [PMID: 30590596 PMCID: PMC6351140 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phylloquinone is the primary form of vitamin K in the diet and circulation. Large intra- and interindividual variances in circulating phylloquinone have been partially attributed to age. However, little is known about the nondietary factors that influence phylloquinone absorption and metabolism. Similarly, it is not known if phylloquinone absorption is altered by the individual's existing vitamin K status. Objective The purpose of this secondary substudy was to compare plasma response with deuterium-labeled phylloquinone intake in older and younger adults after dietary phylloquinone depletion and repletion. Methods Forty-two older [mean ± SD age: 67.2 ± 8.0 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.4 ± 4.6; n = 12 men, 9 women] and younger (mean ± SEM age: 31.8 ± 6.6 y; BMI: 25.5 ± 3.3; n = 9 men, 12 women) adults were maintained on sequential 28-d phylloquinone depletion (∼10 µg phylloquinone/d) and 28-d phylloquinone repletion (∼500 µg phylloquinone/d) diets. On the 23rd d of each diet phase, participants consumed deuterated phylloquinone-rich collard greens (2H-phylloquinone). Plasma and urinary outcome measures over 72 h were compared by age group, sex, and dietary phase via 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. Results The plasma 2H-phylloquinone area under the curve (AUC) did not differ in response to phylloquinone depletion or repletion, but was 34% higher in older than in younger adults (P = 0.02). However, plasma 2H-phylloquinone AUC was highly correlated with the serum triglyceride (TG) AUC (r2 = 0.45). After adjustment for serum TG response, the age effect on the plasma 2H-phylloquinone AUC was no longer significant. Conclusions Plasma 2H-phylloquinone response did not differ between phylloquinone depletion and repletion in older and younger adults. The age effect observed was explained by the serum TG response and was completely attenuated after adjustment. Plasma response to phylloquinone intake, therefore, seems to be a predominantly lipid-driven effect and not dependent on existing vitamin K status. More research is required to differentiate the effect of endogenous compared with exogenous lipids on phylloquinone absorption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00336232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L Ellis
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA,The Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Ala Al Rajabi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Martin J Shearer
- Center for Hemostatis and Thrombosis, Guy's and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena N Naumova
- The Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA,The Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA,Address correspondence to SLB (e-mail: )
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Carrillo-Linares JL, García-Fernández MI, Morillo MJ, Sánchez P, Rioja J, Barón FJ, Ariza MJ, Harrington DJ, Card D, Boraldi F, Quaglino D, Valdivielso P. The Effects of Parenteral K1 Administration in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Patients Versus Controls. A Pilot Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:86. [PMID: 29713628 PMCID: PMC5911498 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Vitamin K1 is involved in the posttranslational carboxylation of some proteins related to inhibition of the calcification process. Our aim was to investigate, in patients affected by PXE, baseline levels of vitamin K1-dependent proteins and -metabolites and whether parenteral administration of phytomenadione was effective in modulating their levels. Methods We included eight PXE patients with typical clinical symptoms (skin, retina, and vascular calcification) and two ABCC6 causative mutations; 13 clinically unaffected first-degree patients’ relatives (9 carrying one ABCC6 mutation and 4 non-carriers). We assessed urinary vitamin K1 metabolites and serum Glu- and Gla-OC, Gas6 and undercaboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II), at baseline and after 1 and 6 weeks after a single intramuscular injection of 10 mg vitamin K1. Results Comparison of PXE patients, heterozygous, and non-carriers revealed differences in baseline levels of serum MK-4 and of urinary vitamin K metabolites. The response to phytomenadione administration on vitamin K-dependent proteins was similar in all groups. Conclusion The physiological axis between vitamin K1 and vitamin K-dependent proteins is preserved; however, differences in the concentration of vitamin K metabolites and of MK-4 suggest that vitamin K1 metabolism/catabolism could be altered in PXE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María José Morillo
- Ophtalmology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Purificación Sánchez
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Rioja
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Barón
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Science History, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Ariza
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dominic J Harrington
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, King's Healthcare Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Card
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, King's Healthcare Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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9
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Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Rizzo MA, Stucchi A, Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Moysés RMA, Jorgetti V, Iervasi G, Giannini S, Fabris F, Aghi A, Sella S, Galli F, Viola V, Plebani M. Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:789-799. [PMID: 27732556 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K (phylloquinone or vitamin K1 and menaquinones or vitamin K2) plays an important role as a cofactor in the synthesis of hepatic blood coagulation proteins, but recently has also aroused an increasing interest for its action in extra-hepatic tissues, in particular in the regulation of bone and vascular metabolism. The accurate measurement of vitamin K status in humans is still a critical issue. Along with indirect assays, such as the undercarboxylated fractions of vitamin K-dependent proteins [prothrombin, osteocalcin (OC), and matrix gla protein], the direct analysis of blood levels of phylloquinone and menaquinones forms might be considered a more informative and direct method for assessing vitamin K status. Different methods for direct quantification of vitamin K serum levels are available. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods coupled with post-column reduction procedures and fluorimetric or electrochemical detection are commonly used for food and blood analysis of phylloquinone, but they show some limitations when applied to the analysis of serum menaquinones because of interferences from triglycerides. Recent advancements include liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) detection, which assures higher specificity. The optimization and standardization of these methods requires specialized laboratories. The variability of results observed in the available studies suggests the need for further investigations to obtain more accurate analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, PI
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | | | - Andrea Stucchi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni (Milano), Milan
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), Liège
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège
| | | | | | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa
| | - Sandro Giannini
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Andrea Aghi
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Stefania Sella
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia
| | - Valentina Viola
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome
| | - Mario Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova
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10
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04780. [PMID: 32625486 PMCID: PMC7010012 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K. In this Opinion, the Panel considers vitamin K to comprise both phylloquinone and menaquinones. The Panel considers that none of the biomarkers of vitamin K intake or status is suitable by itself to derive DRVs for vitamin K. Several health outcomes possibly associated with vitamin K intake were also considered but data could not be used to establish DRVs. The Panel considers that average requirements and population reference intakes for vitamin K cannot be derived for adults, infants and children, and therefore sets adequate intakes (AIs). The Panel considers that available evidence on occurrence, absorption, function and content in the body or organs of menaquinones is insufficient, and, therefore, sets AIs for phylloquinone only. Having assessed additional evidence available since 1993 in particular related to biomarkers, intake data and the factorial approach, which all are associated with considerable uncertainties, the Panel maintains the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993. An AI of 1 μg phylloquinone/kg body weight per day is set for all age and sex population groups. Considering the respective reference body weights, AIs for phylloquinone are set at 70 μg/day for all adults including pregnant and lactating women, at 10 μg/day for infants aged 7-11 months, and between 12 μg/day for children aged 1-3 years and 65 μg/day for children aged 15-17 years.
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Soper RJ, Oguz C, Emery R, Pitsillides AA, Hodges SJ. Vitamin K catabolite inhibition of ovariectomy-induced bone loss: structure-activity relationship considerations. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1658-66. [PMID: 25044634 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The potential benefit of vitamin K as a therapeutic in osteoporosis is controversial and the vitamin K regimen being used clinically (45 mg/day) employs doses that are many times higher than required to ensure maximal gamma-carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent bone proteins. We therefore tested the hypothesis that vitamin K catabolites, 5-carbon (CAN5C) and 7-carbon carboxylic acid (CAN7C) aliphatic side-chain derivatives of the naphthoquinone moiety exert an osteotrophic role consistent with the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Osteoblast-like MG63 cell cultures were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and the levels of interleukin-6, an osteoclastogenic cytokine, measured with and without catabolites; low concentrations of CAN7C significantly inhibited interleukin-6 release, but CAN5C did not. In models of bone loss induced by ovariectomy or sciatic neurectomy in C57BL/6 mice, we found that the rarer CAN7C catabolite markedly restricted ovariectomy-induced bone loss and possibly limited sciatic neurectomy-induced bone loss. CAN7C activity depends on a free carboxylic acid and its particular side-chain structure. CONCLUSION These in vivo data indicate for the first time that the clinical utility of vitamin K for osteoporosis may reside in an unusual catabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Soper
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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12
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Stevens JF, Traber MG. Deuterium-labeled phylloquinone fed to α-tocopherol-injected rats demonstrates sensitivity of low phylloquinone-containing tissues to menaquinone-4 depletion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1610-9. [PMID: 25044667 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The influence of excess α-tocopherol (α-T) on tissue depletion of phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats (n = 5 per group) were fed deuterium-labeled PK (2 μmol/kg diet) for 17 days, thereby labeling the conversion from deuterium-labeled PK to d₄-MK-4. Then they were injected subcutaneously daily for the last 7 days with saline, vehicle, or α-T (100 mg/kg body weight). α-T injections (i) increased α-T concentrations by tenfold in liver, doubled them in plasma and most tissues, but they were unchanged in brain; (ii) increased the α-T metabolite, carboxyethyl hydroxychromanol (α-CEHC) concentrations: >25-fold in liver and kidney, tenfold in plasma and lung, and 50-fold in heart; brain contained detectable α-CEHC (0.26 ± 0.03 nmol/g) only in α-T-injected animals; and (iii) depleted most tissues' vitamin K. Compared with vehicle-injected rats, brains from α-T rats contained half the total vitamin K (10.3 ± 0.5 versus 21 ± 2 pmol/g, p = 0.0002) and one-third the d₄-MK-4 (5.8 ± 0.5 versus 14.6 ± 1.7 pmol/g, p = 0.0002). Tissues with high PK concentrations (liver, 21-30 pmol/g and heart, 28-50 pmol/g) were resistant to K depletion. CONCLUSION We propose that α-T-dependent vitamin K depletion is likely mediated at an intermediate step in MK-4 production; thus, tissues with high PK are unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Hanzawa F, Sakuma E, Nomura S, Uchida T, Oda H, Ikeda S. Excess α-tocopherol decreases extrahepatic phylloquinone in phylloquinone-fed rats but not menaquinone-4 in menaquinone-4-fed rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1601-9. [PMID: 24737747 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The effects of vitamin E on vitamin K metabolism were elucidated by comparing the effect of tocopherol intake on vitamin K concentrations in rats fed phylloquinone (PK) or menaquinone (MK)-4. METHODS AND RESULTS Initially, the dietary effect of RRR-α-tocopherol, but not RRR-γ-tocopherol, in decreasing extrahepatic PK concentrations was confirmed. Subsequently, rats were fed a PK or MK-4-containing diet (0.75 mg/kg) with RRR-α-tocopherol (0, 10, 50, or 500 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. In rats fed PK, α-tocopherol consumption decreased PK in kidney, lung, heart, muscle, testis, and brain but not in serum and liver. However, in rats fed MK-4, α-tocopherol consumption did not decrease MK-4 in serum and tissues. Finally, vitamin K- and E-depleted rats were administered PK or MK-4 (0.2 mg) with RRR-α-tocopherol (0, 1, or 10 mg) by gavage. After PK administration, α-tocopherol was observed to decrease PK in kidney, adrenal gland, lung, testis, and brain but not in serum and liver, whereas, after MK-4 administration, α-tocopherol did not affect MK-4 in serum and tissues. CONCLUSION Excess α-tocopherol decreased extrahepatic PK in rats fed PK but not MK-4 in rats fed MK-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Hanzawa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan
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14
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Card DJ, Gorska R, Cutler J, Harrington DJ. Vitamin K metabolism: current knowledge and future research. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1590-600. [PMID: 24376012 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential fat-soluble micronutrient that is required for the post-translational γ-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in hepatic and extra-hepatic proteins involved in blood coagulation and preventing cartilage and vasculature calcification. In humans, sources of vitamin K are derived from plants as phylloquinone and bacteria as the menaquinones. Menadione is a synthetic product used as a pharmaceutical but also represents an intermediate in the tissue-specific conversion of vitamin K to menaquinone-4, which preferentially resides in tissues such as brain. Research into vitamin K metabolism is essential for the understanding of vitamin K biology in health and disease. Progress in this area, driven by knowledge of vitamin K and the availability of markers of vitamin K status, has already proved beneficial in many areas of medicine and further opportunities present themselves. Areas of interest discussed in this review include prophylactic administration of vitamin K1 in term and preterm neonates, interactions between vitamins K and E, the industrial conversion of vitamin K to dihydro-vitamin K in foods, tissue-specific conversion of vitamin K to menaquinone-4, the biological activity of the five and seven carbon metabolites of vitamin K and circadian variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Card
- Nutristasis Unit (GSTS Pathology), St. Thomas' Hospital (Part of King's Healthcare Partners), London, UK
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15
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Hanzawa F, Nomura S, Sakuma E, Uchida T, Ikeda S. Dietary sesame seed and its lignan, sesamin, increase tocopherol and phylloquinone concentrations in male rats. J Nutr 2013; 143:1067-73. [PMID: 23700348 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that intake of sesame seed and its lignan increases vitamin E concentrations and decreases urinary excretion levels of vitamin E metabolites in male Wistar rats, suggesting inhibition of vitamin E catabolism by sesame lignan. The aim of this study was to examine whether dietary sesame seed also increased vitamin K concentrations, because its metabolic pathway is similar to that of vitamin E. To test the effect of sesame lignan on vitamin K concentrations, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 0.2% sesamin (a sesame lignan) for 7 d in experiment 1. Liver phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and γ-tocopherol were greater in rats fed sesamin than in control rats. To test the effect of sesame seed on vitamin K concentrations, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 1, 5, or 10% sesame seed for 3 d in experiment 2. Liver and kidney PK and γ-tocopherol but not MK-4 were greater in rats fed sesame seed than in control rats, although differences in dietary amounts of sesame seed did not affect the PK concentrations. For further confirmation of the effect of sesame seed, male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet with 20% sesame seed for 40 d in experiment 3. Kidney, heart, lung, testis, and brain PK and brain MK-4 were greater in rats fed sesame seed than in control rats. The present study revealed for the first time, to our knowledge, that dietary sesame seed and sesame lignan increase not only vitamin E but also vitamin K concentrations in rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Hanzawa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan
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16
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Taylor AW, Birringer M, Edson KZ, Rettie AE, Traber MG. ω-Hydroxylation of phylloquinone by CYP4F2 is not increased by α-tocopherol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1785-93. [PMID: 23650179 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective of this study was to investigate the initial catabolic step of vitamin E and K metabolism, the ω-hydroxylation by human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2). METHODS AND RESULTS Tocopherol (T) metabolism was compared using rat liver slices incubated with deuterated (d₆)-RRR-α-T (d₆-α-T), racemic 2S-α-T (2S, 4'RS, 8'RS α-T, 2S-α-T), or d₂-γ-T (d₂-γ-T). Following comparable uptake of each T by liver slices, twice as much 13'-OH-T was produced from 2S-α-T or d₂-γ-T (39 ± 15 or 42 ± 5 pmol/g liver, respectively) as from d₆-α-T (17 ± 2, p < 0.01). Kinetic studies were conducted using insect microsomes expressing human CYP4F2 incubated with d₄-phylloquinone (d₄-PK), d₆-RRR-α-T, d₃-SRR-α-T, or d₂-γ-T. CYP4F2 demonstrated similar apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) when either of the α-Ts were used as substrates, which were less than the apparent d₄-PK Vmax (p < 0.0002), while the CYP4F2 catalytic efficiency toward d₄-PK (15.8 Vmax/Km) was five times greater than for α-Ts. Vitamin K had no effect on vitamin E catabolism, while vitamin E slightly decreased the d₄-PK Vmax. CONCLUSION CYP4F2 discriminates between Ts and PK in vitro, but α-T does not apparently increase PK ω-hydroxylation by this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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17
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Abstract
Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1. Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25% of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Labut EM, Raines HF, Card DJ, Harrington DJ, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Vitamin E decreases extra-hepatic menaquinone-4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:912-22. [PMID: 22707266 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The mechanism for increased bleeding and decreased vitamin K status accompanying vitamin E supplementation is unknown. We hypothesized that elevated hepatic α-tocopherol (α-T) concentrations may stimulate vitamin K metabolism and excretion. Furthermore, α-T may interfere with the side chain removal of phylloquinone (PK) to form menadione (MN) as an intermediate for synthesis of tissue-specific menaquinone-4 (MK-4). METHODS AND RESULTS In order to investigate these hypotheses, rats were fed phylloquinone (PK) or menadione (MN) containing diets (2 μmol/kg) for 2.5 weeks. From day 10, rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either α-T (100 mg/kg) or vehicle and were sacrificed 24 h after the seventh injection. Irrespective of diet, α-T injections decreased MK-4 concentrations in brain, lung, kidney, and heart; and PK in lung. These decreases were not accompanied by increased excretion of urinary 5C- or 7C-aglycone vitamin K metabolites, however, the urinary α-T metabolite (α-CEHC) increased ≥ 100-fold. Moreover, α-T increases were accompanied by downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 expression and modified expression of tissue ATP-binding cassette transporters. CONCLUSION Thus, in rats, high tissue α-T depleted tissue MK-4 without significantly increasing urinary vitamin K metabolite excretion. Changes in tissue MK-4 and PK levels may be a result of altered regulation of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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19
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Shearer MJ, Fu X, Booth SL. Vitamin K nutrition, metabolism, and requirements: current concepts and future research. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:182-95. [PMID: 22516726 PMCID: PMC3648719 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2001, the US Food and Nutrition Board concluded that there were insufficient data with which to establish a RDA for vitamin K, in large part because of a lack of robust endpoints that reflected adequacy of intake. Knowledge of the relative bioavailability of multiple vitamin K forms was also poor. Since then, stable isotope methodologies have been applied to the assessment of the bioavailability of the major dietary form of vitamin K in its free state and when incorporated into a plant matrix. There is a need for stable isotope studies with enhanced sensitivity to expand knowledge of the bioavailability, absorption, disposition, and metabolism of different molecular forms of vitamin K. Another area for future research stems from evidence that common polymorphisms or haplotypes in certain key genes implicated in vitamin K metabolism might affect nutritional requirements. Thus far, much of this evidence is indirect via effects on warfarin dose requirements. In terms of clinical endpoints, vitamin K deficiency in early infancy continues to be a leading cause of intracranial bleeding even in developed countries and the reasons for its higher prevalence in certain Asian countries has not been solved. There is universal consensus for the need for vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns, but the effectiveness of any vitamin K prophylactic regimen needs to be based on sound nutritional principles. In contrast, there is still a lack of suitable biomarkers or clinical endpoints that can be used to determine vitamin K requirements among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Shearer
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, and King’s College, London, UK; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, and King’s College, London, UK; and
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, and King’s College, London, UK; and
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Duan H, Guan N, Wu Y, Zhang J, Ding J, Shao B. Identification of biomarkers for melamine-induced nephrolithiasis in young children based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (U-HPLC–Q-TOF/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3544-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have been the mainstay of oral anticoagulant therapy for over 60years. In this review we critically assess the evidence for the importance of vitamin K nutrition during VKA therapy; the methodologies for measuring dietary intakes; the vitamin K intake data in patients on VKA and healthy people; and the experimental evidence for the influence of vitamin K intakes and biochemical measures of vitamin K status on VKA response. Several studies show that dietary intakes of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) are associated to the sensitivity and stability of anticoagulation during initiation and maintenance dosing with low habitual intakes associated with greater instability of the INR and risk of sub-therapeutic anticoagulation. Preliminary evidence suggests that the stability of anticoagulation therapy may be improved by daily vitamin K supplementation, but further studies are needed to find out whether this, or other dietary interventions, can improve anticoagulant control in routine clinical practice.
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Harrington DJ, Clarke P, Card DJ, Mitchell SJ, Shearer MJ. Urinary excretion of vitamin K metabolites in term and preterm infants: relationship to vitamin K status and prophylaxis. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:508-12. [PMID: 20814348 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181f981c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the metabolic turnover and excretion of vitamin K in healthy newborn infants and the metabolic consequences of prophylactic regimens designed to protect against vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). We measured the excretion of two urinary metabolites (≤ 24 h) of vitamin K (5C- and 7C-aglycones) in term infants before (n = 11) and after (n = 5) a 1000 μg i.m. dose of vitamin K1 (K1) and in preterm infants after 200 μg i.m. (n = 4), 500 μg i.m. (n = 4), or 200 μg i.v. (n = 5). In preterm infants, we also measured serum K1, vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide, and PIVKA-II at 5 d postpartum. Before prophylaxis, the rate of 5C- and 7C-aglycone excretion was 25 times lower than adults, reflecting low vitamin K stores at birth. After prophylaxis, the excretion rate correlated to K1 dose (r = 0.6) but was two orders of magnitude lower than that in adults, probably reflecting the immaturity of neonatal catabolism. All term and 10 of 13 preterm infants mainly excreted 5C-aglycone. We present evidence that increased excretion of the 7C-aglycone was associated with metabolic overload because of the exposure to high-tissue K1 concentrations. Measurement of the 5C- and 7C-aglycones may facilitate longitudinal studies of vitamin K status in neonates and aid the development of improved prophylactic regimens.
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Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89:458-64. [PMID: 20177349 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c46b69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a problem after transplantation. Studies since the last year indicate that vitamin K plays a role in optimal bone health. The aim of this randomized, double blind, prospective longitudinal study was to investigate the effect of a dietary supplement with vitamin K2 (180 microg menakinon-7) on bone mass, the first year after lung and heart transplantation. METHODS After preoperative baseline investigation of bone mass and bone-related biochemistry, 35 lung and 59 heart recipients were postoperatively randomized to vitamin K2 or placebo and reinvestigated the following year. RESULTS In all recipients, 1 year after solid organ transplantation, the difference between vitamin K2 and placebo for the lumbar spine (L2-L4) bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.028 (SE 0.014) g/cm(2), P=0.055 and for L2 to L4 bone mineral content was 1.33 (SE 1.91) g/cm(2) (P=0.5). In lung recipients separately, the difference for bone mineral content was 3.39 g (SE 1.65), P=0.048 and in heart recipients 0.45 (SE 0.02) g, P=0.9 after controlling for baseline measures. In a forward stepwise linear regression analysis fitted to model differences in the L2 to L4 BMD, controlled for possible confounding variables (including use of bisphosphonate), and the only significant predictors were organ (B=-0.065 g/cm(2), P<0.001) and vitamin K2 (B=0.034 g/cm(2), P=0.019). Insufficient vitamin D status was common, and the parathyroid hormone was highest in the K2 group indicating a higher need for vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS One year of vitamin K2 supplement suggest a favorable effect on lumbar spine BMD with different response in lung and heart recipients. Vitamin D status should receive more attention.
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Wu YC, Lin LF, Yeh CS, Lin YL, Chang HJ, Lin SR, Chang MY, Hsiao CP, Lee SC. Burdock Essence Promotes Gastrointestinal Mucosal Repair in Ulcer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-8607(10)60010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Mustacich DJ, Leonard SW, Patel NK, Traber MG. Alpha-tocopherol beta-oxidation localized to rat liver mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:73-81. [PMID: 19819327 PMCID: PMC2818260 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 40% of Americans take dietary supplements, including vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). Unlike other fat-soluble vitamins, alpha-tocopherol is not accumulated to toxic levels. Rather tissue levels are tightly regulated, in part via increased hepatic metabolism and excretion that could, theoretically, alter metabolism of drugs, environmental toxins, and other nutrients. To date, in vivo subcellular location(s) of alpha-tocopherol metabolism have not been identified. The proposed pathway of alpha-tocopherol metabolism proceeds via omega-hydroxylation to 13'-OH-alpha-tocopherol, followed by successive rounds of beta-oxidation to form alpha-CEHC. To test the hypothesis that alpha-tocopherol omega-hydroxylation occurs in microsomes while beta-oxidation occurs in peroxisomes, rats received daily injections of vehicle, 10 mg alpha-tocopherol, or 10 mg trolox/100 g body wt for 3 days, and then microsomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes were isolated from liver homogenates. Homogenate alpha-tocopherol levels increased 16-fold in alpha-tocopherol-injected rats, while remaining unchanged in trolox- or vehicle-injected rats. Total alpha-tocopherol recovered in the three subcellular fractions represented 93+/-4% of homogenate alpha-tocopherol levels. In alpha-tocopherol-injected rats, microsome alpha-tocopherol levels increased 28-fold, while mitochondria and peroxisome levels increased 8- and 3-fold, respectively, indicating greater partitioning of alpha-tocopherol to the microsomes with increasing liver alpha-tocopherol. In alpha-tocopherol-injected rats, microsome 13'-OH-alpha-tocopherol levels increased 24-fold compared to controls, and were 7-fold greater than 13'-OH-alpha-tocopherol levels in peroxisome and mitochondrial fractions of alpha-tocopherol-injected rats. An unexpected finding was that alpha-CEHC, the end product of alpha-tocopherol metabolism, was found almost exclusively in mitochondria. These data are the first to indicate a mitochondrial role in alpha-tocopherol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie J Mustacich
- Linus Pauling Institute, 571 Weniger Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Recent interest in vitamin K has been motivated by evidence of physiological roles beyond that of coagulation. Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins may be involved in regulation of calcification, energy metabolism, and inflammation. However, the evidence for many of these proposed roles in the maintenance of health is equivocal. There is also an emerging viewpoint that the biochemical function of vitamin K may extend beyond that of a cofactor for the VKD carboxylation of glutamyl residues (Glus) to carboxylated Glus in VKD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Booth
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which vitamin E interferes with vitamin K activity, especially blood clotting, are not known, but hypothetically this interference may involve metabolic pathways. Phylloquinone (K(1)) must be converted to menaquinone (MK-4, the most potent extrahepatic tissue vitamin K) by truncation of the K(1) side chain and replacement with geranylgeranyl. Possible mechanisms for the vitamin E and K interaction include: 1) vitamin E competes for the yet undiscovered enzyme that truncates the K(1) side chain; 2) vitamin E competes with K(1) for the hypothetical cytochrome P450 enzyme that omega-hydroxylates the K(1) side chain, thereby preventing its beta-oxidation and its removal for MK-4 formation; or 3) vitamin E increases xenobiotic pathways that increase hepatic metabolism and excretion of all vitamin K forms. Currently, the pathway for K(1) conversion to MK-4 is unknown, the process for regulating vitamin K metabolism to urinary excretion products is unknown, and why vitamin E supplements have such a dramatic effect, causing bleeding in some individuals and not in others, remains a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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28
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Mustacich DJ, Gohil K, Bruno RS, Yan M, Leonard SW, Ho E, Cross CE, Traber MG. Alpha-tocopherol modulates genes involved in hepatic xenobiotic pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:469-76. [PMID: 18789671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic proteins involved in xenobiotic pathways (Phases I, II and III) are responsible for the metabolism and disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds including dietary phytochemicals. To test the hypothesis that elevated alpha-tocopherol intakes alter gene expression of hepatic xenobiotic pathways, mice were fed diets supplemented with either 1000 IU (+E) or 35 IU (E) all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for 4 months; liver RNA was isolated, and gene expression was determined using both whole genome microarray and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Hepatic alpha-tocopherol (173+/-18 vs. 21+/-1 nmol/g, mean+/-S.E.) and its metabolite (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman, 0.232+/-0.046 vs. 0.031+/-0.019 nmol/g) concentrations were approximately eightfold higher following the +E dietary treatment. In +E relative to E mice, gene expression of Phase I enzymes, P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome P450 3a11 increased 1.6- and 4.0-fold, respectively; two Phase II genes, sulfotransferase 2a and glutathione S-transferase mu 3, increased 10.8- and 1.9-fold respectively, and a Phase III biliary transporter, Abcb1a, doubled. Thus, consumption of high-level dietary alpha-tocopherol simultaneously coordinated Phase I, II and III gene expression. These data demonstrate that increased hepatic alpha-tocopherol modulates its own concentrations through increasing xenobiotic metabolism, a process that may alter metabolism of other foreign compounds, such as therapeutic drugs and phytochemicals, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie J Mustacich
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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29
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Abstract
To understand the role of vitamin K in human health, it is important to identify determinants of vitamin K status throughout the life cycle. Our current understanding of vitamin K physiology and metabolism only partially explains why there is wide interindividual variation in vitamin K status, as measured by various biochemical measures. Dietary intake of vitamin K is one of the primary determinants of vitamin K status, and intakes vary widely among age groups and population subgroups. How dietary sources of vitamin K are absorbed and transported varies with the form and food source of vitamin K. Likewise, the role of plasma lipids as a determinant of vitamin K status varies with the form of vitamin K ingested. There is also some evidence that other fat-soluble vitamins antagonize vitamin K under certain physiological conditions. Infants are at the greatest risk of vitamin K deficiency because of a poor maternal-fetal transfer across the placenta and low vitamin K concentrations in breast milk. During adulthood, there may be subtle age-related changes in vitamin K status but these are inconsistent and may be primarily related to dietary intake and lifestyle differences among different age groups. However, there is some suggestion that absence of estrogen among postmenopausal women may be a determinant of vitamin K, status. Genetics may explain some of the observed interindividual variability in vitamin K, but to date, there are few studies that have systematically explored the associations between individual genetic polymorphisms and biochemical measures of vitamin K status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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30
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Booth SL, Peterson JW, Smith D, Shea MK, Chamberland J, Crivello N. Age and dietary form of vitamin K affect menaquinone-4 concentrations in male Fischer 344 rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:492-6. [PMID: 18287355 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinone, the primary dietary form of vitamin K, is converted to menaquinone-4 (MK-4) in certain tissues. MK-4 may have tissue-specific roles independent of those traditionally identified with vitamin K. Fischer 344 male rats of different ages (2, 12, and 24 mo, n = 20 per age group) were used to compare the conversion of phylloquinone to MK-4 with an equivalent dose of another dietary form of vitamin K, 2',3'-dihydrophylloquinone. Rats were age- and diet-group pair-fed phylloquinone (198 +/- 9.0 microg/kg diet) or dihydrophylloquinone (172 +/- 13.0 microg/kg diet) for 28 d. MK-4 was the primary form of vitamin K in serum, spleen, kidney, testes, bone marrow, and brain myelin fractions, regardless of age group. MK-4 concentrations were significantly lower in kidney, heart, testes, cortex (myelin), and striatum (myelin) in the dihydrophylloquinone diet group compared with the phylloquinone diet group (P < 0.05). The MK-4 concentrations in 2-mo-old rats were lower in liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and cortex (myelin) but higher in testes compared with 24-mo-old rats (P < 0.05). However, there were no age-specific differences in MK-4 concentrations among the rats fed the 2 diets. These data suggest that dihydrophylloquinone, which differs from phylloquinone in its side phytyl chain, is absorbed but its intake results in less MK-4 in certain tissues. Dihydrophylloquinone may be used in models for the study of tissue-specific vitamin K deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vitamin E benefits in human health and chronic disease prevention are evaluated with respect to established alpha-tocopherol functions during vitamin E deficiency, adequacy, and excess. RECENT FINDINGS Baseline vitamin E status of the 29 092 Finnish men participating in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study showed that the men in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of serum alpha-tocopherol had significantly lower incidences of total and cause-specific mortality. New findings from the Women's Health Study support a role for vitamin E supplements in decreasing the risk for sudden death from cardiovascular disease and from thromboembolism. We speculate that a potential mechanism may involve vitamin E interference in vitamin K activation. SUMMARY alpha-Tocopherol acts as a peroxyl and alkoxyl radical scavenger in lipid environments, and thus it prevents lipid peroxidation in lipoproteins and membranes, especially nervous tissues. Decreased chronic disease incidence is associated with lifelong generous dietary vitamin E intakes, but more than 90% of Americans do not consume the recommended dietary amounts (15 mg/day). Vitamin E supplements can have beneficial effects on health beyond those from dietary amounts, perhaps because pharmacologic levels also upregulate hepatic xenobiotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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