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Parra-Vicente S, Ibáñez-Ibáñez PF, Cabrerizo-Vílchez M, Sánchez-Almazo I, Rodríguez-Valverde MÁ, Ruiz-Cabello FJM. Understanding the petal effect: Wetting properties and surface structure of natural rose petals and rose petal-derived surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113832. [PMID: 38447447 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The petal effect is identified as a non-wetting state with high drop adhesion. The wetting behavior of petal surfaces is attributed to the papillose structure of their epidermis, which leads to a Cassie-Baxter regime combined with strong pinning sites. Under this scenario, sessile drops are pearl shaped and, unlike lotus-like surfaces, firmly attached to the surface. Petal surfaces are used as inspiration for the fabrication of functional parahydrophobic surfaces such as antibacterial or water-harvesting surfaces. In this work, two types of rose petals were replicated by using a templating technique based in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocasting. The topographic structure, the condensation mechanism under saturated environments and the wetting properties of the natural rose petal and their negative and positive replicas were analyzed. Finally, we performed prospective ice adhesion studies to elucidate whether petal-like surfaces may be used as deicing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Parra-Vicente
- Laboratory of Surface and Interface Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada ES-18071, Spain
| | - Pablo F Ibáñez-Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Surface and Interface Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada ES-18071, Spain
| | - Miguel Cabrerizo-Vílchez
- Laboratory of Surface and Interface Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada ES-18071, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Valverde
- Laboratory of Surface and Interface Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada ES-18071, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Montes Ruiz-Cabello
- Laboratory of Surface and Interface Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada ES-18071, Spain.
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2
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Ede SR, Yu H, Sung CH, Kisailus D. Bio-Inspired Functional Materials for Environmental Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301227. [PMID: 38133492 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
With the global population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, there is an urgent need for advanced materials that can address existing and developing environmental issues. Many current synthesis processes are environmentally unfriendly and often lack control over size, shape, and phase of resulting materials. Based on knowledge from biological synthesis and assembly processes, as well as their resulting functions (e.g., photosynthesis, self-healing, anti-fouling, etc.), researchers are now beginning to leverage these biological blueprints to advance bio-inspired pathways for functional materials for water treatment, air purification and sensing. The result has been the development of novel materials that demonstrate enhanced performance and address sustainability. Here, an overview of the progress and potential of bio-inspired methods toward functional materials for environmental applications is provided. The challenges and opportunities for this rapidly expanding field and aim to provide a valuable resource for researchers and engineers interested in developing sustainable and efficient processes and technologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankara Rao Ede
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Chao Hsuan Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
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3
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Fleetwood SK, Bell S, Jetter R, Foster EJ. Plant-based, aqueous, water-repellent sprays for coating textiles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7020-7032. [PMID: 37676239 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel superhydrophobic coatings, that are both biodegradable and biosourced, have the potential to revolutionize the water-repellent coating industry. Here, water-repellent coatings were prepared from commercially unavailable plant waxes, isolated using solvent extraction and characterized using DSC, GC-MS and DLS. In the first stage, a plant survey was conducted to identify an ideal plant source for the final spray, in which Whatman filter paper was submerged in a wax-solvent solution with recrystallization occurring upon air-drying. In the second stage, aqueous, PFC-free wax dispersions were prepared, coated onto textiles (cotton and polyester), and heat-treated with a home drying machine to allow for the spreading and recrystallization of the waxes. In both stages, SEM visualization verified the coating's morphology, and contact angle measurements showed them to be superhydrophobic. It was concluded that, using less coating material than commercial coatings, high-performing petroleum-free coatings could be made and applied onto textiles of various polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Fleetwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Sydney Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Papierowska E, Beczek M, Mazur R, Szatyłowicz J, Szewińska J, Polakowski C, Ryżak M, Stańczyk T, Sochan A, Frankowska-Łukawska J, Bieganowski A. Drop impact dynamics on the hydrophobic leaf surface of an aquatic plant: a case study of Pistia stratiotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5255-5272. [PMID: 37249250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pistia stratiotes is an aquatic plant with a complex structure that allows it to stay afloat. It grows quickly, and in large numbers becomes an undesirable plant as an invasive species. Describing the dynamics of a water drop splash on P. stratiotes leaves can contribute to increasing knowledge of its behavior and finding alternative methods for eradicating it or using it for the benefit of the environment. The non-wettable surface of P. stratiotes presents a complex structure-simple uniseriate trichomes and also ridges and veins. We analyzed the drop impact on a leaf placed on the water surface and recorded it by high-speed cameras. Based on the recordings, quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. After impacting the leaf, the water drop spread until it reached its maximum surface area accompanied by the ejection of early droplets in the initial stage. Thereafter, three scenarios of water behavior were observed: (i) drop receding and stabilization; (ii) drop receding and ejection of late droplets formed in the later stage as an effect of elastic deformation of the leaf; and (iii) drop breaking apart and ejection of late droplets. The results indicated that the increasing kinetic energy of the impacting drops expressed by the Weber number and the complex leaf surface have an effect on the course of the splash. The simple uniseriate trichomes of the P. stratiotes leaf and the high energy of the falling drops were responsible for the formation and characteristics of the early droplets. The presence of ridges and veins and the leaf's mechanical response had an impact on the occurrence of late droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papierowska
- Water Centre, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Beczek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Mazur
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Polakowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ryżak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stańczyk
- Department of Hydrology, Meteorology and Water Management Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sochan
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Frankowska-Łukawska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Hou R, Zhou J, Song Z, Zhang N, Huang S, Kaziem AE, Zhao C, Zhang Z. pH-responsive λ-cyhalothrin nanopesticides for effective pest control and reduced toxicity to Harmonia axyridis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120373. [PMID: 36604051 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, pH-responsive LC@O-CMCS/PU nanoparticles were prepared by encapsulating λ-cyhalothrin (LC) with O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS) to form LC/O-CMCS and then covering it with polyurethane (PU). Characterization and performance test results demonstrate that LC@O-CMCS/PU had good alkaline release properties and pesticide loading performance. Compared to commercial formulations containing large amounts of emulsifiers (e.g., emulsifiable concentrate, EC), LC@O-CMCS/PU showed better leaf-surface adhesion. On the dried pesticide-applied surfaces, the acute contact toxicity of LC@O-CMCS/PU to Harmonia axyridis (H. axyridis) was nearly 20 times lower than that of LC EC. Due to the slow-releasing property of LC@O-CMCS/PU, only 16.38 % of LC was released at 48 h in dew and effectively reduced the toxicity of dew. On the pesticide-applied leaves with dew, exposure to the LC (EC) caused 86.66 % mortality of H. axyridis larvae significantly higher than the LC@O-CMCS/PU, which was only 16.66 % lethality. Additionally, quantitative analysis demonstrated 11.33 mg/kg of λ-cyhalothrin in the dew on LC@O-CMCS/PU lower than LC (EC) with 4.54 mg/kg. In summary, LC@O-CMCS/PU effectively improves the safety of λ-cyhalothrin to H. axyridis and has great potential to be used in pest control combining natural enemies and chemical pesticides.
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Key Words
- H. axyridis
- Low toxicity
- PubChem CID: 14030006, castor oil
- PubChem CID: 14798, sodium hydroxide
- PubChem CID: 16682738, dibutyltin dilaurate
- PubChem CID: 169132, isophorone diisocyanate
- PubChem CID: 300, chloroacetic acid
- PubChem CID: 3776, isopropyl alcohol
- PubChem CID: 442424, genipin
- PubChem CID: 443046, λ-cyhalothrin
- PubChem CID: 6569, methyl ethyl ketone
- PubChem CID: 7767, N-methyl diethanolamine
- pH-controlled release
- λ-Cyhalothrin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiquan Hou
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingtong Zhou
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zixia Song
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Suqing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Amir E Kaziem
- Department of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chen Zhao
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Misiiuk K, Lowrey S, Blaikie R, Juras J, Sommers A. Development of a Coating-Less Aluminum Superhydrophobic Gradient for Spontaneous Water Droplet Motion Using One-Step Laser-Ablation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1954-1965. [PMID: 35113579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nature shows various approaches to create superhydrophobicity, such as the lotus leaf, where the superhydrophobic (SHPB) surface arising from its hierarchical surface consists of random microscale bumps with superimposed nanoscale hairs. Some natural systems, such as the hydrophilic silk of some spider's webs, even allow the passive transport of water droplets from one part of a surface to another by creating gradients in surface tension and Laplace pressure. We look to combine both ideas and replicate the superb water repellence of the lotus leaf and the surface tension gradient-driven motion of the spider silk to form an all-metal, coating-less surface that promotes spontaneous droplet motion. We present the design, fabrication, and investigation of such superhydrophobic gradient surfaces on aluminum, which are aimed at spontaneous water droplet movement for improved surface water management. One surface demonstrates a droplet travel distance of almost 2 mm for a 11 μL droplet volume. We also present surfaces that map the theoretical ranges of the surface tension gradient surfaces tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Misiiuk
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sam Lowrey
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard Blaikie
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Josselin Juras
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Ohio, 56 Garland Hall 650 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Andrew Sommers
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Ohio, 56 Garland Hall 650 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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7
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Misiiuk K, Lowrey S, Blaikie R, Juras J, Sommers A. Study of Micro- and Nanopatterned Aluminum Surfaces Using Different Microfabrication Processes for Water Management. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1386-1397. [PMID: 35050636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces demonstrate extreme water-repellence, promoting drop-wise over film-wise condensation, increasing liquid mobility, and reducing thermal resistance for heat-exchanger applications. Introducing topographic structures can lead to modified surface free energy, as inspired by natural systems like the lotus leaf, potentially allowing coating-free ice- and frost-free surfaces under certain conditions. This work presents a study of coating-free aluminum micro/nanopatterns fabricated using micromilling or laser-etching techniques and the resultant wetting properties. Our review and experiments clarify the roles of line-edge-roughness and microstructural geometry from each microfabrication technique, which manifests in technique-specific nano- to midmicro-scale roughness, producing a hierarchical structure in both cases. For micromilling, line-edge-roughness consists of jagged burrs of 1-8 μm thickness with 10-25 μm periodicity along the microlines with constantly changing height on the order of 1-20 μm. These effects simultaneously raise the water contact angle from 52° (unprocessed aluminum) up to 136° but with strong edge pinning effects. On the other hand, laser-etched surfaces exhibit line-edge-roughness with a microstructure of 3-20 μm width and 5-10 μm in height superimposed with evenly spread spikes of 50-250 nm. This results in a high contact angle (>150°) coupled with a low contact angle hysteresis (<15°), promoting superhydrophobicity on a coating-free aluminum surface. It is also shown that for certain cases, line-edge-roughness is more important for the resultant wetting properties than the structure geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Misiiuk
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sam Lowrey
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard Blaikie
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Josselin Juras
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 56 Garland Hall, 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Andrew Sommers
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 56 Garland Hall, 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Boanares D, Bueno A, de Souza AX, Kozovits AR, Sousa HC, Pimenta LPS, Isaias RMDS, França MGC. Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112894. [PMID: 34364088 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is the outermost region of the epidermal cell wall of plant aerial organs. The cuticle acts as a two-way lipid barrier for water diffusion; therefore, it plays a vital role in foliar water uptake (FWU). We hypothesised that the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes influences the FWU strategy that plants adopt in a foggy tropical ecosystem. We analysed the leaf cuticular waxes of six plant species known by their different FWU strategies, in both qualitative and quantitative approaches, to test this hypothesis. We also investigated the fine structure of the plant cuticle by scanning electron microscopy. Neither the total wax loads nor the amounts of single wax compound classes correlated to the FWU. In contrast, the qualitative chemical composition of the cuticular waxes was related to the water absorption speed but not to the maximum water absorbed. The presence of wax crystals might interfere with the FWU. Our findings suggest that a complex three-dimensional network of the cuticular compounds contributes to different strategies of FWU in six plant species from foggy tropical mountaintops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boanares
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Amauri Bueno
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Aline Xavier de Souza
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hildeberto Caldas Sousa
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Pan H, Lee TW. Recent Progress in Development of Wearable Pressure Sensors Derived from Biological Materials. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100460. [PMID: 34050624 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in the use of biological materials (biomaterials) in wearable pressure sensors. Biomaterials are abundant, sustainable, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Especially, many have sophisticated hierarchical structure and biological characteristics, which are attractive candidates for facile and ecologically-benign fabrication of wearable pressure sensors that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and highly sensitivity. The biomaterials and structures that use them in wearable pressure sensors that exploit sensing mechanisms such as piezoelectric, triboelectric, piezoresistive and capacitive effects are present. Finally, remaining impediments are discussed to use of biomaterials in wearable pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R China
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Nano Systems Institute (NSI), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D. The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1455. [PMID: 34371656 PMCID: PMC8309337 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves have evolved to effectively harvest light, and, in parallel, to balance photosynthetic CO2 assimilation with water losses. At times, leaves must operate under light limiting conditions while at other instances (temporally distant or even within seconds), the same leaves must modulate light capture to avoid photoinhibition and achieve a uniform internal light gradient. The light-harvesting capacity and the photosynthetic performance of a given leaf are both determined by the organization and the properties of its structural elements, with some of these having evolved as adaptations to stressful environments. In this respect, the present review focuses on the optical roles of particular leaf structural elements (the light capture module) while integrating their involvement in other important functional modules. Superficial leaf tissues (epidermis including cuticle) and structures (epidermal appendages such as trichomes) play a crucial role against light interception. The epidermis, together with the cuticle, behaves as a reflector, as a selective UV filter and, in some cases, each epidermal cell acts as a lens focusing light to the interior. Non glandular trichomes reflect a considerable part of the solar radiation and absorb mainly in the UV spectral band. Mesophyll photosynthetic tissues and biominerals are involved in the efficient propagation of light within the mesophyll. Bundle sheath extensions and sclereids transfer light to internal layers of the mesophyll, particularly important in thick and compact leaves or in leaves with a flutter habit. All of the aforementioned structural elements have been typically optimized during evolution for multiple functions, thus offering adaptive advantages in challenging environments. Hence, each particular leaf design incorporates suitable optical traits advantageously and cost-effectively with the other fundamental functions of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
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11
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AbdulKadir WAFW, Ahmad AL, Boon Seng O. Carnauba Wax/Halloysite Nanotube with Improved Anti-Wetting and Permeability of Hydrophobic PVDF Membrane via DCMD. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030228. [PMID: 33807017 PMCID: PMC8005014 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic membranes have been widely explored to meet the membrane characteristics for the membrane distillation (MD) process. Inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles have been used to improve the membrane hydrophobicity, but limited studies have used nano clay particles. This study introduces halloysite nanotube (HNT) as an alternative material to synthesis a hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-HNT membrane. The PVDF membranes were fabricated using functionalized HNTs (e.g., carnauba wax and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane (FOTS)). The results were determined by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection, scanning electron microscope, goniometer and porometer to determine the desired hydrophobic membrane for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The addition of FOTS-HNT (fs-HNT) and carnauba wax-HNT (fw-HNT) in the PVDF membrane enhanced the water contact angle (CA) to 127° and 137°, respectively. The presence of fw-HNT in the PVDF membrane exhibited higher liquid entry pressure (LEP) (2.64 bar) compared to fs-HNT in the membrane matrix (1.44 bar). The PVDF/fw-HNT membrane (Pfw-HNT) obtained the highest flux of 7.24 L/m2h with 99.9% salt removal. A stable permeability in the Pfw-HNT membrane was obtained throughout 16 h of DCMD. The incorporation of fw-HNT in the PVDF membrane had improved the anti-wetting properties and the membrane performance with the anti-fouling effect.
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12
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Shah P, Bhattarai A. Advances in Surfactants in Foliar Application of Agrochemicals on Mango Leaf Surfaces. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2021. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The surface tension, pH and contact angle of the wetting liquid as well as the complex composition of the leaf surface are important parameters to describe the spreading, wettability and absorption of agrochemicals on the leaf surfaces. The contact angle of aqueous solutions of agrochemicals (multi-micronutrient fertilizers, growth regulator and insecticides) with/without Leaf guard, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and Sapindus mukorrossi (Ritha) were measured over the surface of mango leaves. The order of contact angle (mean) values was found to be AOT < Ritha < Leaf guard, which implies that AOT is a better wetting agent, but Ritha has a higher range of adhesion work because of its acidic nature (low pH). The wetting free energy was found to be more negative in the presence of Leaf guard, Ritha and AOT than in water, which indicates that wetting is more spontaneous in the presence of surfactants. The adaxial surface of mango leaves had a higher surface free energy than the abaxial part and hence showed higher wettability than the abaxial part.
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Yılmaz H, Enginar H, Çifci C. Microencapsulation of lambda-cyhalothrin with polyurethane-urea and application on peppermint plant leaves containing a two-spotted red spider mite (tetranychus urticae). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1878671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Enginar
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Cemal Çifci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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14
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Palma-Salgado S, Ku KM, Dong M, Nguyen TH, Juvik JA, Feng H. Adhesion and removal of E. coli K12 as affected by leafy green produce epicuticular wax composition, surface roughness, produce and bacterial surface hydrophobicity, and sanitizers. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108834. [PMID: 32861985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated leafy vegetables have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. A good understanding of the interactions between human pathogen and produce is important for developing improved food safety control strategies. Currently, the role played by produce surface physiochemical characteristics in such interactions is not well-understood. This work was performed to examine the effects of produce physiochemical characteristics, including surface roughness, epicuticular wax composition, and produce and bacteria surface hydrophobicity on attachment and removal of vegetative bacteria. Escherichia coli K12 was used as a model microorganism to evaluate attachment to and removal from five leafy green vegetables after washing with selected sanitizers. A detailed epicuticular wax component analysis was conducted and the changes of wax composition after sanitation were also evaluated. The results showed that E. coli K12 removal is positively correlated with alkanes, ketones, and total wax content on leaf surfaces. Vegetables with high surface wax content had less rough leaf surfaces and more bacterial removal than the low wax produce. Produce surface roughness positively correlated to E. coli K12 adhesion and negatively correlated to removal. The cells preferentially attached to cut vegetable surfaces, with up to 1.49 times more attachment than on leaf adaxial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Palma-Salgado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mengyi Dong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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Wae AbdulKadir WAF, Ahmad AL, Seng OB, Che Lah NF. Biomimetic hydrophobic membrane: A review of anti-wetting properties as a potential factor in membrane development for membrane distillation (MD). J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Honig F, Vermeulen S, Zadpoor AA, de Boer J, Fratila-Apachitei LE. Natural Architectures for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E47. [PMID: 32645945 PMCID: PMC7565607 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control the interactions between functional biomaterials and biological systems is of great importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the underlying mechanisms defining the interplay between biomaterial properties and the human body are complex. Therefore, a key challenge is to design biomaterials that mimic the in vivo microenvironment. Over millions of years, nature has produced a wide variety of biological materials optimised for distinct functions, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) for structural and biochemical support of cells to the holy lotus with special wettability for self-cleaning effects. Many of these systems found in biology possess unique surface properties recognised to regulate cell behaviour. Integration of such natural surface properties in biomaterials can bring about novel cell responses in vitro and provide greater insights into the processes occurring at the cell-biomaterial interface. Using natural surfaces as templates for bioinspired design can stimulate progress in the field of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and biomaterials science. This literature review aims to combine the state-of-the-art knowledge in natural and nature-inspired surfaces, with an emphasis on material properties known to affect cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Honig
- Laboratory for Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute, University of Maastricht, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute, University of Maastricht, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands
- BioInterface Science Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Biomaterials and Tissue Biomechanics Section, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- BioInterface Science Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Biomaterials and Tissue Biomechanics Section, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Riedel J, Vucko MJ, Blomberg SP, Schwarzkopf L. Skin hydrophobicity as an adaptation for self-cleaning in geckos. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4640-4651. [PMID: 32551049 PMCID: PMC7297746 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobicity is common in plants and animals, typically caused by high relief microtexture functioning to keep the surface clean. Although the occurrence and physical causes of hydrophobicity are well understood, ecological factors promoting its evolution are unclear. Geckos have highly hydrophobic integuments. We predicted that, because the ground is dirty and filled with pathogens, high hydrophobicity should coevolve with terrestrial microhabitat use. Advancing contact-angle (ACA) measurements of water droplets were used to quantify hydrophobicity in 24 species of Australian gecko. We reconstructed the evolution of ACA values, in relation to microhabitat use of geckos. To determine the best set of structural characteristics associated with the evolution of hydrophobicity, we used linear models fitted using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS), and then model averaging based on AICc values. All species were highly hydrophobic (ACA > 132.72°), but terrestrial species had significantly higher ACA values than arboreal ones. The evolution of longer spinules and smaller scales was correlated with high hydrophobicity. These results suggest that hydrophobicity has coevolved with terrestrial microhabitat use in Australian geckos via selection for long spinules and small scales, likely to keep their skin clean and prevent fouling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jendrian Riedel
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQld.Australia
| | - Matthew John Vucko
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQld.Australia
| | - Simone P. Blomberg
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld.Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQld.Australia
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18
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Zhu J, Yu Q, Zhu H, He W, Xu C, Liao J, Zhu Q, Su K. Response of dust particle pollution and construction of a leaf dust deposition prediction model based on leaf reflection spectrum characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36764-36775. [PMID: 31745789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban plants can improve several environmental pollution problems in cities, especially dust prevention, noise reduction, purification of the atmosphere, etc. To explore the influence of dust deposition on the spectral characteristics of the leaf, a foliar dust deposition prediction model based on high-spectrum data was established. Taking Euonymus japonicus L., the common greening tree species in Beijing, as the research object, high (T1), medium (T2), and low (T3) dust pollution gradients were set and hyperspectral data were collected. Results showed that: (1) in the dust-contaminated environment with different concentrations, the trend of the reflectance curve of the leaves of Euonymus japonicus L. was generally consistent. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface was positively correlated with the amount of leaf dust. (2) There were five obvious reflection peaks and five main absorption valleys with the same positions and ranges in the 350-2500 nm range. (3) The spectral reflectance of leaf flour dust particles of Euonymus japonicus L. was significantly different before and after dusting, and its size was generally clean leaves > dust-depositing leaves. The sensitive range of its spectral response was 695-1400 nm. (4) The overall trend of the first derivative spectrum was basically the same. The red edge slope and the blue edge slope appeared as T3 > T2 > T1, the red edge position and the blue edge position appeared as T1 < T2 < T3. The red edge position of the leaf surface after dust deposition had an obvious "blueshift", and the moving distance increases with the increase of dust retention on leaf surface. (5) The leaf water index (y = - 1.18x2 + 0.5424x + 0.9917, R2 = 0.8030, RMSE = 0.187) had the highest accuracy in the regression model of leaf surface dust deposition using spectral parameters. The test showed that the R2 reached 0.9019, which indicated that the model has a good fitting effect. This prediction model can effectively estimate the dust deposition of the leaf surface of Euonymus japonicus L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Zhu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530012, Guangxi, China
| | - Weijun He
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Juyang Liao
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Hunan Forest Botanical Garden, Changsha, 410116, China
| | - QiuYu Zhu
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530012, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Su
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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19
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Qin H, Zhou X, Gu D, Li L, Kan C. Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Waterborne Lambda-Cyhalothrin/Alkyd Nanoemulsion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10587-10594. [PMID: 31497957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient usage and overdosage of conventional pesticide formulations has resulted in large economic losses and environmental pollution due to their poor water solubility and weak adhesion to foliage. In order to develop a green and efficient pesticide formulation, a kind of alkyd resin (AR) based on vegetable oil was first synthesized and used to fabricate the lambda-cyhalothrin/AR (LC/AR) nanoemulsion via in situ phase inverse emulsification, and its properties were then investigated. Results showed that the particle size of the LC/AR nanoemulsion was 50-150 nm with maximum LC loading capacity of as much as 40.9 wt %, high encapsulation efficiency >90%, and great stability in multiple environments. The LC/AR nanoemulsion exhibited better controlled release characteristics compared with LC commercial formulations, and a stronger adhesion on the foliage of the resulted nanoemulsion was also observed, which was attributed to low surface tension and strong interactions with foliar surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiaoteng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Danfei Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Chengyou Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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20
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Aguilar-Morales AI, Alamri S, Voisiat B, Kunze T, Lasagni AF. The Role of the Surface Nano-Roughness on the Wettability Performance of Microstructured Metallic Surface Using Direct Laser Interference Patterning. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172737. [PMID: 31461830 PMCID: PMC6747822 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic natural surfaces usually have multiple levels of structure hierarchy, particularly microstructures covered with nano-roughness. The multi-scale nature of such a surface reduces the wetting of water and oils, and supports self-cleaning properties. In this work, in order to broaden our understanding of the wetting properties of technical surfaces, biomimetic surface patterns were fabricated on stainless steel with single and multi-scale periodic structures using direct laser interference patterning (DLIP). Micropillars with a spatial period of 5.5 µm and a structural depth of 4.2 µm were fabricated and covered by a sub-micro roughness by using ultrashort laser pulses, thus obtaining a hierarchical geometry. In order to distinguish the influence of the different features on the wettability behavior, a nanosecond laser source was used to melt the nano-roughness, and thus to obtain single-scale patterns. Then, a systematic comparison between the single- and multi-scale structures was performed. Although, the treated surfaces showed hydrophilic behavior directly after the laser treatment, over time they reached a steady-state hydrophobic condition. However, the multi-scale structured metal showed a contact angle 31° higher than the single-scale geometry when the steady-state conditions were reached. Furthermore, the impact of the surface chemistry was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Finally, a hydrophobizing agent was applied to the laser treated samples in order to further enhance the water contact angles and to determine the pure contribution of the surface topography. In the latter case, the multi-scale periodic microstructures reached static contact angles of 152° ± 2° and a contact angle hysteresis of only 4° ± 2°, while the single-scale structures did not show superhydrophobic behavior. These results definitely suggest that multi-scale DLIP structures in conjunction with a surface chemistry modification can promote a superhydrophobic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo I Aguilar-Morales
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sabri Alamri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bogdan Voisiat
- Institute for Manufacturing Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Baehr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Kunze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrés F Lasagni
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Manufacturing Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Baehr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Koch K, Barthlott W. Plant Epicuticular Waxes: Chemistry, Form, Self-Assembly and Function. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epicuticular waxes represent the outermost boundary layer of the majority of land plants. Based on their micromorphology and chemical composition they form a multifunctional surface. Their most important functions are the protection against uncontrolled water loss, reflection of solar radiation from UV to visible light, and their crucial influence on surface wettability and particle adhesion. The three-dimensional epicuticular wax crystals are of particular importance for the majority of these interfacial interactions. This article provides an overview on plant epicuticular waxes, focusing on chemical composition, morphology, self-assembly and function. It is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Eckhard Wollenweber on the occasion of his 65th birthday, and his continuous and fundamental work on a special class of plant secondary metabolites that are collectively called flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Koch
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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22
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Berry ZC, Emery NC, Gotsch SG, Goldsmith GR. Foliar water uptake: Processes, pathways, and integration into plant water budgets. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:410-423. [PMID: 30194766 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all plant families, represented across most major biomes, absorb water directly through their leaves. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as foliar water uptake. Recent studies have suggested that foliar water uptake provides a significant water subsidy that can influence both plant water and carbon balance across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Despite this, our mechanistic understanding of when, where, how, and to what end water is absorbed through leaf surfaces remains limited. We first review the evidence for the biophysical conditions necessary for foliar water uptake to occur, focusing on the plant and atmospheric water potentials necessary to create a gradient for water flow. We then consider the different pathways for uptake, as well as the potential fates of the water once inside the leaf. Given that one fate of water from foliar uptake is to increase leaf water potentials and contribute to the demands of transpiration, we also provide a quantitative synthesis of observed rates of change in leaf water potential and total fluxes of water into the leaf. Finally, we identify critical research themes that should be addressed to effectively incorporate foliar water uptake into traditional frameworks of plant water movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Emery
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sybil G Gotsch
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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23
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Olaranont Y, Stewart AB, Traiperm P. Physiological and anatomical responses of a common beach grass to crude oil pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28075-28085. [PMID: 30069774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oil pollution is one potential consequence of industry development, and oil contamination occurs in countries around the world. However, few studies have examined the detrimental effects of oil on plant anatomy. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the impacts of crude oil on the physiological and anatomical parameters of Ischaemum muticum L. (Poaceae) and (2) to examine its potential as a bioindicator of oil pollution. Experimental plants were treated with one of four concentrations of crude oil (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% volume/weight) and compared to control plants (no oil applied). Four physiological and 23 anatomical parameters were measured 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment. Crude oil negatively affected both physiological traits (leaf width and chlorophyll content) and anatomical traits (midrib vascular bundle height, leaf cutin thickness, leaf vascular bundle width and height, abaxial and adaxial margin cutin thickness, adaxial stomata density, adaxial short cell width, and abaxial long cell width). In general, the affected traits were modified by even the lowest oil concentration tested (1%). We discuss the potential of I. muticum as a bioindicator of oil pollution, given its prevalence in coastal areas of the paleotropics and its sensitivity to oil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanisa Olaranont
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Alyssa B Stewart
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Paweena Traiperm
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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24
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Biomimetic Liquid-Repellent Surfaces by Ultrafast Laser Processing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the realization of liquid-repellent surfaces, inspired by two biological models: “dry” superhydrophobic leaves and “slippery” liquid-repellent carnivorous plants using ultrafast laser processing. After a short introduction to a biomimetic development process, an overview of the laser-fabricated structures, which were intensively used for the realization of biomimetic “dry” and “slippery” liquid-repellent surfaces, is given. The influence of process parameters on the structure morphology is discussed. A summary of superhydrophobic and liquid-repellent modifications of different materials (metals, semiconductors, and polymers), including wettability characteristics and processing details, is provided. The technological applications of laser-structured liquid-repellent surfaces are discussed.
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25
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Zhang H, Qin H, Li L, Zhou X, Wang W, Kan C. Preparation and Characterization of Controlled-Release Avermectin/Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Nanoemulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6552-6560. [PMID: 28562041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avermectin (AVM) is a low-toxic and high-active biopesticide, but it can be easily degraded by UV light. In this paper, biodegradable castor oil-based polyurethanes (CO-PU) are synthesized and used as carriers to fabricate a new kind of AVM/CO-PU nanoemulsion through an emulsion solvent evaporation method, and the chemical structure, colloidal property, AVM loading capacity, controlled-release behavior, foliar adhesion, and photostability of the AVM/CO-PU drug delivery systems are investigated. Results show that AVM is physically encapsulated in the CO-PU carrier nanospheres, the diameter of the AVM/CO-PU nanoparticles is <50 nm, and the AVM/CO-PU films are flat and smooth without any AVM aggregate. The drug loading capacity is up to 42.3 wt % with a high encapsulation efficiency of >85%. The release profiles indicate that the release rate is relatively high at the early stage and then slows, which can be adjusted by loaded AVM content, temperature, and pH of the release medium. The foliar pesticide retention of the AVM/CO-PU nanoemulsions is improved, and the photolysis rate of AVM in the AVM/CO-PU nanoparticles is significantly slower than that of the free AVM. A release mechanism of the AVM/CO-PU nanoemulsions is proposed, which is controlled by both diffusion and matrix erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - He Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoteng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyou Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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26
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Kim W, Kim D, Park S, Lee D, Hyun H, Kim J. Engineering lotus leaf-inspired micro- and nanostructures for the manipulation of functional engineering platforms. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Afferrante L, Carbone G. Effect of drop volume and surface statistics on the superhydrophobicity of randomly rough substrates. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:045001. [PMID: 29231182 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa0f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple theoretical approach is developed with the aim of evaluating shape, interfacial pressure, apparent contact angle and contact area of liquid drops gently deposed on randomly rough surfaces. This method can be useful to characterize the superhydrophobic properties of rough substrates, and to investigate the contact behavior of impacting drops. We assume that (i) the size of the apparent liquid-solid contact area is much larger than the micromorphology of the substrate, and (ii) a composite interface is always formed at the microscale. Results show apparent contact angle and liquid-solid area fraction are slightly influenced by the drop volume only at relatively high values of the root mean square roughness h rms, whereas the effect of volume is practically negligible at small h rms. The main statistical quantity affecting the superhydrophobic properties is found to be the Wenzel roughness parameter r W, which depends on the average slope of the surface heights. Moreover, transition from the Cassie-Baxter state to the Wenzel one is observed when r W reduces below a certain critical value, and theoretical predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Finally, the present method can be conveniently exploited to evaluate the occurrence of pinning phenomena in the case of impacting drops, as the Wenzel critical pressure for liquid penetration gives an estimation of the maximum impact pressure tolerated by the surface without pinning occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Afferrante
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, viale Japigia, 182, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Kumar M, Kulkarni MA, Chembu NG, Banpurkar A, Kumaraswamy G. Aqueous dispersions of lipid nanoparticles wet hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:205-215. [PMID: 29243764 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of aqueous sprays to hydrophobic surfaces is the key technological challenge in a wide variety of applications, including pesticide delivery to plants. To account for losses due to bouncing of pesticide sprays off hydrophobic leaf surfaces, a large excess of pesticide is typically employed, resulting in environmentally hazardous run-offs that contaminate soil and ground water. We demonstrate that aqueous dispersions of glycerol monooleate nanoparticles, called cubosomes, wet hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces and adhere to them. Cubosomes comprise glycerol monooleate lipid molecules self-assembled into a double diamond cubic phase, that form stable aqueous dispersions that are sterically stabilized using amphiphilic block copolymers. We use high speed imaging to monitor the spreading and retraction of aqueous drops impinged on model hydrophobic substrates and on superhydrophobic lotus leaves. We show that cubosomes diffuse to hydrophobic substrates and reorganize to form a thin, ≈2 nm adsorbed lipid layer during the millisecond time scales that characterize drop impact. This adsorbed film drastically reduces the water contact angle, transforming the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic, thus facilitating retention of the aqueous drop on the surface. Aqueous drops of cubosomes impinged at low velocities on inclined natural superhydrophobic lotus leaf surfaces do not roll off, unlike drops of water or surfactant solutions. When sprayed on inclined lotus leaves, corresponding to the case of high velocity drop impingement, cubosome dispersions form a continuous wetting film. Our results have important implications for efficient, environment-friendly delivery of pesticide sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Complex Fluids and Polymer Engineering Group, Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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Roughness-Induced Superliquiphilic/Phobic Surfaces: Wetting States and Lessons from Living Nature. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71676-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Oguchi R, Onoda Y, Terashima I, Tholen D. Leaf Anatomy and Function. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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31
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Introduction. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71676-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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32
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Abbott CP, Beckerman JL. Incorporating Adjuvants with Captan to Manage Common Apple Diseases. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:231-236. [PMID: 30673455 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-17-0629-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Captan has become an increasingly important fungicide in the management of common apple diseases such as apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and bitter rot (Colletotrichum spp.) due to the low risk of fungicide resistance evolving in either pathogen population to this product. Restrictions on the amount of captan that can be applied per season limits the amount and the number of applications a grower may use, resulting in control failures during high disease pressure years. This 3-year field study evaluated how adjuvants combined with captan affected the incidence and severity of apple scab and bitter rot on two different apple cultivars. Results showed that Li700 plus captan and Bond Max plus captan reduced disease incidence of apple scab and bitter rot in years with moderate to high disease pressure by increasing the coverage and retention of captan. The addition of these adjuvants also resulted in possible yield losses due to russetting caused by phytotoxicity. The overall benefits of incorporating adjuvants with captan based on this study could reduce disease incidence while potentially saving a grower up to $5,329 ha-1 due to fungicide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi P Abbott
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Janna L Beckerman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Kreeft D, Arkenbout EA, Henselmans PWJ, van Furth WR, Breedveld P. Review of Techniques to Achieve Optical Surface Cleanliness and Their Potential Application to Surgical Endoscopes. Surg Innov 2017; 24:509-527. [PMID: 28511635 PMCID: PMC5603965 DOI: 10.1177/1553350617708959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A clear visualization of the operative field is of critical importance in endoscopic surgery. During surgery the endoscope lens can get fouled by body fluids (eg, blood), ground substance, rinsing fluid, bone dust, or smoke plumes, resulting in visual impairment. As a result, surgeons spend part of the procedure on intermittent cleaning of the endoscope lens. Current cleaning methods that rely on manual wiping or a lens irrigation system are still far from ideal, leading to longer procedure times, dirtying of the surgical site, and reduced visual acuity, potentially reducing patient safety. With the goal of finding a solution to these issues, a literature review was conducted to identify and categorize existing techniques capable of achieving optically clean surfaces, and to show which techniques can potentially be implemented in surgical practice. The review found that the most promising method for achieving surface cleanliness consists of a hybrid solution, namely, that of a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating on the endoscope lens and the use of the existing lens irrigation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey Kreeft
- 1 Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Qin H, Zhang H, Li L, Zhou X, Li J, Kan C. Preparation and properties of lambda-cyhalothrin/polyurethane drug-loaded nanoemulsions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new lambda-cyhalothrin/castor oil-based polyurethane formulation with controlled-release behavior and good foliage adhesion properties is prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xiaoteng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Junpei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Chengyou Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Falde EJ, Yohe ST, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Superhydrophobic materials for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2016; 104:87-103. [PMID: 27449946 PMCID: PMC5136454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are actively studied across a wide range of applications and industries, and are now finding increased use in the biomedical arena as substrates to control protein adsorption, cellular interaction, and bacterial growth, as well as platforms for drug delivery devices and for diagnostic tools. The commonality in the design of these materials is to create a stable or metastable air layer at the material surface, which lends itself to a number of unique properties. These activities are catalyzing the development of new materials, applications, and fabrication techniques, as well as collaborations across material science, chemistry, engineering, and medicine given the interdisciplinary nature of this work. The review begins with a discussion of superhydrophobicity, and then explores biomedical applications that are utilizing superhydrophobicity in depth including material selection characteristics, in vitro performance, and in vivo performance. General trends are offered for each application in addition to discussion of conflicting data in the literature, and the review concludes with the authors' future perspectives on the utility of superhydrophobic biomaterials for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Falde
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan T Yohe
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yolonda L Colson
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Delele MA, Nuyttens D, Duga AT, Ambaw A, Lebeau F, Nicolai BM, Verboven P. Predicting the dynamic impact behaviour of spray droplets on flat plant surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:7195-7211. [PMID: 27501228 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic impact behaviour of water droplets on plant surfaces was investigated based on a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The study was conducted using the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) approach. The static contact angle of water droplets on leaf surfaces of different plants (apple, pear, leek and cabbage) was measured and found to vary between 54.9 and 138.2°. Impact experiments were conducted by monitoring the flow and impact characteristics of water droplets on leaves in still air with a high speed camera. Droplets were generated by an agricultural flat fan spray nozzle moving across the leaf at constant speed. The nozzle produced droplets with diameters ranging from 20.6 up to 550.8 μm, and droplet velocity values near the impact between 0.03 and 13.2 m s(-1). The CFD model was capable of predicting the observed dynamic impact behaviour of droplets on the plant surfaces. The fate of the droplets after the impact process for adhesion, bouncing or splashing was accurately predicted for Weber numbers (We) in the range of 0.007 to 1096 and droplet Reynolds numbers (Re) between 5 to 8000. The process was highly dependent on the surface and droplet flow characteristics during the impact. Combinations of We, Re and Ohnesorge (Oh) numbers defined the droplet maximum spread factor, the number of secondary droplets generated as a result of the splashing process and the transition between the different impact outcomes. These criteria can then be used in field scale spray deposition and drift models to better understand agricultural spray operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Delele
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Neinhuis C. Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20160191. [PMID: 27354736 PMCID: PMC4928508 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000 different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced. Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450 million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years. Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997. Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - M Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - C Neinhuis
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden 01217, Germany B CUBE Innovation Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01217, Germany
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38
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Matos IS, Rosado BHP. Retain or repel? Droplet volume does matter when measuring leaf wetness traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1045-52. [PMID: 27017585 PMCID: PMC4866312 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf wetness is an important characteristic linked to a plant's strategies for water acquisition, use and redistribution. A trade-off between leaf water retention (LWR) and hydrophobicity (LWH) may be expected, since a higher LWH/lower LWR may enhance photosynthesis, while the opposite combination may increase the leaf water uptake (LWU). However, the validation of the ecological meaning of both traits and the influence of droplet volume when measuring them have been largely neglected. METHODS To address these questions, LWR and LWH of 14 species were measured using droplets of between 5 and 50 μL. Furthermore, the ability of those species to perform LWU was evaluated through leaf submergence in water. The droplet-volume effect on absolute values and on species ranking for LWR and LWH was tested, as well as the influence of water droplet volume on the relationship between leaf wetness traits and LWU. KEY RESULTS Variations in droplet volume significantly affected the absolute values and the species ranking for both LWR and LWH. The expected negative correlation between leaf wetness traits was not observed, and they were not validated as a proxy for LWU. CONCLUSIONS The water droplet volume does matter when measuring leaf wetness traits. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the methodological approach used to measure them. The use of a standard 5 μL droplet for LWH and a 50 μL droplet for LWR is proposed. It is cautioned that the validation of both traits is also needed before using them as proxies to describe responses and effects in functional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Ecology, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, PHLC, sala 220, 20550900, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno H P Rosado
- Department of Ecology, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, PHLC, sala 220, 20550900, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chen X, Gong Y, Li D, Li H. Robust and easy-repairable superhydrophobic surfaces with multiple length-scale topography constructed by thermal spray route. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Roughness-Induced Superliquiphilic/phobic Surfaces: Lessons from Nature. Biomimetics (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28284-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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42
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Bhushan B. Introduction. Biomimetics (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28284-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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43
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Rhizopoulou S, Spanakis E, Argiropoulos A. Study of petal topography ofLysimachia arvensisgrown under natural conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2015.1091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Chen Q, de Leon A, Advincula RC. Inorganic-Organic Thiol-ene Coated Mesh for Oil/Water Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18566-73. [PMID: 26236915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient mesh for oil/water separation was fabricated by using a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic coating of thiol-ene hybrid, consisting of pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMTVSi), and hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles, via a simple two-step fabrication process. Spray deposition and UV curing photopolymerization were sequentially performed, during which solvent evaporation provides microscale roughness while nanoparticle aggregation forms nanoscale roughness. The hierarchical morphologies were stabilized after UV curing photopolymerization. High contact angle (>150°) and low roll-off angle (<5°) were achieved due to the multiscale roughness structure of the hierarchical morphologies. These coatings also have excellent chemical resistance, as well as temperature and pH stability, after curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Al de Leon
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Hensel R, Neinhuis C, Werner C. The springtail cuticle as a blueprint for omniphobic surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:323-41. [PMID: 26239626 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Omniphobic surfaces found in nature have great potential for enabling novel and emerging products and technologies to facilitate the daily life of human societies. One example is the water and even oil-repellent cuticle of springtails (Collembola). The wingless arthropods evolved a highly textured, hierarchically arranged surface pattern that affords mechanical robustness and wetting resistance even at elevated hydrostatic pressures. Springtail cuticle-derived surfaces therefore promise to overcome limitations of lotus-inspired surfaces (low durability, insufficient repellence of low surface tension liquids). In this review, we report on the liquid-repellent natural surfaces of arthropods living in aqueous or temporarily flooded habitats including water-walking insects or water spiders. In particular, we focus on springtails presenting an overview on the cuticular morphology and chemistry and their biological relevance. Based on the obtained liquid repellence of a variety of liquids with remarkable efficiency, the review provides general design criteria for robust omniphobic surfaces. In particular, the resistance against complete wetting and the mechanical stability strongly both depend on the topographical features of the nano- and micropatterned surface. The current understanding of the underlying principles and approaches to their technological implementation are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hensel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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46
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Kosak Söz C, Yilgör E, Yilgör I. Influence of the average surface roughness on the formation of superhydrophobic polymer surfaces through spin-coating with hydrophobic fumed silica. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Guo HY, Li Q, Zhao HP, Zhou K, Feng XQ. Functional map of biological and biomimetic materials with hierarchical surface structures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties and functions of both biological and artificial materials with hierarchical surface structures are reviewed to establish the functional map of various hierarchical surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Qunyang Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Hong-Ping Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
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Duarte B, Santos D, Silva H, Marques JC, Caçador I, Sleimi N. Light-dark O2 dynamics in submerged leaves of C3 and C4 halophytes under increased dissolved CO2: clues for saltmarsh response to climate change. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu067. [PMID: 25381259 PMCID: PMC4260444 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging and submergence are the major constraints to which wetland plants are subjected, with inevitable impacts on their physiology and productivity. Global warming and climate change, as driving forces of sea level rise, tend to increase such submersion periods and also modify the carbonate chemistry of the water column due to the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. In the present work, the underwater O2 fluxes in the leaves of two abundant Mediterranean halophytes were evaluated at different levels of dissolved CO2. Photosynthetic enhancement due to increased dissolved CO2 was confirmed for both Halimione portulacoides and Spartina maritima, probably due to high tissue porosity, formation of leaf gas films and reduction of the oxygenase activity of Rubisco. Enhancement of the photosynthetic rates in H. portulacoides and S. maritima was concomitant with an increase in energy trapping and transfer, mostly due to enhancement of the carboxylation reaction of Rubisco, leading to a reduction of the energy costs for carbon fixation. Transposing these findings to the ecosystem, and assuming increased dissolved CO2 concentration scenarios, the halophyte community displays a new ecosystem function, increasing the water column oxygenation and thus reinforcing their role as principal primary producers of the estuarine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duarte
- Centre of Oceanography of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (CO), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Santos
- Centre of Oceanography of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (CO), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Silva
- Biology Department & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J C Marques
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal c/o Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Institute of Marine Research-Marine and Environment Research Centre (IMAR-CMA), University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Caçador
- Centre of Oceanography of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (CO), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Sleimi
- UR: MaNE, Faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie
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Effect of spatial distribution of wax and PEG-isocyanate on the morphology and hydrophobicity of starch films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:333-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang H, Shi H, Li Y, Wang Y. The effects of leaf roughness, surface free energy and work of adhesion on leaf water drop adhesion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107062. [PMID: 25198355 PMCID: PMC4157819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of water droplets to leaves is important in controlling rainfall interception, and affects a variety of hydrological processes. Leaf water drop adhesion (hereinafter, adhesion) depends not only on droplet formulation and parameters but also on the physical (leaf roughness) and physico-chemical (surface free energy, its components, and work-of-adhesion) properties of the leaf surface. We selected 60 plant species from Shaanxi Province, NW China, as experimental materials with the goal of gaining insight into leaf physical and physico-chemical properties in relation to the adhesion of water droplets on leaves. Adhesion covered a wide range of area, from 4.09 to 88.87 g/m(2) on adaxial surfaces and 0.72 to 93.35 g/m(2) on abaxial surfaces. Distinct patterns of adhesion were observed among species, between adaxial and abaxial surfaces, and between leaves with wax films and wax crystals. Adhesion decreased as leaf roughness increased (r = -0.615, p = 0.000), but there were some outliers, such as Salix psammophila and Populus simonii with low roughness and low adhesion, and the abaxial surface of Hyoscyamus pusillus and the adaxial surface of Vitex negundo with high roughness and high adhesion. Meanwhile, adhesion was positively correlated with surface free energy (r = 0.535, p = 0.000), its dispersive component (r = 0.526, p = 0.000), and work of adhesion for water (r = 0.698, p = 0.000). However, a significant power correlation was observed between adhesion and the polar component of surface free energy (p = 0.000). These results indicated that leaf roughness, surface free energy, its components, and work-of-adhesion for water played important roles in hydrological characteristics, especially work-of-adhesion for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Wang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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