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Chu LT, Laxman D, Abdelhamed J, Pirlo RK, Fan F, Wagner N, Tran TM, Bui L. Development of a tomato xylem-mimicking microfluidic system to study Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum biofilm formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1395959. [PMID: 38860138 PMCID: PMC11163092 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) colonizes plant xylem vessels and blocks the flow of xylem sap by its biofilm (comprising of bacterial cells and extracellular material), resulting in devastating wilt disease across many economically important host plants including tomatoes. The technical challenges of imaging the xylem environment, along with the use of artificial cell culture plates and media in existing in vitro systems, limit the understanding of Rps biofilm formation and its infection dynamics. In this study, we designed and built a microfluidic system that mimicked the physical and chemical conditions of the tomato xylem vessels, and allowed us to dissect Rps responses to different xylem-like conditions. The system, incorporating functional surface coatings of carboxymethyl cellulose-dopamine, provided a bioactive environment that significantly enhanced Rps attachment and biofilm formation in the presence of tomato xylem sap. Using computational approaches, we confirmed that Rps experienced linear increasing drag forces in xylem-mimicking channels at higher flow rates. Consistently, attachment and biofilm assays conducted in our microfluidic system revealed that both seeding time and flow rates were critical for bacterial adhesion to surface and biofilm formation inside the channels. These findings provided insights into the Rps attachment and biofilm formation processes, contributing to a better understanding of plant-pathogen interactions during wilt disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Thanh Chu
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Deeksha Laxman
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jenna Abdelhamed
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Russell Kirk Pirlo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Fei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Loan Bui
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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2
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Wu L, Shao H, Li J, Chen C, Hu N, Yang B, Weng H, Xiang L, Ye D. Noninvasive Abiotic Stress Phenotyping of Vascular Plant in Each Vegetative Organ View. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 6:0180. [PMID: 38779576 PMCID: PMC11109595 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The last decades have witnessed a rapid development of noninvasive plant phenotyping, capable of detecting plant stress scale levels from the subcellular to the whole population scale. However, even with such a broad range, most phenotyping objects are often just concerned with leaves. This review offers a unique perspective of noninvasive plant stress phenotyping from a multi-organ view. First, plant sensing and responding to abiotic stress from the diverse vegetative organs (leaves, stems, and roots) and the interplays between these vital components are analyzed. Then, the corresponding noninvasive optical phenotyping techniques are also provided, which can prompt the practical implementation of appropriate noninvasive phenotyping techniques for each organ. Furthermore, we explore methods for analyzing compound stress situations, as field conditions frequently encompass multiple abiotic stressors. Thus, our work goes beyond the conventional approach of focusing solely on individual plant organs. The novel insights of the multi-organ, noninvasive phenotyping study provide a reference for testing hypotheses concerning the intricate dynamics of plant stress responses, as well as the potential interactive effects among various stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Han Shao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, School of Future Technology,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Nana Hu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, School of Future Technology,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Biyun Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Haiyong Weng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lirong Xiang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Dapeng Ye
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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3
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Li F, Qian H, Sardans J, Amishev DY, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wu T, Xu X, Tao X, Huang X. Evolutionary history shapes variation of wood density of tree species across the world. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:283-293. [PMID: 38798729 PMCID: PMC11119544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density, but this has largely not been tested. Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide, we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species. We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic (e.g., angiosperms and gymnosperms) and ecological (e.g., tropical, temperate, and boreal) groups of tree species, explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density, and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors (e.g., climatic and soil variables) and evolutionary history (i.e., phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages) in driving global wood density variation. We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal. Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones, with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions (highest in subtropical desert). Our study revealed that at a global scale, for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined, phylogeny and species (representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process) explained 84.3% and 7.7% of total wood density variation, respectively, whereas current environment explained 2.7% of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account. When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately, the three proportions of explained variation are, respectively, 84.2%, 7.5% and 6.7% for angiosperms, and 45.7%, 21.3% and 18.6% for gymnosperms. Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, USA
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dzhamal Y. Amishev
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Zixuan Wang
- School of Forestry & Landscape of Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changyue Zhang
- School of Forestry & Landscape of Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tonggui Wu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaoniu Xu
- School of Forestry & Landscape of Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao Tao
- School of Forestry & Landscape of Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xingzhao Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- School of Forestry & Landscape of Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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4
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Li J, Ren J, Lei X, Fan W, Tang L, Zhang Q, Bao Z, Zhou W, Bai J, Zhang Y, Gong C. CsREV-CsTCP4-CsVND7 module shapes xylem patterns differentially between stem and leaf to enhance tea plant tolerance to drought. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113987. [PMID: 38517888 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivating drought-tolerant tea varieties enhances both yield and quality of tea plants in northern China. However, the mechanisms underlying their drought tolerance remain largely unknown. Here we identified a key regulator called CsREV, which differentially regulates xylem patterns between leaves and stems, thereby conferring drought tolerance in tea plants. When drought occurs, upregulation of CsREV activates the CsVND7a-dependent xylem vessel differentiation. However, when drought persists, the vessel differentiation is hindered as CsVND7a is downregulated by CsTCP4a. This, combined with the CsREV-promoted secondary-cell-wall thickness of xylem vessel, leads to the enhanced curling of leaves, a characteristic closely associated with plant drought tolerance. Notably, this inhibitory effect of CsTCP4a on CsVND7a expression is absent in stems, allowing stem xylem vessels to continuously differentiate. Overall, the CsREV-CsTCP4-CsVND7 module is differentially utilized to shape the xylem patterns in leaves and stems, potentially balancing water transportation and utilization to improve tea plant drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiejie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingyu Lei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenmin Fan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhulatai Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenfei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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5
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Xu M, Li K, Xue Y, Wang F, Liu Z, Xiao T. Measurement of mass force field driving water refilling of cuttage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8947. [PMID: 38637680 PMCID: PMC11026483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuttage is a common plant cultivation method, and the key to its survival is the restoration of water refilling, which remains unclear up to now. We report 3D dynamic imaging of water refilling of cuttage without resorting to any contrast agent. Hydrodynamics of the refilled water flow over time reveals the existence of a unit mass force field with a gradient along the refilling direction, which means that cutting plants also have a gradient force field to drive the recovery of water refilling, as predicted by Cohesion-Tension theory in normal plants. We found that force fields of different functional regions are isolated and independently distributed, which is conducive to ensure the safety of water transmission. At the same time, we also found that there is a so-called "inchworm effect" in the mass force field, which contributes to the force transfer inside the cutting through local force accumulation. Results of this paper demonstrate that the developed method for the measurement of mass force field in-vivo is applicable to help decipher the mechanism of plant water refilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Xu
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yanling Xue
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhixuan Liu
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Sharma NK, Yadav S, Gupta SK, Irulappan V, Francis A, Senthil-Kumar M, Chattopadhyay D. MicroRNA397 regulates tolerance to drought and fungal infection by regulating lignin deposition in chickpea root. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3501-3517. [PMID: 37427826 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants deposit lignin in the secondary cell wall as a common response to drought and pathogen attacks. Cell wall localised multicopper oxidase family enzymes LACCASES (LACs) catalyse the formation of monolignol radicals and facilitate lignin formation. We show an upregulation of the expression of several LAC genes and a downregulation of microRNA397 (CamiR397) in response to natural drought in chickpea roots. CamiR397 was found to target LAC4 and LAC17L out of twenty annotated LACs in chickpea. CamiR397 and its target genes are expressed in the root. Overexpression of CamiR397 reduced expression of LAC4 and LAC17L and lignin deposition in chickpea root xylem causing reduction in xylem wall thickness. Downregulation of CamiR397 activity by expressing a short tandem target mimic (STTM397) construct increased root lignin deposition in chickpea. CamiR397-overexpressing and STTM397 chickpea lines showed sensitivity and tolerance, respectively, towards natural drought. Infection with a fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, responsible for dry root rot (DRR) disease in chickpea, induced local lignin deposition and LAC gene expression. CamiR397-overexpressing and STTM397 chickpea lines showed more sensitivity and tolerance, respectively, to DRR. Our results demonstrated the regulatory role of CamiR397 in root lignification during drought and DRR in an agriculturally important crop chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vadivelmurugan Irulappan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aleena Francis
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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7
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Licaj I, Felice D, Germinario C, Zanotti C, Fiorillo A, Marra M, Rocco M. An artificial intelligence-integrated analysis of the effect of drought stress on root traits of "modern" and "ancient" wheat varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1241281. [PMID: 37900753 PMCID: PMC10613089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1241281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to drought stress, durum wheat production in the Mediterranean basin will be severely affected in the coming years. Durum wheat cultivation relies on a few genetically uniform "modern" varieties, more productive but less tolerant to stresses, and "traditional" varieties, still representing a source of genetic biodiversity for drought tolerance. Root architecture plasticity is crucial for plant adaptation to drought stress and the relationship linking root structures to drought is complex and still largely under-explored. In this study, we examined the effect of drought stress on the roots' characteristics of the "traditional" Saragolla cultivar and the "modern" Svevo. By means of "SmartRoot" software, we demonstrated that drought stress affected primary and lateral roots as well as root hair at different extents in Saragolla and Svevo cultivars. Indeed, we observed that under drought stress Saragolla possibly revamped its root architecture, by significantly increasing the length of lateral roots, and the length/density of root hairs compared to the Svevo cultivar. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of root anatomical traits demonstrated that under drought stress a greater stele area and an increase of the xylem lumen size vessel occurred in Saragolla, indicating that the Saragolla variety had a more efficient adaptive response to osmotic stress than the Svevo. Furthermore, for the analysis of root structural data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms have been used: Their application allowed to predict from root structural traits modified by the osmotic stress the type of cultivar observed and to infer the relationship stress-cultivar type, thus demonstrating that root structural traits are clear and incontrovertible indicators of the higher tolerance to osmotic stress of the Saragolla cultivar. Finally, to obtain an integrated view of root morphogenesis, phytohormone levels were investigated. According to the phenotypic effects, under drought stress,a larger increase in IAA and ABA levels, as well as a more pronounced reduction in GA levels occurred in Saragolla as compared to Svevo. In conclusion, these results show that the root growth and hormonal profile of Saragolla are less affected by osmotic stress than those of Svevo, demonstrating the great potential of ancient varieties as reservoirs of genetic variability for improving crop responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva Licaj
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Domenico Felice
- Department of Management Engineering, Polytechnic of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Germinario
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Anna Fiorillo
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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8
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Soncini R, Klein W. Surface tension in biological systems - a common problem with a variety of solutions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 284:111475. [PMID: 37421990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Water is of fundamental importance to living organisms, not only as a universal solvent to maintain metabolic activity but also due to the effects the physical properties of water have on different organismal structures. In this review, we explore some examples of how living organisms deal with surfaces covered with or in contact with water. While we do not intend to describe all possible forms of interactions in every minute detail, we would like to draw attention to this intriguing interdisciplinary subject and discuss the positive and negative effects of the interaction forces between water molecules and organisms. Topics explored include locomotion on water, wettability of surfaces, benefits of retaining a film of air while submerged (Salvinia effect), surface tension of water inhibiting air-breathing, accumulation of water in small tubes, surface tension in non-mammalian and mammalian respiratory systems. In each topic, we address the importance of interactions with water and the adaptations seen in an organism to solve the surface-related challenges, trying to explore the different selective pressures acting onto different organisms allowing exploring or compensating these surface-related interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Soncini
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Kumar M, Joseph G, Bhutia Y, Krishnaswamy J. Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5273-5293. [PMID: 37290031 PMCID: PMC10498023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental factors on plant water relations is crucial for understanding the responses of species to climate change, but it remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). In this study, we examined differences in sap flow between the pioneer species Symplocos racemosa and Eurya acuminata, and the late-successional species Castanopsis hystrix that co-occur in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary broadleaved TMF. The fast-growing pioneers had sap flux densities that were 1.6-2.1 times higher than the late-successional species, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and could be attributed to the life-history trait and the access of the canopy to sunlight. Nocturnal V was 13.8% of the daily total and was attributable to stem recharge during the evening period (18.00-23.00 h) and to endogenous stomatal controls during the pre-dawn period (00.00-05.00 h). The shallow-rooted pioneer species both exhibited midday depression in V that was attributable to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress responses. In contrast, the deep-rooted late-successional species showed unaffected transpiration across the dry season, indicating their access to groundwater. Thus, our results suggest that secondary broadleaved TMFs, with a dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. Our study provides an empirical understanding of how life-history traits coupled with microclimate can modulate plant water use in the widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya, and highlights their vulnerability to warmer winters and reduced winter precipitation due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gladwin Joseph
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
| | - Yangchenla Bhutia
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Sikkim State Council of Science & Technology, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Jagdish Krishnaswamy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India
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10
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Eyegheleme NL, Umashankar V, Miller DN, Kota AK, Boreyko JB. Oil-Water Separation using Synthetic Trees. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2520-2528. [PMID: 36749622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Existing oil-water filtration techniques require gravity or a pump as the driving force for separation. Here, we demonstrate transpiration-powered oil-water filtration using a synthetic tree, which operates pumplessly and against gravity. From top to bottom, our synthetic tree was composed of: a nanoporous "leaf" to generate suction via evaporation, a vertical array of glass tubes serving as the tree's xylem conduits, and filters attached to the tube inlets to act as the oil-excluding roots. When placing the tree in an oil emulsion bath, filtrate samples were measured to be 97-98% pure water using gravimetry and refractometry. The spontaneous oil-water separation offered by synthetic trees could be useful for applications such as oil spill cleanup, wastewater purification, and oil extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi L Eyegheleme
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Viverjita Umashankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Danielle N Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Arun K Kota
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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11
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Field Investigation into Tree Fates from Recent Apple Tree Decline: Abrupt Hydraulic Failure Versus Gradual Hydraulic Loss. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, a sporadic tree health syndrome affecting high-density apple plantings in North America has become known as Rapid Apple Decline (RAD) or Sudden Apple Decline (SAD). The affected apple trees were typically grafted on small dwarfing rootstocks, often displayed necrosis at the graft union, and suffered from sudden mortality that occurred over 2–3 weeks amid the growing season or a gradual decline. In 2019 and 2020, we conducted a multi-site investigation in the south Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada, to assess the stem hydraulic characteristics, stomatal conductance, leaf δ13C‰, and fruit dry matter accumulation of the declining trees during disease progression. In trees that died, mortality appeared to be associated with severe disruption in xylem water transport at the damaged graft union, followed by abrupt hydraulic failure. In contrast, symptomatic trees that did not die exhibited the moderately declined plant water relations and a reduction in fruit dry matter accumulation followed by either further deterioration or eventual recovery. This pattern indicates the risk of carbohydrate depletion over gradual hydraulic decline and the importance of timely horticultural remedies. In the present study, we discuss potential horticultural practices to mitigate hydraulic dysfunctions and enhance crop tolerance.
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12
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Pirzada T, Affokpon A, Guenther RH, Mathew R, Agate S, Blevins A, Byrd MV, Sit TL, Koenning SR, Davis EL, Pal L, Opperman CH, Khan SA. Plant-biomass-based hybrid seed wraps mitigate yield and post-harvest losses among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:148-159. [PMID: 37117858 PMCID: PMC10154224 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable practices that reduce food loss are essential for enhancing global food security. We report a 'wrap and plant' seed treatment platform to protect crops from soil-borne pathogens. Developed from the abundantly available wastes of banana harvest and recycled old, corrugated cardboard boxes via chemical-free pulping, these paper-like biodegradable seed wraps exhibit tunable integrity and bioavailability of loaded moieties. These wraps were used for nematode control on yam (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) seed pieces in Benin, a major producer of this staple crop in the sub-Saharan African 'yam belt'. Our seed wraps loaded with ultra-low-volume abamectin (1/100 ≤ commercial formulation) consistently controlled yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys) populations while considerably increasing the yield at various locations over 2015-2018. Substantial reduction in post-harvest tuber weight loss and cracking was observed after 3 and 5 months of storage, contributing to increased value, nutrition and stakeholders' preference for the wrap and plant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Pirzada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Antoine Affokpon
- School of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Richard H Guenther
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Reny Mathew
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sachin Agate
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aitana Blevins
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Medwick V Byrd
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tim L Sit
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Koenning
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Charles H Opperman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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13
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Stimulation of Tomato Drought Tolerance by PHYTOCHROME A and B1B2 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021560. [PMID: 36675076 PMCID: PMC9864191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is a severe environmental issue that threatens agriculture at a large scale. PHYTOCHROMES (PHYs) are important photoreceptors in plants that control plant growth and development and are involved in plant stress response. The aim of this study was to identify the role of PHYs in the tomato cv. 'Moneymaker' under drought conditions. The tomato genome contains five PHYs, among which mutant lines in tomato PHYA and PHYB (B1 and B2) were used. Compared to the WT, phyA and phyB1B2 mutants exhibited drought tolerance and showed inhibition of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde accumulation, indicating decreased membrane damage in the leaves. Both phy mutants also inhibited oxidative damage by enhancing the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger genes, inhibiting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, and enhancing the percentage of antioxidant activities via DPPH test. Moreover, expression levels of several aquaporins were significantly higher in phyA and phyB1B2, and the relative water content (RWC) in leaves was higher than the RWC in the WT under drought stress, suggesting the enhancement of hydration status in the phy mutants. Therefore, inhibition of oxidative damage in phyA and phyB1B2 mutants may mitigate the harmful effects of drought by preventing membrane damage and conserving the plant hydrostatus.
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14
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Qin J, Si J, Jia B, Zhao C, Zhou D, He X, Wang C, Zhu X. Water use strategies of Ferula bungeana on mega-dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:957421. [PMID: 36561438 PMCID: PMC9763701 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.957421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In desert ecosystems, ephemeral plants have developed specialized water use strategies in response to long-term natural water stress. To examine the water use strategies of desert ephemeral plants under natural extreme drought conditions, we investigated the water absorption sources, water potential, hydraulic conductivity, and water use efficiency of Ferula bungeana at different elevations on the slopes of mega-dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia, during a period of extreme drought. We found that the water utilized by F. bungeana was mostly absorbed from the 0-60 cm soil layers (80.47 ± 4.28%). With progression of the growing season, the source of water changed from the 0-30 cm soil layer to the 30-60 cm layer. The water potentials of the leaves, stems, and roots of F. bungeana were found to be characterized by clear diurnal and monthly variation, which were restricted by water availability and the hydraulic conductivity of different parts of the plant. The root hydraulic conductivity of F. bungeana was found to be considerably greater than that of the canopy, both of which showed significant diurnal and monthly variation. The water use efficiency of F. bungeana under extreme drought conditions was relatively high, particularly during the early and late stages of the growing season. Variations in water availability led to the regulation of water uptake and an adjustment of internal water conduction, which modified plant water use efficiency. These observations tend to indicate that the water use strategies of F. bungeana are mainly associated with the growth stage of plants, whereas the distribution pattern of plants on mega-dunes appeared to have comparatively little influence. Our findings on the water use of ephemeral plants highlight the adaptive mechanisms of these plants in desert habitats and provide a theoretical basis for selecting plants suitable for the restoration and reconstruction of desert ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Si
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongmeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Nie W, Lu Q, Hu T, Xie M, Hu Y. Visualizing the distribution of curcumin in the root of Curcuma longa via VUV-postionization mass spectrometric imaging. Analyst 2022; 148:175-181. [PMID: 36472862 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a dietary spice and coloring agent widely used in food and herbal medicine. Herein, we visualized the distribution of curcumin in fresh Curcuma longa (turmeric) root sections using the state-of-the-art vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV, 118 nm) single photon-postionization mass spectrometric imaging method. Compared with other mass spectrometric imaging methods, the proposed method does not require any sample pre-treatment. The proposed approach could be more conducive to in situ detection of small molecules. The mass spectroscopic imaging (MSI) images of curcumin sections with a lateral resolution of 100 μm indicated that the concentrations of curcumin decreased from the phloem to the xylem of the root. We also show MS imaging of curcumin in the turmeric root at different maturity periods, revealing the transformation of this endogenous species. The result of quantitative analysis indicates that the total curcumin content of the mature turmeric root is estimated to be 3.43%, which is consistent with the previous report that the content of curcumin in the turmeric root is estimated between 3% and 5%. The report indicated that the proposed method of VUV single photon postionization MSI can be used to explore the metabolic process of plants, which is critical for herbal farming, harvest, and its ingredient extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Tao Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Min Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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16
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Boursiac Y, Protto V, Rishmawi L, Maurel C. Experimental and conceptual approaches to root water transport. PLANT AND SOIL 2022; 478:349-370. [PMID: 36277078 PMCID: PMC9579117 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root water transport, which critically contributes to the plant water status and thereby plant productivity, has been the object of extensive experimental and theoretical studies. However, root systems represent an intricate assembly of cells in complex architectures, including many tissues at distinct developmental stages. Our comprehension of where and how molecular actors integrate their function in order to provide the root with its hydraulic properties is therefore still limited. SCOPE Based on current literature and prospective discussions, this review addresses how root water transport can be experimentally measured, what is known about the underlying molecular actors, and how elementary water transport processes are scaled up in numerical/mathematical models. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical framework and experimental procedures on root water transport that are in use today have been established a few decades ago. However, recent years have seen the appearance of new techniques and models with enhanced resolution, down to a portion of root or to the tissue level. These advances pave the way for a better comprehension of the dynamics of water uptake by roots in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Boursiac
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Virginia Protto
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Louai Rishmawi
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
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17
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Konch T, Dutta T, Buragohain M, Raidongia K. Remarkable Rate of Water Evaporation through Naked Veins of Natural Tree Leaves. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20379-20387. [PMID: 34395986 PMCID: PMC8359162 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the form of leaves, nature designs the finest photothermal evaporators, and the tremendous evaporation efficiency of leaves is supported by a precisely designed network of veins. Here, we have demonstrated that the vein network of a natural leaf can be extracted through a simple water-assisted digestion process and exploited for low-energy steam generation. The naked leaf veins exhibit a remarkable flux (evaporation rate, 1.5 kg·m-2·h-1) of capillary evaporation under ambient conditions (25 °C and 30% RH), close to the photothermal material-based evaporators reported in the recent literature. Even inside a dark box, naked veins exhibit an evaporation rate up to 4.5 kg·m-2·h-1 (at 30% relative humidity (RH) and a wind speed of 22 km·h-1). The mechanistic studies performed with variable atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, and wind speed) suggest the evaporation process through the naked veins to be a kinetic-limited process. Naked veins with remarkable evaporation efficiency are found to be suitable for applications like water desalination and streaming potential harvesting. Experiments with the naked veins also unveiled that the biofluidic channels in leaves not only exhibit the characteristics of surface charge-governed ionic transport but also support an exceptional water transport velocity of 1444 μm·s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukhar
Jyoti Konch
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Trisha Dutta
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Madhurjya Buragohain
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kalyan Raidongia
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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18
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Driesen E, De Proft M, Saeys W. Soil Moisture Levels Affect the Anatomy and Mechanical Properties of Basil Stems ( Ocimum basilicum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071320. [PMID: 34203566 PMCID: PMC8309113 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As plants would benefit from adjusting and optimizing their architecture to changing environmental stimuli, ensuring a strong and healthy plant, it was hypothesized that different soil moisture levels would affect xylem and collenchyma development in basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Marian) stems. Four different irrigation set-points (20, 30, 40 and 50% VWC), corresponding respectively to pF values of 1.95, 1.65, 1.30 and 1.15, were applied. Basil plants grown near the theoretical wilting point (pF 2) had a higher xylem vessel frequency and lower mean vessel diameter, promoting water transport under drought conditions. Cultivation at low soil moisture also impacted the formation of collenchyma in the apical stem segments, providing mechanical and structural support to these fast-growing stems and vascular tissues. The proportion of collenchyma area was significantly lower for the pF1.15 treatment (9.25 ± 3.24%) compared to the pF1.95 and pF1.30 treatments (16.04 ± 1.83% and 13.28 ± 1.38%, respectively). Higher fractions of collenchyma resulted in a higher mechanical stem strength against bending. Additionally, tracheids acted as the major support tissues in the basal stem segments. These results confirm that the available soil moisture impacts mechanical stem strength and overall plant quality of basil plants by impacting xylem and collenchyma development during cultivation, ensuring sufficient mechanical support to the fast-growing stem and to the protection of the vascular tissues. To our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the mechanical and anatomical characteristics of plant stems cultivated at different soil moisture levels.
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19
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Wargowsky IK, NeSmith JE, Holdo RM. Root vascular traits differ systematically between African savanna tree and grass species, with implications for water use. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:83-90. [PMID: 33450049 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Belowground functional traits play a significant role in determining plant water-use strategies and plant performance, but we lack data on root traits across communities, particularly in the tropical savanna biome, where vegetation dynamics are hypothesized to be strongly driven by tree-grass functional differences in water use. METHODS We grew seedlings of 21 tree and 18 grass species (N = 5 individuals per species) from the southern African savanna biome under greenhouse conditions and collected fine-root segments from plants for histological analysis. We identified and measured xylem vessels in 539 individual root cross sections. We then quantified six root vascular anatomy traits and tested them for phylogenetic signals and tree-grass differences in trait values associated with vessel size, number, and hydraulic conductivity. RESULTS Grass roots had larger root xylem vessels than trees, a higher proportion of their root cross-sectional area comprised vessels, and they had higher estimated axial conductivities than trees, while trees had a higher number of vessels per root cross-sectional area than grasses did. We found evidence of associations between trait values and phylogenetic relatedness in most of these traits across tree species, but not grasses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that grass roots have higher water transport capacity than tree roots in terms of maximum axial conductivity, consistent with the observation that grasses are more "aggressive" water users than trees under conditions of high soil moisture availability. Our study identifies root functional traits that may drive differential responses of trees and grasses to soil moisture availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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20
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Britto de Assis Prado CH, de Brito Melo Trovão DM, Souza JP. A network model for determining decomposition, topology, and properties of the woody crown. J Theor Biol 2020; 499:110318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Herbicidal Activity of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. Essential Oil. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122832. [PMID: 32575453 PMCID: PMC7357079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioherbicidal potential of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. essential oil (EO) and its main compound carvacrol was investigated. In in vitro assays, the EO blocked the germination and seedling growth of Erigeron canadensis L., Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L., and Chenopodium album L. at 0.125 µL/mL, of Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv., Avena fatua L., and Solanum nigrum L. at 0.5 µL/mL, of Amaranthus retroflexus L. at 1 µL/mL and of Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. at 2 µL/mL. Under greenhouse conditions, T. capitata EO was tested towards the emergent weeds from a soil seedbank in pre and post emergence, showing strong herbicidal potential in both assays at 4 µL/mL. In addition, T. capitata EO, applied by spraying, was tested against P. oleracea, A. fatua and E. crus-galli. The species showed different sensibility to the EO, being E. crus-galli the most resistant. Experiments were performed against A. fatua testing T. capitata EO and carvacrol applied by spraying or by irrigation. It was verified that the EO was more active at the same doses in monocotyledons applied by irrigation and in dicotyledons applied by spraying. Carvacrol effects on Arabidopsis root morphology were also studied.
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22
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Shi W, Dalrymple RM, McKenny CJ, Morrow DS, Rashed ZT, Surinach DA, Boreyko JB. Passive water ascent in a tall, scalable synthetic tree. Sci Rep 2020; 10:230. [PMID: 31937824 PMCID: PMC6959229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transpiration cycle in trees is powered by a negative water potential generated within the leaves, which pumps water up a dense array of xylem conduits. Synthetic trees can mimic this transpiration cycle, but have been confined to pumping water across a single microcapillary or microfluidic channels. Here, we fabricated tall synthetic trees where water ascends up an array of large diameter conduits, to enable transpiration at the same macroscopic scale as natural trees. An array of 19 tubes of millimetric diameter were embedded inside of a nanoporous ceramic disk on one end, while their free end was submerged in a water reservoir. After saturating the synthetic tree by boiling it underwater, water can flow continuously up the tubes even when the ceramic disk was elevated over 3 m above the reservoir. A theory is developed to reveal two distinct modes of transpiration: an evaporation-limited regime and a flow-limited regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Richard M Dalrymple
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Collin J McKenny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - David S Morrow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Ziad T Rashed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Daniel A Surinach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States.
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23
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Aliche EB, Prusova-Bourke A, Ruiz-Sanchez M, Oortwijn M, Gerkema E, Van As H, Visser RGF, van der Linden CG. Morphological and physiological responses of the potato stem transport tissues to dehydration stress. PLANTA 2020; 251:45. [PMID: 31915930 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of the xylem under dehydration to smaller sized vessels and the increase in xylem density per stem area facilitate water transport during water-limiting conditions, and this has implications for assimilate transport during drought. The potato stem is the communication and transport channel between the assimilate-exporting source leaves and the terminal sink tissues of the plant. During environmental stress conditions like water scarcity, which adversely affect the performance (canopy growth and tuber yield) of the potato plant, the response of stem tissues is essential, however, still understudied. In this study, we investigated the response of the stem tissues of cultivated potato grown in the greenhouse to dehydration using a multidisciplinary approach including physiological, biochemical, morphological, microscopic, and magnetic resonance imaging techniques. We observed the most significant effects of water limitation in the lower stem regions of plants. The light microscopy analysis of the potato stem sections revealed that plants exposed to this particular dehydration stress have higher total xylem density per unit area than control plants. This increase in the total xylem density was accompanied by an increase in the number of narrow-diameter xylem vessels and a decrease in the number of large-diameter xylem vessels. Our MRI approach revealed a diurnal rhythm of xylem flux between day and night, with a reduction in xylem flux that is linked to dehydration sensitivity. We also observed that sink strength was the main driver of assimilate transport through the stem in our data set. These findings may present potential breeding targets for drought tolerance in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest B Aliche
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Prusova-Bourke
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariam Ruiz-Sanchez
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Oortwijn
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Gerkema
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Gerard van der Linden
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Doblas-Ibáñez P, Deng K, Vasquez MF, Giese L, Cobine PA, Kolkman JM, King H, Jamann TM, Balint-Kurti P, De La Fuente L, Nelson RJ, Mackey D, Smith LG. Dominant, Heritable Resistance to Stewart's Wilt in Maize Is Associated with an Enhanced Vascular Defense Response to Infection with Pantoea stewartii. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1581-1597. [PMID: 31657672 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0129-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt bacteria such as Pantoea stewartii, the causal agent of Stewart's bacterial wilt of maize (SW), are destructive pathogens that are difficult to control. These bacteria colonize the xylem, where they form biofilms that block sap flow leading to characteristic wilting symptoms. Heritable forms of SW resistance exist and are used in maize breeding programs but the underlying genes and mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we show that seedlings of maize inbred lines with pan1 mutations are highly resistant to SW. However, current evidence suggests that other genes introgressed along with pan1 are responsible for resistance. Genomic analyses of pan1 lines were used to identify candidate resistance genes. In-depth comparison of P. stewartii interaction with susceptible and resistant maize lines revealed an enhanced vascular defense response in pan1 lines characterized by accumulation of electron-dense materials in xylem conduits visible by electron microscopy. We propose that this vascular defense response restricts P. stewartii spread through the vasculature, reducing both systemic bacterial colonization of the xylem network and consequent wilting. Though apparently unrelated to the resistance phenotype of pan1 lines, we also demonstrate that the effector WtsE is essential for P. stewartii xylem dissemination, show evidence for a nutritional immunity response to P. stewartii that alters xylem sap composition, and present the first analysis of maize transcriptional responses to P. stewartii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Doblas-Ibáñez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Kaiyue Deng
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Miguel F Vasquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Laura Giese
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Judith M Kolkman
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Helen King
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany M Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A. and Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
| | | | - Rebecca J Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
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25
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Arachchige KNR, Zinkernagel J, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, Schenk HJ, Steppe K. The stability enigma of hydraulic vulnerability curves: addressing the link between hydraulic conductivity and drought-induced embolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1646-1664. [PMID: 31274162 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining xylem water transport under drought is vital for plants, but xylem failure does occur when drought-induced embolisms form and progressively spread through the xylem. The hydraulic method is widely considered the gold standard to quantify drought-induced xylem embolism. The method determines hydraulic conductivity (Kh) in cut branch samples, dehydrated to specific drought levels, by pushing water through them. The technique is widely considered for its reliable Kh measurements, but there is some uncertainty in the literature over how to define stable Kh and how that relates to the degree of xylem embolism formation. Therefore, the most common setup for this method was extended to measure four parameters: (i) inlet Kh, (ii) outlet Kh, (iii) radial flow from xylem to surrounding living tissue and (iv) the pressure difference across the sample. From a strictly theoretical viewpoint, hydraulic steady state, where inflow equals outflow and radial flow is zero, will result in stable Kh. Application of the setup to Malus domestica Borkh. branches showed that achieving hydraulic steady state takes considerable time (up to 300 min) and that time to reach steady state increased with declining xylem water potentials. During each experimental run, Kh and xylem water potentials dynamically increased, which was supported by X-ray computed microtomography visualizations of embolism refilling under both high- (8 kPa) and low-pressure (2 kPa) heads. Supplying pressurized water can hence cause artificial refilling of vessels, which makes it difficult to achieve a truly stable Kh in partially embolized xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jana Zinkernagel
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGCT-Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGCT-Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Plants and H2O Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, PO Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Shi W, Vieitez JR, Berrier AS, Roseveare MW, Surinach DA, Srijanto BR, Collier CP, Boreyko JB. Self-Stabilizing Transpiration in Synthetic Leaves. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13768-13776. [PMID: 30912914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, synthetic trees have been engineered to mimic the transpiration cycle of natural plants, but the leaves are prone to dry out beneath a critical relative humidity. Here, we create large-area synthetic leaves whose transpiration process is remarkably stable over a wide range of humidities, even without synthetic stomatal chambers atop the nanopores of the leaf. While the water menisci cannot initially withstand the Kelvin stress of the subsaturated air, they self-stabilized by locally concentrating vapor within the top layers of nanopores that have dried up. Transpiration rates were found to vary nonmonotonically with the ambient humidity because of the tradeoff of dry air increasing the retreat length of the menisci. It is our hope that these findings will encourage the development of large-area synthetic trees that exhibit excellent stability and high throughput for water-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - C Patrick Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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27
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Qaderi MM, Martel AB, Dixon SL. Environmental Factors Influence Plant Vascular System and Water Regulation. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030065. [PMID: 30875945 PMCID: PMC6473727 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental initiation of plant vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem, from the vascular cambium depends on environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation. Proper formation of vascular tissue is critical for the transpiration stream, along with photosynthesis as a whole. While effects of individual environmental factors on the transpiration stream are well studied, interactive effects of multiple stress factors are underrepresented. As expected, climate change will result in plants experiencing multiple co-occurring environmental stress factors, which require further studies. Also, the effects of the main climate change components (carbon dioxide, temperature, and drought) on vascular cambium are not well understood. This review aims at synthesizing current knowledge regarding the effects of the main climate change components on the initiation and differentiation of vascular cambium, the transpiration stream, and photosynthesis. We predict that combined environmental factors will result in increased diameter and density of xylem vessels or tracheids in the absence of water stress. However, drought may decrease the density of xylem vessels or tracheids. All interactive combinations are expected to increase vascular cell wall thickness, and therefore increase carbon allocation to these tissues. A comprehensive study of the effects of multiple environmental factors on plant vascular tissue and water regulation should help us understand plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirwais M Qaderi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Ashley B Martel
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Sage L Dixon
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
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28
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Swallow MJB, O'Sullivan G. Biomimicry of vascular plants as a means of saline soil remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:84-91. [PMID: 30469071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization impacts millions of hectares of land around the world and threatens many soil ecosystem services. Impacts of soil salinization are long lasting and impact agriculture productivity, reduce plant diversity and cause increase soil erosion due a reduction or loss in surface vegetation. Generally, remediation of saline soil relies on soil washing methods and phytoremediation to translocate salts below the rooting depth of plants. However, standard methods can often be unsuccessful as leached salts are able to return to the rooting zone through subsequent capillary rise in the soil. Surface application of iron (III) ferrocyanide has been used to remediate salt contaminated soil as the ferrocyanide complex induces salts to efflorescence at the soil surface as water evaporates rather than crystallising within the soil matrix. However, surface application of iron (III) ferrocyanide tends to be less successful in clay textured soil and does not work well when subsequent reapplications of water are made for further salt removal. In this study we investigate a biomimetic approach to desalinate soil by mimicking the capillary transport mechanisms employed by vascular plants. Our approach uses evapotranspiration to translocate saline soil water above the soil surface where it is effloresced with ferrocyanides. After 30 days of treatment, the biomimetic approach used 2.1 pore volume equivalents of water and was able to reduce the concentration of salts from 8% (g·NaCl/g·soil) to 0.8% (g·NaCl/g·soil), resulting in a reduction of soil EC from 120 mS/cm to 14 mS/cm. Our findings indicate that the method, with further refinement and expansion to field based trials, could be an effective tool to desalinate soil and reduce global soil salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J B Swallow
- Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Calgary, AB, Canada
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29
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Habermann E, San Martin JAB, Contin DR, Bossan VP, Barboza A, Braga MR, Groppo M, Martinez CA. Increasing atmospheric CO2 and canopy temperature induces anatomical and physiological changes in leaves of the C4 forage species Panicum maximum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212506. [PMID: 30779815 PMCID: PMC6380572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in leaf anatomy and ultrastructure are associated with physiological performance in the context of plant adaptations to climate change. In this study, we investigated the isolated and combined effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) up to 600 μmol mol-1 (eC) and elevated temperature (eT) to 2°C more than the ambient canopy temperature on the ultrastructure, leaf anatomy, and physiology of Panicum maximum Jacq. grown under field conditions using combined free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) systems. Plants grown under eC showed reduced stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf transpiration rate (E), increased soil-water content (SWC) conservation and adaxial epidermis thickness were also observed. The net photosynthesis rate (A) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) were enhanced by 25% and 71%, respectively, with a concomitant increase in the size of starch grains in bundle sheath cells. Under air warming, we observed an increase in the thickness of the adaxial cuticle and a decrease in the leaf thickness, size of vascular bundles and bulliform cells, and starch content. Under eCeT, air warming offset the eC effects on SWC and E, and no interactions between [CO2] and temperature for leaf anatomy were observed. Elevated [CO2] exerted more effects on external characteristics, such as the epidermis anatomy and leaf gas exchange, while air warming affected mainly the leaf structure. We conclude that differential anatomical and physiological adjustments contributed to the acclimation of P. maximum growing under elevated [CO2] and air warming, improving the leaf biomass production under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Habermann
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Ribeiro Contin
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Potenza Bossan
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anelize Barboza
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Braga
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Groppo
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Martinez
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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30
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Aubry E, Dinant S, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Lateral Transport of Organic and Inorganic Solutes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E20. [PMID: 30650538 PMCID: PMC6358943 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic (e.g., sugars and amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄2-, and SO₄2-) solutes are transported long-distance throughout plants. Lateral movement of these compounds between the xylem and the phloem, and vice versa, has also been reported in several plant species since the 1930s, and is believed to be important in the overall resource allocation. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a better knowledge of the anatomical framework in which the lateral transport takes place, and have highlighted the role of specialized vascular and perivascular cells as an interface for solute exchanges. Important breakthroughs have also been made, mainly in Arabidopsis, in identifying some of the proteins involved in the cell-to-cell translocation of solutes, most notably a range of plasma membrane transporters that act in different cell types. Finally, in the future, state-of-art imaging techniques should help to better characterize the lateral transport of these compounds on a cellular level. This review brings the lateral transport of sugars and inorganic solutes back into focus and highlights its importance in terms of our overall understanding of plant resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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31
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The Dual Method Approach (DMA) Resolves Measurement Range Limitations of Heat Pulse Velocity Sap Flow Sensors. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sap flow, the movement of fluid in the xylem of plants, is commonly measured with the heat pulse velocity (Vh) family of methods. The observable range of Vh in plants is ~−10 to ~+270 cm/h. However, most Vh methods only measure a limited portion of this range, which restricts their utility. Previous research attempted to extend the range of Vh methods, yet these approaches were analytically intensive or impractical to implement. The Dual Method Approach (DMA), which is derived from the optimal measurement ranges of two Vh methods, the Tmax and the heat ratio method (HRM), also known as the “slow rates of flow” method (SRFM), is proposed to measure the full range of sap flow observable in plants. The DMA adopts an algorithm to dynamically choose the optimal Vh measurement via the Tmax or HRM/SRFM. The DMA was tested by measuring sap flux density (Js) on Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl., stems and comparing the results against Js measured gravimetrically. The DMA successfully measured the entire range of Vh observed in the experiment from 0.020 to 168.578 cm/h, whereas the HRM/SRFM range was between 0.020 and 45.063 cm/h, and the Tmax range was between 2.049 cm/h and 168.578 cm/h. A linear regression of DMA Js against gravimetric Js found an R2 of 0.918 and error of 1.2%, whereas the HRM had an R2 of 0.458 and an error of 49.1%, and the Tmax had an R2 of 0.826 and an error of 0.5%. Different methods to calculate sapwood thermal diffusivity (k) were also compared with the kVand method showing better accuracy. This study demonstrates that the DMA can measure the entire range of Vh in plants and improve the accuracy of sap flow measurements.
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32
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Deng G, Cheung FMH, Sun Z, Peng X, Li S, Gong P, Cai L. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging for vascular visualization and fungal detection in plants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13240-13243. [PMID: 30406774 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We found that heptamethine dye IR-820 showed distinct emission peaks in both the NIR-Ia and NIR-Ib windows. IR-820 yielded images of vascular structures in the NIR-Ib window with unprecedented details. NIR-Ib fluorescence imaging was useful not only for studying plant transpiration, but also for detecting and differentiating fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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33
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A Megabase-Scale Deletion is Associated with Phenotypic Variation of Multiple Traits in Maize. Genetics 2018; 211:305-316. [PMID: 30389804 PMCID: PMC6325712 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic deletions are pervasive in the maize (Zea mays L.) genome, and play important roles in phenotypic variation and adaptive evolution. However, little is known about the biological functions of these genomic deletions. Here, we report the biological function of a megabase-scale deletion, which we identified by position-based cloning of the multi-trait weakened (muw) mutant, which is inherited as a single recessive locus. MUW was mapped to a 5.16-Mb region on chromosome 2. The 5.16-Mb deletion in the muw mutant led to the loss of 48 genes and was responsible for a set of phenotypic abnormities, including wilting leaves, poor yield performance, reduced plant height, increased stomatal density, and rapid water loss. While muw appears to have resulted from double-stranded break repair that was not dependent on intragenomic DNA homology, extensive duplication of maize genes may have mitigated its effects and facilitated its survival.
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34
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Sevanto S, Ryan M, Dickman LT, Derome D, Patera A, Defraeye T, Pangle RE, Hudson PJ, Pockman WT. Is desiccation tolerance and avoidance reflected in xylem and phloem anatomy of two coexisting arid-zone coniferous trees? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1551-1564. [PMID: 29569276 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants close their stomata during drought to avoid excessive water loss, but species differ in respect to the drought severity at which stomata close. The stomatal closure point is related to xylem anatomy and vulnerability to embolism, but it also has implications for phloem transport and possibly phloem anatomy to allow sugar transport at low water potentials. Desiccation-tolerant plants that close their stomata at severe drought should have smaller xylem conduits and/or fewer and smaller interconduit pits to reduce vulnerability to embolism but more phloem tissue and larger phloem conduits compared with plants that avoid desiccation. These anatomical differences could be expected to increase in response to long-term reduction in precipitation. To test these hypotheses, we used tridimensional synchroton X-ray microtomograph and light microscope imaging of combined xylem and phloem tissues of 2 coniferous species: one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) and piñon pine (Pinus edulis) subjected to precipitation manipulation treatments. These species show different xylem vulnerability to embolism, contrasting desiccation tolerance, and stomatal closure points. Our results support the hypothesis that desiccation tolerant plants require higher phloem transport capacity than desiccation avoiding plants, but this can be gained through various anatomical adaptations in addition to changing conduit or tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road MS J535, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road MS J535, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road MS J535, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Dominique Derome
- Laboratory for Multiscale Studies in Building Physics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Patera
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thijs Defraeye
- Laboratory for Multiscale Studies in Building Physics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Chair of Building Physics, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Pangle
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Patrick J Hudson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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35
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Microstructure elements affect the mass transfer in foods: The case of convective drying and rehydration of pumpkin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Improved Water Consumption Estimates of Black Locust Plantations in China’s Loess Plateau. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Zlinszky A, Barfod A. Short interval overnight laser scanning suggest sub-circadian periodicity of tree turgor. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1439655. [PMID: 29431575 PMCID: PMC5846560 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1439655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A recent study by Zlinszky et al., 1 uses high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning to investigate the variability of overnight movement of leaves and branches in vascular plants. This study finds among others that the investigated plants show periodic movements of around one centimetre in amplitude and 2-6 hour periodicity. Sub-circadian process dynamics of plants were so far not in focus of research, but here we compare the findings with other published cases of short-term periodicity in leaf turgor, sap flow and especially trunk diameter. Several authors have noted overnight variations in these parameters within periods of several hours and in absence of environmental changes with similar dynamics. We revisit the unknown questions of short-term plant movement and make a suggestion for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zlinszky
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Anders Barfod
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Pita P, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Medel D, Gil L. Further insights into the components of resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Ulmus minor: hydraulic conductance, stomatal sensitivity and bark dehydration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:252-262. [PMID: 29040781 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular disease that has killed over 1 billion elm trees. The pathogen spreads throughout the xylem network triggering vessel blockage, which results in water stress, tissue dehydration and extensive leaf wilting in susceptible genotypes. We investigated the differences between four Ulmus minor Mill. clones of contrasting susceptibility to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier regarding morphological, anatomical and physiological traits affecting water transport, in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying DED susceptibility. We analyzed the differential response to water shortage and increased air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to investigate whether resistance to water stress might be related to DED tolerance. Sixteen plants per clone, aged 2 years, were grown inside a greenhouse under differential watering. Stomatal conductance was measured under ambient and increased VPD. Growth, bark water content and stem hydraulic and anatomical parameters were measured 22 days after starting differential watering. Vessel lumen area, lumen fraction and hydraulic conductance were highest in susceptible clones. Stomatal conductance was lowest under low VPD and decreased faster under increased VPD in resistant clones. We found a negative relationship between the decrease in stomatal conductance at increased VPD and specific hydraulic conductance, revealing a narrower hydraulic margin for sustaining transpiration in resistant clones. The effect of water shortage was greater on radial stem growth than on leaf area, which could be explained through an extensive use of capacitance water to buffer xylem water potential. Water shortage reduced stomatal conductance and vessel lumen area. Bark water content under conditions of water shortage only decreased in susceptible clones. Higher hydraulic constraints to sap flow in resistant clones may determine higher stomatal sensitivity to VPD and so contribute to DED resistance by limiting pathogen expansion and reducing water loss and metabolic impairment in cells involved in fighting against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pita
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Medel
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zlinszky A, Barfod A. Short interval overnight laser scanning suggests sub-circadian periodicity of tree turgor. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1441656. [PMID: 29452027 PMCID: PMC5846552 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1441656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent study by Zlinszky et al., 1 uses high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning to investigate the variability of overnight movement of leaves and branches in vascular plants. This study finds among others that the investigated plants show periodic movements of around one centimetre in amplitude and 2-6 hour periodicity. Sub-circadian process dynamics of plants were so far not in focus of research, but here we compare the findings with other published cases of short-term periodicity in leaf turgor, sap flow and especially trunk diameter. Several authors have noted overnight variations in these parameters within periods of several hours and in absence of environmental changes with similar dynamics. We revisit the unknown questions of short-term plant movement and make a suggestion for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zlinszky
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
| | - Anders Barfod
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University
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Lion M, Kosugi Y, Takanashi S, Noguchi S, Itoh M, Katsuyama M, Matsuo N, Shamsuddin S. Evapotranspiration and water source of a tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia. HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 2017; 31:4338-4353. [PMID: 32336875 PMCID: PMC7165644 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate water use and the supporting water source of a tropical rainforest, a 4-year assessment of evapotranspiration (ET) was conducted in Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The eddy covariance method and isotope signals of rain, plant, soil, and stream waters were used to determine forest water sources under different moisture conditions. Four sampling events were conducted to collect soil and plant twig samples in wet, moderate, dry, and very dry conditions for the identification of isotopic signals. Annual ET from 2012 to 2015 was quite stable with an average of 1,182 ± 26 mm, and a substantial daily ET was observed even during drought periods, although some decline was observed, corresponding with volumetric soil water content. During the wet period, water for ET was supplied from the surface soil layer between 0 and 0.5 m, whereas in the dry period, approximately 50% to 90% was supplied from the deeper soil layer below 0.5-m depth, originating from water precipitated several months previously at this forest. Isotope signatures demonstrated that the water sources of the plants, soil, and stream were all different. Water in plants was often different from soil water, probably because plant water came from a different source than water that was strongly bound to the soil particles. Plants showed no preference for soil depth with their size, whereas the existence of storage water in the xylem was suggested. The evapotranspiration at this forest is balanced and maintained using most of the available water sources except for a proportion of rapid response run-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marryanna Lion
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia52109KepongSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteKyoto612‐0855Japan
| | - Shoji Noguchi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian StudiesKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501Japan
| | - Masanori Katsuyama
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research (C‐PIER)Kyoto UniversityHigashi Ichijokan, 1 Yoshida Nakaadachi, SakyoKyoto606‐8306Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of BioresourcesMie UniversityTsuMie514‐8507Japan
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41
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Bordoloi N, Baruah KK. Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on nitrous oxide (N 2O) emission and grain yield in wheat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10481-10492. [PMID: 28281071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soils are the major source of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, and more than two thirds of N2O emission originate from soil. Recent studies have identified that green plants contribute to transport of N2O to the atmosphere. We investigated the effects of foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and growth stimulating chemicals on N2O emission and wheat grain yield for 2 years. The PGRs' abscisic acid (ABA) and cytozyme (20 mg L-1), kinetin (10 and 20 mg L-1) and wet tea extract (1:20 w/w) along with distilled water as control were sprayed on wheat canopy at the tillering and panicle initiation stages. Our results showed that cytozyme and tea extract enhanced the plant dry biomass over control. Kinetin (10 and 20 mg L-1) and cytozyme increased the plant photosynthetic rate and photosynthate partitioning towards the developing grain. ABA (20 mg L-1) and kinetin (10 and 20 mg L-1) reduced the N2O emission over control primarily through regulation of leaf growth, stomatal density and xylem vessel size. Leaf area, stomatal density and xylem vessel size were found to be associated with N2O transport and emission. We concluded that use of ABA and kinetin can reduce N2O emissions without any impact on wheat grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmali Bordoloi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Kushal Kumar Baruah
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
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Fontana G, Gershlak J, Adamski M, Lee JS, Matsumoto S, Le HD, Binder B, Wirth J, Gaudette G, Murphy WL. Biofunctionalized Plants as Diverse Biomaterials for Human Cell Culture. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201601225. [PMID: 28319334 PMCID: PMC5490445 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The commercial success of tissue engineering products requires efficacy, cost effectiveness, and the possibility of scaleup. Advances in tissue engineering require increased sophistication in the design of biomaterials, often challenging the current manufacturing techniques. Interestingly, several of the properties that are desirable for biomaterial design are embodied in the structure and function of plants. This study demonstrates that decellularized plant tissues can be used as adaptable scaffolds for culture of human cells. With simple biofunctionalization technique, it is possible to enable adhesion of human cells on a diverse set of plant tissues. The elevated hydrophilicity and excellent water transport abilities of plant tissues allow cell expansion over prolonged periods of culture. Moreover, cells are able to conform to the microstructure of the plant frameworks, resulting in cell alignment and pattern registration. In conclusion, the current study shows that it is feasible to use plant tissues as an alternative feedstock of scaffolds for mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fontana
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Joshua Gershlak
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Michal Adamski
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Shion Matsumoto
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Hau D Le
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bernard Binder
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - John Wirth
- Olbrich Botanical Gardens, Madison, WI, 53704, USA
| | - Glenn Gaudette
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Biomedical Engineering, Material Sciences and Engineering, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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43
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Heo JO, Blob B, Helariutta Y. Differentiation of conductive cells: a matter of life and death. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:23-29. [PMID: 27794261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two major conducting tissues in plants, phloem and xylem, are composed of highly specialized cell types adapted to long distance transport. Sieve elements (SEs) in the phloem display a thick cell wall, callose-rich sieve plates and low cytoplasmic density. SE differentiation is driven by selective autolysis combined with enucleation, after which the plasma membrane and some organelles are retained. By contrast, differentiation of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) involves complete clearance of the cellular components by programmed cell death followed by autolysis of the protoplast; this is accompanied by extensive deposition of lignin and cellulose in the cell wall. Emerging molecular data on TE and SE differentiation indicate a central role for NAC and MYB type transcription factors in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hernandez-Santana V, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Fernández JE, Diaz-Espejo A. Role of leaf hydraulic conductance in the regulation of stomatal conductance in almond and olive in response to water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:725-35. [PMID: 26846979 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The decrease of stomatal conductance (gs) is one of the prime responses to water shortage and the main determinant of yield limitation in fruit trees. Understanding the mechanisms related to stomatal closure in response to imposed water stress is crucial for correct irrigation management. The loss of leaf hydraulic functioning is considered as one of the major factors triggering stomatal closure. Thus, we conducted an experiment to quantify the dehydration response of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and its impact on gs in two Mediterranean fruit tree species, one deciduous (almond) and one evergreen (olive). Our hypothesis was that a higher Kleaf would be associated with a higher gs and that the reduction in Kleaf would predict the reduction in gs in both species. We measured Kleaf in olive and almond during a cycle of irrigation withholding. We also compared the results of two methods to measure Kleaf: dynamic rehydration kinetics and evaporative flux methods. In addition, determined gs, leaf water potential (Ψleaf), vein density, photosynthetic capacity and turgor loss point. Results showed that gs was higher in almond than in olive and so was Kleaf (Kmax = 4.70 and 3.42 mmol s(-1) MPa(-1) m(-2), in almond and olive, respectively) for Ψleaf > -1.2 MPa. At greater water stress levels than -1.2 MPa, however, Kleaf decreased exponentially, being similar for both species, while gs was still higher in almond than in olive. We conclude that although the Kleaf decrease with increasing water stress does not drive unequivocally the gs response to water stress, Kleaf is the variable most strongly related to the gs response to water stress, especially in olive. Other variables such as the increase in abscisic acid (ABA) may be playing an important role in gs regulation, although in our study the gs-ABA relationship did not show a clear pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, no. 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, no. 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Enrique Fernández
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, no. 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, no. 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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45
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Rodríguez-Celma J, Ceballos-Laita L, Grusak MA, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Plant fluid proteomics: Delving into the xylem sap, phloem sap and apoplastic fluid proteomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:991-1002. [PMID: 27033031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phloem sap, xylem sap and apoplastic fluid play key roles in long and short distance transport of signals and nutrients, and act as a barrier against local and systemic pathogen infection. Among other components, these plant fluids contain proteins which are likely to be important players in their functionalities. However, detailed information about their proteomes is only starting to arise due to the difficulties inherent to the collection methods. This review compiles the proteomic information available to date in these three plant fluids, and compares the proteomes obtained in different plant species in order to shed light into conserved functions in each plant fluid. Inter-species comparisons indicate that all these fluids contain the protein machinery for self-maintenance and defense, including proteins related to cell wall metabolism, pathogen defense, proteolysis, and redox response. These analyses also revealed that proteins may play more relevant roles in signaling in the phloem sap and apoplastic fluid than in the xylem sap. A comparison of the proteomes of the three fluids indicates that although functional categories are somewhat similar, proteins involved are likely to be fluid-specific, except for a small group of proteins present in the three fluids, which may have a universal role, especially in cell wall maintenance and defense. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- University of East Anglia/John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana-Flor López-Millán
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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46
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Lafond JA, Han L, Dutilleul P. Concepts and Analyses in the CT Scanning of Root Systems and Leaf Canopies: A Timely Summary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1111. [PMID: 26734022 PMCID: PMC4689986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-medical applications of computed tomography (CT) scanning have flourished in recent years, including in Plant Science. This Perspective article on CT scanning of root systems and leaf canopies is intended to be of interest to three categories of readers: those who have not yet tried plant CT scanning, and should find inspiration for new research objectives; readers who are on the learning curve with applications-here is helpful advice for them; and researchers with greater experience-the field is evolving quickly and it is easy to miss aspects. Our conclusion is that CT scanning of roots and canopies is highly demanding in terms of technology, multidisciplinarity and big-data analysis, to name a few areas of expertise, but eventually, the reward for researchers is directly proportional!
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Lafond
- Département des Sols et de Génie Agroalimentaire, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Liwen Han
- Environmetrics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada
| | - Pierre Dutilleul
- Environmetrics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada
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47
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Graf I, Ceseri M, Stockie JM. Multiscale model of a freeze-thaw process for tree sap exudation. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20150665. [PMID: 26400199 PMCID: PMC4614504 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sap transport in trees has long fascinated scientists, and a vast literature exists on experimental and modelling studies of trees during the growing season when large negative stem pressures are generated by transpiration from leaves. Much less attention has been paid to winter months when trees are largely dormant but nonetheless continue to exhibit interesting flow behaviour. A prime example is sap exudation, which refers to the peculiar ability of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and related species to generate positive stem pressure while in a leafless state. Experiments demonstrate that ambient temperatures must oscillate about the freezing point before significantly heightened stem pressures are observed, but the precise causes of exudation remain unresolved. The prevailing hypothesis attributes exudation to a physical process combining freeze-thaw and osmosis, which has some support from experimental studies but remains a subject of active debate. We address this knowledge gap by developing the first mathematical model for exudation, while also introducing several essential modifications to this hypothesis. We derive a multiscale model consisting of a nonlinear system of differential equations governing phase change and transport within wood cells, coupled to a suitably homogenized equation for temperature on the macroscale. Numerical simulations yield stem pressures that are consistent with experiments and provide convincing evidence that a purely physical mechanism is capable of capturing exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Graf
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Maurizio Ceseri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo 'Mauro Picone', via dei Taurini 19, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - John M Stockie
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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48
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Yang SJ, Zhang YJ, Goldstein G, Sun M, Ma RY, Cao KF. Determinants of water circulation in a woody bamboo species: afternoon use and night-time recharge of culm water storage. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:964-74. [PMID: 26232783 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand water-use strategies of woody bamboo species, sap flux density (Fd) in the culms of a woody bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland) was monitored using the thermal dissipation method. The daytime and night-time Fd were analyzed in the dry and rainy seasons. Additionally, diurnal changes in root pressure, culm circumference, and stomatal conductance (gs) were investigated to characterize the mechanisms used to maintain diurnal water balance of woody bamboos. Both in the dry and rainy seasons, daytime Fd responded to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in an exponential fashion, with a fast initial increase in Fd when VPD increased from 0 to 1 kPa. The Fd and gs started to increase very fast as light intensity and VPD increased in the morning, but they decreased sharply once the maximum value was achieved. The Fd response of this woody bamboo to VPD was much faster than that of representative trees and palms growing in the same study site, suggesting its fast sap flow and stomatal responses to changes in ambient environmental factors. The Fd in the lower and higher culm positions started to increase at the same time in the morning, but the Fd in the higher culm position was higher than that of the lower culm in the afternoon. Consistently, distinct decreases in its culm circumference in the afternoon were detected. Therefore, unlike trees, water storage of bamboo culms was not used for its transpiration in the morning but in the afternoon. Nocturnal sap flow of this woody bamboo was also detected and related to root pressure. We conclude that this bamboo has fast sap flow/stomatal responses to irradiance and evaporative demands, and it uses substantial water storage for transpiration in the afternoon, while root pressure appears to be a mechanism resulting in culm water storage recharge during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. II 2°piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Ren-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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49
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Feller C, Favre P, Janka A, Zeeman SC, Gabriel JP, Reinhardt D. Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamics of Shoot-Root Interactions and Resource Partitioning in Plant Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127905. [PMID: 26154262 PMCID: PMC4495989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are highly plastic in their potential to adapt to changing environmental conditions. For example, they can selectively promote the relative growth of the root and the shoot in response to limiting supply of mineral nutrients and light, respectively, a phenomenon that is referred to as balanced growth or functional equilibrium. To gain insight into the regulatory network that controls this phenomenon, we took a systems biology approach that combines experimental work with mathematical modeling. We developed a mathematical model representing the activities of the root (nutrient and water uptake) and the shoot (photosynthesis), and their interactions through the exchange of the substrates sugar and phosphate (Pi). The model has been calibrated and validated with two independent experimental data sets obtained with Petunia hybrida. It involves a realistic environment with a day-and-night cycle, which necessitated the introduction of a transitory carbohydrate storage pool and an endogenous clock for coordination of metabolism with the environment. Our main goal was to grasp the dynamic adaptation of shoot:root ratio as a result of changes in light and Pi supply. The results of our study are in agreement with balanced growth hypothesis, suggesting that plants maintain a functional equilibrium between shoot and root activity based on differential growth of these two compartments. Furthermore, our results indicate that resource partitioning can be understood as the emergent property of many local physiological processes in the shoot and the root without explicit partitioning functions. Based on its encouraging predictive power, the model will be further developed as a tool to analyze resource partitioning in shoot and root crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystel Feller
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Favre
- Dept. of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ales Janka
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Reinhardt
- Dept. of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Park J, Kim HK, Ryu J, Ahn S, Lee SJ, Hwang I. Functional water flow pathways and hydraulic regulation in the xylem network of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:520-531. [PMID: 25520406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, the xylem network constitutes a complex microfluidic system. The relationship between vascular network architecture and functional hydraulic regulation during actual water flow remains unexplored. Here, we developed a method to visualize individual xylem vessels of the 3D xylem network of Arabidopsis thaliana, and to analyze the functional activities of these vessels using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography with hydrophilic gold nanoparticles as flow tracers. We show how the organization of the xylem network changes dynamically throughout the plant, and reveal how the elementary units of this transport system are organized to ensure both long-distance axial water transport and local lateral water transport. Xylem vessels form distinct clusters that operate as functional units, and the activity of these units, which determines water flow pathways, is modulated not only by varying the number and size of xylem vessels, but also by altering their interconnectivity and spatial arrangement. Based on these findings, we propose a regulatory model of water transport that ensures hydraulic efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonghyuk Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hae Koo Kim
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: Global Conservation Agriculture Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jeongeun Ryu
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sungsook Ahn
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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