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Satomoto K, Aoki M, Wakita A, Yamagata H, Mitsumoto T, Okamoto T, Harada R, Hamada S. Hepatocyte proliferation activity in untreated rats, measured by immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67: The effect of age on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 890:503658. [PMID: 37567645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is a widely accepted method for detecting genotoxic substances. We investigated the effect of animal age on this assay. Proliferation activity in the liver tissue of untreated rats at age = 3.5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 weeks was measured via immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 protein. The percentage of Ki-67-positive hepatocytes decreased markedly with age, reaching very low levels after 10 weeks, indicating decline with age of proliferative capacities in the liver. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of the approximate curve generated from the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, to estimate the hepatocyte proliferation activity over the dosing period in the two regimens of the 4-week RDLMN assay: dosing initiated at age = 6 or 8 weeks. Hepatocyte proliferation activity of the former regimen was approximately double that of the latter. We also calculated the AUC for the juvenile-rat method, in which rats are treated for two days at age = 3.5 weeks. The AUC calculated for that method was approximately half of that for the 4-week repeated-dosing regimen initiated at 6 weeks of age. These findings suggest that the 4-week RDLMN assay with dosing initiated at age = 6 weeks could be approximately twice as sensitive as the other two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan.
| | - Moeko Aoki
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakita
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagata
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Takezo Okamoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Ryoko Harada
- ITR Laboratories Canada Inc., 19601 Clark Graham Ave, Baie-D'Urfé, Quebec H9X 3T1, Canada
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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Hamada S, Shigano M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Satomoto K, Mitsumoto T, Fukuda T, Ohyama W, Morita T, Hayashi M. Detection of hepatocarcinogens by combination of liver micronucleus assay and histopathological examination in 2-week or 4-week repeated dose studies. Genes Environ 2022; 44:2. [PMID: 34983681 PMCID: PMC8725540 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, revisions to the ICH S1 guidance on rodent carcinogenicity testing are being proposed. Application of this approach would reduce the use of animals in accordance with the 3Rs principles (reduce/refine/replace). The method would also shift resources to focus on more scientific mechanism-based carcinogenicity assessments and promote safe and ethical development of new small molecule pharmaceuticals. In the revised draft, findings such as cellular hypertrophy, diffuse and/or focal cellular hyperplasia, persistent tissue injury and/or chronic inflammation, preneoplastic changes, and tumors are listed as histopathology findings of particular interest for identifying carcinogenic potential. In order to predict hepatocarcinogenicity of test chemicals based on the results from 2- or 4-week repeated dose studies, we retrospectively reanalyzed the results of a previous collaborative study on the liver micronucleus assay. We focused on liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological changes including hypertrophy, proliferation of oval cells or bile duct epithelial cells, tissue injuries, regenerative changes, and inflammatory changes as the early responses of hepatocarcinogenesis. For these early responses, A total of 20 carcinogens, including 14 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A) and 6 non-liver-targeted genotoxic carcinogens (Group B) were evaluated. Results In the Group A chemicals, 5 chemicals (NPYR, MDA, NDPA, 2,6-DNT, and NMOR) showed all of the 6 early responses in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five chemicals (DMN, 2,4-DNT, QUN, 2-AAF, and TAA) showed 4 responses, and 4 chemicals (DAB, 2-NP, MCT, and Sudan I) showed 3 responses. All chemicals exhibited at least 3 early responses. Contrarily, in the Group B chemicals (6 chemicals), 3 of the 6 early responses were observed in 1 chemical (MNNG). No more than two responses were observed in 3 chemicals (MMC, MMS, and KA), and no responses were observed in 2 chemicals (CP and KBrO3). Conclusion Evaluation of liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological examination is useful for detecting hepatocarcinogens. This assay takes much less time than routine long-term carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Shigano
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- makoto international consulting, 4-23-3-1 Kamiimaizumi, Ebina-shi, Kanagawa, 243-0431, Japan
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Shigano M, Takasawa H, Hamada S. The effect of aging on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay. Genes Environ 2021; 43:37. [PMID: 34503583 PMCID: PMC8427953 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver micronucleus (MN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds. In particular, the repeated-dose liver MN (RDLMN) assay which greatly facilitates incorporation of the liver MN assay into the general toxicity study has been developed. Usefulness of the RDLMN assay was appraised highly in the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (2017 in Tokyo) in that sufficient numbers and types of chemicals were studied and easy integration into the general toxicity study is preferred from the 3R's point of view. However, it was pointed out that it is necessary to evaluate the effect of age at the start of 4-week repeated administration, since there are limited data, where only those of rats of 6 week of age at the start of administration are available. In this study, we conducted the 4-week RDLMN assay using rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age (at the start of administration) to investigate the effect of age on the liver MN inducibility. Clofibrate, a weak inducer of liver MN, was used in this study to detect the slight difference in the liver MN induction. RESULTS The liver MN induced by clofibrate was detected in both rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age at the start of administration. However, the liver MN induction was lower in rats of 8 weeks of age compared to rats of 6 weeks of age at the start of administration. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the liver MN inducibility decreases with age. Therefore, we recommend the use of rats of 6 weeks of age at start of administration to reliably detect the liver MN induction in the RDLMN assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shigano
- Safety Assessment Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan.
| | - Hironao Takasawa
- Safety Assessment Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- Bozo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
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He Y, Ding H, Xia X, Qi W, Wang H, Liu W, Zheng F. GFP-fused yeast cells as whole-cell biosensors for genotoxicity evaluation of nitrosamines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5607-5616. [PMID: 34228183 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine compounds, represented by N-nitrosodimethylamine, are regarded as potentially genotoxic impurities (PGIs) due to their hazard warning structure, which has attracted great attention of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities. At present, great research gaps exist in genotoxicity assessment and carcinogenicity comparison of nitrosamine compounds. In this work, a collection of GFP-fused yeast cells representing DNA damage repair pathways were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of eight nitrosamine compounds (10-6-105 μg/mL). The high-resolution expression profiles of GFP-fused protein revealed the details of the DNA damage repair of nitrosamines. Studies have shown that nitrosamine compounds can cause extensive DNA damage and activate multiple repair pathways. The evaluation criteria based on the total expression level of protein show a good correlation with the mammalian carcinogenicity data TD50, and the yeast cell collection can be used as a potential reliable criterion for evaluating the carcinogenicity of compounds. The assay based on DNA damage pathway integration has high sensitivity and can be used as a supplementary method for the evaluation of trace PGIs in actual production. KEY POINTS: • The genotoxicity mechanism of nitrosamines was systematically studied. • The influence of compound structure on the efficacy of genotoxicity was explored. • GFP-fused yeast cells have the potential to evaluate impurities in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haotian Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingya Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenyi Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huaisong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Tahara H, Nemoto S, Yamagiwa Y, Haranosono Y, Kurata M. Investigation of in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis in rabbit corneas following instillation of genotoxic agents. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:26-36. [PMID: 33461361 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1874006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test is used for in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity evaluation. The UDS test with hepatocytes is well established; however, drug exposure levels at the application site for topically administered drugs (e.g. ophthalmic drugs) often exceed the exposure levels for systemic administration. To establish in vivo genotoxicity on the ocular surface, we performed the UDS test using rabbit corneas from eyes subjected to instillation of genotoxic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five genotoxic agents - 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat); acridine orange; ethidium bromide; acrylamide; and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) - were instilled once onto both eyes of male Japanese white rabbits. Physiological saline or a general vehicle for ophthalmic solution were instilled as the negative controls. Dimethyl sulfoxide was instilled as the vehicle control. Isolated corneas were incubated with tritium-labelled thymidine and the number of sparsely labelled cells (SLCs, cells undergoing UDS) was counted by autoradiography. RESULTS Statistically significant increases in the mean appearance rates of SLCs in the corneal epithelium were noted in paraquat-, acridine orange-, ethidium bromide-, and 4-NQO-treated eyes compared with those of the controls. These increases generally appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Acrylamide did not induce an increase in the mean appearance rates of SLCs, presumably because it caused the generation of fewer metabolites in the cornea. CONCLUSIONS UDS tests revealed DNA damage in the cornea epitheliums treated with well-known genotoxic agents. These results suggest that the UDS test is one of the useful tools for the assessment of in vivo genotoxicity on the ocular surface in the development of ophthalmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tahara
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shingo Nemoto
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Research & Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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López-Rodríguez R, McManus JA, Murphy NS, Ott MA, Burns MJ. Pathways for N-Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Hori H, Shimoyoshi S, Tanaka Y, Fujii W, Kitagawa Y, Hayashi M. Target-specific micronucleus induction by colon carcinogens: 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104578. [PMID: 31935482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity occurring at the target organs of carcinogenesis is important for understanding the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenicity and also for setting of threshold estimation. In vivo gene mutations have been evaluated by transgenic animal models in which any organ can be targeted; however, the methodologies that have been applied to assess chromosomal aberrations including micronucleus induction, are organ restricted, (often to bone marrow hematopoietic cells, as a common example). For food and food-related chemicals, the digestive tract is the important target organ as it is the organ of first contact. In the present study, we used 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) as model chemicals of carcinogens primarily targeting the colon. We evaluated the applicability of colon cells and hepatocytes, together with bone marrow cells, in the micronucleus assay. Both model chemicals induced micronuclei in the colon, which is the target organ of these carcinogens, after short- and long-term treatment(s). The results demonstrate the target specificity of micronucleus induction and the assay using organs other than bone marrow will play an important role in understanding the mechanism of carcinogenicity and predicting new carcinogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Hori
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Satomi Shimoyoshi
- Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Makoto International Consulting, 23-3-1, 4-chome, Kami-imaizumi, Ebina, 243-0431, Japan
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Evaluation of the novel liver micronucleus assay using formalin-fixed tissues. Genes Environ 2019; 41:13. [PMID: 31086610 PMCID: PMC6507131 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds, particularly for those that require metabolic activation to show genotoxicity. In a collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS), micronucleus induction of 22 chemicals with the RDLMN assay employing the collagenase digestion method was examined and reported on. Recently, we have developed a method which enables retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in formalin-fixed liver tissues (the formalin-fixed method) obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past. Using this method, we were able to easily evaluate clastogenic potential of chemicals from the formalin-fixed tissues obtained in the general toxicity studies. In this study, to evaluate the usefulness of the formalin-fixed method, we have conducted a liver micronucleus assay using the formalin-fixed liver samples obtained from the above collaborative study (18 of 22 test chemicals) and carried out a comparison with the results obtained by the collagenase digestion method. Results Comparison of the collagenase digestion and formalin-fixed methods was conducted using the results of the micronucleus assays with a total of 18 test chemicals which included 12 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A), 4 genotoxic carcinogens but not liver targeted (Group B), and 2 nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group C). The formalin-fixed method obtained the similar results as the collagenase digestion method in 10 out of the 12 chemicals of Group A, and all chemicals of Group B and Group C. Although the results were statistically contradictive due to different levels of concurrent negative control, the 2 other chemicals of Group A showed comparable responses between the two methods. Conclusion The present study shows that the formalin-fixed method is capable of detecting liver carcinogens with sensitivity equal to or higher than that of the collagenase digestion method. We recommend use of the formalin-fixed method because of its capability of enabling retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in the formalin-fixed liver tissues obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past.
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Validation of the 3D Skin Comet assay using full thickness skin models: Transferability and reproducibility. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 827:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nagasue R, Murata I, Sasaki K, Sakai R, Miyajima H, Shimoda M. Effectiveness of the liver micronucleus assay using juvenile mice. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1310-1317. [PMID: 28603212 PMCID: PMC5559381 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of the liver micronucleus (MN) assay using juvenile mice. Therefore, we analyzed various hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)- mediated activities of ethoxyresorufin
O-deethylation, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, tolbutamide hydroxylation, bufuralol 1’-hydroxylation, aniline hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation by CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E and
CYP3A, respectively, in non-treated male ICR mice aged between 3 and 8 weeks. The enzyme efficiency levels in 3- and 4-week-old mice were approximately similar to or higher than those in 8-week-old mice, except for CYP1A and CYP2E
in 3- and 4-week-old mice, respectively. Since these results suggest that juvenile mice have sufficient activities for most CYP enzymes, we also conducted a liver MN assay using diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a rodent hepatocarcinogen,
on male ICR mice aged between 3 and 6 weeks. A peripheral blood (PB) MN assay was performed simultaneously in 4-week-old mice. Assays incorporating DEN produced positive results in 3- and 4-week-old mice and showed a
dose-dependent increase in the micronucleated hepatocyte frequencies at 4 weeks. Both the liver MN assay in 5- and 6-week-old mice and the PB MN assay had negative results when using DEN. These results suggest that 3- and
4-week-old mice have micronuclei-inducing potential in the liver to detect genotoxic compounds using the liver MN assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Nagasue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ikue Murata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyajima
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Moosavi SA, Ghanbari Z, Farhadi A, Heshmati F, Shabani S, Mofid-Nakhaei MA. Prompt cytomolecular identification of chromosome aberration in irradiated blood cells. RESEARCH IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/rmm.5.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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12
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Chikura S, Okada Y, Kimoto T, Kaneko H, Miura D, Kasahara Y. Report on the rat Pig-a assay using an anti-rat erythroid marker HIS49 antibody in a single dose study of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sonmez E, Cacciatore I, Bakan F, Turkez H, Mohtar YI, Togar B, Stefano AD. Toxicity assessment of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in rat liver cell model in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:1073-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115619770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP NPs) are widely used for preparations of biomedical and biotechnological fields such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and molecular imaging. However, the current toxicological knowledge about HAP NPs is relatively limited. The present study was designed to investigate the toxicity potentials of various concentrations (0–1000 µg cm−2) of HAP NPs in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed via scoring liver micronuclei rates and determining 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that the higher concentrations of dispersed HAP NPs (300, 500, and 1000 µg cm−2) decreased cell viability. Also, HAP NPs increased TOS (500 and 1000 µg cm−2) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500, and 1000 µg cm−2) levels in cultured hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the NPs as depending on dose caused significant increases of the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and 8-OH-dG levels as compared to control culture. Furthermore, the highest concentration of HAP NPs (1000 µg cm−2) exhibited cytotoxic activity. Based on these results, HAP NPs have a dose-dependent toxic effect in rat hepatocytes. Further extensive research in this field is promising and reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sonmez
- Department of Physics, Faculty of K. K. Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - I Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacology, G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - F Bakan
- SUNUM, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Turkez
- Department of Pharmacology, G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - YI Mohtar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - B Togar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - AD Stefano
- Department of Pharmacology, G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Shigano M, Takashima R, Takasawa H, Hamada S. Optimization of specimen preparation from formalin-fixed liver tissues for liver micronucleus assays: Hepatocyte staining with fluorescent dyes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 800-801:35-9. [PMID: 27085473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver micronucleus (MN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds, particularly those that require metabolic activation. For this assay, hepatocytes (HEPs) can be isolated by collagenase treatment but without requirement for in situ liver perfusion. Consequently, the liver MN assay can be integrated into a general repeated-dose (RD) toxicity study. The method is also applicable to liver MN assays involving partial hepatectomy or the use of juvenile rats. Here, we propose an improved method for staining HEPs prepared from formalin-fixed liver tissues for MN assays, without collagenase treatment. HEP suspensions are prepared by treating the tissues with concentrated KOH and a fluorescent dye, SYBR(®) Gold (SYGO), is used for staining. Visualization of the MN in SYGO-stained HEPs is clearer than with Wright-Giemsa staining. We compared the induction of MN as measured with our new method versus the conventional method using collagenase dispersion. Our method not only enables the integration of the liver MN assay into a general RD toxicity study but also allows it to be conducted retrospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shigano
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
| | | | - Hironao Takasawa
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Long AS, Lemieux CL, Arlt VM, White PA. Tissue-specific in vivo genetic toxicity of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessed using the Muta™Mouse transgenic rodent assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:31-42. [PMID: 26603514 PMCID: PMC4712826 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Test batteries to screen chemicals for mutagenic hazard include several endpoints regarded as effective for detecting genotoxic carcinogens. Traditional in vivo methods primarily examine clastogenic endpoints in haematopoietic tissues. Although this approach is effective for identifying systemically distributed clastogens, some mutagens may not induce clastogenic effects; moreover, genotoxic effects may be restricted to the site of contact and/or related tissues. An OECD test guideline for transgenic rodent (TGR) gene mutation assays was released in 2011, and the TGR assays permit assessment of mutagenicity in any tissue. This study assessed the responses of two genotoxicity endpoints following sub-chronic oral exposures of male Muta™Mouse to 9 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Clastogenicity was assessed via induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood, and mutagenicity via induction of lacZ transgene mutations in bone marrow, glandular stomach, small intestine, liver, and lung. Additionally, the presence of bulky PAH-DNA adducts was examined. Five of the 9 PAHs elicited positive results across all endpoints in at least one tissue, and no PAHs were negative or equivocal across all endpoints. All PAHs were positive for lacZ mutations in at least one tissue (sensitivity=100%), and for 8 PAHs, one or more initial sites of chemical contact (i.e., glandular stomach, liver, small intestine) yielded a greater response than bone marrow. Five PAHs were positive in the micronucleus assay (sensitivity=56%). Furthermore, all PAHs produced DNA adducts in at least one tissue. The results demonstrate the utility of the TGR assay for mutagenicity assessment, especially for compounds that may not be systemically distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Long
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Christine L Lemieux
- Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kirkland D, Kasper P, Martus HJ, Müller L, van Benthem J, Madia F, Corvi R. Updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 795:7-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Shimada K, Yamamoto M, Takashima M, Seki J, Miyamae Y, Wakata A. Prolonged rest period enables the detection of micronucleated hepatocytes in the liver of young adult rats after a single dose of diethylnitrosamine or mitomycin C. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Morita T, Uno Y, Honma M, Kojima H, Hayashi M, Tice RR, Corvi R, Schechtman L. The JaCVAM international validation study on the in vivo comet assay: Selection of test chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Sanada H, Koyama N, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Hamada S. Repeated-dose liver micronucleus test of 4,4'-methylenedianiline using young adult rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:31-5. [PMID: 26065308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver micronucleus (MN) tests using partial hepatectomized rats or juvenile rats have been shown to be useful for the detection of hepatic carcinogens. Moreover, Narumi et al. established the repeated-dose liver MN test using young adult rats for integration into general toxicity. In the present study, in order to examine the usefulness of the repeated-dose liver MN test, we investigated MN induction with a 14 or 28 day treatment protocol using young adult rats treated with 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA), a known hepatic carcinogen. MDA dose-dependently induced micronuclei in hepatocytes in 14- and 28-day repeated-dose tests. However, although statistically significant increases in micronuclei were observed in bone marrow cells at two dose levels in the 14-day study, there was no dose response and no increases in micronuclei in the 28-day study. These results indicate that the evaluation of genotoxic effects using hepatocytes is effective in cases where chromosomal aberrations are not clearly detectable in bone marrow cells. Moreover, the repeated-dose liver MN test allows evaluation at a dose below the maximum tolerable dose, which is required for the conventional MN test because micronucleated hepatocytes accumulate. The repeated-dose liver MN test employed in the present study can be integrated into the spectrum of general toxicity tests without further procedural modifications.
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Matsumoto K, Zaizen K, Miyamoto A, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Ishida H. Evaluation of the repeated dose liver micronucleus assay using young adult rats with cyclophosphamide monohydrate: A report of a collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS.MMS. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:90-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Shimada Y, Sui H, Wako Y, Kawasako K. Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay with p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with 22 chemicals using young adult rats: Summary of the collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:2-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shimada K, Yamamoto M, Takashima M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Aoki Y, Seki J, Miyamae Y, Wakata A. Repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay of mitomycin C in young adult rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Terashima Y, Yokoi R, Takakura I, Saitou E, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Souma S, Tamura T. Detection of micronuclei in hepatocytes isolated from young adult rats repeatedly treated with N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Terashima
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Yokoi
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Ikuro Takakura
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Erika Saitou
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shinji Souma
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Toru Tamura
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
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Uno F, Tanaka J, Ueda M, Nagai M, Fukumuro M, Natsume M, Oba M, Akahori A, Masumori S, Takami S, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Kougo Y, Ohyama W, Narumi K, Fujiishi Y, Okada E, Hayashi M. Repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays for quinoline in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:51-5. [PMID: 25892622 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Repeated-dose liver, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays that use young adult rats were evaluated in a collaborative study that was organized by the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society-Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group. A genotoxic hepatocarcinogen quinoline was orally administered to independent groups of five Crl:CD (SD) male rats at doses of 30, 60 and 120mg/kg for 14 days and at doses of 15, 30 and 60mg/kg for 28 days. After treatment, the livers were harvested and hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase treatment. The frequency of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) increased significantly in both the 14- and 28-day repeated dose studies. However, the frequency of micronucleated cells did not increase in the bone marrow, stomach or colon cells, which were not quinoline-induced carcinogenic target organs in the rats. These results indicate that a repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay using young adult rats is capable of detecting the genotoxicity of quinoline at the target organ of carcinogenicity. The protocol may also permit the integration of the genotoxic endpoint into general repeated-dose toxicity studies. Furthermore, we elucidated that conducting the micronucleus assay in multiple organs could potentially assess organ specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyumi Uno
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan.
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Maya Ueda
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Miho Nagai
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Masahito Fukumuro
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Natsume
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Michiyo Oba
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Ayaka Akahori
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Shoji Masumori
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Takami
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kougo
- LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Kazunori Narumi
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujiishi
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Biosafety Research Center (BSRC), 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
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26
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F, Yousef MI. Ameliorative effects of docosahexaenoic acid on the toxicity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1074-85. [PMID: 25187318 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714547382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant toxicant that mediates carcinogenic effects associated with oxidative DNA damage. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with antioxidant functions has many biochemical, cellular, and physiological functions for cells. The present study assessed, for the first time, the ameliorative effect of DHA in alleviating the toxicity of TCDD on primary cultured rat hepatocytes (HEPs). In vitro, isolated HEPs were incubated with TCDD (5 and 10 μM) in the presence and absence of DHA (5, 10, and 20 μM) for 48 h. The cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. DNA damage was analyzed by liver micronucleus assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level. In addition, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) were assessed to determine the oxidative injury in HEPs. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that TCDD decreased cell viability but not DHA. On the basis of increasing treatment concentrations, the dioxin caused significant increases of micronucleated HEPs and 8-OH-dG as compared to control culture. TCDD also led to significant increases in TOS content. On the contrary, in cultures treated with DHA, the level of TAC was significantly increased during treatment in a concentration-dependent fashion. DHA showed therapeutic potential against TCDD-mediated cell viability and DNA damages. As conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that DHA has protective effects against TCDD toxicity on primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mokhtar I Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Turkez H, Sönmez E, Di Stefano A, Mokhtar YI. Health risk assessments of lithium titanate nanoparticles in rat liver cell model for its safe applications in nanopharmacology and nanomedicine. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:291-302. [PMID: 25149287 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high chemical stability, lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) nanoparticles (LTT NPs) now are projected to be transferred into different nanotechnology areas like nano pharmacology and nano medicine. With the increased applications of LTT NPs for numerous purposes, the concerns about their potential human toxicity effects and their environmental impact are also increased. However, toxicity data for LTT NPs related to human health are very limited. Therefore we aimed to investigate toxicity potentials of various concentrations (0-1,000 ppm) of LTT NPs (<100 nm) in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. DNA damage was analyzed by scoring liver micronuclei rates and by determining 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that higher concentrations of dispersed LTT NPs (500 and 1,000 ppm) decreased cell viability. Also, LTT NPs increased TOS (300, 500 and 1,000 ppm) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500 and 1,000 ppm) levels in cultured hepatocytes. The results of genotoxicity tests revealed that LTT NPs did not cause significant increases of micronucleated hepatocytes and 8-OH-dG as compared to control culture. In conclusion, the obtained results showed for the first time that LTT NPs had dose dependent effects on oxidative damage and cytotoxicity but not genotoxicity in cultured primary rat hepatocytes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Sönmez
- Department of Physics, K. K. Education Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Yousef I Mokhtar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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Organically produced coffee exerts protective effects against the micronuclei induction by mutagens in mouse gut and bone marrow. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Gunther WC, Coffing SL, Dickinson DA, Engel ME, Fiedler RD, O'Lone SD, Sanok KE, Thiffeault CJ, Shutsky TJ, Schuler MJ, Dobo KL. Evaluation of the Pig-a, micronucleus, and comet assay endpoints in a 28-day study with ethyl methanesulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:492-499. [PMID: 24599777 DOI: 10.1002/em.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was evaluated as part of the validation effort for the rat Pig-a mutation assay and compared with other well-established in vivo genotoxicity endpoints. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given a daily dose of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day EMS for 28 days, and evaluated for a variety of genotoxicity endpoints in peripheral blood, liver, and colon. Blood was sampled pre-dose (Day 1) and at various time points up to Day 105. Pig-a mutant frequencies were determined in total red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) as RBC(CD59-) and RET(CD59-) frequencies. The first statistically significant increases in mutant frequencies were seen in RETs on Day 15 and in RBCs on Day 29 with the maximum RET(CD59-) on Day 29 and of RBC(CD59-) on Day 55. The lowest dose producing a statistically significant increase of RET(CD59-) was 12.5 mg/kg on Day 55 and 25 mg/kg for RBC(CD59-) on Day 55. EMS also induced significant increases in % micronucleated RETs (MN-RETs) in peripheral blood on Days 3, 15, and 28. No statistically significant increases in micronuclei were seen in liver or colon. Results from the in vivo Comet assay on Day 29 showed generally weak increases in DNA damage in all tissues evaluated with little evidence for accumulation of damage seen over time. The results with EMS indicate that the assessment of RBC(CD59-) and/or RET(CD59-) in the Pig-a assay could be a useful and sensitive endpoint for a repeat dose protocol and complements other genotoxicity endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Gunther
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Groton, Connecticut
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Genotoxicity of heterocyclic PAHs in the micronucleus assay with the fish liver cell line RTL-W1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85692. [PMID: 24416442 PMCID: PMC3887109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are, together with their un-substituted analogues, widely distributed throughout all environmental compartments. While fate and effects of homocyclic PAHs are well-understood, there are still data gaps concerning the ecotoxicology of heterocyclic PAHs: Only few publications are available investigating these substances using in vitro bioassays. Here, we present a study focusing on the identification and quantification of clastogenic and aneugenic effects in the micronucleus assay with the fish liver cell line RTL-W1 that was originally derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Real concentrations of the test items after incubation without cells were determined to assess chemical losses due to, e.g., sorption or volatilization, by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We were able to show genotoxic effects for six compounds that have not been reported in vertebrate systems before. Out of the tested substances, 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran, benzothiophene, quinoline and 6-methylquinoline did not cause substantial induction of micronuclei in the cell line. Acridine caused the highest absolute induction. Carbazole, acridine and dibenzothiophene were the most potent substances compared with 4-nitroquinoline oxide, a well characterized genotoxicant with high potency used as standard. Dibenzofuran was positive in our investigation and tested negative before in a mammalian system. Chemical losses during incubation ranged from 29.3% (acridine) to 91.7% (benzofuran) and may be a confounding factor in studies without chemical analyses, leading to an underestimation of the real potency. The relative potency of the investigated substances was high compared with their un-substituted PAH analogues, only the latter being typically monitored as priority or indicator pollutants. Hetero-PAHs are widely distributed in the environment and even more mobile, e.g. in ground water, than homocyclic PAHs due to the higher water solubility. We conclude that this substance class poses a high risk to water quality and should be included in international monitoring programs.
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Takasawa H, Takashima R, Hattori A, Narumi K, Kawasako K, Morita T, Hayashi M, Hamada S. Development of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using adult rats (II): Further investigation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 2,6-diaminotoluene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 751:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F, Yousef MI, Celik K, Bakir TO. Ameliorative effect of supplementation with L-glutamine on oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell viability and hepatotoxicity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rat hepatocyte cultures. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:687-99. [PMID: 22453904 PMCID: PMC3488374 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most potent of the dioxins, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is a persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant. And the health impact of exposure to TCDD is of great concern to the general public. Recent data indicate that L-glutamine (Gln) has antioxidant properties and may influence hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study was undertaken to explore the effectiveness of Gln in alleviating the hepatotoxicity of TCDD on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Gln (0.5, 1 and 2 mM) was added to cultures alone or simultaneously with TCDD (0.005 and 0.01 mM). The hepatocytes were treated with TCDD and Gln for 48 h. Then cell viability was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total glutathione (TGSH) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed by liver micronucleus assay (MN) and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that TCDD decreased cell viability but not L-glutamine. TCDD also increased TOS level in rat hepatocytes and significantly decreased TAC and TGSH levels. On the basis of increasing doses, the dioxin in a dose-dependent manner caused significant increases of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) and 8-OH-dG as compared to control culture. Whereas, in cultures exposured with Gln alone, TOS levels were not changed and TAC and TGSH together were significantly increased in dose-dependent fashion. The presence of Gln with TCDD modulated the hepatotoxic effects of TCDD on primary hepatocytes cultures. Noteworthy, Gln has a protective effect against TCDD-mediated DNA damages. As conclusion, we reported here an increased potential therapeutic significance of L-glutamine in TCDD-mediated hepatic injury for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mokhtar I. Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526 Egypt
| | - Kubra Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tulay O. Bakir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Haroun AA, Abo-Zeid MA, Youssef AM, Gamal-Eldeen A. In vitro biological study of gelatin/PLG nanocomposite using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1388-96. [PMID: 23077120 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate new materials to be carried out as scaffolds using breast cancer cells MCF-7. These new nanocomposites were prepared through blending of gelatin with poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) in presence of titanium nanowires (TiO2 ) and cartilage powder (CP). The prepared nanomaterials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and transmitting electron microscope. Moreover, the MCF-7 cells were in vitro tested with apoptosis/necrosis assay, micronucleus test, and DNA fragmentation and MMT assay. TiO2 nanowires and CP particles have diameters around 28-128 and 17-20 nm, respectively. These were coated with gelatin matrix. Seeding of MCF-7 cells with the prepared nanomaterials revealed high cell attachment to their surfaces and they were viable after 72 h. It has been shown that the prepared nanocomposites did not induce necrotic effects on MCF-7 cells; however, they induced a significant DNA fragmentation in comparison with the nontreated control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Haroun
- Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
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Development of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using adult rats: An investigation of diethylnitrosamine and 2,4-diaminotoluene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Itoh S, Hattori C, Nagata M, Sanbuissho A. Structural and numerical chromosome aberration inducers in liver micronucleus test in rats with partial hepatectomy. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F, Yousef MI, Togar B, Gürbüz H, Celik K, Akbaba GB, Polat Z. Hepatoprotective potential of astaxanthin against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:101-12. [PMID: 22778115 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712452607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA) on cultured primary rat hepatocytes treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the cell viability (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels, and liver micronucleus rates. ASTA (2.5, 5, and 10 µM) was added to cultures alone or simultaneously with TCDD (5 and 10 µM) for 48 h. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that both doses of TCDD caused significant decrease in cell viability. Also, TCDD significantly increased TOS and decreased TAC level in rat hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the dioxin caused significant increase in micronucleated hepatocytes) and 8-OH-dG level as compared to control culture. The presence of ASTA with TCDD minimized its effects on primary hepatocytes cultures and DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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The effect of laurel leaf extract against toxicity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012; 62:309-15. [PMID: 22202464 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a very toxic environmental pollutant that raises great public concern about its impact on human health. Recent studies indicate that laurel leaf extract exhibits antioxidant properties that can counter the toxic effects of certain compounds in the liver. The aim of this study was to assess how effective LE is against the toxicity of TCDD in a primary culture of rat hepatocytes. The extract (50 mg L(-1), 100 mg L(-1), and 200 mg L(-1)) was added to cultures alone or with TCDD (1.61 mg L(-1) and 3.22 mg L(-1)) for 48 hours. Cell viability was measured using the [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay, while oxidative damage was assessed by measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS). DNA damage was also analysed using the micronucleus (MN) assay of the cultured hepatocytes. TCDD alone lowered, and laurel extract had no effect on cell viability. TCDD also increased TOS and significantly decreased TAC. It significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In cultures exposed to LE alone, TOS did not change and TAC significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Added to TCDD, laurel countered its toxic effects and showed protective effects against TCDD-mediated DNA damage. This points to the therapeutic potential of laurel against TCDD toxicity in the liver.
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Turkez H, Geyikoğlu F, Tatar A. Borax counteracts genotoxicity of aluminum in rat liver. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:775-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of borax (BX) on genotoxicity induced by aluminum (Al) in rat liver, using liver micronucleus assay as an indicator of genotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into six groups and each group had four animals. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3; 5 mg/kg b.w.) and BX (3.25 and 13 mg/kg b.w.) were injected intraperitoneally to rats. Besides, animals were also treated with Al for 4 consecutive days followed by BX for 10 days. Rats were anesthetized after Al and BX injections and the hepatocytes were isolated for counting the number of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs). AlCl3 was found to significantly ( p < 0.05) increase the number of MNHEPs. Rats treated with BX, however, showed no increase in MNHEPs. Moreover, simultaneous treatments with BX significantly modulated the genotoxic effects of AlCl3 in rats. It can be concluded that BX has beneficial influences and has the ability to antagonize Al toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Geyikoglu F, Türkez H, Bakir TO, Cicek M. The genotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, haematotoxic and histopathological effects in rats after aluminium chronic intoxication. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:780-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712440140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is used in water purification and is also present in several manufactured foods and medicines. Al is known to induce a broad range of physiological, biochemical and behavioural dysfunctions in laboratory animals and humans. This investigation was carried out to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to Al (as AlCl3) in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups. Group 1 rats treated with sodium chloride served as the control, group 2 rats were treated with Al (as AlCl3, 5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitonally for 10 weeks. Animals were killed and blood samples were analyzed for blood serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities and creatinine, urea (U) and uric acid (UA) levels for evaluating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Blood parameters including red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Ht), platelets (PLTs) and white blood cells (WBCs) were compared between control and experimental group to assess haematoxicity. In order to determine the genotoxicity, the number of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) was counted in isolated hepatocytes. In addition, histological alterations in liver and kidney samples were investigated. After exposure with Al, the enzymatic activities of ALP, AST, ALT and LDH, and the levels of U and UA significantly increased. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb and Ht revealed significant decreases in experimental group compared to the control. AlCl3 caused a significant increase in MNHEPs. Furthermore, severe pathological damages were established in both liver and kidney samples. Subchronic exposure to low doses of Al can produce serious dysfunctions in rat blood, liver and kidney, and exposure to this metal can result in greater damages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Cicek
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Türkez H, Geyikoğlu F, Yousef MI, Toğar B, Vançelik S. Propolis alleviates 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced histological changes, oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat liver. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:677-85. [PMID: 22417774 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712440139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces hepatic damage. Propolis exhibits antioxidant properties and several studies suggest that supplementations with antioxidants can influence hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore the effectiveness of propolis in alleviating the toxicity of TCDD in the liver of rats. Animals were divided into six groups, namely, TCDD (0.75 and 8 µg/kg body weight (bw)), propolis (50 mg/kg bw), TCDD (0.75 and 8 µg) plus propolis (50 mg/kg bw), and control, respectively. Rats were intraperitoneally administered with their respective doses daily for 21 days. In rats that received a high dose of TCDD, the antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased and the serious pathological findings were established. Also, the rate of hepatocyte micronucleus (HMN) was increased after treating with TCDD. The reactions of enzymes in control and low-dose group were weak. The frequencies of HMN and liver histology were similar to both the groups. The presence of propolis with TCDD alleviated its pathological effects in hepatic tissue. Propolis also prevented the suppression of antioxidant enzymes in the livers of animals exposed to TCDD and displayed a strong protective effect against HMN. It can be concluded that propolis has beneficial influences and was able to antagonize TCDD toxicity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F, Yousef MI. Beneficial effect of astaxanthin on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced liver injury in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:591-9. [PMID: 22312033 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711434959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) represents a potential health risk and hepatotoxicity. Astaxanthin (ASTA) exhibits antioxidant properties and can influence hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the present study was carried out for using ASTA against hepatotoxicity induced by TCDD in the liver of rats. Animals were treated intraperitoneally daily with TCDD (8 µg/kg body weight (b.w.)), ASTA (12.5 mg/kg b.w. and 25 mg/kg b.w.) and TCDD plus ASTA (12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w.) for 21 days. TCDD significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and resulted in serious pathological findings. Moreover, the rate of micronucleus (MN) in hepatocytes increased after treating with TCDD. The activities of enzymes, frequencies of MNs and liver histology in lower dosage group of ASTA remained unchanged compared with the control group. In rats treated with ASTA, at higher dosage alone, the MNs remained unchanged and the activities of antioxidant enzymes significantly increased. The presence of ASTA (except for lower dose) with TCDD alleviated its pathological effects in hepatic tissue. ASTA also prevented the suppression of antioxidant enzymes in the livers of animals exposed to TCDD and displayed a strong protective effect against MNs. Thus, the present findings might provide new insight into the development of therapeutic and preventive approaches of TCDD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Turkey
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Lent EM, Crouse LC, Quinn MJ, Wallace SM. Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene using the alkaline Comet and peripheral blood micronucleus assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 742:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Türkez H, Geyikoğlu F, Yousef MI. Modulatory effect of l-glutamine on 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced liver injury in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:663-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711420474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of l-glutamine (Gln) in alleviating the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) in liver of rats. Rats were intraperitoneally administered Gln and TCDD doses daily for 21 days. In the liver of rats, the biochemical tests, pathological examination and micronucleus (MN) test were performed. TCDD significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and serious pathological findings. Moreover, the rate of MNs in hepatocytes increased after treatment with dioxin. In rats treated with Gln alone, the MNs remained unchanged, but the ratio of glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly increased. Gln also prevented the suppression of GSH-Px (except for superoxide dismutase and catalase) and GSH in the livers of animals exposed to TCDD and displayed a strong protective effect against MNs. Thus, our findings for Gln might provide new insight into the development of therapeutic and preventive approaches in TCDD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Mokhtar I Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Türkez H, Geyikoglu F, Yousef MI. Ameliorative effect of docosahexaenoic acid on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in rat liver. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:687-96. [PMID: 21996711 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711420475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that leads to the development of hepatotoxicity. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been proposed to counteract oxidative stress and improve antioxidant status, and several studies suggest that supplementations with antioxidants can influence hepatotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to explore the role of DHA in modulating the toxicity of TCDD in the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to four groups (n = 5): control (only dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), 8 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) TCDD in DMSO solution; 250 mg/kg b.w. DHA and TCDD plus DHA; respectively. Rats were intraperitoneally administered their respective doses daily for 21 days. On day 21, the animals were killed, and then biochemical tests, pathological examination, and micronucleus (MN) assay were performed in the liver. Our results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased and serious pathological findings were established in rats that received TCDD. Beside the rate of MNs in hepatocytes was increased after the treatment with dioxin. In rats treated with DHA alone, MNs were not changed and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased. The presence of DHA with TCDD alleviated its pathological effects in hepatic tissue. DHA also prevented the suppression of antioxidant enzymes in the livers of animals exposed to TCDD and displayed a strong protective effect against MNs. It can be concluded that DHA has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize TCDD toxicity in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F, Mokhtar YI, Togar B. Eicosapentaenoic acid protects against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced hepatic toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:15-25. [PMID: 21938470 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant. The health impact of TCDD exposure is of great concern to the general public. Recent reports have implied that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might be a potential chemopreventive agent and influence hepatotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to explore the effectiveness of EPA in alleviating the toxicity of TCDD on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. EPA (5, 10 and 20 μM) was added to cultures alone or simultaneously with TCDD (5 and 10 μM). Rat hepatocytes were treated with TCDD and EPA for 48 h, and then cytotoxicity was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed by liver micronucleus assay (LMN) and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that TCDD but not EPA decreased cell viability. TCDD also increased TOS level and significantly decreased TAC level in rat hepatocytes in a clear dose dependent manner. On the basis of increasing doses, the dioxin caused significant increases of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) and 8-OH-dG as compared to control culture. Whereas, in cultures treated with EPA alone, TOS level did not change and the level of TAC significantly increased. The presence of EPA with TCDD minimized the toxic effects of the dioxin on primary hepatocytes cultures. Noteworthy, EPA has a protective effect against TCDD-mediated DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Türkez H, Yousef MI, Geyikoglu F. Propolis protects against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:2142-8. [PMID: 21963951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of propolis in alleviating the toxicity of TCDD on cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Propolis (25, 50 and 100 μM) was added to plain culture or simultaneously with TCDD (5 and 10 μM). The hepatocytes were treated with TCDD and propolis for 48 h. Then cell viability was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed by liver micronucleus assay (LMN) and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that TCDD decreased cell viability. TCDD also increased TOS level and decreased TAC level in rat hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the TCDD caused significant increases of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) and 8-OH-dG levels as compared to control culture. In cultures treated with propolis alone, cell viability and TOS level were not affected, while the level of TAC was significantly increased in dose-dependent fashion. The presence of propolis with TCDD modulated its toxic effects on primary hepatocytes cultures. Noteworthy, propolis has a protective effect against TCDD-mediated DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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Morita T, MacGregor JT, Hayashi M. Micronucleus assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:223-30. [PMID: 21164206 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report updates previous reviews that were conducted as part of the third and fourth International Workshops on Genetic Toxicology Testing of micronucleus (MN) assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Tissues discussed here are liver, lung, skin, colon, spleen, testes and foetal/neonatal tissues with transplacental exposure. Previous reviews have been updated to include literature published after 2000. In addition to the previously described tissues, MN assays in bladder, buccal mucosal cells, stomach and vagina are also included. MN assays using tissues other than bone marrow are critical for risk assessments, for in situ evaluation and for studies of systemic genotoxic effects and modes of action. Protocols for the majority of assays in tissues other than bone marrow have not yet been well standardised and validated for regulatory application, and further development is needed to support regulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Azevedo L, Dragano NRV, Sabino APL, Resck MCC, Alves de Lima PL, Gouvêa CMCP. In vivo antimutagenic properties of transgenic and conventional soybeans. J Med Food 2010; 13:1402-8. [PMID: 20874245 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the this study was to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic effects of conventional (BRS133) and transgenic (BRS 245 RR) soybeans (CS and TS, respectively) in vivo using the bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test, histopathological analysis, chromosome aberration test (CAT), and mitotic index (MI) determination. Six-week-old male Swiss mice were fed with pelleted commercial diet mixed with CS or TS at 10% or 20%. Two experimental designs (MN and CAT) were conducted simultaneously with 10 groups each during a 15-day period. Animals were treated with pelleted commercial diet, CS (10% or 20%), or TS (10% or 20%), and on day 14 they also received cyclophosphamide (CP) (50 mg/kg i.p.). The 10% and 20% CS and TS diets did not significantly decrease the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow induced by CP. However, the CAT indicated that the 10% and 20% CS diets significantly (P < .05) protected nucleated bone marrow cells against chemical-induced mutagenesis and also produced a significant (P < .05) decrease in the total percentage of spontaneous aberrations. Among the treatments with TS, only the 10% TS diet reduced the percentage of total aberrations induced by CP. The results also indicated that the treatment with 20% TS alone significantly (P < .05) decreased the MI, indicating cytotoxic effects related to the treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that, under the tested conditions, TS and CS have antimutagenic properties and are not toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Azevedo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas, Unifal, Brazil.
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Türkez H, Yousef MI, Geyikoglu F. Propolis prevents aluminium-induced genetic and hepatic damages in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2741-6. [PMID: 20637254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium is present in several manufactured foods and medicines and is also used in water purification. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of propolis in modulating the aluminium chloride (AlCl(3)) induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in liver of rats. Animals were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control; 34 mg AlCl(3)/kg bw; 50mg propolis/kg bw; AlCl(3) (34 mg/kg bw) plus propolis (50mg/kg bw), respectively. Rats were orally administered their respective doses daily for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were anesthetized and hepatocytes (HEP) were isolated for counting the number of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs). In addition, the levels of serum enzymes and histological alterations in liver were investigated. AlCl(3) caused a significant increase in MNHEPs, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Furthermore, severe pathological damages such as: sinusoidal dilatation, congestion of central vein, lipid accumulation and lymphocyte infiltration were established in liver. On the contrary, treatment with propolis alone did not cause any adverse effect on above parameters. Moreover, simultaneous treatments with propolis significantly modulated the toxic effects of AlCl(3). It can be concluded that propolis has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize AlCl(3) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Mughal A, Vikram A, Ramarao P, Jena G. Micronucleus and comet assay in the peripheral blood of juvenile rat: Establishment of assay feasibility, time of sampling and the induction of DNA damage. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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