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Ivanova EN, Shwetar J, Devlin JC, Buus TB, Gray-Gaillard S, Koide A, Cornelius A, Samanovic MI, Herrera A, Mimitou EP, Zhang C, Karmacharya T, Desvignes L, Ødum N, Smibert P, Ulrich RJ, Mulligan MJ, Koide S, Ruggles KV, Herati RS, Koralov SB. mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the acute inflammation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience 2023; 26:108572. [PMID: 38213787 PMCID: PMC10783604 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell analysis of blood from COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and booster. We profiled immune responses via transcriptional analysis and lymphocyte repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. B and T cell repertoire analysis revealed clonal expansion among effector cells in COVID-19 patients and memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, expansion of clonal γδ T cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables side-by-side comparison of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Our comparative analysis shows that vaccination induces a robust, durable clonal B and T cell responses, without the severe inflammation associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie N. Ivanova
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jasmine Shwetar
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Terkild B. Buus
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Gray-Gaillard
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Chenzhen Zhang
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Trishala Karmacharya
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- High Containment Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Robert J. Ulrich
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Bukreieva T, Kyryk V, Nikulina V, Svitina H, Vega A, Chybisov O, Shablii I, Mankovska O, Lobyntseva G, Nemtinov P, Skrypkina I, Shablii V. Dynamic changes in radiological parameters, immune cells, selected miRNAs, and cytokine levels in peripheral blood of patients with severe COVID‑19. Biomed Rep 2023; 18:33. [PMID: 37034572 PMCID: PMC10074022 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in peripheral blood leucocyte subpopulations, cytokine and miRNA levels, and changes in computed tomography (CT) scores in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n=14) and age-matched non-COVID-19 volunteers (n=17), which were included as a reference control group. All data were collected on the day of patient admission (day 0) and on the 7th, 14th and 28th days of follow-up while CT of the lungs was performed on weeks 2, 8, 24 and 48. On day 0, lymphopenia and leucopenia were detected in most patients with COVID-19, as well as an increase in the percentage of banded neutrophils, B cells, and CD4+ Treg cells, and a decrease in the content of PD-1low T cells, classical, plasmacytoid, and regulatory dendritic cells. On day 7, the percentage of T and natural killer cells decreased with a concurrent increase in B cells, but returned to the initial level after treatment discharge. The content of different T and dendritic cell subsets among CD45+ cells increased during two weeks and remained elevated, suggesting the activation of an adaptive immune response. The increase of PD-1-positive subpopulations of T and non-T cells and regulatory CD4 T cells in patients with COVID-19 during the observation period suggests the development of an inflammation control mechanism. The levels of interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 decreased on day 7, but increased again on days 14 and 28. C-reactive protein and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels decreased gradually throughout the observation period. The relative expression levels of microRNA (miR)-21-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-126-3p were significantly higher at the beginning of hospitalization compared to non-COVID-19 volunteers. The plasma levels of all miRs, except for miR-126-3p, normalized within one week of treatment. At week 48, CT scores were most prominently correlated with the content of lymphocytes, senescent memory T cells, CD127+ T cells and CD57+ T cells, and increased concentrations of G-CSF, IP-10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Bukreieva
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Kyryk
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Cultures, Department of Cell and Tissue Technologies, State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Immunology, D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology of The National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
| | - Viktoriia Nikulina
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
| | - Hanna Svitina
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
| | - Alyona Vega
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv 04112, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii Chybisov
- Endoscopic Unit, CNE Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 4, Kyiv 03110, Ukraine
| | - Iuliia Shablii
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Mankovska
- Department of Molecular Oncogenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Lobyntseva
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
| | - Petro Nemtinov
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
| | - Inessa Skrypkina
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shablii
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, Kyiv 03126, Ukraine
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3
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Yang G, Wang J, Sun P, Qin J, Yang X, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhong N, Wang Z. SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific T cells: Immunity response feature, TCR repertoire characteristics and cross-reactivity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146196. [PMID: 36969254 PMCID: PMC10036809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and multiple variants or subvariants remains an ongoing global challenge. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses play a critical role in early virus clearance, disease severity control, limiting the viral transmission and underpinning COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Studies estimated broad and robust T cell responses in each individual recognized at least 30 to 40 SARS-CoV-2 antigen epitopes and associated with COVID-19 clinical outcome. Several key immunodominant viral proteome epitopes, including S protein- and non-S protein-derived epitopes, may primarily induce potent and long-lasting antiviral protective effects. In this review, we summarized the immune response features of immunodominant epitope-specific T cells targeting different SRAS-CoV-2 proteome structures after infection and vaccination, including abundance, magnitude, frequency, phenotypic features and response kinetics. Further, we analyzed the epitopes immunodominance hierarchy in combination with multiple epitope-specific T cell attributes and TCR repertoires characteristics, and discussed the significant implications of cross-reactive T cells toward HCoVs, SRAS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, especially Omicron. This review may be essential for mapping the landscape of T cell responses toward SARS-CoV-2 and optimizing the current vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
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4
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Bouhamdani N, Comeau D, Bourque C, Saulnier N. Encephalic nocardiosis after mild COVID-19: A case report. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1137024. [PMID: 36908618 PMCID: PMC9992866 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1137024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have led to the identification of a complex disease phenotype that is associated with important changes in the immune system. Herein, we describe a unique case of Nocardia farcinica cerebral abscess in an individual with sudden immunodeficiency several months after mild COVID-19. Intravenous Bactrim and Imipenem were prescribed for 6 weeks. After this, a 12-month course of Bactrim and Clavulin was prescribed to be taken orally, given the N. farcinica infection at the level of the central nervous system. This case report highlights the need for future research into the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and PASC immune dysregulation in convalescent individuals. It also draws attention to the need for timely consideration of opportunistic infections in patients with a history of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouhamdani
- Vitalité Health Network, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Center, Research Sector, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Dominique Comeau
- Vitalité Health Network, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Center, Research Sector, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Christine Bourque
- Vitalité Health Network, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Center, Research Sector, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Nancy Saulnier
- Vitalité Health Network, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Center, Research Sector, Moncton, NB, Canada
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5
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Ngalamika O, Lidenge SJ, Mukasine MC, Kawimbe M, Kamanzi P, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Tso FY. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immunity in individuals with and without HIV in an African population: a prospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:106-115. [PMID: 36516914 PMCID: PMC9741763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To longitudinally compare SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immune responses between convalescent individuals who are HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-). METHODS We conducted enzyme-linked immunospots to determine the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses to spike and nucleocapsid, membrane protein, and other open reading frame proteins (NMO), whereas an immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the humoral responses. Participants were sampled at baseline and after 8 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS Individuals who are HIV- had significantly more T cell responses to NMO and spike than individuals who are HIV+ at baseline, P-value = 0.026 and P-value = 0.029, respectively. At follow-up, T cell responses to NMO and spike in individuals who are HIV+ increased to levels comparable with individuals who are HIV-. T cell responses in the HIV- group significantly decreased from baseline levels at the time of follow-up (spike [P-value = 0.011] and NMO [P-value = 0.014]). A significantly higher number of individuals in the HIV+ group had an increase in T cell responses to spike (P-value = 0.01) and NMO (P-value = 0.026) during the follow-up period than the HIV- group. Antispike and antinucleocapsid antibody titers were high (1: 1280) and not significantly different between individuals who were HIV- and HIV+ at baseline. A significant decrease in antinucleocapsid titer was observed in the HIV- (P-value = 0.0001) and the HIV+ (P-value = 0.001) groups at follow-up. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was more effective in boosting the T cell than antibody responses shortly after infection. CONCLUSION There is an impairment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in individuals who are HIV+ with advanced immunosuppression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immune responses may be delayed in individuals who are HIV+, even in those on antiretroviral therapy. There is no difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity between individuals who are HIV- and HIV+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia,HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia,Corresponding author: Tel: +260961406928
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | | | - Musonda Kawimbe
- HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kamanzi
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, and The Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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Boswell MT, Maimela T, Hameiri-Bowen D, Riley G, Malan A, Steyn N, Nolutshungu N, de Villiers TR, de Beer Z, Mathabathe J, Tshabalala K, Abdullah F, Ramlall R, Heystek M, Basu D, Rheeder P, Ueckermann V, van Hougenhouck-Tulleken W. COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality in an area with high HIV prevalence. South Afr J HIV Med 2023; 24:1412. [PMID: 36751479 PMCID: PMC9900246 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v24i1.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection causes immune dysregulation affecting T-cell and monocyte function, which may alter coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology. Objectives We investigated the associations among clinical phenotypes, laboratory biomarkers, and hospitalisation outcomes in a cohort of people hospitalised with COVID-19 in a high HIV prevalence area. Method We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in Tshwane, South Africa. Respiratory disease severity was quantified using the respiratory oxygenation score. Analysed biomarkers included inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers, CD4 T-cell counts, and HIV-1 viral loads (HIVVL). Results The analysis included 558 patients, of whom 21.7% died during admission. The mean age was 54 years. A total of 82 participants were HIV-positive. People living with HIV (PLWH) were younger (mean age 46 years) than HIV-negative people; most were on antiretroviral treatment with a suppressed HIVVL (72%) and the median CD4 count was 159 (interquartile range: 66-397) cells/µL. After adjusting for age, HIV was not associated with increased risk of mortality during hospitalisation (age-adjusted hazard ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 0.6-2.0). Inflammatory biomarker levels were similar in PLWH and HIV-negative patients. Detectable HIVVL was associated with less severe respiratory disease. In PLWH, mortality was associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Opportunistic infections, and other risk factors for severe COVID-19, were common in PLWH who died. Conclusion PLWH were not at increased risk of mortality and those with detectable HIVVL had less severe respiratory disease than those with suppressed HIVVL. What this study adds This study advances our understanding of severe COVID-19 in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Boswell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tshegofatso Maimela
- Clinical Public Health Unit, Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Riley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nickietta Steyn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nomonde Nolutshungu
- Department of Medical Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - John Mathabathe
- Clinical Public Health Unit, Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Khanyisile Tshabalala
- Clinical Public Health Unit, Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fareed Abdullah
- South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Debashis Basu
- Clinical Public Health Unit, Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paul Rheeder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Shakiba MH, Gemünd I, Beyer M, Bonaguro L. Lung T cell response in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108716. [PMID: 36875071 PMCID: PMC9977798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the potentially devastating impact of novel respiratory infections worldwide. Insightful data obtained in the last years have shed light on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the role of the inflammatory response in driving both the resolution of the disease and uncontrolled deleterious inflammatory status in severe cases. In this mini-review, we cover some important aspects of the role of T cells in COVID-19 with a special focus on the local response in the lung. We focus on the reported T cell phenotypes in mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19, focusing on lung inflammation and on both the protective and damaging roles of the T cell response, also highlighting the open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Hadaddzadeh Shakiba
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioanna Gemünd
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Beyer
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Bonaguro
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Rümke LW, Smit WL, Bossink A, Limonard GJM, Muilwijk D, Haas LEM, Reusken C, van der Wal S, Thio BJ, van Os YMG, Gremmels H, Beekman JM, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Heron M, Thijsen SFT. Impaired SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response in patients with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1046639. [PMID: 37168853 PMCID: PMC10165493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1046639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are of pivotal importance to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ release assay with wild-type spike, membrane and nucleocapsid peptide pools, we longitudinally characterized functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses in a cohort of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. All patients were included before emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Our most important finding was an impaired development of early IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific T-cells in severe patients compared to patients with moderate disease, indicating that absence of virus-specific cellular responses in the acute phase may act as a prognostic factor for severe disease. Remarkably, in addition to reactivity against the spike protein, a substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was directed against the conserved membrane protein. This may be relevant for diagnostics and vaccine design, especially considering new variants with heavily mutated spike proteins. Our data further strengthen the hypothesis that dysregulated adaptive immunity plays a central role in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij W. Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. M. Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danya Muilwijk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Wal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bing J. Thio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. G. van Os
- Occupational Health Office, Department of Human Resources, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michiel Heron,
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Georgakilas GK, Galanopoulos AP, Tsinaris Z, Kyritsi M, Mouchtouri VA, Speletas M, Hadjichristodoulou C. Machine-Learning-Assisted Analysis of TCR Profiling Data Unveils Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and a Wide Spectrum of Pathogens and Other Diseases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1531. [PMID: 36290433 PMCID: PMC9598299 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During the last two years, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide, with a devastating socio-economic impact on a global scale. The scientific community's focus has recently shifted towards the association of the T cell immunological repertoire with COVID-19 progression and severity, by utilising T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-Seq) assays. The Multiplexed Identification of T cell Receptor Antigen (MIRA) dataset, which is a subset of the immunoACCESS study, provides thousands of TCRs that can specifically recognise SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. Our study proposes a novel Machine Learning (ML)-assisted approach for analysing TCR-Seq data from the antigens' point of view, with the ability to unveil key antigens that can accurately distinguish between MIRA COVID-19-convalescent and healthy individuals based on differences in the triggered immune response. Some SARS-CoV-2 antigens were found to exhibit equal levels of recognition by MIRA TCRs in both convalescent and healthy cohorts, leading to the assumption of putative cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents. This hypothesis was tested by combining MIRA with other public TCR profiling repositories that host assays and sequencing data concerning a plethora of pathogens. Our study provides evidence regarding putative cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and a wide spectrum of pathogens and diseases, with M. tuberculosis and Influenza virus exhibiting the highest levels of cross-reactivity. These results can potentially shift the emphasis of immunological studies towards an increased application of TCR profiling assays that have the potential to uncover key mechanisms of cell-mediated immune response against pathogens and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Georgakilas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas P. Galanopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Zafeiris Tsinaris
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Maria Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Varvara A. Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
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11
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Moffett A, Shreeve N. Local immune recognition of trophoblast in early human pregnancy: controversies and questions. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:222-235. [PMID: 36192648 PMCID: PMC9527719 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of the maternal immune system in reproductive success in humans remains controversial. Here we focus on the events that occur in the maternal decidua during the first few weeks of human pregnancy, because this is the site at which maternal leukocytes initially interact with and can recognize fetal trophoblast cells, potentially involving allorecognition by both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are the dominant leukocyte population in first-trimester decidua, and genetic studies point to a role of allorecognition by uterine NK cells in establishing a boundary between the mother and the fetus. By contrast, definitive evidence that allorecognition by decidual T cells occurs during the first trimester is lacking. Thus, our view is that during the crucial period when the placenta is established, damaging T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses towards placental trophoblast are minimized, whereas NK cell allorecognition contributes to successful implantation and healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Moffett
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norman Shreeve
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Haunhorst S, Bloch W, Wagner H, Ellert C, Krüger K, Vilser DC, Finke K, Reuken P, Pletz MW, Stallmach A, Puta C. Long COVID: a narrative review of the clinical aftermaths of COVID-19 with a focus on the putative pathophysiology and aspects of physical activity. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac006. [PMID: 36846561 PMCID: PMC9494493 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause multi-systemic symptoms that can persist beyond the acute symptomatic phase. The post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), also referred to as long COVID, describe the persistence of symptoms and/or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of the acute symptoms and are estimated to affect at least 20% of the individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 regardless of their acute disease severity. The multi-faceted clinical picture of long COVID encompasses a plethora of undulating clinical manifestations impacting various body systems such as fatigue, headache, attention disorder, hair loss and exercise intolerance. The physiological response to exercise testing is characterized by a reduced aerobic capacity, cardiocirculatory limitations, dysfunctional breathing patterns and an impaired ability to extract and use oxygen. Still, to this day, the causative pathophysiological mechanisms of long COVID remain to be elucidated, with long-term organ damage, immune system dysregulation and endotheliopathy being among the hypotheses discussed. Likewise, there is still a paucity of treatment options and evidence-based strategies for the management of the symptoms. In sum, this review explores different aspects of long COVID and maps the literature on what is known about its clinical manifestations, potential pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07749, Germany,Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Claudia Ellert
- Department for Vascular Surgery, Lahn-Dill Clinics Wetzlar, Wetzlar 35578, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Daniel C Vilser
- Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Kathrin Finke
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Correspondence address. Department for Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Wöllnitzer Straße 42, Jena 07749, Germany. Tel: +49 3641 9-45607; Fax: +49 3641 9-45652; E-mail:
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13
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Kandeel EZ, Refaat L, Bayoumi A, Nooh HA, Hammad R, Khafagy M, Abdellateif MS. The Role of Lymphocyte Subsets, PD-1, and FAS (CD95) in COVID-19 Cancer Patients. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:491-502. [PMID: 35930238 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are the main orchestrators that regulate the immune response in SARS-COV-2 infection. The exhaustion of T lymphocytes is a contributing factor to lymphopenia, which is responsible for the COVID-19 adverse outcome. However, it is still not demonstrated on a large scale, including cancer patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 83 SARS-CoV2 infected cancer patients, and 29 COVID-19 infected noncancer patients compared to 28 age-matched healthy controls. Lymphocyte subsets were assessed for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, PD-1, and CD95 using flow cytometry. The data were correlated to the patients' clinical features, COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Lymphopenia, and decreased CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly observed in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001, for all). There was a significantly increased expression of CD95 and PD-1 on the NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients in comparison to the control group. The increased expression of CD95 on CD8+ T cells, as well as the increased expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells and NK cells are significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients. The increased expression of CD95 and PD-1 on the CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells was observed significantly in nonsurviving patients and those who were admitted to the intensive care unit in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients. The increased expression of PD-1 and CD95 could be possible prognostic factors for COVID-19 severity and adverse outcomes in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Z Kandeel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna Refaat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Bayoumi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend A Nooh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Hammad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Medhat Khafagy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Mandke C, Divekar R, Pradhan V, Arora S. Quantitative B and T cell abnormalities in four patients presenting with mucormycosis and prior asymptomatic COVID-19 infection. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/8/e247893. [PMID: 35944939 PMCID: PMC9367188 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
India saw an unprecedented and rapid rise of invasive coronavirus-associated mucormycosis (CAM) during the delta COVID-19 surge. There is little known about the pathophysiology and if there is a direct causation between the COVID-19 infection and invasive CAM. While the traditional risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes and other immunocompromising conditions are recognised, there could be several COVID-19-induced phenomena that may predispose the patients to develop CAM and are yet unrecognised. It has been proposed that prior severe COVID-19 is associated with invasive CAM. This could be due to the increased use of immunomodulators or the direct effects of the COVID-19 infection. We report four patients with CAM during the delta surge who did not have prior known COVID-19 infection but on subsequent testing had positive antibodies suggesting past asymptomatic infection. We report the quantitative abnormalities in lymphocyte subsets in all four patients and report CD19+ B cell lymphopenia and reduced percentage of CD27+ CD45RA+ naïve helper T cells. CAM may occur in patients after asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, in the absence of systemic corticosteroid and immunomodulator use, and may reflect underlying immune abnormalities possibly attributable to or unmasked by prior COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta Mandke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hinduhridaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Medical College and Dr Rustom Narsi Cooper Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohit Divekar
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vandana Pradhan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shitij Arora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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15
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Jiménez D, Torres Arias M. Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2. Immunol Med 2022; 45:186-224. [PMID: 35502127 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global health problem that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The infection can present with multiple clinical features ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients to patients with severe or critical illness that can even lead to death. Although the immune system plays an important role in pathogen control, SARS-CoV-2 can drive dysregulation of this response and trigger severe immunopathology. Exploring the mechanisms of the immune response involved in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 allows us to understand its immunopathogenesis and possibly detect features that can be used as potential therapies to eliminate the virus. The main objective of this review on SARS-CoV-2 is to highlight the interaction between the virus and the immune response. We explore the function and action of the immune system, the expression of molecules at the site of infection that cause hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation disorders, the factors leading to the development of pneumonia and subsequent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome which is the leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
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16
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Gonzalez FA, Ângelo-Dias M, Martins C, Gomes R, Bacariza J, Fernandes A, Borrego LM, Group E. Characteristic Immune Dynamics in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiac Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071880. [PMID: 35407485 PMCID: PMC8999785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to explore immune parameters in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to identify distinctive features in patients with cardiac injury. Methods: A total of 30 COVID-19 patients >18 years admitted to the ICU were studied on days D1, D3 and D7 after admission. Cardiac function was assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). Peripheral blood immunophenotyping, cardiac (pro-BNP; troponin) and inflammatory biomarkers were simultaneously evaluated. Results: Cardiac dysfunction (DYS) was detected by STE in 73% of patients: 40% left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction, 60% LV diastolic dysfunction, 37% right ventricle systolic dysfunction. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) was detectable in 43.3% of the patients with a median value of 13.00 ng/L. There were no significant differences between DYS and nDYS patients regarding mortality, organ dysfunction, cardiac (including hs-cTn) or inflammatory biomarkers. Patients with DYS showed persistently lower lymphocyte counts (median 896 [661−1837] cells/µL vs. 2141 [924−3306] cells/µL, p = 0.058), activated CD3 (median 85 [66−170] cells/µL vs. 186 [142−259] cells/µL, p = 0.047) and CD4 T cells (median 33 [28−40] cells/µL vs. 63 [48−79] cells/µL, p = 0.005), and higher effector memory T cells (TEM) at baseline (CD4%: 10.9 [6.4−19.2] vs. 5.9 [4.2−12.8], p = 0.025; CD8%: 15.7 [7.9−22.8] vs. 8.1 [7.7−13.7], p = 0.035; CD8 counts: 40 cells/µL [17−61] vs. 10 cells/µL [7−17], p = 0.011) than patients without cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion: Our study suggests an association between the immunological trait and cardiac dysfunction in severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe André Gonzalez
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal; (R.G.); (J.B.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-91-793-2502
| | - Miguel Ângelo-Dias
- CEDOC—Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.Â.-D.); (C.M.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Catarina Martins
- CEDOC—Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.Â.-D.); (C.M.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Rui Gomes
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal; (R.G.); (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Jacobo Bacariza
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal; (R.G.); (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Antero Fernandes
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal; (R.G.); (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Luís Miguel Borrego
- CEDOC—Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.Â.-D.); (C.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Immunoallergy Department, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - EchoCrit Group
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal; (R.G.); (J.B.); (A.F.)
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17
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Rajamanickam A, Pavan Kumar N, Pandiaraj AN, Selvaraj N, Munisankar S, Renji RM, Venkataramani V, Murhekar M, Thangaraj JWV, Muthusamy SK, Chethrapilly Purushothaman GK, Bhatnagar T, Ponnaiah M, Ramasamy S, Velusamy S, Babu S. Characterization of memory T cell subsets and common γ-chain cytokines in convalescent COVID-19 individuals. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:201-212. [PMID: 35258122 PMCID: PMC9088480 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5cova0721-392rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are thought to be an important correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV2 infection. However, the composition of T cell subsets in convalescent individuals of SARS‐CoV2 infection has not been well studied. The authors determined the lymphocyte absolute counts, the frequency of memory T cell subsets, and the plasma levels of common γ−chain in 7 groups of COVID‐19 individuals, based on days since RT‐PCR confirmation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The data show that both absolute counts and frequencies of lymphocytes as well as, the frequencies of CD4+ central and effector memory cells increased, and the frequencies of CD4+ naïve T cells, transitional memory, stem cell memory T cells, and regulatory cells decreased from Days 15–30 to Days 61–90 and plateaued thereafter. In addition, the frequencies of CD8+ central memory, effector, and terminal effector memory T cells increased, and the frequencies of CD8+ naïve cells, transitional memory, and stem cell memory T cells decreased from Days 15–30 to Days 61–90 and plateaued thereafter. The plasma levels of IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐15, and IL‐21—common γc cytokines started decreasing from Days 15–30 till Days 151–180. Severe COVID‐19 patients exhibit decreased levels of lymphocyte counts and frequencies, higher frequencies of naïve cells, regulatory T cells, lower frequencies of central memory, effector memory, and stem cell memory, and elevated plasma levels of IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐15, and IL‐21. Finally, there was a significant correlation between memory T cell subsets and common γc cytokines. Thus, the study provides evidence of alterations in lymphocyte counts, memory T cell subset frequencies, and common γ−chain cytokines in convalescent COVID‐19 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Arul Nancy Pandiaraj
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Nandhini Selvaraj
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Rachel Mariam Renji
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkataramani
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR), Near Ambattur, Ayapakkam, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR), Near Ambattur, Ayapakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Manickam Ponnaiah
- National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR), Near Ambattur, Ayapakkam, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Subash Babu
- ICMR-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
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18
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Zhang W, Zhou Y, Kang Y. Naïve T cells may be key to the low mortality of children with COVID-19. J Evid Based Med 2022; 15:3-5. [PMID: 35020980 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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